http://github.com/dylang/node-rsssite-lib/media/favicon.pngWebpage HTML Export plugin for ObsidianSun, 31 May 2026 13:47:09 GMTSun, 31 May 2026 13:42:46 GMT60untitled-5.htmlUntitled 5.baseSun, 31 May 2026 13:40:30 GMTuntitled.htmlUntitled.canvasSun, 31 May 2026 13:39:02 GMTuntitled-4.htmlUntitled 4.baseSun, 31 May 2026 13:38:58 GMTuntitled-3.htmlUntitled 3.baseSun, 31 May 2026 13:38:54 GMTAdv: Storing and transmitting ideas and knowledge across distance and time Exercise power Merchants record business Priest preserve religious text Poets etc could give permanence to their creative expression Imp to study and understand history Disadv : Only a few could write Gave certain powers and privileges to those who knew Brahmi inscriptions form Anuradhapura (Kaurava Pavillion), Sri Lanka dates to 4th Century BCE 2nd Century Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions. Sangam Literature. Religious affiliation of ruling elites is not the best method of classification. British period should then be called Christian period. Hindu period saw Indian kings patronize Buddhism and Jainism. Mughal period did not extend to the entirety of sub-continent and did not create a rupture in Indian society. Scholarly activity of constructing and writing history is known as Historiography. Indologists were 18th 19th century mostly European scholars aka Orientalists. major contribution was collecting, editing and translating ancient texts. Examples include William Jones, Henry Thomas Colebrooke etc Features : Brahmanical perspective of Sanskrit texts were taken uncritically as reflecting the whole Indian past. Social and Religious institutions were critiqued from western point. Indian society was shown to be Static and Political sys as despotic. Exaggerate impact of foreign influence. Examples include R C Majumdar, VD Savarkar. Broadened view of ancient IN by adding South India in narrative, finding Non-monarchial polities. tried to search for golden ages during Vedas Gupta empires. Retained communal periodization. Valorized, Hindu Period, showed advent of Turks, Islam as calamity and tragedy. Shifted focus from event centred history to delineation of social and economic structure and process Found new history of non-elite groups Texts were taken uncritically Religion, culture side-lined Feminist School Sub Altern School, PalaeoEnvironmental Better correlation b/w Archaeology and Literary sources. Narratives should not be text centric need to contrast w/ archaeological evidences Should represent various regions and communities like NE Issues and Institutions like family, class, varna and jati need to be viewed from long term perspective Varied and Complex Cultural traditions should be focused Greater attention to relationships w/ East and SE Asia eg trade networks, cultural transaction etc. Manipulation and Distortion of past to achieve political ends should be discouraged and avoided. Background and perspective biases place Where they were composed and their circulation transmission and target audience Place of the text within prevailing social and political power structures Poetry or drama requires sensitivity to literary conventions of the time Myths should not be confused with facts Q. How can ancient texts be divided into categories? Language, Genre, Content, Age and Tradition or Class of Literature. Q. What are the examples of Dravidian Languages not spoken in south? Brahui in Baluchistan, Gondi in Central India and Malto in Rajmahal Hills Q. Indian lanugages that belong to Austro-Asiatic family are? Santhali, khasi, Mundari Q. Which Indian language does not belong to any known language family? Andamanese Q. Which south Indian language has the 2nd oldest literature? Kannada Q. How were the ancient Indian manuscripts made? What were they called? Palm leaves, covers made up of wood, dry palm petrioles and ivory. Talapatra and Olai Q. The 1st literary references to writing and written documents come from? Buddhist Pali texts especially Jataka and Vinaya Pitaka. Q. Ancient Indian texts are sometimes divided into? Religious and Non-religious/secular texts.
11.5 Literature > Kalhan's Rajtarangini (River of Kings): was written by Kalahana in 1150 - natural beauty of Kashmir and accounts of its kings consists of eight cantos called a taranga Classical Sanskrit refers to language whose rules were codified by 5th/6th century BCE grammarian Pannini in his book Ashtadhyayi Another important book on Sanskrit grammer is Patanjali's Mahabhashya is a commentary on Pannin's Ashtadhayayi and Katyayana's Varttika Sutra dated 150 BCE. Oldest surviving Prakrit grammar book is Vararuchi's Prakritaprakasha dated ?. E Tolkappiyam is oldest Tamil grammar book. 2020-04-20 00:15:36 provide raw info and first hand evidence of people, events, phenomena etc made just after the event. viz written materials like books, stories, documents, etc; Images; Objects or artefacts like clothing, pottery, tools, weapons, buildings, furniture etc. more genuine but could be biased. describes event sometime after it has happened ex History books, pieces of art, literature, music, drama etc. description, interpretation, evaluation or analysis is done by them. 2020-04-20 00:15:45When were the Sangam texts composed? What are its 2 types? B/w 3th Century BC - 3rd Century CE. It is divided into Akam dealt with love and Puram about war. 3 Sangam assemblies took place at different places under the patronage of Pandya kings of Madurai. Sangam Literature is Divided into 2 groups :
Narrative called Melkannakku or 18 works having 8 anthologies called Ettutokkai and 10 short poems called Pattupattu. Works deal with glorification of heroes who participated in wars etc. Early ones : Ettutokai, Pattuppattu and 1st 2 books of Tolkappiyam - is a book on grammar Origin of Tamil epic narrative lies in late Sangam compositions such as the Kalittokai and Paripatal.
Didactic works are called Kilkannakku or 18 minor works. They prescribe a code of conduct for the king and his court and various social gorups and occupations. **AK Ramanujan** has described puram poetry as public poetry that dealt with themes such as good and evil, community and kingdom. Tamil didactic were written post 5/6th century are : Tirukkural on ethics, polity and love. Silappadikaram or Song of the Anklet. Zvelebil : "complex treatment of guilt, multi layered characters with human flaws and frailties are features." Manimekalai about alms bowl of a buddhist nun : considered inferior to SIlappadikaram, has strident buddhist tones, characters have simplistic features. Kalampakams were poetic compositions in which the last line, word, foot, or syllable of the preceding poem formed beginning of succeeding one Kovai were poems in which the verses are arranged in thematic sequence. Examples of Kovais are Pantikkovai 6th Century works in honour of Pandya King Netumaran Manikkavachakar's Tirukkovaiyar in 9th Century in praise of Shiva Poyyamolip Pulavar's Tanchaivanan Kovai in 13th century for Tanchaivanan a minister of Pandya King Ula literature comprised songs in praise of gods Tutu poetry consisted of poems where message is delivered to a god Silappadikaram (The Song of the Anklet) was written by Ilankovatikal Manimekalai (The Jewel Belt) was written by Sattanar. Kamban wrote Iramavataram it was about Rama's legend. Q. What are some tamil literary works concerning Alvars/Vaishnava saints? Peyalvar, Puttalva, Poikaialvar. Most imp is Nalayira Divya Prabandham by Nathamuni. Q. What are some tamil Nayanar/Shaiva literary works? Nambi Andar Nambi's Tirumurai and Tiruttondar Tirruvantati. 12th Century Periyapuranam - a collection of accounts of Shaiva saints. 2020-04-29 14:38:49 Is a type of Secular literature Ashvaghosha's Buddhacharita, Sariputraprakarana, and Saundarananda. Bhasa wrote Pancharatra, Dutavakya, Balacharita, and Svapna-Vasavadatta Kalidasa (4th/5th Century) wrote Abhijnana-Shakuntala, Malavikagnimitra, Vikramorvashiya. His poetic works are Raghuvamsha, Kumarasambhava, and Meghaduta Certain other early medieval poets include Bharavi, Rajashekhara, and the poetess Vijayanka Literary texts that were based on historical themes are Vishakhadatta's Mudrakshasa set during Chandragupta's reign, Devichandraguptam set during Ramagupta;s reign. Others are Panchatantra and Kathasaritasagara. Banabhattas's Harshacharita written in 7th Century, also wrote a prose romance called the Kadambari. Vakpat wrote Gaudavaha in 8th century about Yashovarman of Kannauj. Bilhana wrote Vikramankadevacharita in 12th Century about Chalukya Kings especially Vikramadiya I. Nandikkalambakkam (9th century) is about Pallava king Nandivarman III. 11th century work Kalinkattupparani by Cheyankontar based on war b/w Chola King Kulottunga and Anantavarman Chodaganga of Kalinga. Sandhya Kara Nandis's Ramcharita about Rampala of Bengal and Ramayana. 12th Century Kumarapalacharita by Hemachandra about Chalukya kings of Gujarat. Prakrit was lingua franca in 3rd century BC 2020-04-20 00:16:05 Considered as Secular Literature |
| Parashara | Bṛhat Parāśara Horāśāstra | |
| Kashyap | Kashyap Samhita | |
| Madhav | Nidāna | |
| Sushruta | Sushruta Samhita | |
| Vagbhata | Ashtanga Sangraha, Ashtanga Hridaya Samhita | |2020-04-20 00:16:21
Sangam Literature
Tamil LiteratureWhat some examples of post 5th/6th century tamil didactics? Tirukkural, Silappaikaram and Manimekalai. Oldest surviving is Kavirajamarga a 9th century work on poetics. Most of them had Jaina themes. Best known poets and their were Pampa author of Adi Purana. He also wrote Vikramarjunavijaya. Ponna wrote in Sanskrit also. Was given title of Ubhaya Kavi Chakravarti Chavunda Raya wrote Trishashtilakshana Mahapurana 12th century, Nagachandra or Abhinava Pampa wrote Ramachandracharitra Purana 12th century work of Neminatha's was Lilavati Earliest was written by Nannaya in 11th century it was rendering of Mahabharata. Tikkana a minsiter of the court of Manumasiddhi of Nellore added to Nannaya's Mahabharata also wrote Uttaramayanamu Nanne-Choda wrote Kumara sambha vamu Telugu lit reached maturity during reign of Kakatiya Bengali comes from the word 'Vengali' meaning poor. Q. Which early Bengali texts concerns about agriculture? Dakar Bachan and Khanar Bachan 2020-04-20 00:16:03 How does the Vedic texts describe the Universe and Bharata? Shaped like an egg, vertically divided into 3 division of celestial world, earth and netherworlds. Earth is a flat disc of 7 circular land masses of salt water, mollases etc. At center of Earth is Jambudwipa, its south lies Bharatavarsha consisting of 9 divisions/Khandas. In Puranas Cosmography Blends with Geography. In the Hindu tradition, the Vedas have the status of Shruti. are thought to embody an eternal, *self-existent *truth realized by the rishis(seers) in a state of meditation or revealed to them by the gods. category of Smiriti ('remembered') texts, include Vendanga,Puranas, Epics, Dharamshastras and Nitishastras The various types of compositions in Vedic texts that show historical consciousness are : Dana Stutis : hymns praising generosity and exploits of kings. Gathas : songs in praise of kings sung duing sacrifices. Narashamsis : were used in rituals and preserved in Brahmanas and Grihasutras Akhyana : narrative hymns in dialogue form. What are the problems with using Vedic texts as source of history? Original core is not available Requires interpretation of words and phrases Was not popular literature Transmitted orally Uncertainity of the period of composition What are the different Vedas. Each veda is divided into how many parts what are they? Rig, Sam, Yajur and Atharva vedas. divided into Samhita, Brahmana, Aranyaka and Upanishad. Rig Veda consists of 1028 hymns arranged into 10 books Sam Veda consists of 1810 verses borrowed from Rig V Yajur Veda gives details of performance of rituals Atharva Ved contains hymns but also spells and charms Brahmana explains Samhita portion details sacrificial rituals and outcomes Aranyakas/ forest books interpret sacrificial ritual in symbolic an philosophical way Upanishads are 108 in number of which 13 are imp contain philosophical ideas sacrifice and associated with concept of Ataman and Brahman. In Rig Vedic books first comes the hymns to Agni, then Indra and other. The arrangement follows a pattern of decreasing number of stanzas per book The various recension of Vedas are : (more details required) Rig Veda : Shakal Shakha further divided into Shukla and Krishna Yajur Veda : Shukla and Krishna Shakha Sama Veda has : Kauthuma, Ranayaniya and Jaiminiya Atharva Veda : Shaunaka and Paippalada. Dating the Rig Veda many take 1500-500 BC it is based on dates suggested by Max Muller. Problem in corelating archaeology with what's written on the vedas.
#todo There are 108 Upanishads among which 13 are important. They contain different philosophical ideas about sacrifice, body and universe but most closely associated with concept of atman and brahman. are supplementary to the Vedas texts aimed at *helping proper recitation*, use and understanding of Vedas. include works on phonetics, metre, grammar, etymology, ritual and astronomy. Vedanga literature includes Kalpasutras divided into: Shrautasutras : dealing w/ Vedic sacrifices having more than 3 fires, Big public sacrifices, royal coronation ceremonies Grihasutras : Simple domestic sacrifices involve only one fire, for birth naming, sacred thread, marriage, funerals Dharmasutras Sulvasutra - measurement for construction of sacrificial altars The Mahabharata and Ramayana falls in the category of Smriti and Itihasa Literature. Mahabharata was composed b/w 400 BCE to 400 CE and Ramayana from 5th/4th Century BC to 3rd Century CE. Their language of initial composition was Sanskrit What are the reasons which make us think that Mahabharata was written before Ramayana? Setting of it is in the upper Indo Gangetic divide Strong Women characters suggest earlier stage of social development Practice of Niyoga was an early one Ramayana consists of 2 main recension : Northern : it is more polished and refined Southern consists of 7 Kandas/books of which Bala Kanda and Uttara Kand are later versions Various other telling of Ramayana are : Paumachariu of Vimalasuri in Prakrit which is a Jain Version. Dashratha Jataka in Pali is a Jain version. Tamil version is Iramavataram by Kamban of 12th century. Ramcharitmanas by Tulsidas written in 16th century. JL Brockington has divided R into 5 chronological and cultural stages from starting from 5/4th Century BC to 12th Century. Changes that have been observed were change in heroic element, geographical awareness, subduction of women, spread of urbanisation, dev of varna system. Religious and aesthetic empahsis inc, pre Eminence of Brahmanas, further degradation of womens status viz sati and inauspiciousness of widows. James Fitzgerald sees M as Brahmanical resposnse to inc popularity of Buddhism and Jainism. According to tradition the Puranas were composed by Vyasa. 18 Mahapuranas composed by around 4th/5th Century CE. discuss 5 characterstics they are : Creation of World or Sarga Recreation or Pratisarga Periods of Manus or Manvantaras Genealogies of gods and rishis called Vamsha Account of Royal dynasties called vamshanucharita up until the Early Guptas Puranas: statements are made in future tense - Discus cause and effect of events Which Puranas provide info about ancient political history? Vayu, Brahmanda, Brahma, Harivamsha, Matsya and Vishnu Purana. What dynasties do they account? Haryankas, Shaishunagas, Nandas, Mauryas, Shunga, Kanvas and Satvahanas/Andhras. Puranas were mostly compiled during the Gupta age. have accounts of mountains, rivers, places etc ande mention Vishnu, Shiva and Shakti. What are some later composed puranas? Bhagvata Purana 10th century Skanda Purana 14th-16th century What are Dharmashastras? What was the concept of Dharmashastras? Dharmashastras refers to ideal conduct of a peson in a society. Concept was that Universe is governed by certain natural laws and moral laws should be in consonace with those natural laws. The various goals aka purusharthas of Dharmashastras are Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha. divided into Dharmasutras 600-300 BC, Smriti 200 BC - 900 CE and 3rd includes commentaries called Tikas and Bhashyas, Nibandha and compendiums called Sangraha composed b/w 9th-19th century. are part of Vendanga literature and Dharmashastra corpus. Recognises 3 sources of Dharma Shruti, Smriti and Sadachara/Shishtachara. Dharma depends on gender, age, marital status, varna and ashrama(brahmacharya, grihastha, vanaprastha and sannyasa). Did not apply to Women or Shudras. 2020-04-29 14:30:01 They lay down basic tenets and principles of any religion 3 Tipitakas constitute the Buddhist Canonical Literature Diff B schools have diff canonical literature Q. What are the different Tipitakas? Sutta Pitaka : It has Buddha's discourses in Dialogue form Vinaya Pitaka : Rules for monks and nuns of sangha. It includes Patimokkha. Abhidhamma Pitaka : has summary, questions and answers about Sutta Pitaka. The Tipitakas are further divided int Nikayas viz Digha, Mjjhima, Samyutta, Anguttara, Khuddaka of the total 15 Nikayas Q. The Jatakas, Dhammapada and Theragatha are part of which Nikaya? Khuddaka Nikaya Books of songs of Buddhist monks and nuns that describes their experience of renunciation : Theragatha and Tehrigatha What? When? Where? Why? How? Earliest ones were written in Pali language ]]>08.1-ancient-history/1.-sources/1.2-literary-sources.html08.1 Ancient-History/1. Sources/1.2 Literary Sources.mdSun, 31 May 2026 08:35:08 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>08.3-modern-history/15.-economic-dev-political-change/15.1-economic-development-and-political-change.html08.3 Modern-History/15. Economic-Dev-Political-Change/15.1 Economic Development and Political Change.mdSun, 31 May 2026 08:35:08 GMT#review Cultural - intellectual movt, means true knowledge from 17th-18th cen. Rene Descartes, Francis Bacon, John Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Kant Across Religious, political and socio-cultural dimensions Against catholic counter reformation MLK (German) and John Calvin (Geneva) against degeneracy in Church Church interfered in all aspects of peoples life was corrupt 1517 MLK puts forward his 95 questions were critical of Ch. Led to a counter reformation - supressing dissent led to 30 yrs war ended w/ treaty of Westphalia - Kings got right to decide their religious policy Dominance of Church ended and led to emergence of new ideas supremacy of Nature - perfect entity, no need of god, governed by natural laws Liberalism - Locke proponent, liberty individual Individualism - state, society, church exists for benefit of individuals Empiricism - real things can be touched, felt or sensed Logic and Reason Critical thinking Application of wisdom to realities of life - differentiate b/w good and evil Egalitarianism Democratic - against despotism Constitutionalism - Absolute monarchy was root cause of evil Progressive and forward looking Anti-superstitious, Anti-Slavery Humanism - Crux circumstance makes humans bad they are born good Tolerance Belief in Science Objectivity 2020-04-27 15:31:11 German philosopher and Enlightenment thinker. Studied Epistemology, metaphysics, ethics etc. Epistemology (study of knowledge) Trascendental idealism -> space and time/matter are mere forms of intuition which existed independent of human minds and remain forever unknown. Moral Philosophy Found in his workd 'The Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals' His ideas are organised around the notion of categorical imperative -> which is a universal ethical principle that should always respect humanity in others. Concept 'Universal Moral Law' : actions should be based on morality this Will protect freedom, expand scope of freedom is Pro-people, inspires true progress Against materialism Individualism Political philosophy : Written in his book 'Perpetual Peace : A philosophical sketch' extended in later books. Listed condition necessary for ending wars and creating a lasting peace. Where he discribed perpetual peace as being natural rather than rational. Sovereignty -> emphasised, against idea of divine monarchy Separation of Powers -> State is necessary evil -> absence of it will cause anarchy, surrendering freedom will give more benefit in return Kant gave a definition of E where he tells that it man's emergence from is self incurred immaturity which was caused due to lack of ones maturity w/o guidance of another. K wanted people to think freely rathen than relying on authorities. He was not a democrat but believed in free speech. He praised the institution of monarchy and condemned revolutionary violence.. His ideas influenced philosophers like Hegel and Marx. They carried forward the idea of reasoning/ dialectic method of reasoning. His theory of epistemology could be seen in modern science ie scientific models being mere representation and not reality. His concept of international federalism can be seen in the United Nations. Ideas of 'world citizenship' and 'universal hospitality' helps us think critically about peace, migration and international relations. Caused nationalist awakening in Germany -> unification 2020-04-27 15:31:13 French philospher, writer who lived from 1712-1778. He influenced enlightenment and French Rev. Promoted political, economic and educational thinking among Europeans. Wrote 'Discourses on Arts and Science' 1750 : criticised materialism of modern civilisation as it lacked moral development Wrote 'Discourses on the Origins of Inequality' 1754 : pride, greed and selfishness of powerful people created inequality 2 types of inequality -> Natural and Created by Society - justified revolutionary change in it Ideal time was when there was no sense of private property. In 'Emile' -> emphasis on moral education of children, utilitarian education and rationalism should be taught is Considered as reaction against enlightenment opposed some of its ideas Emphasis on ideal society -> proponent of Romanticism Supported emotional appeal. Belief in common interest not in concept of individualism. Omni-potentiality of community. 'Man is born free but everywhere he is in chains' - analysed causes of suffering Growth of property necessitated origin of state Communities not able to manage affairs transferred some of its authority to King through a social contract. R. opposed theory of divine right. Ideals of freedom, equality and fraternity, democracy. **Holland Rose** - 'Voltaire adhered to logic while R unleashed tiger of his emotions' **Thomas Carlyle** 'the Messiah of Revolution' **Ergang** 'Few people in the world like R have influenced human thinking' His idea of General will of the people displayed a democratic ideology helped developed democratic philosophy. Revolutionary awakening and urge for reform in France 1789. Inspired revolutionaries. Will and Ariel Durant : R had definite political influence on America. Through the public support to French aid for AR. Jefferson who was ambassador to France derived Declaration of Independence from R, Locke and Montesquieu. Rousseau inspired many writers to take up newer disciplines in political science such as Noah webster and Ralph Waldo Emerson. Many future individuals such as Kant, Karl Marx etc were inspired by him. Future democratic govts adopted his views on individual freedom, equality, fraternity, communism/property of the community etc 2020-06-24 11:37:52Major ideas of Enlightenment: Kant, Rousseau and Spread of Enlightenment in the colonies "The Enlightenment represented alternative approaches to modernity, alternative habits of mind and heart, of conscience and sensibility." Discuss. [2008, 60 Marks]
Major Ideas: ! Mention the various ideas of Enlightenment that was popular compare that with what used to happen before. The Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, was a cultural and intellectual movement in the 18th century that emphasized the use of reason and individualism over traditional authority and dogma. It represented a shift in thinking away from traditional religious and feudal systems towards a more secular and rational worldview. One of the key ideas of the Enlightenment was the belief in the power of human reason to understand and improve the world. Philosophers such as Immanuel Kant and Voltaire believed that reason and science could be used to understand the natural world and to improve society. They championed the idea of progress and the potential for human beings to improve their lives through the use of reason and science. Another important aspect of the Enlightenment was the idea of individualism. Philosophers such as John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that individuals had natural rights and that government should exist to protect those rights. This idea laid the foundation for modern liberal democracy and the concept of individual freedom and autonomy. The Enlightenment also represented a shift in attitudes towards religion and tradition. Many Enlightenment thinkers rejected traditional religious authority and instead embraced a more secular worldview. They believed that religion should be based on reason and evidence rather than faith and dogma. This led to a decline in the power of the Church and the rise of secularism. In addition to these ideas, the Enlightenment also brought about new ways of thinking about art, literature, and culture. The emphasis on reason and individualism led to a new style of literature and art that celebrated the individual and rejected traditional forms. This new approach to art and literature was known as Romanticism. However, it is important to note that the Enlightenment was not a monolithic movement and there were different schools of thought within it. For example, some Enlightenment thinkers such as Montesquieu and Adam Smith advocated for a more limited government, while others such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed in a stronger central government. Additionally, it is also important to note that the Enlightenment was not a movement that was inclusive of all people. The enlightenment principles were mostly applied to white, wealthy, educated men. Women and people of color were largely excluded from these ideas and movements. 1. Reason over tradition: The Enlightenment emphasized the use of reason and science as a way to understand the world and improve society, rather than relying on tradition and authority. This represented a shift away from traditional religious and feudal systems towards a more secular and rational worldview. 2. Individualism: The Enlightenment championed the idea of individual rights and autonomy, and the belief that government should exist to protect those rights. This laid the foundation for modern liberal democracy and the concept of individual freedom. 3. Progress: Enlightenment thinkers believed in the potential for human beings to improve their lives through the use of reason and science, and championed the idea of progress. 4. Secularism: Enlightenment thinkers rejected traditional religious authority and instead embraced a more secular worldview, leading to a decline in the power of the Church and the rise of secularism. 5. Human Rights: Philosophers such as John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that individuals had natural rights and that government should exist to protect those rights. This laid the foundation for the concept of human rights. 6. Scientific inquiry: The Enlightenment saw a rise in scientific inquiry and experimentation, with scientists such as Isaac Newton and Galileo making important discoveries in fields such as physics and astronomy. 7. Empiricism: The Enlightenment saw the rise of empiricism, the idea that knowledge comes from observation and experience, as opposed to intuition or authority. 8. Tolerance: Many Enlightenment thinkers emphasized the idea of tolerance for different opinions and beliefs, and rejected the use of force to impose one's beliefs on others. 9. Criticism: The Enlightenment saw a rise in critical thinking and skepticism, with philosophers such as Voltaire and David Hume questioning traditional beliefs and institutions. 10. Romanticism: The emphasis on reason and individualism led to a new style of literature and art that celebrated the individual and rejected traditional forms. This new approach to art and literature was known as Romanticism. These alternative approaches to modernity were modern in the sense that they represented a break from traditional ways of thinking and a shift towards a more secular, rational, and individualistic worldview. They also marked a departure from previous approaches, which emphasized tradition, authority, and religious dogma. For example, the emphasis on reason and science during the Enlightenment represented a break from the previously dominant Aristotelian worldview, which relied on intuition and authority. Similarly, the idea of individual rights and autonomy championed by Enlightenment thinkers represented a break from the traditional feudal systems of the past. Rousseau "Rousseau's political philosophy contains the seeds of Socialism, Absolutism and Democracy." Comment. [2004, 20 Marks]
Social Contract - 'Man is born free but everywhere Jean-Jacques Rousseau's political philosophy is complex and multifaceted, and it contains elements of socialism, absolutism, and democracy. Rousseau's idea of the "general will" in his work "The Social Contract" is an early form of socialism. The general will is the idea that the collective will of the people should be the guiding principle in government, and that the state should exist to serve the needs of the people. This idea is similar to the principles of socialism, which advocate for the collective ownership and control of resources and the fair distribution of wealth. On the other hand, Rousseau's idea of the "sovereign" in the same work represents an early form of absolutism. The sovereign is a unified and absolute authority that represents the general will of the people and has the power to make laws and enforce them. This idea of an all-powerful sovereign is similar to the principles of absolutism, which advocate for a strong central government with unlimited power. However, Rousseau's idea of the social contract, where the people agree to give up some of their individual freedom in exchange for protection and security by the government, also has elements of democracy. The social contract is a way for the people to collectively govern themselves, and it is a fundamental principle of democracy. 1. In "The Social Contract," Rousseau writes, "Each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will, and, in our corporate capacity, we receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole." This passage shows his idea of the "general will," which is an early form of socialism where the collective will of the people should be the guiding principle in government and the state should exist to serve the needs of the people. 2. In "The Social Contract," Rousseau also writes, "The whole people, united by a single act of association, will then form a moral person, possessing an independent life and will, and able to act as such in all that concerns its preservation and well-being." This passage shows his idea of the sovereign, a unified and absolute authority that represents the general will of the people and has the power to make laws and enforce them, which is similar to the principles of absolutism. 3. In "The Social Contract," Rousseau also writes, "The social pact, far from destroying natural equality, substitutes, on the contrary, a moral and lawful equality for whatever physical inequality that nature may have imposed on mankind; so that however unequal in strength and intelligence, men become equal by covenant and by right." This passage shows his idea of social contract, where the people agree to give up some of their individual freedom in exchange for protection and security by the government. 4. In "Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men," Rousseau writes, "The first man who, having fenced in a piece of land, said 'This is mine,' and found people naive enough to believe him, that man was the true founder of civil society." This passage shows his critique of private property, a principle that is often associated with socialism. 5. In "Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men," Rousseau also writes, "In this state man is at his most independent: he owes nothing to anyone, he expects nothing from anyone; he is self-sufficient." This passage shows his emphasis on individualism, a principle that is often associated with democracy. 7. In "Emile, or On Education," Rousseau also writes, "The essential condition for the preservation of freedom is the general obedience to laws to which every citizen has consented." This passage shows his emphasis on the importance of laws and the rule of law, a principle that is often associated with democracy. 8. In "Confessions," Rousseau writes, "I love life in a state of nature, the life of savages, which seems to me the only one that is natural to man." This passage shows his admiration of the natural state of mankind, a principle that is often associated with socialism. 9. In "Confessions," Rousseau also writes, "I love freedom, I hate constraint, and I cannot bear to be dependent." This passage shows his emphasis on individual freedom, a principle that is often associated with democracy. 10. In "Letter to M. D'Alembert on the Theater," Rousseau writes, "The theater is the mirror of the society in which it exists; and it is in this sense that it can be said that it is a powerful means of educating the people and shaping public opinion. This passage shows his belief in the power of the arts to shape society and influence the people, which is often associated with democracy. 11. In "Letter to M. D'Alembert on the Theater," Rousseau also writes, "The theater is a powerful means of educating the people and shaping public opinion." This passage shows his belief in the power of the arts to shape society and influence the people, which is often associated with democracy. 12. In "Considerations on the Government of Poland," Rousseau writes, "The general will is always in the right and always tends towards the public good." This passage shows his idea of the general will, which is an early form of socialism where the collective will of the people should be the guiding principle in government and the state should exist to serve the needs of the people. 13. In "Considerations on the Government of Poland," Rousseau also writes, "The sovereign, being formed wholly of the individuals who compose it, neither has nor can have any interest contrary to theirs." This passage shows his idea of the sovereign, a unified and absolute authority that represents the general will of the people and has the power to make laws and enforce them, which is similar to the principles of absolutism. 14. In "Considerations on the Government of Poland," Rousseau also writes, "It is not good that the sovereign should have too much power over the lives and property of the citizens." This passage shows his critique of excessive state power, a principle that is often associated with democracy. 15. In "Considerations on the Government of Poland," Rousseau also writes, "The laws must be the same for all, whether it be to protect or to punish." This passage shows his emphasis on equality before the law, a principle that is often associated with democracy. The above sentence referring to Jean-Jacques Rousseau's political philosophy has been echoed by many historians who have suggested that his work contains elements of Socialism, Absolutism, and Democracy. Historian and author Christopher A. Bayly argued that Rousseau's works demonstrate a fusion of "absolutism and democracy, state-worship and popular sovereignty". Bayly wrote in his book, "Rousseau, Democracy, and the General Will", that, "Rousseau's thought is a fusion of the traditional values of absolutism and democracy, of state-worship and popular sovereignty, of the ancien régime and the Enlightenment." Historian and political scientist John Stuart Mill similarly argued that Rousseau's political philosophy is reflective of a combination of democratic elements and authoritarian elements. Mill wrote, “Rousseau’s political system, with its mixture of democracy and absolutism, is the nearest approach of any great writer to the truth on this subject.” Historian and author John Dunn suggested in his book, "The Political Thought of John Locke: An Historical Account of the Argument of the "Two Treatises of Government", that Rousseau's work contains elements of both absolutism and democracy. Dunn wrote, “did not Rousseau’s own political thought contain the seeds of both absolutism and democracy?” According to the historian and author Steven Lukes, Rousseau's political philosophy "prefigures the combination of democracy and socialism". Lukes wrote in his book, "Rousseau: A Theory of Freedom", that "Rousseau prefigures the combination of democracy and socialism which we have come to call social democracy" and that the "main thesis of The Social Contract is that only democratic government can guarantee man’s freedom." These historians have provided evidence that Jean-Jacques Rousseau's works contain elements of both Socialism, Absolutism, and Democracy. Christopher A. Bayly argued that Rousseau's works demonstrate a fusion of "absolutism and democracy", John Stuart Mill argued that Rousseau's political philosophy is reflective of a combination of democratic elements and authoritarian elements, John Dunn suggested Rousseau's work contains elements of both absolutism and democracy, and Steven Lukes stated that Rousseau prefigures the combination of democracy and socialism. "The promptings of the heart are more to be trusted than logic of the mind." --- Rousseau. Critically evaluate. [2011, 20 Marks]
In 'Emile' - emphasis on moral education of children
Emphasis on ideal society - proponent of Romanticism The quote "The promptings of the heart are more to be trusted than logic of the mind" by Jean-Jacques Rousseau is a reference to his belief in the importance of emotion and intuition over reason and logic in understanding the world and making decisions. In his work "Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men," Rousseau writes, "The first man who, having enclosed a piece of ground, bethought himself of saying This is mine, and found people simple enough to believe him, was the real founder of civil society." He criticizes the society which relies on reason and logic to justify the concept of private property and the inequality that comes with it. This passage shows his belief that the promptings of the heart, or natural human emotions and instincts, can be more truthful than the logic of the mind in understanding the world. In "Emile, or On Education," Rousseau also writes, "Nature made me happy and good, and if I am otherwise, it is society's fault." This passage shows his belief that natural human emotions and instincts are inherently good and that it is the corrupting influence of society that leads to moral decay. However, it is important to note that Rousseau's statement that "The promptings of the heart are more to be trusted than logic of the mind" can be criticized as it can lead to a disregard for rationality and critical thinking. It also implies that emotions are always right and logical thinking is always wrong, which is not always the case. Rational thinking is important in decision making, especially in complex and uncertain situations. Moreover, the idea that emotions are more trustworthy than reason can be problematic as it can lead to impulsive and irrational decision making, rather than carefully considered and logical decision making. Additionally, it can be argued that emotions can be influenced by biases and prejudices, which can lead to harmful or discriminatory actions. 1. Historian J.G.A Pocock, in his book "The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition," argues that Rousseau's statement "The promptings of the heart are more to be trusted than logic of the mind" is a reflection of his romantic and sentimental approach to politics, which is in contrast with the rational and scientific approach of the early modern political thinkers. He writes, "Rousseau's emphasis on the moral and emotional impulses of the individual, as opposed to the intellectual and rational ones, is a product of his romanticism, which was in contrast to the rationalism of early modern political thought." 2. Political theorist Hannah Arendt, in her book "The Origins of Totalitarianism," critiques Rousseau's statement as a justification for authoritarianism and totalitarianism. She writes, "Rousseau's glorification of the general will and the 'lawful' suppression of individual freedom can be seen as a precursor to the totalitarian ideologies of the 20th century." 3. Political scientist Sheldon S. Wolin, in his book "Politics and Vision: Continuity and Innovation in Western Political Thought," argues that Rousseau's statement is an expression of his anti-modernism and his rejection of the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason and individualism. He writes, "Rousseau's emphasis on the primacy of the general will and the suppression of individual freedom can be seen as a rejection of the modern emphasis on individual rights and democracy." 4. Political theorist C.B. Macpherson, in his book "The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke," argues that Rousseau's statement is a reflection of his critique of capitalist society and the market economy. He writes, "Rousseau's emphasis on the primacy of the general will and the suppression of individual freedom can be seen as a critique of capitalist society and the market economy, which he viewed as corrupting and dehumanizing." "Rousseau strove to reconcile the liberty of the individual and the institution of Government through a new vision of the Contract-Theory of Government." Critically examine. [2014, 10 Marks]
Social Contract - 'Man is born free but everywhere Jean-Jacques Rousseau's contract theory of government, as outlined in his work "The Social Contract," posits that the government's authority is derived from the consent of the governed. In this theory, individuals willingly give up some of their natural freedoms in exchange for protection and security provided by the government. Rousseau believed that this social contract would reconcile the tension between the liberty of the individual and the institution of government by ensuring that the government only has as much power as the people are willing to grant it. He argued that in this way, the government would always be accountable to the people, and would be limited in its ability to infringe on individual rights. However, some critics argue that Rousseau's contract theory is problematic because it assumes that all individuals have equal bargaining power and that the government will always act in the best interest of the people. In reality, individuals may have vastly different levels of power and resources, and the government may not always act in the public's best interest. Additionally, Rousseau's theory also overlooks the fact that people are not always rational and that they can be swayed by emotions and biases. There are a number of historians who have offered both positive and negative evaluations of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's contract theory of government. Some historians who have offered positive evaluations of Rousseau's contract theory include: 1. C. B. Macpherson, who in his work "The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism" argues that Rousseau's theory provides a valuable critique of liberal political theory and offers a more participatory and democratic alternative. 2. Leo Strauss, who in his work "The Social Contract" argues that Rousseau's theory represents a revolutionary break with traditional political thought and lays the foundation for modern political theory. 3. J.G.A Pocock, who in his works argues that Rousseau's theory provides an important critique of modernity and the liberal tradition, and offers a more communitarian and republican alternative. 4. David Miller, who in his work 'On Nationality' argues that Rousseau's theory is a key work in the history of political thought that can help us understand the relationship between nationalism and democracy. On the other hand, there are also historians who have offered negative evaluations of Rousseau's contract theory, including: 1. Isaiah Berlin, who in his work "Two Concepts of Liberty" argues that Rousseau's theory represents a form of authoritarianism that can lead to the suppression of individual freedom. 2. Maurice Cranston, who in his work "The Solitude of Jean-Jacques Rousseau" argues that Rousseau's theory is impractical and unrealistic, and that it fails to take into account the complexity of human nature and political reality. 3. Jean-Claude Michéa, who in his work "The Natural Contract" argues that Rousseau's theory is problematic because it assumes that people are fundamentally rational and that they can be persuaded to act in the common good, which is not the case in reality. 4. J.C.D. Clark, who in his work "The Language of Liberty" argues that Rousseau's theory is inconsistent and contradictory, and that it ultimately leads to the erosion of individual rights and the rise of tyranny. Explain the major ideas of Enlightenment. Discuss the contribution of Rousseau in Enlightenment. [2018, 20 Marks]
Major Ideas:
Considered a reaction against enlightenment - he opposed some of
Holland Rose - 'Voltaire adhered to logic while R ! Major Ideas of Enlightenment from the Notes. Contribution of Rousseau to Enlightenment 1. Jean-Jacques Rousseau is known for his contributions to the Enlightenment through his political philosophy, which is outlined in his work "The Social Contract." In this book, he introduced the idea of the "general will," which is the idea that the collective will of the people should be the guiding principle in government and that the state should exist to serve the needs of the people. This is considered as an important contribution to the Enlightenment as it challenges the traditional idea of absolute monarchy and the divine right of kings. 2. In "The Social Contract," Rousseau also introduced the idea of the "sovereign," a unified and absolute authority that represents the general will of the people and has the power to make laws and enforce them. This idea of an all-powerful sovereign is considered as an important contribution to the Enlightenment as it challenges the traditional idea of absolute monarchy and the divine right of kings. 3. In "The Social Contract," Rousseau also introduced the idea of social contract, where the people agree to give up some of their individual freedom in exchange for protection and security by the government, which is considered as an important contribution to the Enlightenment as it lays the foundation for the idea of democracy. 4. In "Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men," Rousseau critiques the idea of private property and the inequality that comes with it. He argues that the society which relies on reason and logic to justify the concept of private property is a corrupt society and it leads to inequality. This is considered as an important contribution to the Enlightenment as it challenges the traditional idea of property and the social order. 5. In "Emile, or On Education," Rousseau emphasizes the importance of education in shaping individuals and society. He argues that education should be based on the natural development of the individual and the cultivation of their natural talents and inclinations. This is considered as an important contribution to the Enlightenment as it challenges traditional education which was based on rote learning and memorization. 6. In "Confessions," Rousseau writes about his own life and experiences, and he reflects on the relationship between the individual and society. He argues that society corrupts the natural goodness of the individual, and that true freedom and happiness can only be found in a state of nature. This is considered as an important contribution to the Enlightenment as it challenges traditional ideas of the relationship between the individual and society. 7. In "Letter to M. D'Alembert on the Theater," Rousseau writes about the power of the arts to shape society and influence the people. He argues that the theater is a powerful means of educating the people and shaping public opinion. This is considered as an important contribution to the Enlightenment as it emphasizes the role of arts in shaping society. 8. In "Considerations on the Government of Poland," Rousseau argues that the laws must be the same for all, whether it be to protect or to punish. This is considered as an important contribution to the Enlightenment as it emphasizes the principle of equality before the law. 9. In "Considerations on the Government of Poland," Rousseau also writes, "It is not good that the sovereign should have too much power over the lives and property of the citizens." This is considered as an important contribution to the Enlightenment as it criticizes excessive state power and lays the foundation for the idea of limited government. 10. In "Considerations on the Government of Poland," Rousseau also writes, "The general will is always in the right and always tends towards the public good." This is considered as an important contribution to the Enlightenment as it emphasizes the importance of the collective will of the people in guiding the government and that the state should exist to serve the needs of the people. This principle is considered as an important contribution to the Enlightenment as it challenges traditional ideas of absolute monarchy and the divine right of kings. Kant "…he (Voltaire) was living in the Age of Enlightenment …. The age itself was not enlightened." E. Kant. Critically evaluate. [2010, 20 Marks]
German More content needed The Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, was an intellectual and cultural movement that emerged in the 18th century. It emphasized reason, science, and individualism, and sought to challenge traditional authority and institutions. Voltaire was a prominent figure of the Enlightenment and is known for his works that advocate for freedom of speech and religious tolerance. Kant's statement can be interpreted as a criticism of the Enlightenment for not living up to its own ideals. He implies that while Voltaire and other Enlightenment thinkers advocated for reason and individualism, the society of the time was still plagued by superstition, intolerance, and oppression. The society of the time was not fully enlightened and did not fully embrace the values of the Enlightenment. Furthermore, Kant's statement implies that the Enlightenment was not able to fully realize its ideals of reason and individualism, and that it failed to fully challenge traditional authority and institutions. For example, the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason and science did not completely eradicate superstition and religious dogma. The ideas of individual rights and freedom of speech were not fully implemented and many people were still oppressed. In conclusion, Kant's statement is a critique of the Enlightenment for not living up to its own ideals of reason, science, and individualism. It highlights the limitations of the enlightenment, the society of the time was not fully enlightened and it failed to fully challenge traditional authority and institutions. "For Kant, enlightenment is mankind's final coming of age, the emancipation of the human consciousness from an immature state of ignorance and error." Critically examine. [2013, 20 Marks]
German Kant's conception of enlightenment has been an influential idea for centuries, shaping the way we think about the development of the human species. Enlightenment for Kant is a process of freeing the human mind from its own subjective limitations, enabling it to exercise its capacity for reason and critical thinking. In this state, he argues, humans can finally come of age, no longer subject to the superstitious and oppressive forces of tradition or religion. However, Kant's view of enlightenment has been criticized for its emphasis on individual intellectual progress. Critics point to the communal and social aspects of enlightenment that are often overlooked, such as the need to work together to create a better society and to push against the political, economic and social structures that limit human development and freedom. Additionally, Kant's ideal of objective truth has been challenged in recent decades, as scholars have highlighted the importance of multiple perspectives, subjectivity and plurality in understanding the world. In conclusion, Kant's conception of enlightenment as a process of individual emancipation from a state of ignorance and error provides an important foundation for reflecting on the development of human consciousness. However, it is important to consider the wider social and political context in which this enlightenment is being sought, and to recognize that there are multiple ways of understanding and engaging with the world. Immanuel Kant's concept of enlightenment is central to his philosophy and can be found in his works "Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?" and "Critique of Pure Reason." Below points explain how Kant defines enlightenment as the "emancipation of the human consciousness from an immature state of ignorance and error": 1. According to Kant, enlightenment is the process of "emergence from one's self-incurred immaturity." He argues that people are immature because they do not use their own reason but instead rely on the authority of others. 2. Kant defines enlightenment as "the release of man from his self-incurred tutelage." He argues that people are in a state of tutelage because they allow themselves to be guided by others instead of using their own reason. 3. Kant claims that enlightenment is the "dare to know" (Sapere Aude), the courage to think for oneself and to question authority. 4. He asserts that people should "use their own understanding" (Reason) and not rely on the authority of others, such as tradition, religion, or the state. 5. Kant argues that enlightenment is the process of moving from a state of "heteronomy" to "autonomy" where one is guided by their own reason rather than the authority of others. 6. He states that enlightenment is the process of "maturity of the human being" where one is able to think for oneself, make informed decisions, and take responsibility for one's actions. 7. Kant claims that enlightenment is the ability to "distinguish between one's own prejudices and the principles of reason" 8. He states that enlightenment is the process of "the public use of one's reason" and that it is the "march of the human mind" towards greater understanding and knowledge. 9. Kant argues that enlightenment is the process of "the emergence of the human being from his self-imposed nonage" where one is no longer a child, dependent on the authority of others. 10. He claims that enlightenment is the condition for the "emancipation of the human being from the nonage of humanity" where one is able to think for oneself and make informed decisions. In summary, for Kant, enlightenment is a process of self-emancipation where people use their own reason to question authority, think for themselves, and become mature and responsible individuals. "Kant's redefinition of reason and his rehabilitation of conscience marked a high point in the intellectual reaction against dominant rationalism of the Enlightenment." Critically examine. [2017, 10 Marks]
German Immanuel Kant's redefinition of reason and rehabilitation of conscience is considered a significant contribution to the intellectual reaction against the dominant rationalism of the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, emphasized the importance of reason and science in understanding the world and making decisions. However, Kant argues that reason alone is not sufficient for understanding the world and that it should be supplemented by other faculties such as intuition and imagination. In his Critique of Pure Reason, he writes "Reason is the faculty that enables us to think and understand things in a logical way, but it is not the only faculty we have." Furthermore, Kant critiques the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason and individualism, arguing that reason should be guided by moral principles. He rehabilitates the concept of conscience, or moral intuition, as a guide for moral decision making. In his Critique of Practical Reason, he writes "Reason must be guided by moral principles, and these principles are not derived from reason alone, but from conscience." This rehabilitation of conscience marked a high point in the intellectual reaction against the dominant rationalism of the Enlightenment as it emphasizes the importance of moral principles in decision making. Additionally, Kant's philosophy also marked a high point in the intellectual reaction against the dominant rationalism of the Enlightenment as it challenges traditional authority and institutions. In his work "What is Enlightenment?" he writes "Enlightenment is the release of man from his self-incurred tutelage. Tutelage is man's inability to make use of his own understanding without the direction of another." This statement emphasizes the importance of individual freedom and autonomy and challenges traditional authority and institutions. In conclusion, Kant's redefinition of reason and rehabilitation of conscience marked a high point in the intellectual reaction against the dominant rationalism of the Enlightenment. He emphasizes the importance of intuition, imagination and moral principles in understanding the world and making decisions, and challenges traditional authority and institutions. ]]>08.4-world-history/1.-enlightenment-modern-ideas/1.1-major-ideas-of-enlightenment.html08.4 World-History/1. Enlightenment Modern Ideas/1.1 Major Ideas of Enlightenment.mdSun, 31 May 2026 08:35:08 GMTkegy202.pdf - Origin and Evolution of the Earth Formation of lithosphere : heavier materials sank towards the centre, lighter ones came up cooled and formed crust Stages in evolution of present atmosphere are : Initially made of Hydrogen and Helium/primordian atmosphere lost due to solar winds Hot interior released gases and water vapour called Degassing Leading to the formation of an early atmosphere containing water vapour, N2, NH3, CO2, CH4, contained little free oxygen. Life conc in oceans; photosynthesis saturated oceans w/ O2 which then flooded out Atmosphere is composed of Gases, Water vapour and Dust particles Water Vapour in warm tropics account for 4% of air by volume, less than 1 in poles and deserts absorbs part of insolation, prevents E from becoming too hot or cold Dust conc in lower layers, air currents can take them higher subtropical and temperate regions have higher conc due to dry winds blowing act as Hygroscopic nuclei Troposphere Avg height 13km, 8 near poles 18 near equator; temp dec as we go higher contains dust, water vapour; all climatic/weather changes takes place here Air temp at Tropopause is -80C Stratosphere Extends upto 50km; Contains the Ozone layer Mesosphere Extends upto 80km; Temp dec w/ inc in height reaching 100 C Ionosphere from 80 - 400km; contains charged ions that reflect Radio waves Temp inc w/ height Exogenic : from outside and Endogenic : from inside the Earth shaped the landscape of the Earth. Direct Sources of information of the Earth are Surface rocks Rocks from Gold mines From Deep Ocean drilling projects. Volcanic Eruption Indirect sources of information about the interior of the Earth are Depth of the Earth - leads to inc in Temp, Pressure Meteorites - similar material Seismic Waves Gravity - diff gravity at places, most at Poles least over Equator Magnetic Field - distribution of magnetic material point where the energy of a quake is released is called a Focus or a Hypocenter on the surface it is called epicentre. Hypocenter/ Focus is point of release of Energy Point on the surface nearest to Focus is Epicentre All earthquakes take place in Lithosphere Intensity measured through Mercalli scale(0 -12), Magnitude by Richter. Mercalli takes into account visible damage by the event. foci in areas of mid oceanic ridge are at shallow depths and in Alpine Himalayan belt are deep seated generated due to release of energy at focus. move in all direction further divided into- P and S waves. Primary Pwaves faster and first to arrive at surface Move through Solid, Liquid and Gas and are similar to sound waves vibrate parallel to direction of the wave -> stretching and squeezing of material shadow zone b/w 105deg - 145deg Secondary S-waves through only Solids; more destructive last to record on seismograph travel perpendicular to waves and cause crest and troughs shadow zone lies beyond 105deg formed when Body waves interact with surface rocks velocity and direction changes depending on the material density The Various types of Earthquakes are : Tectonic Earthquakes Volcanic Earthquakes : special class of techtonic earthquakes. Collapse Earthquakes : intense mining leads to roofs collapsing Explosion : of chemical or nuclear weapons. Reservoir Induced Crust Oceanic crust (5km) thinner than continental (30km) crust oceanic crust rock is Basalt brittle, thicker under Mountains density from 2.7-3 gm/cm3 Mantle Extends from Mohos discontinuity to 2900 km has density of 3.4gm/cm3 Upper portion is asthenosphere (astheno=weak) upto 400km contains most of the Magma Crust and upper mantle is called Lithosphere 100-200km Core Extends from 2900km to 6300km Outer core is Liquid and inner core in solid state Density varies from 5 - 13 g/cm3 Mostly consists of Nickle and Iron aka Nife layer Shield Volcanoes largest of all eg Hawaiian. mostly made up of Basalt very fluid. generally low exlosive until water gents into the vent. Composite Volcanoes Eruptions are cooler and more viscous than basalt Along with lava pyroclastic material and ashes are given out accumulates in the vent openings making the mouth appear as composite volcano. Caldera most explosive, often collapse on themselves forming depressions called caldera magma source is closer and bigger than others Flood Basalt Provinces Very fluid lava travels long distances it is also thick more than 50m Eg the deccan traps. Mid Ocean ridge volcanoes stretches more than 70,000km central portion experiences frequent eruptions Depending on the cooling of the lava, igneous rocks are classified as volcanic rocks and plutonic rocks Rocks that cool in the crustal portion takes different forms called the Intrusive forms Dome shaped, granite bodies of cooled magma chamber formed in deeper depths of crust and appear on the surface after erosion are called Batholiths
Large dome shaped intrusive bodies connected by pipe like conduits from below, localised sources of lava are called Laccolith. Eg Domal hills of granite rocks in Karnataka. Horizontal flow of lava forms a saucer shape concave to the sky body Found at base of synclines and top of anticlines are called Lopoliths. Phacoliths are are conduits that source lapoliths from magma chambers Thin and Thick horizontal bodies of intrusive igneous rocks are called sheets and sills When lava solidifies perpendicular to the ground and cools at the same position to develop a wall like structure are called Dykes. Found in Maharashtra they were feeders for the eruptions that formed Deccan traps. Alfred Wegner in 1912 put forward continental drift theory. single continental mass Pangea (split into 2 Laurasia and Gondwanaland) and mega ocean called Panthalassa Evidence in support of continental drift Jig saw fit of continents Rocks of same age across oceans suggesting no ocean existed b/w them Tillite : sedimentary rock formed out of deposit glaciers found in India are also found in all six diff landmasses in the southern hemisphere Placer deposits of gold in Ghana but source rock is missing Distribution of Fossil According to Wegner Polar fleeing force ie rotation of the Earth and Tidal force i.e. attraction of moon and sun were responsible, found to be untrue. Arthur Holmes put forward the Convectional Current Theory it said radioactive elements cause thermal difference leading to the formation of currents in the mantle. Mobile rock beneath plates move in a circular manner, heated material comes up cools and goes back down again. Process repeats endlessly forming a current. Radioactive decay and Residual heat are reasons source Rocks equidistant from the Mid Oceanic Ridge volcanoes had similar properties
1.4 Oceans and Coastal Landforms > Sea Floor Spreading Theory Plate tectonics theory was put forward by Mckenzie and Parker in 1967 Tectonic plates are Massive irregularly shaped slab of solid rock composed of continental and oceanic lithosphere. 7 major and other minor plates What are the types of plate boundaries : Divergent Boundaries eg Mid Atlantic Ridge, generates new crust Convergent Boundaries : forms the subduction zone where one plate dived into another Transform Boundaries : plates slide horizontally past each other, crust neither produced nor destroyed Indian Plate aka Indo Australian Continent convergence along Himalayas forming a subduction zone Tethys sea separated Eurasian plate(part of Laurasia) and Indian Plate (part of Gondwana) During movt lave outpoured forming the Deccan traps Diastrophic Plateaus :
kegy203.pdf - Interior of the Earth
kegy215.pdf - Life of the Earth]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🌏-geography-static-notes/1.-geomorphology-and-climatology/1.1-earth.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🌏 Geography Static Notes/1. Geomorphology and Climatology/1.1 Earth.mdSat, 30 May 2026 21:21:21 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/media/earth-image1-00084383.jpg"></figure>[1] Need not necessarily correspond to a linguistic group, political unit, clan, tribe etc. Explaining change in material culture especially pottery tradition is difficult. In India, incorporating arch evidence into historical narrative is difficult due to bias and perspectives of archaeologists and hsitorians. Need to have written records to corroborate with archaeological cultures. Difficult to find sites with preserved artefacts. 2020-04-20 00:13:47 Searching for the purpose of discovery of information or resources in an unfamiliar area is Exploration. But in the context of Archaeology it is searching for information from an area of historical information. ASI leads exploration in India. 2020-04-20 00:14:17 Digging to find information of historical significance Most sites dug vertically, Horizontal diggings are expensive Dry areas are better preserved, in Humid areas corrosion etc destroy remains 2020-04-20 00:14:18 Science or study of inscriptions, epigraphist is the person Various types of Inscriptions are Monuments, Donative inscriptions such as Royal grants, Royal Inscriptions or panegyric ex Hatihigumpa inscription, Allahabad prashasti, Footprint inscriptions etc. Study of old writing in inscriptions is called Palaeography Sanskrit adopted as epigraphic medium in 2nd cent AD widespread in 3rd-4th Ashokan inscriptions are in Brahmi, Kharoshti script was deciphered 1st by James Princep Ashokan incriptions of Shahbazgarhi and Mansehra are in Kharoshti script which evolved from Semitic Aramaic script. Advantages : Durability Information connected to time, place Info on Political structures, administrative and revenue system Genealogies info cults that did not have a literature of their own. Eg Ajivika, Naga etc. dateable info on religious sects, institutions, practices. Source of patronage. Reflect history of language and literature and performing arts ex Kudiyamalai inscription and Inscription of Nataraj temple at Chidambaram Disadvantages : discovery depends on chance Moveable inscriptions are not always found at their original place confusion due to exaggerated claims ex Gurjara Pratihara and Rashtrakuta king. Sometime genealogies skip names Hathigumpa inscription of Kharavela king of Kalinga, 1st century BC. Allahabad prashasti of Samdragupta 4th century CE. Junagadh incriptions : mentions the Sudarshana lake and Kings like Ashoka, Rudraman, Chandragupta and Skandagupta. Nasik Inscription of Gautamiputra Satakarni - Maharashtra. In Sub-continent at Bogaz Koi dated 1380 BC.
Mentions a treaty b/w Hittite and Mitanni kings. [2] Mentions the gods Indra, Mitra, Nasatiya and Varuna. It also mentions other gods worshipped by the nearby kingdoms. With tax exemptions are Satavahana and Kshatrapa epigraphs found at Nashik The Nashik inscription dated to the 18th year of Gautamiputra's reign states that he reaffirmed a grant of land to Buddhist monks living at the Triraśmi peak.
The mid-4th century Pallava and Shalankayana (Salankayana Dynasty) grants are the earliest surviving copper plate grants.
Salankayana have 7 copper plate grants that also mention their genealogies. [3]
Velurpalaiyam plates of Nandivarman III ( Pallava king, 9th cent. ) mentions the grant of a village to a Shiva temple. [4] Made for commemorating people, mostly. Most common ones of dead heroes or women who committed sati. In Andhra called Chhaya Stambhas. Ex Nagarjunakonda here 2 important memorial stone/inscriptions found were : Of King Chantamula I of Ikshvaku dynasty, ornately decorated showing various parts of his life. A simpler pillar is of an artisan name Mulbhuta. Karnataka has the largest concentration of memorial stones. 2 inscription from Siddenahalli and Kembalu refer to heroic death of women Gollarhatti, Atkur and Tambur refer to deaths of pets To mark imp events usually ascension of Kings and were used in inscriptions Vikram Era 58 BCE Shaka Era 78 CE Kalachuri-Chedi Era of 248 BCE Gupta Era of 319-320 CE Kollam Era 824 CE in Kerala Chalukya-Vikrama Era in 1076 used in Karnataka 2020-04-20 00:14:18 Study or collection of currency viz coins, token, paper money, medals etc oldest coins in sub-continents are punch marked, mostly silver some copper usually of rectangular, square or round shaped. Most silver puch marked coins weighed 32 rattis. Metrology is measurement and arrangement of coins by weight is imp aspect of Numismatics. Mint towns can be idenfied where large no of coin moulds are found. Rig Veda words : Nishka, Nishka-griva (gold ornaments) and hiranya-pinda (gold globules) they were not coins Later Vedic texts mention nishka, suvarna, shatamana and pada Buddhist texts mentions Ashtdhyayi, Kahapana, nishka, shatamana, pada, vimshatika, trinshatika and suvarna Basic unit was raktika or ratti in South India beans like manjadi and Kalanju used as standard weight Punch marked coins of North India can be divided into Taxila-Gandhara type : heavy - single punch type Kosala mid ganga valley : heavy - multiple punches Avanti of west India : light and single punched Magadhan : light and multiple punches. Did not have legends. Symbols on it include geometric designs, plants, animals, sun, wheel, mountain and trees.
Made by pouring melted metal into a mold i.e casting. Uninscribed cast coins made of copper and its alloys appeared soon after punch marked coins. found in Ayodhya and Kaushambi during 3rd or early 2nd century. A bronze mould was found in Eran. Overlapped in time w/ punch marked
image was pressed into the blank metal disc are mostly post Mauryan Other early Indian coin types were uninscribed die-struck coins mostly in copper and rarely in silver found in Ujjain and Taxila and were minted around 4th century BC. Indo Greek coins were die-struck during 2nd/1st century BC usually round few were square or rectangular ==Mostly silver few in copper, billon, nickel and lead== Bilingual + bi script coins were issued w/ obverse in Greek and Reverse in Prakrit usually in Kharoshthi script and rarely in Brahmi. Kushana coins were mostly made of Gold, their silver coins are rare. also issued many copper coins of low denominational value, showing wide spread of money economy Coins had dieties belonging to all religion and pantheons. Non Monarchial states such as Malavas, Yaudheyas, Arjunayanas etc issued cast or die struck coins called janapada. Have 'gana' in their coins. Coins with words Negama and pancha Negama meant that they were issued by merchant guilds were found in Taxila. Some have names of cities. Satvahana rulers issued copper and silver coins along with low denominational coins made of lead and potin. Their coins were coins were die-struck and some were cast coins Legends were in Prakrti language and Brahmi script. But portrait coins used Dravidian language and Brahmi script Post Satvahana coins were issued by Ikshvakus, Shalankayana and Vishnukundin kings were in Lead, Copper. Later the Traikutakas and Kalachuris issued silver ones. W. Kshatrapa coins Kshatrapa rule Nahapana introduced silver curreny in Nashik area Western Kshatrapas coins give dates in Shaka era. Nahapana coins based on Indo Greek silver drachms, obverse had portrait w/ legend in Greek; reverse had dynatic emblem of Thuderbol and arrow. South India Coins with legend Valuti have been assigned to the Pandyas Silver coins legend Makkotai, Kuttuvan Kotai and Kollippurai have been associated with Chera kings. Chera symbols on coins were double fish and tiger and bow and arrow Coins with lion and bull motif have been associated with Pallavas Tiger crest is emblem of Chola coins Gupta Coins Gupta Kings issued well executed die struck gold coins Samduragupta and Kumaragupta I had issued coins showing them playing Vina Reverse of Gupta coins have religious symbols. Their purity of gold decreases in later part of Skandagupta's reign Some Gupta coins give regnal years of Kings Coins showing Marriage of Chandragupta I's marrigae to Lichchavi princess. Helped prove Ramgupta ruled b/w Samudragupta and Chandragupta II. SG coins have him as archer and w/ battleaze and also playing vina. Coinage during early medieval period Decline in aethitic quality of coins from early medieval period. John Deyell says no decline in volume. Kashmir Hundikas and cowries were popular. Billon coins circulated in GP kingdom, cowries were also popular during their rules. Copper coins minted by Arab governors. Kings of Bengal viz Shashanka issued gold coins, Pala-Sena coins have not been identified. Silver coins called Harikela circulated from 7-13th century. Gold and Silver by Chalukyas of Badami which was followed by gap of 3 centuries and then revival under later Chalukyas. Kadambas of Goa and Shilaharas of West Deccan issued coins. Imp part of Monetary History -> imp for exchange and trade info/ Economic history. Give info of language and script. Debasement of coins could also be used as response to inc in demand per Deyell. Need to account for out circulation of coins beyond the border of kingdoms. Numismatic evidence is especially important source of political history b/w 200 BC and 300 CE Coins of Kshaharata ruler Nahapana was counter struck by Satvahana rulers /Gautamiputra Satkarni and Shiva Satkarni Most coin moulds were of the Kushana period, disappeared after post Gupta. Especially important to construct Indo-Greek history. Guptas Issues largest no of gold coins. Balarama and Krishna depicted in Indo Greek kings such as Agathocles. 2020-04-20 00:14:18 Megaliths such as dolmens, menhirs etc are considered as monuments. Buildings such as temples, statues, Stupas, Viharas, Monasteries etc. "Reconstruction of Early Indian history is hardly possible without the help of inscriptions and coins." Discuss. [2007, 60m] - ! Approach should be mentioning the importance of inscriptions and coins as sources of History. Then important inscriptions and numismatics evidences be brought that have been used as a source of History. The reconstruction of early Indian history is an important aspect of understanding the culture and traditions of the people inhabiting the Indian subcontinent. It is an arduous task to piece together the history of the region, especially when there is a lack of written sources. In such cases, inscriptions and coins prove to be invaluable sources for the reconstruction of early Indian history. Inscriptions are some of the oldest sources of history and are usually found on stone or metal surfaces. These inscriptions provide valuable information about the rulers and their reigns, the socio-economic conditions of the time, and other aspects of the culture of the people inhabiting the region. Inscriptions also provide evidence of the religious and political beliefs of the people, as well as the various conflicts that occurred during that period for example the counterstruck coins of Nahapana by Gautamiputra Satkarni found in Nashik region. Coins are another important source of history. Coins are usually made of metal and contain images, symbols, and inscriptions that provide information about the rulers, their reigns, and the socio-economic conditions of the time. For example the decreased gold coins from Skandagupta reign show decline in overall socio-economic prosperity in the region. Coins also provide evidence of the political and religious beliefs of the people, as well as the various conflicts that occurred during that period. Some of the important inscriptions and coins that have been used as sources to construct early Indian history include the Ashoka inscriptions, the Junagarh inscription, the Hathigumpha inscription, the Mathura inscriptions, the Gupta coins, the Satavahana coins, the Kushana coins, and the coins from Mahajanpada period. The Ashoka inscriptions are a series of edicts issued by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in the third century BC. These inscriptions provide valuable information about the reign of Ashoka and his policies. The Junagarh inscription is an inscription found in Junagarh, Gujarat and is believed to be from the fifth century AD. This inscription gives information about the reign of the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II. The Hathigumpha inscription is an inscription found in the Udayagiri caves in Odisha and is believed to be from the first century BC. This inscription provides information about the reign of the Kalinga king Kharavela and his genealogy. The Mathura inscriptions are a series of inscriptions found in Mathura and are believed to be from the first century AD. These inscriptions provide information about the socio-economic and religious conditions of the time. The Gupta coins are a series of coins issued by the Gupta dynasty in the fourth century AD. These coins provide information about the reign of the Gupta emperors and the socio-economic conditions of the time. The Satavahana coins are a series of coins issued by the Satavahana dynasty in the first century AD. These coins provide information about the reign of the Satavahana rulers and the socio-economic conditions of the time. The coins issued by the Kushana dynasty in the first century AD provide information about the reign of the Kushana rulers and the socio-economic, religious conditions of the time. On the basis of contemporary sources assess the nature of banking and usury in ancient India. [2013, 15m] SSH material answer from page 28 Vedic period (between 1500 B.C. and 1000 B.C.) in which the kusidin (usurer) is mentioned Mauryan Period Adesha for loan
coins with words Negama and pancha Negama meant that they Buddhist Jataka denounces Usury, mentions about lending money Arhtashastra info about interest on various types of loans Dharmashastra - caste imp factor in money lending, profession of vaishyas Manusmriti - approved line of Business, higher ROI for Shudras, lending above mentioned rate is sin Banking and usury in ancient India were a complex and varied phenomenon, with evidence of both practices appearing in various historical sources. Banking in ancient India is evidenced by references to the use of coins and metal currency, as well as the practice of lending and borrowing money. Usury, meanwhile, is evidenced by the Arthashastra, a treatise written by the ancient Indian economist Kautilya, which outlines the various methods and rules of usury. The use of coins and metal currency was common in ancient India, with references to such practices appearing in the Mahabharata, the Ramayana, and other ancient Indian texts. The Mahabharata, for example, refers to coins made of gold, silver, and copper, which were used to purchase goods and services. So does ancient Indian texts such as the Vedas, Buddist texts like the Tipitakas and Jatakas. These coins were minted by the kings of ancient India, and were widely accepted as a form of currency. The practice of lending and borrowing money was also common in ancient India. In the Mahabharata, for instance, the Pandavas borrow money from the Kauravas in order to pay for their own wedding expenses. This suggests that lending and borrowing money was a common practice in ancient India. Usury, meanwhile, is evidenced by the Arthashastra, which outlines various methods and rules of usury. According to the Arthashastra, usury was practiced in ancient India in order to generate wealth and increase the wealth of the lender. The Arthashastra states that usury should not exceed 12% per annum, and that the lender should not charge more than the amount borrowed. Arthashastra also mentions about the different interests to be charged on different types of loans. As per Dharmashastra, caste was an important factor to be considered in Money Lending. It has been sanctioned as one of the occupations of Vaishyas. Buddhist Jatakas on the other hand have denounced usury. Manusmriti approves usury against Shudras but lending above the sanctioned rate was considered a sin. Thus Banking and usury though widely practiced was applied in different ways to different sections of society. Art and culture are reflected to a far greater extent than political history in the epigraphic sources. Comment. [2017, 15 Marks] Refer ANKI : Temple Sites, Cave Sites, Buddhist sites, Jaina sites, Hindu Temples and Caves, Inscriptions Sites. Epigraphic sources, such as inscriptions found on monuments, are one of the most important sources for the study of Indian history. Epigraphy provides researchers with insights into the arrangements of pre-modern Indian societies, including the development of political, social, and economic structures, as well as the emergence of religious practices. This is particularly true in India where a number of epigraphic sources, such as copper-plate grants, inscriptions at temples and monuments, and manuscripts provide deep insights into the country’s history. Art and culture are reflected in the epigraphic sources in India more than political history. Historians contend that the great majority of epigraphic sources in India consist of religious texts and donations granted to temples, which reveal the presence of various religious practices and culture in the subcontinent. For example, inscriptions at the Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, reveal the patronage of the Nayaka rulers and their intellectual achievements in the fields of literature, art, music and dance, which helped to shape the culture of the region. In addition, inscriptions at the Ellora Caves, Maharashtra, provide insight into the patronage of the Chalukyan dynasty and the development of Hindu, Buddhist and Jain architecture in Maharashtra. Furthermore, the development of Sanskrit and vernacular languages and literature is also revealed through epigraphic sources. For instance, a large number of inscriptions in Sanskrit and Tamil were found at the temple of Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, which provide insights into the philosophy and theology of Shaivism, as well as works of art, music and literature of the period. Overall, epigraphic sources in India mainly reflect cultural and religious developments, rather than political history. The examples given above demonstrate the immense insight into Indian culture and history that can be gained from epigraphic sources, providing evidence of the importance of art and culture in India before the rise of modern nation states. Describe the distinguishing features of important archaeological cultures of the Indian subcontinent datable between c. 2000 B.C. and c. 500 B.C. [1995, 60m] The Indian subcontinent has a rich archaeological heritage, with a variety of pottery cultures spanning the period from c. 2000 B.C. to c. 500 B.C. These cultures are distinguished by their unique pottery styles, which can be identified by the shapes, decorations, and materials used. The Harappan culture (c. 2500-1700 B.C.) is one of the most well-known of these cultures, and is identified by its distinctive red and black pottery. This pottery is typically decorated with geometric patterns, and is made from a variety of materials including terracotta, shell, and stone. Black and red ware (BRW) culture: This type of pottery was characterized by the use of a black and red slip on the surface of the pottery. This culture is associated with the early Vedic period and is found in northern and central India. The Painted Grey Ware culture (c. 1200-600 B.C.) is another important pottery culture of the Indian subcontinent. This culture is distinguished by its distinctive grey pottery, which is decorated with black and white geometric patterns. This pottery is typically made from clay, and is often found in burials. The Northern Black Polished Ware culture (c. 1000-500 B.C.) is another important pottery culture of the Indian subcontinent. This culture is identified by its black polished pottery, which is decorated with geometric and floral motifs. This pottery is typically made from clay, and is often found in burials. Megalithic culture: This type of pottery is associated with the burials of the megalithic period and is characterized by coarse and undecorated pottery. It is found in southern and western India.
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mahabharata-much-older-say-asi-archaeologists/articleshow/71658119.cms?from=mdr↩︎
https://sci-hub.se/https://www.jstor.org/stable/595878↩︎
https://www.jstor.org/stable/44303936↩︎
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velurpalaiyam_plates#:~:text=The%20Velurpalaiyam%20plates%20of%20Nandivarman>↩︎ ]]>08.1-ancient-history/1.-sources/1.1-archaeological-sources.html08.1 Ancient-History/1. Sources/1.1 Archaeological-Sources.mdSat, 30 May 2026 20:40:31 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>untitled-2.htmlUntitled 2.baseSat, 30 May 2026 19:13:59 GMT Volcanoes" data-href="1.1 Earth#Volcanoes" href="01-subject-wise-notes/🌏-geography-static-notes/1.-geomorphology-and-climatology/1.1-earth.html#Volcanoes" class="internal-link" target="_self" rel="noopener nofollow">Volcanism Energy source is atmosphere All exogenic forces cause denudation of material Mechanical and chemical decomposition by weather and climate : Weathering Weathering, Mass Wasting, Erosion and Deposition are examples Mechanical disintegration and Chemical decomposition causes are geological, climatic, topographic, vegetative factors Chemical : ex carbonation, hydration, oxidation etc Physical/Mechanical : ex gravity, expansion due to temp, water pressure
Biological : changes caused due to growth/movement of organisms Exfoliation #card-reverse Result of Weathering Flaking of curved sheets of shells from rocks etc to form smooth and rounded surface caused due to expansion and contraction Rock debris movt under direct influence of Gravity Weathering not a prerequisite No geomorphic processes participate viz glaciers, wind, waves, currents etc Heave, flow and slide are types of movt Landslides Rapid movt of rock in a slope without backward movt is called Slide Slump is flow w/ backwards rotation of material, slide has no such phenomena Weathering not a precondition
Deposition is consequence of erosion when agents lose theirSoil Formation is a consequence of it
kegy205.pdf - Minerals and Rocks
kegy206.pdf - Geomorphic ProcessesWhen rivers reach maturity in lower slopes, lateral erorsion causes flat low relief plain called peneplaing, the other formation is a Monadnock. Isolated hill of bedrock standing above the general level is called a Monadnock, aka inselberg.

Low-relief plain formed by protracted erosion is called Peneplain. Youth V shaped valleys, Waterfalls, Rapids, Interlocking spurs, Potholes, Meanders can also exist but not widely present Vertical erosion causes steep sides and narrow frills to form V Shaped valleys Mature Floodplains, deep V shaped valleys, strean divides become sharp Swamps and Marshes of Y stage disappear Old Vast Floodplains, Ox bow lakes, Deltas, Natural Levees Valleys Start as rills -> gullies -> valleys V-shaped, Gorge, Canyon are types Deep valleys with steep to straight sides they are formed in hard rocks called gorges.
Gorge that have steep step like slope are canyons wider at the top than at bottom and forms on sedimentary rocks Potholes and Plungepools Circular depressions formed in rocky beds of hill streams through stream erosion and abrasion of rocks are called Potholes.
Series of potholes is a plungepool, formed due to constant rotation of boulders and impact of water within a pothole
Incised/Entrenched Meanders When meanders form in hard rocks they are called Incised or entrenched meanders River Terraces Formed due to vertical erosion by the stream into its own depositional floodplain
When river terraces occur on either side they are called Paired terraces Alluvial Fans formed at foot slope of low gradient when load becomes too heavy for streams to carry cone shaped deposit forms many distributaries Deltas Similar to Alluvial fans but form at mouths of river. Well sorted with clear stratification - coarser material settles first finer ones carried to sea Floodplains formed when water spills over the banks and deposits silt and clay When they are above the banks called inactive floodplain. contain 2 types of deposit : flood and channel deposits. Natural Levees. Low linear and parallel ridges of coarse deposits along the banks of river are called
Point Bars aka Meander Bars found in concave side of ox bow lakes are sediments deposited inlinear fashion along banks contains mixed size of sediments Meander Formed due to lateral erosion of streams flowing over gentle slope common in flood and delta plains
not a landform but a type of channel pattern formed due to : Lateral erosion in gentler slopes unconsolidate alluvial deposits exerting lateral pressure coriolis force acting Karst topography formed underground due to dissolution of sloluble rocks viz limestone, dolomite, gypsum etc characterised by sinkholes and caves.
Swallow holes Small to medium sized round to sub rounded shallow depressions formed on the surface of limestones Sinkholes openings circular at top and funnel shaped towards bottom connected to a cave/roof of a void at the bottom may collapse forming dolines Uvalas Closed Karst depressions formed when sink holes and dolines join together because of slumping of materials along the margins or due to roof collapse. Lapies or Karren or Ridges Irregular, grooved, ridge like features in an open limestone field formed due to solution activity along parallel and sub paralleljoints eventually transform into limestone pavements Caves formed when water percolates and dissolves limestones Cave w/ openings on both sides called tunnels Stalacites hang like icicles in caves they drip to form Stalgamites at bottom. Eventually both join to form pillars and columns Piedmont glacier
valley glacier that spilled onto relatively flat plains Cirques bowl-shaped, deep, long and wide depressions that glaciers carve into mountains and valley sidewalls at high elevations. Lakes can form at such places they are called cirque or tarn lakes. Horns formed when 3 or more radiating glaciers cut headward until their cirques meet. Serrated/Saw Toothed Ridges divide between cirques or head walls get narrow and turn into Serrated or saw tooth ridges aka Aretes.
Glacial Valleys/ Troughs U Shaped w/ broad floors, smooth and steep sides may contain Moraines Fjords are Deep glacial troughs filled with sea water making up the shorelines. Glacial tills - unassorted, coarse and fine debris dropped by melting galciers. Rock fragments are angular/sub angular Moraines are Glacially formed accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris (regolith and rock)
Outwash deposits are glacio fluvial deposits are stratified and assorted Moraines long ridges of deposits of glacial tills Types of Moraines : Lateral moraines : parallel to valleys they join to from horse shoe shaped ridge. Ground Moraine : formed by retreating glacier leave irregular sheet of till Medial Moraine in the centre. Hanging Valleys are tributary valleys that hang above the main valley, commonly seen in U Shaped valleys. Winding ridge of un-assorted depositions of rock, gravel, clay etc. running along a glacier in a till plain are called Eskers
Drumlin : Inverted boat-shaped deposition in a till plain caused by deposition has a stoss end and a tail composed of gravel, sand
kegy207.pdf - Landforms and their evolution]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🌏-geography-static-notes/1.-geomorphology-and-climatology/1.2-landforms.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🌏 Geography Static Notes/1. Geomorphology and Climatology/1.2 Landforms.mdSat, 30 May 2026 17:19:09 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/media/landforms-image1-00085771.jpg"></figure>untitled-1.htmlUntitled 1.baseSat, 30 May 2026 17:15:44 GMTuntitled.htmlUntitled.baseSat, 30 May 2026 17:13:31 GMT = taxes + non tax sources recurrent in nature it is of 2 types Tax Revenue and Non-tax revenue All revenue govt collects from all direct and indirect tax collections. Corporation tax : Collections, Surcharges, Education Cess/ Health cess, Penalties etc Taxes on Income ex Banking transaction tax, Security transaction tax, Hotel receipts etc Wealth Tax : ex Estate duty Customs : import duties, basic duties, additional customs, National calamity contingent duty NCCD, Education cess, export duty etc Union Excise Duties Service Tax GST Other Taxes and Duties on Commodities and Services Taxes of UTs Recurring income earned other than taxes Interest Receipts : from states, UTs, etc Dividends and Profits : from PSU, RBIs, PSBs etc Fiscal Services : currency, coinage and mint General Services : Administrative services, PSC, Police, Supplies and Disposals, Stationery and Printing etc Social Services : Education, Sports, Art and culture, medical and public health, family welfare, Housing etc Economic Services : Agriculture, Animal husbandry, dairy etc Railway Revenue Grants-in-aid and Contribution Non Tax Revenue of Union Territories
are those that create liabilities or reduce financial asset of the Govt, also refers to incoming cash flows. #important #concept All non-revenue receipts are called capital receipts. They are for investment purposes and supposed to be spent on plan development. Capital Account : represents the BoP for a country. Keeps track of net change in a nations assets and liabilities during a year. Tells us wether country is net importer or exporter of capital. Capital Account of India has both equity and debt flows. Debt flows comprise of commercial borrowings, external assistance, short term trade credits, NRI deposits. Equity flows comprise of FDI, portfolio investment. Capital budget : deals with receipts and expenditures of the capital by the govt. they create reduction in financial assets but do not create debt. Ex recovery of loans, disinvestment Recoveries of Loans & Advances (is not the same as interest receipts) Disinvestment, issue of Bonus shares, Writebacks of amt which the govt has to payback at some point of time Borrowings both external and Internal Securities against Small Savings Raising State Provident Funds Other Receipts (Internal Debts and Public Account) External Debt Market Stabilisation Scheme All expenditure by govt are either revenue kind or current kind or compuslive kind. Transfer payments are also a type of expenditure Non plan exp that does not directly create assets, incurred for normal functioning of govt ex interest payment on debt (both external and internal), Salaries, pensions and Provident fund paid by govt to its employees, grants given to state gov, defence expenditure, subsidies, public adm, Postal deficits of govt, Law and order expenditure. loans made to states, UT, PSUs, expentiure for asset creation, loans repayment by the govt might be internal or external. This includes only the capital/ principal of the loan since interest on them are part of revenue expenditure. plan expenditure of the govt capital expenditure on defence by the govt -> part of non plan expenditure. General services such as railways, postal, water supply, education, rural extension. other liabilities of the govt ex PF liabilities Plan expenditure is done for productive purposes ex projects of ministries whereas Non-plan is done for non-productive ones ex salaries, subsidies, loans and interest payments. Plan expenditure means exp on annual projects contributing to 5 year plans Non-Plan expenditure may be revenue or capital.
Sukhmoy Chakravarti #committee 1987-88 was set up on it.
Rangarajan #committee panel was set up in 2011 to suggest redifining plan and non plan expenditure. balance of govts total receipts (revenue + capital receipts) and total expenditure (revenue and capital expenditure) is negative it is called FD. = Total Revenue - Total Expenditure
= Total Expenditure - (Revenue Receipts + Non Debt Creating Capital Receipts )
includes revenue deficit and expenditure but not non debt creating capital #important Gross Fiscal Deficit = Total Expenditure including loans may cause macroeconomic instability Corporate sector is crowded out monetising FD could lead to inflationary tendencies long term could mean future generation paying more taxes Interest payments inc, BoP pressure could mount downgrading by rating agencies to know amount of borrowing govt can utilise after interest payment
= Fiscal Deficit - Net Interest liabilities (Interest payment - Interest receipts) brings transparency in govt expenditure pattern. Primary Surplus : is when tax receipts of govt are higher than its total expenditures excluding interest payments. If balance of total revenue receipts and total revenue expenditures turns out to be negative.
≤ Revenue Receipts - Revenue Expenditure does not create liability nor creates any reduction in asset of gov. synonymous w/ consumtion and non-dev expenditure on social services like education, health, welfare are Revenue expenditure and creates RD. Revenue Budget : Part of budget that deals with income and expenditure of revenue by the govt. If balance of revenue receipts and revenue expenditure is negative it is called revenue deficit budget if positive then it is called Rev surplus budget. intro by FRBM Act 2012
= Revenue Deficit - Grants for capital creation In the case of Revenue deficit even those expenditure that create productive capital assets are included. If we remove these grants we get Effective Revenue Deficit. Grants for Capital creation : grant in aids given by Centre to States, Constitutional bodies, Autonomous bodies etc for creation of capital assets = total budgeted receipts - total expenditure not in use anymore borrowing made from RBI through printing fresh currency Earlier Govt used to issue short term (T-bills) and long term securities (G-Secs) that was to be purchased by RBI on compulsory basis to finance deficits. This was later removed. Now most govt expenditures are financed through market borrowings. Process of financing/supporting deficit by a govt. was mostly done in conjunction with Budget deficit most commonly through RBI printing money and providing it to the govt. This has been disallowed by FRBM Money Printed by RBI is called high powered money or reserve money or monetary baseMeans of Deficit Financing External Aid : are the best means to fulfil govts deficit requirement including external grants. External grants did not come to India till 1975 or we did not accept it. External Borrowings : next best way to manage FD if they have low interest rate and are long term. External borrowing brings in foreign currency/ hard currency that gives more spending power to govt. it does not cause crowding out that happens due to internal borrowings. Internal borrowings : are 3rd preferred route of fiscal deficit mgt but it caused crowding out for public and corporate sector. Printing Currency : last resort for the govt in managing its deficit. Biggest handicap with the govt is that they cannot go for expenditures are to be made in foreign currency. it increases inflation proprotionally and brings regular pressure and obligation on the govt for upward revision in wages and salaries of govt employees.
Fiscal consolidation is a reduction in the underlying fiscal deficit. Fiscal Consolidation refers to the policies undertaken by Governments (national and sub-national levels) to reduce their deficits and accumulation of debt stock. #important What are the best case scenarios for deficit financing? FD with a surplus revenue budget or a zero revenue expenditure is the best composition of FD and most suitable for deficit financing. deficit requirements for lower revenue expenditure and higher capital expenditure are next best situtation for deficit financing. Last is when major part of deficit financing is to fulfil revenue expenditure and minor part goes for capital expenditure. Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Mgt Aim to bring fiscal discipline, mgt of expenditure, revenue and debt macroeconomic stability, coordination b/w fiscal and monetary policy transparency in fiscal operation of Gov, balance budget
Dealt w/ 4 fiscal parameters Revenue Deficit, Fiscal Deficit, Tax revenue (% to GDP) and outstanding liabilities all represented as a % of GDP. Provided for certain documents to be tabled in the parliament Medium-term Fiscal Policy Statement Fiscal Policy Strategy Statement Macro-economic Framework Statement Medium term Expenditure Framework It set targets to beachieved by 2009 initially which the Gov was not able to meet FRBM targets revised by amendment in 2012 FRBM amendment in 2015 set the target of FD to 3% by 2018, not met
#important Escape Clause : deviate from FD target in certain cases through an amendment in 2018 such as National security, act of war, National Calamity, Collapse of agriculture, Structural reforms in the economy, decline in real output growth of a quarter by 3% below its avg. deviation of 0.5% invoked after formal consultation of Fiscal Council Target FD to 3% by 2020, 2.8 in 2021, 2.5 by 2023 suggested using debt as primary target for fiscal policy Debt to GDP ratio of 60%; 40% limit for centre and 20% for states Rev deficit of 0.5% of GDP by 2023 new Debt and Fiscal Responsibility Act after repealing FRBM Fiscal Consolidation : strengthening gov finances through tax reforms, disinvestment, better targeting of subsidies Reduction in plan expenditure is not a feasible way to cut FD
Kelkar #Committee 2012 roadmap for fiscal consolidation reduction in deficit should be achieved through combination of share sale of PSEs, rationalising petro product subsidies and implementing GST also recom beefing IT infra
Bimal Jalan #Committee 2014 on Expenditure Mgt suggest ways to reduce food, fertiliser, oil subsidies to narrow FD Recom were ban on 5 star venue, foreign locations, executive class tickets for gov meetings. keep size of delegation going abroad to minimal etc
Rangarajan #Committee 2012 efficient mgt of Public Expenditure also to see if classification of Plan, Non Plan was prudent, recom removel of this distinction. borrowing inside the country ex from RBI, open market loans, bonds like oil, fertilizer etc, money realised from MSS other debt is outstanding against small savings schemes, PF etc Objectives of public debt/ Borrowing Cover the gap b/w proposed expenditure and expected revenue During recession or depression when people do not want to spend to curb inflation to finance development plans ex poverty, expand education and health services. NK Singh Comm envisages Debt-to-GDP ratio of 40% for centre and 20% for States for a total of 60% Public debt is called as national debt and in the broader sense it also includes non govt debt. Liabilities of the centre have 3 segments in it namely - Internal Liabilities, External Liablities and Public Account Liabilities. In the case of India it has only Internal and External segment Internal segment : it includes a variety of instruments used by the centre to mobilise resources inside the economy. Dated securities aka G-Secs which are primarily issued by the Centre as fixed coupon bonds of different maturities. Single most source of deficit financing.
Treasury Bills Securities issued to international financial institutions by Centre ex WB, IMF, ADB. Securities issued against 'small savings' scheme that are credited to the NSSF (National Small Savings Fund) External Segment : includes external liabilites created through external borrowings by the centre for its own uses. It constitutes multilateral and bilateral loans from IMF, EB, ADB, Sovereign Funds, Foreign govts.
Adjusted Debt : #todo Has imp role in macro economic policy of a country. borrowing is done to raise the required amt of funds at low cost over the medium to long run considering a prudent amt of risk. maintain a stable and sustainable debt structure to ensure fin stability across time period. support a domestic bond market -> help govt in pricing the govt debts efficiently Indias public debt is more than 100% the reasons for this are Bank recapitalisation that was done in 2017. UDAY bonds Taxes as proportion of population is low at around 10%. Indian tax system has many loopholes Misuse of Public Income Rising public debt -> higher risk premium in interest rates -> reduced private investment/ crowding out -> contraction of GDP. Need is to privatise loss making PSU, Follow FRBM and leverage PFMS; harmonise tax regime. what gov owes to foreign lenders from Borrowings/loans abroad, NRI deposits, international FIs etc, trade credit.
#concept FDI, FPI and Depository receipts are non-debt creating but FII in Gsec is external debt. IMF 2021 data projects debt to GDP of 90% focus on monitoring long and short term debt, raising sovereign loans w/ longer maturities regulating ECBs, encourage Rs denominated bonds viz Masala Bonds rationalising interest rates on NRI deposits
#important currency risk is borne by the creditor not by borrower; it is risk arising from appreciation depreciation of nominal exchange rate Comprises of :
Rupee debt mostly was extended by USSR to IN, repayment was through export of good to RUS #TIL Rs denominated NRI deposit FII in Gov treasury bill and dated security and in corporate debt security Indian entities can raise money in Rs. no currency risk, diversity funding sources, cost of borrowing lower than domestic market. stable exchange rate, constant inflation levels are required for better returns. step to internationalise Rs, facilitate full rupee convertibility. method of budgeting where all expenses must be justified close and critical examination of existing gov programmes etc to ensure funds are made available to high priority items eliminates outdated programs, reduce funding to low priority ones. objective to inc productivity. limited use in HDI and poverty alleviation programs. Economy in public expenditure is the reason for its existence Prioritisation is another special feature order of priority is prepared and funds allocated accordingly. Limitations : Govt has certain limitations on certain expenditures ex charged expenditures. certain public services deny cost benefit analysis ex defence, law and order, foreign relations etc. Mo Finance could be all powerful institution There are no commited pre expenses and balances are not carried forward. Temporary loan for gov to meet mismatches b/w revenue and expenditure. Mutually decided by RBI and GOI. interest rate is same as repo, tenure is 3 months. After it Overdraft of 10 days, interest on it is 2% more than repo are unsecured extended at Bank Rate limits based on 3 yr avg of State's actual rev and capital expenditure withdrawal beyond limit is considered as overdraft interest are payed by State on it extended against gov securities this is given first interest is 1% point less that Repo JAM or (Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile) trinity was brought in to enable DBT. It can effectively target public resources to those who need them most. Advantages : removal of fake and duplicate entities from beneficiary list prevention of leakage and wastage saves time, effort and cost ensures full traceability of flow of funds transparency checks corruption accountability of flow of funds expenditure rationalisation Fiscal Drag : high inflation pushes income to higher tax brackets -> inc tax for gov but dec consumption and there is no inc in real purchasing power. Automatic in nature. Govts net fiscal position (spending - taxation) fails to cover net savings desires of private economy ie private economy's spending gap (earnings - spending + private investment) The lack of aggregate demand lead to deflationary pressures, or drag on the economy which is due to lack of state spending or to excess taxation. Fiscal Neutrality : net effect of taxation and public spending is neutral neither stimulating nor dampening deman
Crowding Out : Excess gov borrowing dec liquidity in market, interest rate inc and private investment in crowded out (forced out of a place/situation) #importantPump Priming deficit financing on public works to revive economy during recession can raise purchasing power
Public Goods #important : consumption by some does not diminish them for others or are non rivalrous Merit Goods : have positive externalities ex health, education etc Demerit G : consumption for them should be discouraged
Giffen Goods : whoese demand goes up when price inc, status markers and exclusive #importantTwin Deficits : Budget and Curret Account Deficit together where former fuels the latterFiscal Cliff : sudden condition of high taxes and reduced public expenditure after long period of tax cuts and liberal public expenditure these or other set of factors cause or threaten sudden and severe economic decline Output-Outcome framework : OOF is an important reform towards outcome based monitoring of developmental actions of the ministries and departments. Development Monitoring and Evaluation Office of the NITI Aayog works on this. Certain measurable indicators have been put in place monitoring objectives of Central Sector CS and Centrally Sponsored Schemes CSS Golden Rule : proposition that govt should borrow only to invest and not to finance current spending is known as golden rule of finance.Balanced Budget : when revenue deficit is zero when total public sector spending equals total govt income from taxes and charges for public services.Gender Budgeting : allocates funds and responsibility on basis of gender done in economies where socio economic disparities are chronic and clearly visible.]]>01-subject-wise-notes/💶-economy/003-fiscal-system-or-public-finance-in-india.html01 Subject Wise Notes/💶 Economy/003 Fiscal System or Public Finance in India.mdSat, 11 Oct 2025 13:45:41 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#MainsPYQ proposed the 10 year plan for IN in 1934, 1st attempt at planning proposed to double the income of country, through bold policies, comprehensive reports of progress designer of Kirshnarajasagar dam Installed irrigation system at Khadakvasla reservoir, Tigra Dam of Gwalior and Krishnarajsagar Dams Govt Eng college in Bangalore; Road construction to Tirupati; New rail lines in Mysore. FICCI Proposal 1934 claimed that days of laissez faire was over and a comprehensive dev covering all economic activities was necessary. Suggested setting up a National Planning Commission to coordinate whole process. Influence by ideas of MG Ranade and Dadabhai Naoroji fortified by ideas of Keynesian. National Planning Committee NPC or the Congress Plan setup in 1938 under J Nehru to ensure adequate standard of living of masses on the initiative of SC Bose. emphasis of state owned heavy industries and redistribution of land published many reports that became the foundation for coordinated planning in Independent India. Bombay plan : 1944 by leading industrialists viz JRD Tata, GD Birla etc expansion of textile and consumer industries in already existing areas State to invest in basic industries like steel, protect from foreign competition Other plans were MN Roy - Peoples plan based on Marxist socialism to give people the basic necessities of life SN Agarwal - Gandhian Plan JP Narayan - Sarvodaya Plan that drew from Gandhian technique of constructive work and Vinoba bhaves sarvodaya concept. Area-wise reports Gadgil report on Rural credit Kheragat report on Agricultural dev Krishnamachari Report on Agricultural prices Saraiya report on Cooperatives Reports on Irrigation Major Objectives of Planning : Long term sustained economic Growth, Poverty Alleviation Modernisation Self-Reliance Social Justice liek controlling Economic Inequality and Employement generation What was the planning commission? Need for a permanent expert body was realised at the national level for the economy soon after Independence. Set up in 1950 it was an extra-constitutional, non-statutory, autonomous advisory body. It acted as a think tank on economic development. PM was its ex-officio chairman, did not have reps from States/UT's. was operational arm of the National Dev Council NDC a political institution, had more mem all were full time. Functions made an assessment of material, capital and HR of the country and tried to augment these resources formulated a plan for the most effective and balanced utilisation of res defined stages on which plans were to be carried out. appraise the progress achieved in execution of the stages of program. had allocative functions National Development Council
#todo 1st Plan(1951-56) In the backdrop of refugee influx, severe food shortage and inflation. Plan was drafter by KN Raj and was based on Harrod Domar model that suggested higher level of saving to enable more investment and low capital ouput ratio to ensure investment and higher growth rate. Focused on Agriculture, price stability, power and transport. stress on agriculture due to larges scale import of food grains 3.61% growth target was 2.1%, agricultural targest also achieved 2nd Plan (1956-61) based on Nehru-Mahalanobis model estd of heavy industries/capital goods, trickle down effect to boost other sectors, expanding productive ability of system Other elements were Import substitution, sizeable public sector, vibrant small scale sector achieved more than targeted growth rate but created imbalance b/w heavy industries and agriculture
adopted a self reliance and basic industry model #PrelimsPYQ 3rd Plan(1961 - 66) balance industry and agri, aim was self-sustaining economy 1st time borrowing from IMF 62,65 wars and drought led to failure Rolling Plan adopted in 1962 Annual Plans (66-67, 67-68, 68-69) inflation, floods, forex crisis, political instability due to death of Nehru, Shastri aka plan holiday 4th Plan (1969-74) aim growth with stability, social emphasis education and employment bank nationalisation, abolition of privy purses, green rev, oil shock, 71 war Not able to achieve its target 5th plan (1974-79) aim growth for social justice cut short by Janata Party Gov its 6th FYP was removed from official records, 79-80 was Plan Holiday Garibi Hatao Integrated Rural Development Program 1978. 6th Plan (1980-85) emphasis on infrastructure 5.7% growth was more than target 7th Plan (1985-90) rapid growth in food grain production and employment, beginning of liberalisation, long term fiscal policy started, 3 year exim policy 1st time announced 2 Plan holidays 1990-91 and 1991-92 due to economic crisis 8th Plan (1992-97) : based on RaoManmohan Singh Model Reorient role of state focus on social and infra dev selective control, remove permit system open up the economy, create competition for PSEs integrate Indian eco w/ global economy Disinvestment started, India joined WTO in 1995. Constitutional basis to Panchayati Raj, SEBI made statutory body 9th FYP (1997-02) target of 6.5% through high investment rate, domestic savings rate political instability, East Asian Fin crisis 1997, Kargil Ware, 9-11 attacks Privatisation of PSU started did not achieve target 10th FYP (2002-07) aim was 8% GDP growth reduce poverty by 5%, gainful high quality employment, reduce gender gap in literacy 11th FYP (2007-2012) faster more inclusive growth, Target of 9% poverty reduction by 10%, reduce unemployment Recession, Sovereign debt crisis in Greece, thrust was agri, education and infra 12th FYP (2012-17) 8% growth rate, planning discontinued by new govt NITI Aayog established TPP was introduced in 1975 for monitoring of schemes of centrala and state govt. Was meant to improve the quality of life esp of the BPL. Garibi Hatao 6th plan was based on the the experience of TPP.
MPLADS First Strata was Central Level planning covering FYP, TPP and MPLADS. Second Strata was State Level Planning they were 5 years in term and headed by resp state CMs. Third Strata was District level planning done by resp District Planning Boards with DM being the head. Fourth Strata was the Block Level planning District Planning boards were nodal body. Fifth strata was the Local Level planning DPBs was the nodal agency and had 3 variants Village Level, Hill Area and Tribal Area Planning. MLP failed to include peoples participation Giving PRI's constitutional status planning became a constitutional exercise at the Panchayat level. Challenges faced by PRIs financial status of them are not stabilised taxes PRIs can impose are not clear. States do not delegate power Use of money and muscle power Achievements 3rd largest in PPP terms Social indicators viz IMR, MMR, Literacy, disease eradication etc created strong industrial ecosys, service sector improved Forex reserves has risen to $592 bil in 2021 Strengthened private sector Tax base and collection increased Failures Unemployment still high/jobless growth, Poverty still prevalent Inequality in income, Regional imbalance Malnutrition, stunting, wasting esp among children prevalent inadequate attention to infra Need to have favourable BoP, more FDI, FII and higher growth rate targeted to dismantle licensing raj, drive PSEs towards sustainable profitability Fiscal reforms to stabilise growths, deregulate banking sector First Generation reforms non legislative gov initiatives, reduce SLR, CRR, disinvestment deregulation of Rupee, Second Gen reforms Legislative action to reach larger social base viz labour law, pension reforms, GST, liberalised FDI in retail etc Challenges : User changes need to be regulated, man power optimisation in PSEs this faced resistance Labour flexibility laws challenged by Trade Unions, similarly response by farmers and middle class Indian @75 : holistic 3D dev, bringing together stakeholders from industry, govt, institutions, Community growth process that yiels broad based benefits and ensures equality of opportunity for all. The fruits of reform was not accessed by all ie the disadvantaged and the marginalised. It became glaring due to high rate of growth after the reforms. The 11th and 12th plan focused on it. Short term Policy aimed at supplyinh goods and services to the disadvantaged and marginalised sections Schemes such as Annapuran, Antyodaya, NHM, Indira Awas Yojana etc. These schemes are subsidy based and incur heavy drain on national exchequer and they fail to make target population self dependent. Long Term policy Aim at making target population as self dependent all schemes that focus on poverty alleviation and employment generation, promotion of educatoin, vocationalistation of education, skill development. Skill India mission is an ex adoption of multi dimensional economic and social objectives to ensure efficiency and timely implementation. It includes raising and directing resources of economy to realise desired socio-economic objectives from sources such as GOI, State Govt, Private sector and general public. Planning Commission used to do this. GOI needs funds to meen infrastructural targets ex power, transportation and social sector targets ex health, education etc. States also need finances for the same purpose which they mobilise from incomes and market borrowings; loans from GOI and through GOI central sector schemes. Private sectors needs funds to meet short term working capital and long term capital market. are the means and tools that GOI has used to mobilise required funds to promote different goals. From 1951-69 phase was led by the state using all internal and external means to mobilise resources. Whole system ex financial, tax, fiscal policy etc was regulated. duing this time the need was high but availability was less. From 1970-73 Industrial policy 1970 GOI decided to go for including private capital . Idea of Join sector having both private and public was put forward this initiative failed. From 1974-90 FERA was inacted as GOI tried to get foreign capital through technology transfer route. It tightened the flow of foreign currency into private sector as ToT was to offset this. This was the time when East Asian countries like Thailand, South Korea, Malaysia became economic powerhouse. 1990 Onwards Here came a diferent investment model monopoly sectors of industry were opened for investment except few. PPP model was articulated, govt set up Infrastructure dev fund with provisions such as Viability Gap funding. PPP models such as BOT, BOO(Build Own Operate), BOOT(Build Own Operate Transfer) etc. Replaced PC due to changing nature of Eco Policy think tank of GOI aims to involve states in policy making Comprises PM as Chair Governing council consists of CM of all states/Uts and Lt Govs, Regional councils can also be formed Experts and special invitees with relevant domain knowledge Team India wing engages states and the Centre Vice Chair and 4 FT mem Knowledge and Innovation Hub - think tank capabilities and Team India hub 4 ex officio mem from Union council of ministers nominated by PM Part time mem - max 2 from leading univs CEO appt by PM for a fixed term provide critical directional and strategic input into dev process evolved shared vision, foster cooperative federalism dev mechanism to formulate plan inculcate bottom up approach enabler rather than provider focus from food security to agri production, leverage human capital, demographic dividend Eliminate poverty, redress inequality etc Only nomenclatural change, does not influence public or private investment Model Land Leasing laws to recognise and safeguard interest of landowners Reforms in APMC ex Dev of Agriculture Marketing and Farmer Friendly reform Index Digital India, Make in India movt Atal Innovation Mission Typically means declining role of govt and inc role of private sector. 1991 reforms were in response to BoP crisis. What caused the BoP crisis ? reforms of 1980s under the influence of Washington consensus had a crippling impact on the economy. It led to heavy external borrowings to inc exports and was exacerbated by the Gulf War that shot oil prices up. This was coupled by hyperinflation and fiscal deficit. IMF conditions put on India Devaluation of the rupee by 22% Reduction in peak import tariff to 30%. Hike excise by 20% to off set revenue short falls. All gov expenditure to be cut down by 10%. Macroeconomic Stabilisation measures included all policies that intended to boost aggregate demand in economy. Structural Reform measures includes all policy reforms that have been initiated by govt ot boost aggregate supply of goods. LPG process specify the characterstics of reform process that India initiated where Liberalisation is the direction, Privatisation is the path and Globalisation is the end goal. Liberalisation Based on principles of Laissez faire that became popular form the economic writing of Adam Smith. It has pro market or pro capitalistic inclination in economic policies. Process of increasing trait of market economy and decreasing trait of state economy is called as liberalisation. Privatisation The process through which the roll back of the state took place from the economy is called as privatisation essentially transferring state ownership of assets of private sector ex UK during Thatcher regime. Disinvestment of assets is also privatisation ie selling of shares of PSUs anything below 100% is disinvesting and below 50% would be privatisation. Economic policies that directly or indirectly seem to promote expansion of the private sector can be called privatisation. Globalisation it is closed integration of world economies. OECD defined it as internationalisation of production and free flow of financial capital b/w countries. For WTO it is unrestricted movt of goods and services. First Generation reforms : 1991-2000 Promoting private sector through de-reservatino and de-licensing of the industries, abolition of MRTP, simplifying environmental laws etc. Public sector reforms taken to make them profitable and efficient through disinvestment, corporatisation. External Sector reforms through policies like abolishing quantitative restriction on import, switching to floating exchange rate, full current account convertibility etc. Financial sector reforms in areas of Banking, capital market, insurance, MFs etc. Tax reforms towards simplifying, broadbasing, modernising, mutual funds etc. 2000-01 Onwards Factor Market reforms consisted of dismantling of Administered Price Mechanism APM ie fixed by the govt ex petroleum, sugar, fertilizers etc. This had led to underselling by the manufacturers -> demand supply gap. Public Sector Reforms emphasis on greater functional autonomy, free leverage to capital market, international tie ups etc. Reforms in Govt and Public institution to make the govt the facilitator instead of controller. Legal Sector reforms Abolishing outdated and contradictory law, reforms in IPC, CrPC etc. Reforms in Critical areas such as agricultural extension, education etc.; fiscal consolidation, Greater tax devolution to states. Third Generation Reforms Focused on including the masses into the development process that started with constitutional validity to PRI. Fourth Generation Reforms Hypothesised a 2 way connection b/w economic reforms and IT reinforcing each other. India's Reform Approach has been called as gradualist in nature with traits of occasional reversal. Certain other countries went for the stop and go kind of a reform ie reforms on sectors that needed them
legy209.pdf - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context








]]>01-subject-wise-notes/💶-economy/002-planning.html01 Subject Wise Notes/💶 Economy/002 Planning.mdSat, 11 Oct 2025 13:43:43 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>2025-08-14.html2025-08-14.mdThu, 14 Aug 2025 13:58:32 GMTexcalidraw/drawing-2025-08-14-17.17.04.excalidraw.htmlExcalidraw/Drawing 2025-08-14 17.17.04.excalidraw.mdThu, 14 Aug 2025 11:47:04 GMT#review
Inherent in structure of soviet socialist econ Based on communist principles, concept of private property missing, nationalism made workers work hard, arms race etc led to wastage - losing enthusiasm Rigid centralised planning, flexibility missing, private initiative missing - stagnation by 70s Despotic, accountability to people missing, authority misused by leaders Opaqueness in system - corruption, could not initiate reforms Brezhnev doctrine (Foreign Policy 1968) that threat on socialist principles on socialist states anywhere in the world is threat to socialist system in USSR. Huge amt spent on arms race, space race Prez in 1985, young visionary Adopted twin strategy of Glasnost(Openness) and Perestroika (restructuring) tackle econ crisis Grant of liberty, state control over press reduced allowed to criticized anybody except Communist party Political dissidents released the power of the Communist Party was reduced, and multicandidate elections took place. Glasnost also permitted criticism of government officials and allowed the media freer dissemination of news and information Political sys Inc participation of people in political econ sys Convince people to buy country's products Limited private ownership Factories got freedom to decide their production Wages linked to productivity of factories Independent quality monitoring agency created Elected factory managers More on Perestroika Perestroika brought an end to the Soviet Union’s centrally planned economy and ushered in an era of market-based reforms. The government allowed private ownership of businesses, which enabled the emergence of a new class of entrepreneurs. Prices were decontrolled and the ruble was made convertible, which allowed the Soviet Union to participate in international trade. The government also introduced a new economic policy called the 500-Day Plan, which aimed to transition the Soviet Union to a market economy. Perestroika also saw the introduction of new laws to protect private property, which allowed citizens to own land and businesses. The government also introduced laws that allowed foreign investment in the Soviet Union, which helped to stimulate economic growth. Perestroika also saw the introduction of a new tax system, which aimed to reduce the burden on the state budget. The Soviet Union also began to liberalize its foreign policy. It exited Afghanistan, Signed treaty for the Unification of Germany etc. The government also allowed citizens to travel abroad and to receive foreign currency. Perestroika saw the introduction of new laws that allowed the formation of political parties, which allowed for a more pluralistic political system. The government also allowed the formation of independent trade unions, which enabled workers to have a greater say in workplace decisions. The government also allowed the media to report on political and social issues, which helped to create a more open society. Perestroika also saw the introduction of new laws that allowed for the privatization of state-owned enterprises. The government also allowed foreign companies to invest in the Soviet Union, which helped to stimulate economic growth. The government also introduced a new system of elections, which allowed for a more democratic political system. Perestroika also saw the introduction of new laws that allowed for the creation of private banks, which helped to stimulate economic growth. The government also allowed the formation of joint ventures between foreign and Soviet companies, which helped to modernize the Soviet economy. The government also allowed the formation of cooperatives, which allowed citizens to own and operate businesses. Perestroika also saw the introduction of new laws that allowed the formation of private stock companies, which helped to stimulate economic growth. The government also allowed the formation of private investment funds, which helped to diversify the Soviet economy. Discuss the main factors leading to the collapse of the Soviet Union. [2002, 60 Marks]
Factors leading to collapse The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 was a pivotal moment in world history. It marked the end of the Cold War, the dissolution of the largest country in the world, and a shift in global power dynamics. The causes of the Soviet Union’s collapse are complex and multifaceted, with a variety of factors playing a role. One of the main causes of the collapse of the Soviet Union was its economic system. The Soviet Union’s centrally planned economy was unable to keep up with the dynamic and innovative market economies of the West. According to economist **Milton Friedman**, “The Soviet Union was unable to adjust to the changing times and its rigid system of central planning and government control was no longer able to compete with the dynamic and innovative market economies of the West.” This lack of economic competitiveness led to a decrease in the standard of living for the Soviet people, and caused widespread dissatisfaction with the Soviet government. Another major factor in the collapse of the Soviet Union was political repression. The Soviet government maintained a strict authoritarian rule, and suppressed any dissent or opposition. As political theorist **Hannah Arendt** observed, “The Soviet Union was a totalitarian regime that denied its citizens basic civil liberties and political rights.” This repression of political freedom was a major factor in the Soviet Union’s collapse, as it caused a loss of legitimacy for the government and increased popular dissatisfaction. A third factor that contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union was the rise of nationalism. The Soviet Union was a multi-ethnic state, and the various ethnic groups within it began to assert their independence and demand greater autonomy. This led to a series of ethnic conflicts and separatist movements, which further weakened the Soviet government. As historian **Richard Pipes** noted, “The rise of nationalism within the Soviet Union was a major factor in its collapse, as it undermined the Soviet government’s legitimacy and weakened its control over the various ethnic groups.” Finally, the Soviet Union’s foreign policy was also a major factor in its collapse. The Soviet Union’s involvement in a series of costly and unsuccessful military campaigns, such as the war in Afghanistan, weakened its economy and caused a decline in its international standing. As political scientist **John Mearsheimer** observed, “The Soviet Union’s involvement in a series of costly and unsuccessful foreign adventures, such as the war in Afghanistan, was a major factor in its collapse.” In conclusion, the collapse of the Soviet Union was caused by a variety of factors, including its economic system, political repression, the rise of nationalism, and its foreign policy. By understanding these factors, we can gain a better understanding of the causes of the Soviet Union’s collapse, and the consequences it had for the world. Analyze the factors leading to the end of the Cold war and account for the U.S. ascendancy in the world. [2003, 60 Marks] The end of the Cold War was largely due to a combination of internal and external factors. Internally, the Soviet Union was facing economic and political problems, including a stagnant economy, a lack of political freedom, and a growing discontent among the population. Externally, the United States was able to exploit the Soviet Union’s weaknesses and ultimately outlast it in the arms race. The United States was also able to capitalize on the changing nature of international politics. As the Cold War was ending, the United States was able to lead an international coalition in the Persian Gulf War, showing its strength and dominance. In addition, the United States was able to take advantage of the collapse of the Soviet Union to expand its influence in the world. The ascendancy of the United States in the world after the Cold War was due to a combination of its geopolitical power, economic strength, and ideological appeal. As political scientist Francis Fukuyama wrote, “The end of the Cold War has left the United States as the world’s sole superpower, with unprecedented military, economic, and political power.” Similarly, historian John Lewis Gaddis argued that the “end of the Cold War has allowed the United States to assume a position of global leadership unmatched in history.” Analyse the factors for the collapse of Soviet Communism and Soviet Union during 1985-1991. [2004, 60 Marks]
Factors leading to collapse The collapse of Soviet Communism was a result of a variety of factors, both internal and external. Internally, Mikhail Gorbachev's efforts to reform the Soviet Union through his policies of glasnost and perestroika were a major factor in the collapse. These policies aimed to introduce more transparency and openness in government, to decentralize the economy, and to reduce the power of the Communist Party. However, they ultimately weakened the Soviet Union's economy and led to widespread dissatisfaction with the government. As Gorbachev himself said, “The people had lost faith in the existing system.” Externally, the Cold War and the arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union was unable to keep up with the United States in terms of military spending and technology, and this weakened its economy and made it increasingly difficult for the Soviet Union to maintain its grip on Eastern Europe. As Vaclav Havel, the first president of the Czech Republic, said, “The arms race was a major factor in the collapse of the Soviet Union.” In addition, the Soviet Union's attempts to prop up its satellite states in Eastern Europe were a major factor in its collapse. The Soviet Union's attempts to maintain control over these countries were costly and ultimately unsuccessful, leading to widespread unrest and ultimately the collapse of the Soviet Union. As Francis Fukuyama wrote, “The Soviet Union’s attempts to prop up its satellite states in Eastern Europe were a major factor in its collapse.” Overall, the collapse of the Soviet Union was a result of a combination of internal and external factors. Gorbachev's reforms weakened the Soviet Union's economy, the Cold War and arms race weakened its military, and its attempts to maintain control over its satellite states in Eastern Europe ultimately failed. "By the 1980s, the Communist system of the Soviet Union was incapable of maintaining the country's role as a Superpower." Explain this statement. [2007, 60 Marks]
Factors leading to collapse The Soviet Union had been a superpower since the end of World War II, and its economy and military had been growing steadily since then. However, by the 1980s, the Soviet Union's economy was in decline and its military was stagnating. This was due to a number of factors, including the inefficiencies of the Communist system, the lack of incentives for workers, and the increasing costs of maintaining a large military. Additionally, the Soviet Union was unable to keep up with the technological advances of the West, as its economy was not able to invest in research and development. As a result, the Soviet Union was no longer able to maintain its status as a superpower by the 1980s. "The Soviet Union was an empire in decline, a lumbering giant that was no longer able to keep up with the changing times." - **David Remnick, journalist** "The Soviet Union was an increasingly inefficient and stagnant economy, unable to generate the resources needed to compete in the global arms race." - **John Lewis Gaddis, historian** "The Soviet Union was a superpower in name only, unable to keep pace with the technological advances of the West." - **Robert Service, historian** "The Soviet Union was a superpower whose economy was crumbling, its military was overstretched, and its population was increasingly disaffected." - **Stephen Kotkin, historian** Account for the factors that brought about the end of the Cold War. [2008, 60 Marks]
Factors leading to collapse "The essence of Prestroika is for people to feel they are country's master." ---Gorbachev. Critically evaluate. [2010, 10 Marks]
Gorbachev's policies Perestroika, a term coined by the former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985, is a set of economic and political reforms aimed at modernizing the Soviet Union and transforming it into a more open society. The underlying philosophy of Perestroika was to give the people of the Soviet Union a greater sense of control over their lives, and to foster a more democratic and transparent government. In this sense, Gorbachev's idea of Perestroika was to make the people of the Soviet Union the "masters of their own destiny". In his famous ==speech at the 27th Communist Party Congress in 1986==, Gorbachev stated that “The essence of Perestroika is for people to feel that they are the country’s masters.” This statement encapsulates the underlying principles of Perestroika: to give the people of the Soviet Union a greater sense of control over their lives, and to foster a more democratic and transparent government. However, the implementation of Perestroika was a complex process, and it was not always successful in achieving its goals. In particular, the economic reforms of Perestroika were not able to reverse the economic stagnation of the Soviet Union. As a result, the reform program was met with mixed reactions from the people of the Soviet Union. Some saw it as a way to improve their lives, while others saw it as a threat to the stability of the Soviet Union. Despite the mixed reactions to Perestroika, the reform program did have a lasting impact on the Soviet Union. Historian **Stephen Kotkin** has argued that Perestroika “created the conditions for the emergence of a new Russian society, one that was more open, more democratic, and more prosperous than before.” This new society was characterized by greater political and economic freedom, as well as a more open society. In addition, Perestroika also had a significant impact on the international stage. As a result of the reforms, the Soviet Union was able to forge closer ties with the West and become more involved in international affairs. This led to the signing of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty in 1987, which helped to reduce the threat of nuclear war. Overall, Perestroika was a complex and ambitious reform program that had a lasting impact on the Soviet Union. While it did not achieve all of its goals, it did lead to greater economic and political freedom, and it helped to create the conditions for a new Russian society. As historian **Timothy Colton** has stated, “Perestroika was an attempt to create a new type of Soviet society, one that was more open, more democratic, and more prosperous.” While it was not always successful in achieving its goals, it did give the people of the Soviet Union a greater sense of control over their lives, and it helped to foster a more democratic and transparent government. As such, Gorbachev’s statement that “the essence of Perestroika is for people to feel that they are the country’s masters” is a valid assessment of the reform program. Review the policy of Glasnost adopted by Gorbachev. [2018, 10 Marks]
Gorbachev's policies More content on Glasnost needed Gorbachev's policy of glasnost, which means openness, was an important part of his attempt to reform the Soviet Union. Glasnost was a policy of increased transparency and openness in the Soviet Union, and it allowed for greater freedom of expression and access to information that had previously been restricted. This policy was a major factor in the collapse of the Soviet Union and its transition to a market economy. Mikhail Gorbachev, the last leader of the Soviet Union, introduced glasnost in the mid-1980s as part of his program of reform and restructuring. Glasnost was intended to bring greater openness and transparency to the Soviet Union, and to allow for greater freedom of expression and access to information. Gorbachev believed that this policy would help to create a more open and democratic society. The policy of glasnost had a major impact on the Soviet Union. It allowed for greater freedom of speech and the press, and allowed for greater access to information. This led to increased public discussion of issues that had previously been taboo, such as the Chernobyl nuclear disaster and the Soviet-Afghan War. Glasnost also allowed for greater public scrutiny of the government, which ultimately led to the fall of the Soviet Union. The effects of glasnost were far-reaching and had a major impact on the Soviet Union. According to historian Stephen Kotkin, “Gorbachev’s glasnost was a revolutionary process that opened up the Soviet Union to the world, and to its own citizens, in ways that had been unimaginable only a few years before.” The policy of glasnost has been praised by many, including former U.S. President Ronald Reagan, who said, “Gorbachev’s policy of glasnost has enabled us to move away from the Cold War.” The policy of glasnost was also praised by the Dalai Lama, who said, “Gorbachev’s glasnost has opened the door to a new era of openness and freedom.” The policy of glasnost was also praised by many in the West, who saw it as a sign of progress in the Soviet Union. According to historian Robert Service, “Gorbachev’s glasnost was an important step in the process of democratization in the Soviet Union.” Despite its positive effects, the policy of glasnost was not without its critics. Some argued that glasnost had gone too far, and that it had created a situation of chaos and instability in the Soviet Union. According to historian Richard Pipes, “Gorbachev’s glasnost had created a situation of chaos and anarchy, which ultimately led to the collapse of the Soviet Union.” Overall, Gorbachev’s policy of glasnost was an important factor in the collapse of the Soviet Union, and it had a major impact on the lives of the people of the Soviet Union. Glasnost allowed for greater freedom of expression and access to information, and it allowed for greater public scrutiny of the government. This ultimately led to the fall of the Soviet Union and its transition to a market economy. "By the 1980s, the communist system of the Soviet Union was incapable of maintaining the country's role as a superpower." Elucidate. [2013, 25 Marks]
Factors leading to collapse The communist system of the Soviet Union was an inherently inefficient system of resource allocation. The Soviet Union was a centrally planned economy, meaning that the government controlled prices, wages, and production levels. This lack of market forces meant that the Soviet Union was unable to efficiently allocate resources, leading to a lack of economic growth and stagnation. As the Nobel Prize-winning economist Milton Friedman noted, “The Soviet system is a system of economic planning without any of the incentives that make a market system work.” The Soviet leadership was also unable to modernize the Soviet economy. During the 1980s, the Soviet Union was facing increasing competition from the United States and its allies in the West. The Soviet Union was unable to keep up with the technological advances of the West, leading to a decline in the country’s economic competitiveness. As the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev noted, “We were lagging behind in the development of new technologies, and the gap was widening.” The Soviet Union was also facing increasing opposition from within the country. The Soviet Union was a repressive regime, and many citizens were dissatisfied with the lack of political freedom and economic opportunity. This dissatisfaction led to the emergence of various opposition movements, including the Solidarity movement in Poland and the Charter 77 movement in Czechoslovakia. The increasing opposition to the regime ultimately led to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. 1. "The Soviet Union was doomed to fail because its command economy was unable to meet the needs of its citizens or keep up with the technological advances of the West," - **Francis Fukuyama**, American political scientist and author. 2. "The Soviet Union was a state that was unable to keep up with the changing demands of its citizens and the global economy, and its collapse was inevitable," - **Timothy Garton Ash**, British historian and author. 3. "The Soviet Union was unable to maintain its superpower status due to its inability to reform and its failure to keep pace with the West," - **John Lewis Gaddis**, American historian and author. 4. "The Soviet Union was unable to keep up with the pace of change and its economy could not sustain the demands of a superpower," - **Robert Service**, British historian and author. 5. "The Soviet Union was unable to maintain its superpower status due to its economic stagnation and its inability to reform," - **Stephen Kotkin**, American historian and author. ]]>08.4-world-history/12.-disintegration-of-ussr-unipolar-world/12.1-factors-leading-to-the-collapse-of-soviet-communism-and-ussr-(1985-1991).html08.4 World-History/12. Disintegration-of-USSR-Unipolar-World/12.1 Factors leading to the Collapse of Soviet Communism and USSR (1985-1991).mdFri, 20 Jun 2025 08:03:11 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#review Polity was Monarchy, Bourbon dynasty, Divine Origin King was all powerful and no control on his authority Aristocratic, Feudalism in rural areas Rule of law was absent/ was arbitrary Letter de Catchet a letter signed by the king and countersigned by a secretary of state and used primarily to authorize someone's imprisonment. It was an important instrument of administration under the ancien régime in France. This letter was purchasable and was used as a means of oppression. sys was centralised during rule of Louis XV and Louis XVI it was being misused Divided into Privilege(clergy and Nobles) and unprivileged (commoners) Privileged class controlled 35% of national resources but were only 2% of population, they formed the 1st and the 2nd Estates 3rd estates has Peasants, artisans, craftsmen, merchants etc. Peasants were the worst hit had to pay 80% of population had to perform forced labour Bourgeois were merchants, intellectuals, teachers and rich craftsmen forming the middle class. Paid lesser tax than peasants But level of dissent was highest Forefront in the Revolution No IR, was still medieval Fr agri suffered, most land owned by Church, Feudal lords No tech innovation Guild system Worst feature of eco, monopoly over vast resources No new profession w/o permission No system of budget, deficit was financed through loans by middle class who refused to do so in 1786-87 Taxation was skewed, Rich were not taxed Fr participation in AR ruined finances Floods and draughts were common - especially enraged were the Parisian mobs Higher clergy were Nobles - luxury life Lower Clergy were men of religion, they were discriminated, poorly paid Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu created a revolutionary awakening M believed in constitutional awakening Absolute monarchy was the root of all evil Demanded SoP, natural rights of man Idea of popular sovereignty Voltaire's main target - Church
R emotional approach and critical thinking Rousseau
#todo 5 mil livre Brought ideas Advent of artillery had made the king independent for the need of troops it had invalidated the role of infantry Louis XIII and his PM Cardinal Richelieu started process of administrative centralisation Child of revo, commoner, Rev overthrew aristocratic privileges, feudalism, allowed person like NB to rise Offices thrown open, fundamentals of equality Empty throne, opportunity to capture imagination of FR Failure of F rev to replace ancien regime, suffering of masses inc, Reign of terror, economy suffered, Common FR people tired of violence frequent regime changes Invasion of 1st coalition - nationalist upsurge, victories of N against enemies of F Failure of Directory created in 1795, devaluation of currency aggravated econ hardships Napoleon's personality achievement was unparalleled, guarantee against return of ancien regime had support from masses, monarchists, Bourbon Modern state idea of equality, rule of law, secularism, merit, tolerance, peaceful coexistence/fraternity Politico administrative Centralisation, central secretariat, new civil service, appointed officers called prefects sub prefects, unlawful gathering 20 banned, arrest in suspicion on indulging anti state activity, opponents persecuted, no Freedom of speech Economic Bank of FR, Machines imported, laissez faire adopted, Freedom of profession, roads built, land laws, continental sys 1806 Educational produce doctors, engg, civil servants use this to promote loyalty, respect; Military style schools, govt appointed teachers, 1808 FR university, Polytechnic estd, Outside FR L, E, F, RoL implemented in ITL and GER Religious sys of Election of priest, promotion Loyalty, Discipline, Concordat made Catholicism state religion, religious freedom to all Judicial RoL, Laws codified in 1804 aka Code Napoleon 1807, separate civil criminal matters deal w/ eco offences Conquest of ATR in 1796-97, 2nd European Council was destroyed by defeating Austria, Prussia, BR 1802 Treaty of Amiens Peace of Presberg - Holy Roman Empire dissolved, Closed Frankfurt parliament, 300+ GER states consolidated into 39 1806 defeated Austria, Prussia Tsar Alexander I 3rd Coalition formed in 1805 defeated in 1807 - To Tilsit RUS agreed to join continental sys accepted dominance of CE, Zenith of his power Nationalist resistance in SPA, Loss of men material in RUS 1812, 1813 4th Coalition exiled to Alba returned in 1815 defeated in waterloo Defeat in Bo Leipzig hastened fall Claimed son of revo but abandoned many essentials, Legion of Honour against Equality created a semi nobility, appointed relatives in high offices against Merit, curbed power of elected bodies Imperialism outside FR against spirit of Nationalism of GER, ITL, SPA; Spanish Ulcer - Guerrilla tactics, Continental sys - prevented BR good to enter FR, unpopular among masses, Pope also abandoned it, FR industry unable to fill gap Personality - Autocratic, over ambitious, selfish and opportunist, revengeful, health issues during last years, over confident N empire over centralised, no time for consolidation, internal stress strain imp role in downfall Politico adm : against absolute regime, against aristocracy, ag Feudalism, arbitrary judicial sys, for natural rights of man, sep of power recog of principle of popular sov Against class privilege Econ Obj : against unequal distribution of resource, wanted equitable/ uniform taxation sys, ag mercantalism Fo Religion,
https://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/iess301.pdf - French Revolution NCERT
Unit-4.pdf - French Revolution IGNOU BA
Unit-5.pdf - Aftermath of French Revolution IGNOU BAFrench revolution and aftermath, 1789-1815 What were the ideals of the French Revolution of 1789? How far is it correct to say that it overthrew mercantilism and the surviving relics of feudalism and contributed to the political supremacy of the middle class? [1979, 60 Marks]
Reforms carried out The French Revolution of 1789 was a period of radical political and social upheaval in France, which lasted for about a decade. The revolution was driven by a number of ideals, including: 1. Liberty: The French Revolution was fueled by the idea of individual liberty and the belief that all citizens should have equal rights and be treated equally under the law. 2. Equality: The revolution aimed to create a more equal society, where all citizens were granted equal rights and opportunities, regardless of their social class or status. 3. Fraternity: The French Revolution emphasized the idea of fraternity or brotherhood among citizens, and sought to create a society where all people were united in their shared humanity. 4. Democracy: The French Revolution aimed to establish a more democratic form of government, where power was vested in the people rather than in a monarch or other ruler. 5. Nationalism: The French Revolution also had a strong nationalistic component, as it sought to create a strong, unified French nation-state. It is correct to say that the French Revolution overthrew mercantilism and the surviving relics of feudalism in many ways. **The revolution abolished feudal privileges, abolished the privileges of the nobility and clergy, and abolished feudal dues and tolls**. The revolution also abolished the mercantilist economic system and the privileges of the merchants and manufacturers. Additionally, the French Revolution contributed to the political supremacy of the middle class in several ways: - The revolution also established a more democratic form of government, where power was vested in the people, which allowed for greater participation of the middle class in politics. - The revolution also created new opportunities for the middle class in terms of education, employment, and economic advancement. However, it is important to note that the French Revolution had a complex and tumultuous history, and the ideals and goals of the revolution were not always achieved. The revolution also led to a significant loss of life and much suffering, and its legacy is still the subject of ongoing debate and interpretation. "The writings of the philosophers had a tremendous influence on the minds of the people and created a revolutionary awakening in their minds and formed the intellectual creed of the French Revolution." Comment. [1983, 20 Marks]
Role of Philosophers The role of philosophers in the French Revolution is widely acknowledged as having a significant influence on the minds of the people and the intellectual creed of the revolution. Here are ten points that highlight the role of philosophers in the French Revolution: 1. Ideas of Enlightenment: The philosophers of the 18th century, such as Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Montesquieu, were heavily influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment, which emphasized reason, individual rights, and the need for social and political reform. 2. Critique of absolutism: The philosophers of the 18th century were critical of the absolutist monarchy and the traditional social and political structures of France. They advocated for a more egalitarian and democratic society. 3. Criticism of the Church and Religion: Many philosophers of the 18th century criticized the Church and the role of religion in society, arguing for the separation of church and state and the promotion of religious toleration. 4. Critique of social inequality: Philosophers such as Rousseau were critical of the social inequality and the privileges of the nobility and the clergy, which they saw as unjust and detrimental to society. 5. Popularization of ideas: Philosophers such as Voltaire and Rousseau popularized their ideas through their writings and speeches, which reached a wide audience and helped to create a revolutionary consciousness among the people. 6. Inspiration for political action: The ideas of the philosophers of the 18th century served as inspiration for political action and provided a theoretical framework for the revolution. 7. Role in the formation of political clubs: Philosophers played a role in the formation of political clubs, such as the Jacobin Club, which played an important role in the revolution. 8. Contribution to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen: Philosophers such as Rousseau and Voltaire had a significant influence on the drafting of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which was adopted during the revolution. 9. Role in the intellectual climate: Philosophers played a role in shaping the intellectual climate of the 18th century, which was characterized by a questioning of traditional authority and a desire for change. 10. Legacy: The ideas of the philosophers of the 18th century had a lasting impact on French society and continue to influence political thought around the world. "What mattered in 1789 - and what made men revolutionary almost in spite of themselves - was the whole 'revolutionary situation'; and in producing that situation the work of the philosophers played no very important role." Comment. [1985, 20 Marks]
Role of Philosophers The French Revolution of 1789 was one of the most significant events in modern history. It was a period of immense social and political upheaval, which saw the overthrow of the monarchy and the emergence of a new, revolutionary government. While the works of the philosophers of the Enlightenment, such as Voltaire, Rousseau and Montesquieu, certainly had an influence on the events of the revolution, they did not play a major role in producing the “revolutionary situation” that precipitated it. The causes of the French Revolution were complex and varied. Many of the grievances of the French people had been simmering for decades, if not centuries. The monarchy had become increasingly out of touch with the people, and the gap between the wealthy and the poor had grown ever wider. The Enlightenment had certainly provided a philosophical foundation for the revolutionary ideas of the time, but the reality was that the people of France had reached a breaking point, and were ready to take action. The economic situation of the country was also a major factor in the revolution. The country was in the midst of a financial crisis, and the government’s attempt to raise taxes only exacerbated the situation. This caused widespread discontent and a sense of injustice among the people, who felt that they were being unfairly taxed while the nobility and the clergy were exempt. The ideas of the Enlightenment philosophers were certainly influential in the events of the French Revolution, but it was the combination of economic and social grievances that ultimately led to the revolutionary situation. The people of France had reached a point where they could no longer tolerate the status quo and were ready to take action. The works of the philosophers provided a philosophical foundation for the revolutionary ideas, but it was the people of France who made the revolution happen. In conclusion, the works of the philosophers of the Enlightenment certainly had an influence on the events of the French Revolution, but it was the “revolutionary situation” that was the driving force behind the revolution. The combination of economic and social grievances created a situation where the people of France were no longer willing to tolerate the status quo and were ready to take action. The works of the philosophers provided a philosophical foundation for the revolutionary ideas, but it was the people of France who made the revolution happen. The French Revolution (1789) really achieved far less than what it intended to effect. Do you agree? [1989, 20 Marks]
Reforms carried out
Legacy of FR revo Limitations ? The French Revolution (1789) had a number of ambitious goals and intentions, such as the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic, the abolition of feudalism and the privileges of the nobility, and the establishment of equality, liberty, and fraternity for all citizens. However, some historians argue that the revolution fell short of achieving many of these goals and that it failed to live up to its full potential. Here are ten examples of how the French Revolution fell short of its intended goals: 1. Abolition of the monarchy: While the monarchy was abolished during the revolution, the revolution was ultimately unable to establish a stable republican government. 2. Abolition of feudalism: While the revolution abolished feudalism, it failed to fully eliminate the privileges of the nobility and the clergy. 3. Equality: While the revolution aimed to establish equality for all citizens, it failed to fully eliminate social inequality, as the rights and privileges of the nobility and the clergy were maintained. 4. Liberty: The revolution aimed to establish individual liberty, but the Reign of Terror, led by Robespierre, resulted in widespread repression and the execution of thousands of people, which limited individual liberty. 5. Fraternity: The revolution aimed to establish fraternity among citizens, but it ultimately resulted in widespread division and conflict, with different factions vying for power. 6. Economic reform: The revolution aimed to improve the economic situation of the lower classes, but it failed to fully address the issue of poverty and inequality. 7. Women's rights: The revolution aimed to promote equality for women, but it ultimately failed to fully address the issue of women's rights and gender inequality. 8. Religious tolerance: The revolution aimed to promote religious tolerance, but it ultimately resulted in the persecution of religious minorities, such as the Catholics. 9. International relations: The revolution aimed to promote democracy and freedom around the world, but it ultimately resulted in a series of costly and unsuccessful wars. 10. Legacy: The revolution ultimately failed to establish a stable and lasting political and social system and it's legacy is mixed. While it resulted in some important reforms, such as the abolition of feudalism and the adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, it ultimately failed to fully achieve its goals of equality, liberty, and fraternity for all citizens. Furthermore, the revolution resulted in widespread violence and political instability, which had negative consequences for France and Europe as a whole. The revolution ultimately fell short of its intended goals, as it was unable to establish a stable and lasting political and social system and failed to fully address the issue of poverty and inequality. "French political writers of the eighteenth century were influenced by Locke and also by the curious contrasts which they perceived between the government of his country and their own." Comment. [1991, 20 Marks]
Role of Philosophers
Concept of Natural Rights of Men by John Locke French political writers of the 18th century, such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Voltaire, and Montesquieu, were heavily influenced by the ideas of English philosopher John Locke. 1. Natural rights: Locke believed that all individuals have certain natural rights, such as the right to life, liberty, and property, that governments are obligated to protect. This idea was influential in the French Revolution, as the revolutionaries believed that all citizens should have equal rights and be treated equally under the law. 2. Social contract: Locke believed that individuals form governments through a social contract, in which they give up some of their natural rights in exchange for protection and security provided by the government. This idea of a social contract was influential in the French Revolution, as the revolutionaries believed that the government should be based on the consent of the governed. 3. Limited government: Locke believed that the purpose of government is to protect the natural rights of individuals, and that government power should be limited in order to prevent tyranny. This idea of limited government was influential in the French Revolution, as the revolutionaries sought to establish a more democratic form of government with a separation of powers. 4. Property rights: Locke's ideas about property rights and the right to own private property were also influential in the French Revolution, as the revolutionaries sought to abolish feudal privileges and the privileges of the nobility and clergy. 5. Individualism: Locke's emphasis on the importance of individual freedom and autonomy also had an influence on the French Revolution, as the revolutionaries sought to create a society where all citizens were granted equal rights and opportunities, regardless of their social class or status. It is important to note that while the ideas of John Locke were influential in the French Revolution, the revolutionaries also drew from other political thinkers and ideas, such as those of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Montesquieu, and their own experiences and observations of the political situation in France. The French Revolution was a complex and multifaceted event, shaped by a variety of factors and influences. The 18th century in France was a time of great political and philosophical change, as the Enlightenment ideals of freedom and liberty began to take hold. This period saw the emergence of some of the most influential thinkers of the time, including Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Voltaire, who helped shape the modern understanding of politics and society. At the same time, the writings of John Locke, an English philosopher, were becoming increasingly influential in France. Locke’s ideas, which included the notion of natural rights, the separation of powers, and the importance of consent in government, were seen as a way to challenge the absolutist rule of the French monarchy. The French political writers of the 18th century were greatly influenced by Locke’s ideas, as well as by the contrast between the government of France and other countries. In particular, they noticed the stark differences between the French monarchy and the constitutional governments of England and the United States. The French writers saw the English and American governments as more progressive and democratic, and they sought to apply the same principles of government in France. They argued for a separation of powers between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government, as well as for the importance of individual rights and the consent of the governed. The French political writers of the 18th century also sought to challenge the status quo of their own country. They argued for greater freedom of speech, the abolition of censorship, and the protection of individual rights. They also criticized the monarchy’s monopoly on power and argued for a more representative form of government. In addition, they advocated for the reform of the French legal system, which they saw as outdated and unjust. The writings of these French political writers had a profound effect on the course of French history. Their ideas helped shape the French Revolution, which overthrew the monarchy and established a new system of government based on the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity. Their ideas also helped to spread the ideals of the Enlightenment across Europe, and eventually the world. The influence of Locke and the French political writers of the 18th century can still be seen in the modern world, as their ideas continue to shape our understanding of politics and society. The French Revolution (1789) sought to remove both "the religious and secular props of the existing social order." Elucidate. [1996, 20 Marks]
Social Life :
Religious life in FR
Religious - sys of Election of priest, promotion Loyalty, Discipline The statement "the religious and secular props of the existing social order" refers to the ways in which the traditional religious and political structures of France supported and maintained the existing social order. The religious props of the existing social order refers to the Catholic Church, which was deeply intertwined with the political and social structures of France. The Church held significant wealth and land, and its clergy held privileges and exemptions from taxes. The Revolution sought to remove the Church's influence on society and politics, and to establish religious toleration. The secular props of the existing social order also refers to the political and social structures of the Ancien Régime, which was the political and social system of France before the Revolution. This system was characterized by absolutism, with the king having absolute power, and the privileges of the nobility and the clergy. The Revolution sought to remove these privileges and to establish a more egalitarian and democratic society. "If monarchical misrule ignited the French revolution, lofty ideas both inspired and sustained it." Comment. [1997, 2002, 20 Marks]
Politico-Administrative life
Modern state idea of equality, rule of law, secularism, merit The French Revolution of 1789 was a period of great social and political upheaval in France that had far-reaching implications across Europe and beyond. The revolution was the culmination of a long period of social and economic unrest, brought about by the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI and the oppressive taxation policies of the Ancien Régime. It was a period of great political and social turmoil, marked by mass uprisings and civil unrest, as the people of France sought to overthrow the monarchy and establish a new form of government. At the root of the revolution lay a deep discontent with the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI and his oppressive taxation policies. The French people were taxed heavily to finance the lavish lifestyles of the monarchy, while their own living conditions deteriorated. This led to widespread poverty, food shortages, and a sense of injustice and inequality. The people of France were further enraged by the monarchy's refusal to address the grievances of the people, and the lack of political representation and reform. In response, the people of France began to organize and take action against the monarchy. The French Revolution was also inspired by the lofty ideals of the Enlightenment, which emphasized the importance of reason, freedom, and equality. During this period, philosophers such as Voltaire and Rousseau argued for the rights of the individual and for the establishment of a more just and equitable society. These ideas were taken up by the revolutionaries, who sought to establish a new form of government based on the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity. The revolutionaries also drew inspiration from the American Revolution, which had taken place just a few years earlier. The American Revolution had shown that it was possible to overthrow an oppressive monarchy and establish a new form of government based on the principles of freedom and democracy. This example served as an inspiration to the French revolutionaries, who sought to emulate the success of the American Revolution and establish a new form of government in France. The French Revolution was ultimately successful in overthrowing the monarchy and establishing a new form of government based on the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity. However, it was not without its costs. The revolution was marked by violence and bloodshed, and the legacy of its legacy is still felt to this day. Nevertheless, it was a period of great social and political change, and its lofty ideals both inspired and sustained it. "To some extent, the American War of Independence inspired the French Revolution." Comment. [1999, 20 Marks]
Impact of American Revolution : The American War of Independence, which took place from 1775 to 1783, is widely acknowledged as having had an impact on the French Revolution, which began in 1789. Here are ten points that highlight the ways in which the American War of Independence inspired the French Revolution: 1. Ideological influence: The American Revolution was based on the ideas of the Enlightenment, such as the belief in natural rights and self-government, which also influenced the intellectual climate of the French Revolution. 2. Inspiration for political action: The success of the American Revolution in breaking away from British rule served as inspiration for the French to demand similar political and social reforms. 3. Critique of absolutism: The American Revolution was a critique of absolutist monarchy and the traditional social and political structures, which also influenced the French Revolution. 4. Critique of colonialism: The American Revolution was also a critique of colonialism and the exploitation of the colonies by the British, which influenced the French Revolution's critique of French colonialism. 5. Economic influence: The American Revolution had an economic impact on France as the French Government had supported the American colonies in the war, which led to financial crisis in France. 6. Diplomatic influence: The American Revolution had a diplomatic impact as it led to the recognition of the United States as an independent nation, which influenced the French Revolution to demand similar recognition for France. 7. Influence on the French army: The American Revolution had an impact on the French army as many French soldiers and officers who had served in America returned to France and brought with them new ideas and military tactics. 8. Influence on the French society: The American Revolution had an impact on French society as many French citizens read about the American Revolution and became familiar with the ideas of the Enlightenment and the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity. 9. Influence on the French politics: The American Revolution had an impact on French politics as it led to the formation of political clubs, such as the Jacobin Club, which played an important role in the French Revolution. 10. Legacy: The American Revolution had a lasting impact on the French Revolution as the principles of the American Revolution, such as the belief in natural rights and self-government, continued to influence the French Revolution and shaped the political, economic, and social landscape of France. "If monarchical misrule ignited the French Revolution, lofty ideas both inspired and sustained it." Comment. [2002, 20 Marks]
Politico-Administrative life
Modern state idea of equality, rule of law, secularism, merit - ! Answer given above. "The French Revolution attacked privileges and not property." Comment. [2003, 20 Marks]
Politico-Administrative life The French Revolution was a period of great social and political upheaval in France from 1789 to 1799. It was a revolution that attacked the privileges of the aristocracy, the clergy and the monarchy, and sought to establish a more equitable society. The revolution was driven by a number of factors, including economic inequality, the power of the monarchy, and the influence of the Enlightenment. The French Revolution was a direct attack on the privileges of the aristocracy. The aristocracy was a class of wealthy landowners who had been granted special privileges by the monarchy. These privileges included exemptions from taxes, exclusive rights to certain offices and positions, and the right to pass their titles and lands to their heirs. The revolution sought to reduce or eliminate these privileges, and to ensure that all citizens were treated equally under the law. The revolution also attacked the privileges of the clergy. The Catholic Church was a powerful institution in France at the time, and it enjoyed a number of special privileges. These included exemption from taxes, the right to collect tithes, and the right to appoint bishops and other church officials. The revolution sought to reduce or eliminate these privileges, and to ensure that the Church was subject to the same laws and regulations as other citizens. The revolution also attacked the power of the monarchy. The monarchy had absolute power over the French people, and the king was able to pass laws and make decisions without consulting the people. The revolution sought to reduce the power of the monarchy and to give the people more control over their own lives. It was also influenced by the Enlightenment, a period of philosophical and scientific thought that emphasized the importance of reason and individual rights. The Enlightenment influenced the revolutionaries in their demand for equality and freedom from tyranny. Aliter in Points The French Revolution is often said to have not attacked property but privileges because it aimed to abolish the privileges of the nobility and the clergy, rather than to abolish private property as such. Here are some reasons and examples that support this point: 1. Abolition of feudalism: The French Revolution abolished feudalism, which was a system of land ownership and political and the clergy. This was done through the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, which abolished feudal rights and privileges, such as the right to collect feudal dues, but did not abolish private property as such. 2. Rights of property: The French Revolution also recognized the rights of property through the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which states that "property is an inviolable and sacred right." This shows that the revolution did not aim to abolish property as such, but rather to abolish the privileges and exemptions that certain groups, such as the nobility and the clergy, enjoyed with regard to property. 3. Expropriation of Church lands: While the French Revolution did expropriate Church lands, this was done primarily to address the financial crisis and to redistribute wealth, rather than to abolish property as such. 4. Taxation: The French Revolution also introduced a more equitable system of taxation, which aimed to tax the wealthy and the privileged more heavily, rather than to abolish property as such. 5. The Reign of Terror: The Reign of Terror, which was a period of political repression and violence, did not specifically target property, but rather targeted those who were seen as enemies of the revolution, such as the nobility and the clergy. 6. The Constitution of 1791: The Constitution of 1791, which was adopted during the revolution, also recognized the rights of property and did not aim to abolish it. 7. Economic situation: The French Revolution aimed to improve the economic situation of the lower classes through measures such as price controls on food, but did not intend to abolish private property. "The writings of the philosophers had a tremendous influence on the minds of the people and created a revolutionary awakening in their minds and formed the intellectual creed of the French Revolution." Comment. [2005, 20 Marks]
Role of Philosophers This statement is largely correct as the writings of the philosophers of the Enlightenment, such as Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, and Locke, had a significant influence on the minds of the people and played a key role in the intellectual creed of the French Revolution. Here are ten reasons to support this statement: 1. The Enlightenment philosophers emphasized the idea of individual liberty, which helped to inspire the revolutionary demand for equal rights and freedoms for all citizens. 2. The philosophers also emphasized the importance of reason and rationality, which helped to challenge traditional authority and superstition and paved the way for a more secular and scientific society. 3. The Enlightenment philosophers also stressed the importance of democracy, which helped to inspire the revolutionary demand for a more democratic form of government. 4. The importance of equality, which helped to inspire the revolutionary demand for a more equal society, where all citizens had equal rights and opportunities. 5. Importance of individualism, which helped to inspire the revolutionary demand for a society where individuals were free to pursue their own interests and ambitions. 6. Importance of citizenship, which helped to inspire the revolutionary demand for a society where all citizens had a voice and a role in the government. 7. The importance of natural rights, which helped to inspire the revolutionary demand for the protection of the rights of the individual. 8. The philosophers also stressed the importance of a social contract, which helped to inspire the revolutionary demand for a government that was based on the consent of the governed. 9. The Enlightenment philosophers also emphasized the importance of limited government, which helped to inspire the revolutionary demand for a government that was limited in its power and accountable to the people. 10. The philosophers also stressed the importance of freedom of speech and freedom of the press, which helped to inspire the revolutionary demand for a society where individuals were free to express their opinions and ideas. "No event as encompassing as the French Revolution occurs in an intellectual vacuum." Comment. [2007, 20 Marks]
Role of Philosophers The French Revolution was a period of great change and upheaval in French society, politics, and culture, and it did not occur in an intellectual vacuum. Before, during, and after the Revolution, a number of influential thinkers and writers were actively engaged in debates about the nature of society, government, and the rights of man. The Enlightenment, which began in the mid-17th century, was the intellectual backdrop to the Revolution. Enlightenment thinkers, such as Voltaire and Rousseau, argued for the natural rights of man and the need for a government that respected those rights. These ideas were influential in the formation of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which was adopted during the Revolution in 1789. The Revolution also saw the emergence of a new political philosophy known as Jacobinism. This philosophy was based on the ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued for a strong central government that would ensure the rights of all citizens. The Jacobins, a political group during the Revolution, sought to implement these ideas. They were instrumental in overthrowing the monarchy and establishing the Republic, and their ideas had a lasting influence on French politics. The Revolution also sparked a new wave of philosophical thought, particularly in the realm of social and political theory. Writers such as Edmund Burke and Thomas Paine argued for the rights of man and the need for a government that respected those rights. These ideas were influential in the formation of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. The Revolution also had an impact on the arts and literature of the time. Writers such as Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas wrote works that celebrated the Revolution and its ideals. These works helped to spread the ideas of the Revolution and to create a sense of national identity. The French Revolution was an event of unprecedented magnitude, and it did not occur in an intellectual vacuum. The ideas and debates of the Enlightenment, the emergence of Jacobinism, and the works of writers and philosophers all had an impact on the Revolution and its outcomes. The French Revolution was a product of the intellectual environment of its time, and it was shaped by the ideas and debates that were taking place in French society. "The connection between the philosophers' ideas and the outbreak of the French Revolution (1789) is somewhat remote and indirect." Critically evaluate. [2012, 10 Marks]
Role of Philosophers The connection between the philosophers' ideas and the outbreak of the French Revolution (1789) is a topic of debate among historians, with some arguing that the connection is remote and indirect, while others arguing that it is direct and significant. Here are five points in support of the statement that the connection is remote and indirect: 1. Complex causes: The French Revolution was the result of a complex set of causes, including economic, political, and social factors, and the ideas of the philosophers were just one of many factors that contributed to the outbreak of the revolution. 2. Limited reach: The ideas of the philosophers were primarily restricted to the educated elite, and it is unlikely that they had a direct impact on the mass of the population, who were primarily responsible for the outbreak of the revolution. 3. Differing ideologies: The ideas of the philosophers were not monolithic and there were significant differences among them. This means that it's hard to see how a single set of ideas could have directly led to the outbreak of the revolution. 4. Limited influence on events: The philosophers' ideas may have provided inspiration and a theoretical framework for the revolution, but they did not directly influence the specific events that led to the outbreak of the revolution. 5. Political and economic factors: The outbreak of the revolution was primarily driven by political and economic factors, such as the financial crisis, the food shortage, and the rising discontent among the Third Estate. On the other hand, here are five points in support of the statement that the connection is direct and significant: 1. Intellectual climate: The ideas of the philosophers helped to shape the intellectual climate of the 18th century, which was characterized by a questioning of traditional authority and a desire for change, and this contributed to the outbreak of the revolution. 2. Critique of the monarchy: The philosophers of the 18th century were critical of the absolutist monarchy and the traditional social and political structures of France, and this critique helped to pave the way for the revolution. 3. Popularization of ideas: The philosophers of the 18th century popularized their ideas through their writings and speeches, which reached a wide audience and helped to create a revolutionary consciousness among the people. 4. Inspiration for political action: The ideas of the philosophers of the 18th century served as inspiration for political action and provided a theoretical framework for the revolution. 5. Role in the formation of political clubs: Philosophers played a role in the formation of political clubs, such as the Jacobin Club, which played an important role in the revolution. "The Declaration of Rights was the death-warrant of the system of privilege, and so of the ancient regime … Yet in the history of ideas it belonged rather to the past than to the future." Examine. [2014, 20 Marks]
Concept of Natural Rights of Men by John Locke
Politico-Administrative life "The multiple contradictions that quickly undermined the new edifice had been expressed even before the meeting of the Estate General in France. The internal conflict among Estates had manifested itself." Critically examine. [2015, 10 Marks] The statement is referring to the internal conflict that was occurring within the Estates General in France before the meeting of the Estates General took place. This internal conflict was mainly between the three Estates (the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners) and was caused by the different interests, goals, and privileges of each Estate. This conflict eventually led to the French Revolution and the collapse of the French monarchy. Points in favor of the statement: 1. The different Estates (nobility, clergy, and commoners) in France had historically held different privileges and rights, which created conflicts and tensions between them. 2. The financial crisis in France prior to the revolution had led to a growing discontent among the different Estates, particularly the commoners, who bore the burden of the majority of the taxes. 3. The Enlightenment ideas, which were spreading in France, had led to a questioning of the traditional privileges and rights held by the nobility and the clergy. 4. The meeting of the Estates General in 1789, which was called to address the financial crisis, quickly became a forum for the airing of grievances and demands for political and social reform. 5. The Third Estate, which represented the commoners, demanded greater representation and more power in the government, which led to conflicts with the other two Estates. 6. The National Assembly, formed by the Third Estate, declared itself the National Constituent Assembly and began drafting a new constitution, which further exacerbated conflicts with the other Estates. 7. The growing power of the National Assembly and the demands for reform led to the fall of the monarchy and the rise of the revolutionary government, which further exacerbated conflicts between the different Estates. Points against the statement: 1. The financial crisis in France prior to the revolution was not just a problem of the internal conflict among Estates but also an outcome of the international economic and political situation. 2. The Enlightenment ideas were not just limited to the French territory but had spread throughout Europe and the world, and the French Revolution was not an exception. 3. The meeting of the Estates General was not only a manifestation of internal conflicts among Estates but also an opportunity for the monarchy to address the financial crisis and to seek the support of the different Estates. 4. The Third Estate, which represented the commoners, was not united in its demands and some of the members had similar interests with the other Estates. 5. The National Assembly, formed by the Third Estate, did not have a clear agenda and its actions were not always consistent with its declared goals. 6. The fall of the monarchy and the rise of the revolutionary government did not immediately resolve the internal conflicts among Estates, but led to a complex and unstable political situation. 7. The revolution was not just a product of internal conflicts among Estates but also had international and global dimensions and causes. Critically examine the statement that the French Revolution was not caused by the French philosophers but by the conditions of national life and by the mistakes of the government. [2016, 20Marks]
Politico-Administrative life Condition of life on the eve of French Revolution One of the main issues was the country's high level of debt, which had been accumulated through years of war and extravagant spending by the monarchy. This debt had led to high taxes for the French people, particularly for the lower and middle classes, who were already struggling to make ends meet. Additionally, France was facing a severe food shortage, which had been caused by a combination of factors such as poor harvests, population growth, and an inefficient food distribution system. This led to high food prices, which further exacerbated the financial struggles of the lower classes. Furthermore, the country's economy was heavily dependent on agriculture, and the majority of the population was engaged in farming. However, the system of feudalism, which was still prevalent in France, meant that the majority of the land was owned by a small number of wealthy nobles, leaving the vast majority of the population landless and with limited opportunities for economic advancement. Various other issues that people faced were : 1. High taxes: The French people, particularly those in the lower and middle classes, were facing high taxes due to the country's high level of debt, which had been accumulated through years of war and extravagant spending by the monarchy. 1. Poverty: A large portion of the population lived in poverty, with limited access to basic necessities such as food, clothing, and housing. 2. Inequality: The country's economy was heavily dependent on agriculture, and the majority of the population was engaged in farming. However, the system of feudalism, which was still prevalent in France, meant that the majority of the land was owned by a small number of wealthy nobles, leaving the vast majority of the population landless and with limited opportunities for economic advancement. 3. Limited political representation: The French government was an absolute monarchy, and the majority of the population had no representation in the government, no voice in the decisions that affected their lives. 4. Corruption: The monarchy and the government were plagued by corruption, with officials and nobles using their positions for personal gain. 5. Lack of education: The majority of the population was illiterate and had limited access to education. 6. Unfair legal system: The legal system was heavily biased in favor of the wealthy and powerful, with the lower classes often receiving harsher punishments for the same crimes committed by the upper classes. Napoleon Bonaparte "Napoleon was the child of the Revolution, but in many ways, he reversed the aims and principles of the movement from which he sprang." Comment. [1986, 1992, 20 Marks]
Rise of Napoleon Napoleon has been called the "child of the Revolution" because he rose to power during the French Revolution and was able to consolidate many of the gains of the revolution, including the establishment of a strong centralized government and the abolition of feudalism. He also spread the ideals of the revolution, such as nationalism and democracy, throughout Europe through his military conquests. However, Napoleon also reversed many of the principles and aims of the revolution. One of the main principles of the revolution was liberty, equality and fraternity. Napoleon, however, established himself as a dictator and ruled with an iron fist, suppressing political opposition and dissent. He also reintroduced many of the privileges of the nobility that had been abolished during the revolution. Another principle of the revolution was the idea of the sovereignty of the people. Napoleon, however, ruled as an autocrat and did not allow for a free press or free speech, and he also limited the power of local government and the role of the judiciary. Furthermore, the revolution aimed to spread the ideals of the revolution across Europe and end the monarchies, Napoleon instead established himself as an Emperor and tried to spread the principles of his empire across Europe through military conquests. Certain other ideals that he reversed were : 1. Napoleon restored the Catholic Church as the dominant religion in France, reversing the revolution's policy of religious toleration. 2. He reintroduced a hierarchical social system, reinstating titles of nobility and a rigid class system. 3. He centralized power in the government, reversing the revolution's emphasis on local control and democracy. 4. He established a strong, authoritarian government, reversing the revolution's ideals of liberty and democracy. 5. He reintroduced conscription and a large standing army, reversing the revolution's goal of ending the use of forced military service. 6. He suppressed political dissent, reversing the revolution's emphasis on freedom of speech and assembly. 7. He reintroduced the use of censorship and secret police, reversing the revolution's ideals of freedom of the press and expression. 8. He returned to a system of government based on merit, rather than birth, but it was limited to the military and government officials, reversing the revolution's ideals of equality of opportunity. "Napoleon was the child of the Revolution, but in many ways he reversed the aims and principles of the movement from which he sprang." Comment. [1992, 60 Marks]
Rise of Napoleon - ! Given above. How did Napoleon Bonaparte heal the wounds of France inflicted by the Revolution and correct the errors perpetrated by its leaders? [2000, 20 Marks]
Reforms carried out 1. Established a stable government: Napoleon established a stable and efficient government, which helped to bring an end to the political turmoil and instability that had plagued France during the revolution. 2. Reestablished law and order: He established a strong and centralized legal system, which helped to restore order and security throughout the country. 3. Promoted economic development: He implemented policies that encouraged economic growth and development, such as the establishment of a national bank and the creation of a national system of roads and canals. 4. Abolished feudalism: Napoleon abolished feudalism and other remnants of the old order, which helped to promote social mobility and equal opportunities for all citizens. 5. Encouraged education: He established a system of national education, which helped to improve literacy rates and promote knowledge and innovation. 6. Promoted nationalism: Napoleon promoted the idea of nationalism, and he helped to create a sense of national identity among the French people. 7. Created a stable currency: He established a stable currency, which helped to promote economic growth and stability. 8. Established a professional army: He established a professional army, which helped to protect and defend the nation from foreign invaders. 9. Created a merit-based system: He created a merit-based system of government, in which people were appointed to positions based on their abilities and qualifications, rather than their social status. 10. Spread the ideals of the Revolution: He spread the ideals of the revolution, such as nationalism and democracy, throughout Europe through his military conquests, which helped to bring an end to the monarchies. "The Napoleonic Empire was doomed because of its inherent and self-defeating contradictions." Elucidate. [2001, 20 Marks]
Contradictions 1. The Napoleonic Empire was built on a highly centralized system of government, which gave the Emperor too much control over the daily lives of his citizens. 2. The Emperor's ambitious foreign policy, which sought to expand the empire, was unsustainable and eventually led to the overextension of French forces. 3. The Emperor's reliance on conscription to fill the ranks of his army, while providing a steady supply of soldiers, ultimately weakened the loyalty of the troops and led to desertions. 4. Napoleons's attempt to impose a single legal system on all of the territories he conquered, the Code Napoleon, created resentment among the conquered peoples and led to a breakdown of law and order. 5. His attempts to suppress opposition to his rule, including the use of secret police, created a climate of fear and distrust which undermined his legitimacy. 6 His reliance on taxation to finance his wars created a heavy burden on the people of the empire, leading to increased poverty and social unrest. 7. The Emperor's refusal to allow a representative assembly to debate and pass laws created a sense of alienation among the people, who felt that their voices were not being heard. 8. The Emperor's reliance on foreign allies, such as Spain, to support his wars, ultimately weakened his position as they were often unreliable and untrustworthy. 9. The Emperor's refusal to accept the terms of the Continental System, which was designed to isolate Britain, ultimately weakened the economy of the empire and led to a decline in trade. 10. His refusal to accept the terms of the Treaty of Amiens, which would have ended the war with Britain, ultimately led to the collapse of the empire. "Napoleon was the child of the Revolution, but in many ways he reversed the aims and principles of the movement from which he sprang." [2004, 20 Marks]
Rise of Napoleon
Contradictions - ! Answer given above. How did Napoleon Bonaparte fuse the old France with the new? [2009, 30 Marks]
Reforms carried out Napoleon Bonaparte was one of the most influential figures in French history. He was a military genius and a masterful politician who rose to power during the French Revolution and transformed France into a powerful and modern nation. He is credited with fusing the old France with the new, and his accomplishments have had a lasting impact on the country. Napoleon was a brilliant military strategist and leader. He was able to quickly and effectively reorganize the French military, creating a much more efficient and effective force. He also instituted reforms such as creating a merit-based system for promotions and establishing a professional officer corps. These changes allowed the French military to become a formidable force, which Napoleon used to great effect in his campaigns against other European powers. Napoleon also enacted a number of political and social reforms that had a lasting impact on France. He established a centralized government and a new legal code known as the Code Napoleon, which remains in effect today. He also instituted a number of reforms that were designed to modernize the country, such as introducing a new system of taxation, reforming the educational system, and establishing a system of public works. These reforms helped to create a more unified and modern nation. Napoleon also worked to promote a sense of national unity and pride. He was a great admirer of the French Revolution and sought to promote its ideals. He also worked to promote a sense of common identity among the French people, encouraging them to see themselves as citizens of a unified France. He also sought to promote a sense of national pride by sponsoring cultural events such as the Paris Opera and the Louvre museum. Finally, Napoleon sought to promote a sense of international prestige for France. He was a great admirer of the arts and sciences, and he sought to promote French culture abroad. He also sought to make France a major player in international affairs, and his campaigns against other European powers helped to make France a major power. In summary, Napoleon Bonaparte was able to fuse the old France with the new by introducing a number of reforms that helped to modernize the country, promote a sense of national unity, and enhance France's international prestige. His accomplishments have had a lasting impact on France and are still evident today. To what extent did Napoleon's economic war with England become his undoing? [2010, 20 Marks] More content needed During the Napoleonic Wars, France waged an economic war against England through several measures: 1. The Continental System: In an effort to damage the British economy and protect French industry, Napoleon imposed a trade blockade on British goods and encouraged European countries to do the same. 2. The Berlin Decree of 1806: This decreed that any ship that had docked in a British port would be considered a British ship, and would be seized if it entered a French or allied port. 3. The Milan Decree of 1807: This decreed that any ship that obeyed the British orders would be considered a British ship, and would be seized if it entered a French or allied port. 4. The Embargo Act of 1807 of US: This act, passed by the U.S Congress, prohibited American ships from trading with any foreign countries, effectively cutting off trade between the U.S and Great Britain. Napoleon Bonaparte's economic war with England was a major contributing factor in his eventual downfall. The French leader's attempt to blockade Britain in order to cut off its trade and revenue, known as the Continental System, was a strategic blunder that had far-reaching consequences. Napoleon's Continental System, which was imposed on Europe in 1806, was designed to prevent British goods from entering the continent. This was meant to damage England's economy and force the country to agree to French terms. However, the blockade was unsuccessful, as it led to a massive increase in smuggling and the British economy continued to thrive. Furthermore, the system had a negative impact on the economies of European countries, as they were now unable to import goods from Britain. This caused a great deal of economic hardship, particularly in the German states, which were forced to pay high tariffs to France. The economic war also led to a number of military conflicts, as Britain sought to protect its interests and other European countries sought to oppose the blockade. This included the War of 1812 between the United States and Britain, which was a direct result of the Continental System. This war was costly and ultimately unsuccessful for the French, as it resulted in the loss of their North American colonies. Furthermore, the economic war caused a great deal of political unrest in Europe, as countries began to resent French interference in their affairs. This led to the formation of the Sixth Coalition in 1813, which was an alliance of European countries opposed to Napoleon. This coalition was successful in defeating the French forces at the Battle of Leipzig in October of that year, marking the beginning of the end of Napoleon's rule. In conclusion, Napoleon's economic war with England was a major factor in his downfall. The Continental System caused immense economic hardship for Europe, led to military conflicts, and sparked political unrest. These consequences ultimately resulted in the formation of the Sixth Coalition and the defeat of Napoleon's forces at the Battle of Leipzig. It is clear that Napoleon's economic war with England played a major role in his eventual undoing. How did Napoleon fuse the French of the ancient regime with the France of the Post-Revolutionary era? [2012, 30 Marks]
[Reforms carried out](onenote: French %20Revolution%20and%20aftermath%201789-1815§ion-id={BAF25296-16C1-46BC-85CA-B17A471F7C04}&page-id={71A43F68-40A4-4DC6-A842-5249B31D41D1}&object-id={B5E4F310-0758-476B-AD92-AA7E7A9F88AC}&3D&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/World%20History/Part%20I/Modern%20Politics%20-%20Origin.one ) more specific content needed - ! Answer would be the same as reversing the changes made by the Revolution. "The Continental Blockade was a misconceived idea of economically defeating Great Britain." Critically examine. [2015, 10 Marks]
Background to the Movt - ! Negative points have been mentioned above What positives did the Continental Blockage bring to France 1. Protection of French industry: The Continental System protected French industry by limiting the import of British goods and encouraging the growth of domestic industry. 2. Increase in state revenue: The Continental System increased state revenue by increasing tariffs on imported goods and by creating new taxes on trade. 3. Economic integration of Europe: The Continental System promoted economic integration among European countries by encouraging trade between them. 4. Increase in French influence: The Continental System increased French influence in Europe by creating a network of allied countries dependent on French trade. 5. Decrease in the British economy: The Continental System had a negative impact on the British economy by reducing trade and creating economic hardships. It caused a slump in British economy in 1811. "The spirit behind the great reforms of Napoleon's Consulate at home was the transference of the methods of Bonaparte the general to the task of Bonaparte the statesman." Critically examine. [2017, 10 Marks]
[Reforms carried out](onenote: French %20Revolution%20and%20aftermath%201789-1815§ion-id={BAF25296-16C1-46BC-85CA-B17A471F7C04}&page-id={71A43F68-40A4-4DC6-A842-5249B31D41D1}&object-id={B5E4F310-0758-476B-AD92-AA7E7A9F88AC}&3D&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/World%20History/Part%20I/Modern%20Politics%20-%20Origin.one ) - ! L Mukherjee page 139 Napoleon Bonaparte is considered one of the most influential political leaders in history, known for his statesmanship and military genius. He rose to power during the French Revolution and became Emperor of France, leading his country through a period of great expansion and prosperity. However, his rule was also marked by conflict and ultimately ended in his downfall. One of Napoleon's greatest achievements was his introduction of the Napoleonic Code, also known as the French Civil Code. This legal code abolished feudal privileges and established equality before the law, providing a uniform legal framework that still forms the basis of civil law in many countries today. It also abolished the privileges of the nobility and the clergy and granted freedom of religion. Napoleon also introduced a number of administrative and economic reforms that modernized and centralized France. He established a strong and efficient government bureaucracy, reformed the tax system, and built a network of roads and canals, improving transportation and communication. He also promoted religious tolerance and the expansion of the French Empire, increasing French influence and power on the international stage. Napoleon's military leadership was also remarkable, he led France to a number of victories during the Napoleonic Wars, conquering much of Europe. He is considered one of the greatest military commanders in history, known for his tactical brilliance and the ability to inspire his troops. Napoleon's victories in the battlefields brought glory and prestige to France and helped it to establish itself as one of the dominant powers of Europe. However, Napoleon's rule also had a number of negative consequences. His aggressive expansionist policies led to prolonged and costly wars, causing significant loss of life and economic hardship. He also suppressed political dissent and reintroduced a system of government based on merit, rather than birth, but it was limited to the military and government officials, reversing the revolution's ideals of equality of opportunity. Despite his many accomplishments and failures, Napoleon's impact on France and Europe was profound. His military victories and territorial expansion helped to establish France as a dominant power, while his administrative and economic reforms modernized the country and laid the foundation for its future development. His legal code had a lasting impact on legal systems around the world, and his influence on military strategy and tactics is still studied and debated today. However, his aggressive expansionist policies and disregard for human lives were also a significant drawback of his rule, and ultimately led to his downfall. ]]>08.4-world-history/2.-modern-politics-origin/2.3-french-revolution-and-aftermath-1789-1815.html08.4 World-History/2. Modern Politics Origin/2.3 French Revolution and aftermath 1789 1815.mdFri, 20 Jun 2025 03:33:50 GMT Newer settlements came up in new ecological niches -> inc in pop to mor favourable env conditions and tech innovations. tools were very small in size and were called microliths their length varied from 1-8 cm. Blade : Blade is a specialized flake with parallel to subparallel to lateral edge, its length is equal to at least twice its width. used for cutting purposes the process of production is called fluting. Core : Core is usually cylindrical in shape with fluting marks along its length and a flat striking platform at the distal horizontal end. Point : Point is a broken blade in a triangular form used as arrowheads and spearheads. Lunate : Lunate is like a blade and one of the borders is prepared by semi-circular retouching used for concave cutting. Triangle and Trapezes were also used. early Mesolithic sites have yielded the faunal remains of cattle, sheep, goat, buffalo, pig, , bison, elephant, hippo, jackal, wolf, cheetah, sambar, barasingha, black-buck, Chinkara, hog deer, hare, porcupine, mongoose, lizard, tortoise and fish wild buffalo, camel, wolf, rhinoceros and nilgai are present in the sites of Mesolithic tradition but these species are absent in the early Mesolithic period. Appearance, disappearance of the animals has to be understood in the context of changing climatic and environmental conditions. Bhimbetka, Adamgarh, Pratapgarh and Mirzapur are rich in Mesolithic art and paintings. animals like, boar, buffalo, monkey and nilgai frequently depicted paintings and engravings depict activities like sexual union, child birth, rearing of child, and burial ceremony indicate that during the Mesolithic period, social organization had become more stable than in palaeolithic times religious beliefs of the Mesolithic people was conditioned by ecological and material conditions At Chandravati, Raj examples of mesolithic art, chert core engraved w/ geometric design. Human tooth w/ faint geometric marks found in jaw fragment. ACL Carlleyle found first rock paintings in India in 1867 at Mirzapur, UP. VS Wakankar in 1957 discovered Bhimbetka rocks. Has 642 rock shelters 400 of which have paintings. Mathpal has identified 3 main phases of rock paintings and 9 subphases. First 5 are mesolithic 6th is transitional and last 3 are historical. Shows division of labour on basis of gender. No pottery depicted. Kharwar, Jaora, Kathotia and Lakhajoar have paintings as well. Both Monochrome and Polychrome, brushes made from twigs, squirrel tail, animal fur or silk cotton. No snakes depicted in any mesolithic paintings. Hunters w/ slings, wearing masks, headdress. Paintings in X-ray styles. Scene depicting pregnant animals, panther w/ tiger cubs etc. Paintings have lot of movements. Women given fuller forms, some men wear loincloth probably made of leaves, animal skin etc. Painting located in rock shelters in well lit areas, easily seen. Some paintings located higher location must have used scaffoldings and a lot of people -> ritualistic significance. In Orissa co-existence of painting and engraving are in the same shelter. Idukki in Kerala has rock painting in cave called Ezhuthu Guha but no Mesolithic tools found here. Made to express their creative urges, to decorate their homes, tell stories. Cord Impressed style. Bagor : Phase I is almost devoid of it. Phase II (2800-600 BCE) pottery made its appearance, hand made with incised decoration. Made ofmicaceous clay, slipped surface is burnished, Firing done at low temperature makes them fragile. Graves had clay pots. In Phase III (600 BCE - 200 CE) pottery was plentiful and entirely wheel made. Firing done at higher temp. Brick red surface and reddish or bluish core. Mostly Utilitarian and no aethetic appeal. Langhnaj has shown wheel made pottery Langhnaj has given an arrowhead and pieces of iron. P III at Bagor shows use of iron tools. Many amorphous bits of iron, 2 well preserved arrowheads. can be traced at Chopani Mando. P II and III are clearly Mesolithic. Non geometric microliths have been found in IIA and IIB had large no of geometric microliths. P III had pottery w/ cord impressed patterns, anvils and hammers stones, querns and mullers. Wattle Doab huts, storage bins made of bamboo and clya. Wild rice from late mesolithic level. Sarai Nahar Rai, Mahadaha and Damdana are very close. Refer ANKI for more details. Cultic practices began had the below features: Burials at Mahadaha were elliptical and their base was sloping. Grave goods had microliths, shells, burnt pieces of animal bones, arrowhead made of bones etc Multiple burial among 41 human burials. Buried in shallow rectangular graves in extended position. Male burials outnumber female, few instances of child burials at Mahadaha and Damdana. Difference in grave goods -> some level of social ranking. Burials aligned in West-East or East-West. Certain rituals associated w/ death, belief in afterlife. Jewellery found on buried bodies suggest custom of adorning body before burial. Designated ares for disposal of dead and there was existence of corporate groups rights over critical resources claimed through lineal descent from deceased ancestors. PK Thomas identified animal bones of domesticated cattle at Bagor, Rajasthan. VN Misra showed evidence of wild goat, canines, pig, deer, mongoose etc. There was movement and interaction among communities possible at sources of raw materials. Some sites were temporary habitation but many were continuously inhabited.
“2. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic.pdf” could not be found.↩︎ ]]>08.1-ancient-history/2.-pre-and-proto-history/2.2-hunting-and-gathering-(palaeolithic-and-mesolithic).html08.1 Ancient-History/2. Pre-and-Proto-History/2.2 Hunting and Gathering (Palaeolithic and Mesolithic).mdTue, 17 Jun 2025 22:36:21 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>01-subject-wise-notes/🌏-geography-static-notes/3.-economic-geography-and-location-of-industries/3.5-human-geography-crops.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🌏 Geography Static Notes/3. Economic Geography and Location of Industries/3.5 Human Geography Crops.mdThu, 10 Apr 2025 23:49:36 GMT10.-knowledge-dump/note-bin/ancient-india.html10. Knowledge Dump/Note Bin/Ancient India.mdSun, 23 Mar 2025 15:22:08 GMT8.-200-b.c-300-c.e.pdf.html8. 200 B.C - 300 C.E.pdf.mdSun, 23 Mar 2025 15:20:39 GMT#scheme by under Mo EFCC reps from various stakeholders connects sites of Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri, and Yamunotri. Recent evidence of Dairy production during IVC from Kotada Bhadli in Gujar Bodhisattva (Jataka Chakra) stucco sculpture found at Phanigiri in Suryapet, Telangana, Biggest ever 1.73mtr tall 35cm width dates to 1700 yrs ago of peak Ikshvaku dynasty Keezhadi excavation new dating shows Sangam was older than expected 580 BC. Findings: Tamil Brahmi is as old as 6th century BC. Inscribed pots implied people were literate had agrarian pastoral society, brick and roof tiles made of silica and lime of good quality - high standard of living shown by terracotta ring wells used for drainage. water storing; iron nails etc were also found, child burial also found ASI excavation at Gottiprolu, AP. Finding : a trade centre; Vishnu sculpture, pottery, brick built structure, moulded female terracotta figure w/ hands lifted up, lead & copper coins etc were found Dated during the Satvahana/ Iksvaku period Findings indicate strategic trade location, amphorae wares show liquid was transported, early prehistoric tools also found, terracotta pipes - drainage ASI found Sanskrit inscription in South IN from Chebrolu Village in Guntur AP : in Sanskrit and Brahmi characters, issued by Satavahana King Vijaya in 207 AD records the const of a temple, mandapa, consecration of images of godesses Bhagavathi, Saktimatruka. Saptamatrikas also has reference in Kadamba copper plates, early Eastern Chalukya copper plates. Satavahanas had different capital at diff times in Pratishthana and Amravati Excavation near Nagardhan, Nagpur : capital of Vakataka dynasty inscriptions in conch shells bearing name of Queen Prabhavatigupta in Brahmi script. could be a royal permission of trade or a sign of Vaishnava affiliation. Swami Vivekanada 1893 Parliament of World Religion, Jan 12 birth celebrated as National Youth Day Intro Yoga and Vedanta to West, called Maker of Modern IN by Bose Neo Vedanta -> combine spirituality w/ material progress. Belur Math 1899, Ramakrishna Mission 1897 Sree Narayan Guru : Born in Kerala 1856 advocated social equality -> no casteism, education for all and spiritual enlightenment. Slogan 'One Caste One Religion One God for all'. Estd Sree Narayan Dharma Paripalana Yogam SNDP. Participated in temple entry, Vaikom satyagrah, wrote poems during independence struggle. Advait vedanta and founded Advaita Ashram Nov 11 is National Education Day birth Anniversary of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
Ramanuja
Jyoitba Phule
2.1 Philosophy > Basavanna Abanindranath Tagore founder of Bengal School of Art. Created Indian Society of Oriental Art. Modernised Mughal and Rajput paintings, works revovled around Hindu philosophy. BudoAngla, KhirerPutul and Rajkahini are his childrens books
Veer Savarkar Maharshi Badrayan Vyas was a philosopher wrote the basic text of the Vedanta system, the Vedāntasūtra a.k.a. Brahmasūtra systematizes and summarizes the philosophical and spiritual ideas in the Upanishads Postage stamp for 750th birth anniversary of Sri Vedanta Desikan : Vaishnava guru/philosopher of post Ramanuja period was disciple of Kidambi Appullar. Guru Ravidas : Bhakti saint, Varanasi untouchable caste. Disciple of Ramananda and contemporary of Kabir, his disciple was Mirabai. Removal of social division, his utopian vision was of Begampura a city w/o sorrow, works are Adi Granth of Sikhs and Panchavani. Led to formation of Ravidassai religion based on his teachings He said that God was omnipresent and human was part of it, he rejected the idea that people considered lower caste cannot meet god. Subramaniya Bharatiyar poet freedom fighter, social reformer from TN aka Mahakavi songs such as Kannan Pattu, Kuyil Pattu, Panchali Sabatam published Sudesa Geetangal in 1908. Was against caste system, condemned the Shastras. 1807 Battle of Kasur, 1813 Battle of Attock and 1818 Battle of Peshawar are associated w/ Hari Singh Nalwa. Paramhansa Yogananda commemorative coin released he is known as father of Yoga in west.
Kartarpur corridor : connects Gurudwara Kartarpur sahib PAK to Dera Baba Nanak in IN, Guru Nanak 's 550th birthday.
Ramappa Temple Telangana -> World Heritage site built by Kakatiya king Ganapatideva in 13th cent. Using Sandbox technique of filling pit w/ mixture of sand lime, jaggery, fruit -> act as cushion during Earthquake. ICOMOS International Council on Monuments and Sites : only global NGO associated w/ UNESCO to help protect/conserve heritage sites. Dholavira 40th World Heritage site located in Khadir island of Rann of Kutch has 2 seasonal streams Mansar and Manhar. 5th largest Harappan site.
Raigad Fort
Durga Puja has been given intangible cultural heritage tag by UNESCO. India has a total of 14 such sites. Hampi - world heritage site is located near Tungabhadra river. Cultural sites mentioned in the Budget were Rakhigarhi, Hastinapur, Shivsagar, Dholavira and Adichanallur. World Heritage Site : by UNESCO, natural or man-made area of international importance, IN has 38 such sites, have cultural or physical significance.
Historic Urban Landscape #scheme by UNESCO : integrated approach to manage sites.
#Scheme #MoCulture revitalizing various institutions, groups, individuals, NGOs, researchers and scholars to engage in promoting cultural heritage. implemented through Sangeet Natak Akademi. Its domains include oral traditions, expressions, languages etc Performing arts, social practices, rituals knowledge practices traditional craftsmanship
#Scheme #MoCulture under Centre's Heritage Mason programme. Rajasthan chosen as pilot State for scheme, provides training youths on indigenous building practices, arts and crafts, traditional structures and knowledge systems
Adopt a Heritage #scheme : Apni Dharohar, Apni Pehchaan collaborative b/w Mo Tourism, Culture and ASI to dev tourist amenities at heritage tourist site, monument mitras are lowest bidders to improve monuments Inscriptions - Pattadakkalu in Karnataka royal burial site for Chalukya dynasty Skandagupta known from Bhitari inscription, Junagadh rock inscription issued 5 types of gold coin archer, king, chhatra, Lion slayer and horseman and 4 types of silver coin Garuda, Bull, Altar, Madhyadesh. Kakatiya : 12-14th century, rulers like Ganapathi Deva, Rudramadevi around areas of Telangana, AP, Ktaka, Odisha. Prataprudra I reign Kakatiya's declared sovereignty, usage of Telugu inscription began, Marco Polo visited, Hanakonda was capital. Ambubachi mela in Assam worship Kamakhya devi serves as promotion of menstrual hygiene Raja Parba : Odisha dedicated to Mother Earth Kanjur : Mongolian religious texts means concise order of Buddha
Dekho Apna Desh #scheme : Webinar series to showcase IN rich diversity by MoTourism Shankhalipi script : looks like shells derived from Brahmi script dated 4th-8th centuries discovered in 1836 by James Princep. Sattras : monastic institutions created by Shankardeva, to promote worship through art Vishwa Shanti stupa at Rajgir is highest peace pagoda built by JP Bodo Language was written in at least 3 diff scripts Devanagari is official Assamese/Bangla and Roman are others. In ancient times was called as Deodhai. 1st tribal language to be included in 8th schedule. 31st October is Rashtriya Ekta Diwas
Adarsh Smarak #Scheme under Mo Culture provide visitor amenities esp to PH

India's rank in Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI) of World Economic Forum has moved from 65th rank in 2013 to 34th rank in 2019 #report
Adopt a Heritage #scheme : Apni Dharohar, Apni Pehchaan collaborative b/w Mo Tourism, Culture and ASI to dev tourist amenities at heritage tourist site, monument mitras are lowest bidders to improve monuments E-Visa has 4 categories Tourist, Business, Medical and Medical Assistant. Entry valid in 28 designated airports and 5 seaports available to 169 countries. E-tourist visa for 5 yrs now, reduced fee. GST on hotel room w/ tariffs b/w 1001-7500 is 12% to improve tourism
Find the Incredible You campaign by Mo Tourism got the PATA (Pacific Asia Travel Association) Gold Award in Marketing primary gov destination category. #scheme
Paryatan Parv by Mo Tourism theme was Mahatma Gandhi. #scheme 8th International Tourism Mart w/ Manipur Various digitisation measures in the sector includes Incredible India websites and mobile app NIDHI database for reg of tourism service providers Digitisation of Swadesh and Prasad scheme Multi Lingual 24x7 helpline National Digital Toursim Mission NDTM to concentrate on Domain principles like Value driven model, unifying of services, outcocme driven approach and affordable choices Design and arch principles ex being open and inter operable, innovation etc. Tech principles -> using data as asset, sharing of data etc. ! While thinking about benefits think about the various stakeholders in the scheme like Toursim Ministry, Tourists, Tour Service providers, Shopkeepers around tourist sites, Start ups, Hotel owners, Transportation providers 2020-06-11 19:14:24
#Scheme #MoCulture revitalizing various institutions, groups, individuals, NGOs, researchers and scholars to engage in promoting cultural heritage. implemented through Sangeet Natak Akademi. Its domains include oral traditions, expressions, languages etc Performing arts, social practices, rituals knowledge practices traditional craftsmanship
#Scheme #MoCulture under Centre's Heritage Mason programme. Rajasthan chosen as pilot State for scheme, provides training youths on indigenous building practices, arts and crafts, traditional structures and knowledge systems
#scheme #MoCulture to showcase a Transnational Mixed Route how monsoon winds has shaped cultural, commercial and religious interactions across Indian Ocean. ASI is nodal agency Sankalp Parva - Mo Culture to plant = 5 trees 2020-03-06 17:06:28 Bharat Rang Mahotsav (BRM), the international theatre festival of India organised by National Drama School Virtual Experiential Museum has been established by the *National Council of Science Museum (NCSM) under Mo Culture 'Azaadi ke Diwane' museum was inaugurated at Red Fort by ASI Once upon a Try - largest online exhibition about inventions and discoveries ever curated by Mo Culture and Google. India gets its 38th world UNESCO World heritage site As Pink City Jaipur at 43rd session of World Heritage Committee at Baku Markandeshwar temple in Maharashtra known as Khajuraho of Vidarbha
Ghar-Ghar Dastak Ghar Ghar Pustak #scheme by Delhi Public Library
Nepali and Santhali languages included in the #scheme for grant of Senior/Junior Fellowships of Culture Ministry Maharashtra's Phupgaon ASI excavation revealed Iron age settlement b/w 7th-4th century BCE NOC online Application Processing System for National Monuments Authority for help in getting construction permits in protected areas of ASI Mobile Science Exhibition (SCIENCE EXPLORER) for the entire Ladakh Region in Leh Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat : to celebrate, promote, showcase culture diversity etc. Each state is paired with another state to inc understanding. Involves translating books,cultural exchange etc. Rashtriya Sanskrit Mahotsav was organised under this. UNESCO has designated Mumbai as a member of UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) in the field of Films and Hyderabad in the field of Gastronomy. Srinagar in 2021 was selected as creative city under Craft and Fold Arts category. UCCN was created in 2004 to promote cooperation among cities that have identified cities. There are a total of 5 Indian cities Jaipur for crafts and folk arts, Varanasi - for Music and Chennai - for Music are others. Indian culture portal is the first government authorized portal where knowledge and cultural resources of various organizations of Mo Culture are available in public domain on a single platform.
New DNA study of cemetery at Rakhigarhi shows Indus Valley people had independent origin they do not contain the genome of Steppe people or Iranian farmers, no trace of Anatolian related ancestry as well. This questions the Aryan Invasion Theory/OIT. #MainsPYQ Niccolo Manucci an Italian traveler has given the description of Dara Shikoh and Aurangazeb's rivalry. 2020-10-30 13:40:55 How will you explain that medieval Indian temple sculptures represent the social life of those days? (स्पटि करें हक मध्कालीन भारतीय मं हदरो की मूर् ं तकला उस दौर के सामाजजक जीवन का प्नतननसधत्व करती है? ) 2022 They provide a glimpse into the daily life of people, their clothing, ornaments, hairstyles, occupations, and social status. The sculptures also represent the beliefs, customs, and traditions of the people, as well as their relationships with each other and with the divine. Through the intricate carvings and sculptures on the temple walls, one can gain insights into the artistic, architectural, and technological advancements of that time. Khajuraho Temples : sculptures on the walls of these temples depict gods and goddesses, scenes from Hindu epics such as the Ramayana and Mahabharata, and daily life scenes such as hunting, farming, and dancing. Konark Sun Temple The sculptures on the walls of the temple depict artisans, farmers, and traders engaged in their respective occupations. Belur and Halebidu Temples. Hampi temple : known for their sculptures depicting various dance forms and musical instruments, showcasing the rich cultural heritage of medieval India. The sculptures on the walls of these temples also depict scenes from Hindu mythology, daily life, and religious rituals. Discuss the significance of the lion and bull figures in Indian mythology, art and architecture. (भारतीय गमथिक कला और वास्तुकला में ससह एवं वृषभ की आकृ ं नतयो के महत्व पर ं नवचार करें।) 2022 The lion and bull are significant figures in Indian mythology, art, and architecture. In Hinduism, the lion and bull are believed to be the vehicles (vahanas) of two of the major gods, respectively. The lion is the vehicle of Goddess Durga, also known as Shakti, who represents strength, power, and protection. The bull is the vehicle of Lord Shiva, who represents destruction and regeneration. In art and architecture, the lion and bull figures are commonly found in sculptures and carvings. For instance, the Ashoka Pillar at Sarnath, a prominent example of Mauryan art, features four lions at the top of the pillar, representing the ideals of dharma, artha, kama, and moksha. Similarly, the bull is a common motif in the architecture of Hindu temples, especially those dedicated to Lord Shiva. The Nandi bull, which is often depicted as sitting in front of Shiva's linga, symbolizes strength, stability, and devotion. The lion and bull figures also hold significance beyond their roles as vahanas in Hindu mythology. For instance, the Ashtamangala, a set of eight auspicious symbols in Buddhism, includes the lion and the bull. In Buddhism, the lion represents the Buddha's teachings, while the bull symbolizes the Buddha's first sermon at Sarnath. Discuss the main contributions of Gupta period and Chola period to Indian heritage and culture. (भारतीय परम्परा और सं स्ृ नत में गुप्त-काल और चोल काल के योगदान पर चचा्भ करें।) 2022 During the Gupta period (4th to 6th century CE), India witnessed a cultural renaissance. The period is known for its advancements in science, mathematics, art, and literature. Some of the notable contributions of the Gupta period include: - Literature: The Gupta period saw the emergence of great literary works such as Kalidasa's Abhijnana Shakuntalam, a play that is considered a masterpiece of Indian literature. - Mathematics: Gupta mathematicians made significant contributions to the field, including the development of the decimal system and the concept of zero. - Art: The Gupta period is known for its magnificent sculpture and architecture, with the Ajanta and Ellora caves being some of the most famous examples. The Chola period (9th to 13th century CE) is considered one of the greatest periods of South Indian history, known for its achievements in architecture, art, and literature. Some of the notable contributions of the Chola period include: - Architecture: The Cholas were prolific builders, and their architecture is renowned for its intricate carvings and intricate design. The Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur is a famous example of Chola architecture. - Art: The Chola period witnessed the emergence of great works of art, including bronze statues and paintings. The bronze statue of Nataraja, a representation of Lord Shiva in his cosmic dance form, is a famous example of Chola art. - Literature: The Chola period saw the emergence of great works of literature, including the epic poem Silappadikaram and the Tamil grammar text Tolkappiyam. Evaluate the nature of the Bhakti literature and its contribution to Indian culture. (150 words) (भक्ति साहहत्य की प्कृ नत का मूलांकन करते हए भारतीय सं स्ृ नत में इसके योगदान ननधा्भरण कीजजए।) 2021 - Emerged during the medieval period (6th to 15th century CE). - characterized by a focus on devotion and personal experience of the divine. - composed in various Indian languages, including Hindi, Tamil, and Bengali. - included poems, songs, and hymns that expressed the love and devotion of the devotee towards the divine. - contributed to Indian culture in several ways: - helped to break down the barriers of caste and gender, as it was open to all who had faith and devotion. - It promoted the idea of a personal relationship with the divine, which was accessible to all, regardless of their social or economic status. - helped to popularize the use of vernacular languages in literature, which helped to make literature accessible to a wider audience. - The literature also had a significant impact on Indian music, with many bhakti songs and hymns being set to music and sung as devotional songs. - Some notable examples of Bhakti literature include the songs of the Alvars and Nayanars in Tamil Nadu, the devotional poems of Kabir and Tulsidas in Hindi, and the songs of Chandidas and Jayadeva in Bengali. The rock-cut architecture represents one of the most important sources of our knowledge of early Indian art and history. Discuss. (िैलकृ त स्ापत्य प्ारंशभक भारीतय कला एवं ऐतहास के ज्ान के अनत महत्वपूण्भ स्तोतो में से ंएक का प्नतननसधत्व करता है। नववेचना कीजजए।) 2020 - The Ajanta Caves in Maharashtra, built between the 2nd century BCE and the 6th century CE, contain some of the finest examples of Indian rock-cut architecture. The caves consist of temples and monasteries, adorned with exquisite paintings and sculptures that depict the life and teachings of the Buddha. - The Elephanta Caves in Mumbai, built in the 5th and 6th centuries CE, are another excellent example of Indian rock-cut architecture. The caves consist of temples dedicated to Lord Shiva, with intricately carved sculptures that depict scenes from Hindu mythology. - The Kailashnath Temple in Ellora, built in the 8th century CE, is a remarkable example of rock-cut architecture. The temple consists of a single rock, which was carved to create a massive temple complex dedicated to Lord Shiva. The temple is adorned with intricate carvings and sculptures, including a giant statue of Nandi, the bull that is the vehicle of Lord Shiva. Pala period is the most significant phase in the history of Buddhism in India. Enumerate. (भारत में बौधि धम्भ के इनतहास में पाल काल अनत महत्वपूण्भ चरण है। नवश्ेषण कीजजए।) 2020 - The Pala rulers were great patrons of Buddhism and supported the construction of numerous monasteries and stupas across their empire. - The Pala period saw a revival of Buddhism in India after a period of decline. The Pala rulers actively promoted Buddhism and patronized Buddhist scholars and artists. - The Pala period witnessed the emergence of new schools of Buddhist philosophy, such as the Yogachara and the Madhyamaka, which had a profound impact on the development of Buddhism in India and beyond. - The Pala period saw the rise of great Buddhist scholars and philosophers, such as Shantarakshita, Padmasambhava, and Atisha, who made significant contributions to Buddhist thought and practice. - The Pala period also saw the creation of some of the finest examples of Buddhist art and architecture, such as the Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya and the Somapura Mahavihara in Bangladesh. Indian philosophy and tradition played a significant role in conceiving and shaping the monuments and their art in India. Discuss. (भारतीय दि्भन एवं परम्परा ने भारतीय स्ारको की क ं पिना और आकार देने एवं उनकी कला में महत्त्वपूण्भ भूगमका ननभाई है । नववेचना कीजजए।) 2020 - The concept of "darshan," or the act of seeing and being seen by the divine, is central to Indian philosophy and tradition. This concept is reflected in the design of many Indian temples, which are built in a way that allows devotees to have a direct visual connection with the deity. - The concept of "ahimsa," or non-violence, is another important principle in Indian philosophy and tradition. This principle is reflected in the use of materials such as wood and stone in Indian architecture, which are considered to be non-violent and sustainable. - The concept of "moksha," or liberation from the cycle of birth and death, is central to Indian philosophy and tradition. This concept is reflected in the design of many Indian monuments, such as the stupas and chaitya halls, which are built as places of worship and meditation for followers of Buddhism and Jainism. - The use of intricate carvings and sculptures on Indian monuments is another reflection of Indian philosophy and tradition. These carvings and sculptures often depict scenes from Hindu mythology, Buddhist and Jain iconography, and everyday life, reflecting the belief that art can be a means of communicating spiritual and philosophical ideas. Persian literary sources of medieval India reflect the spirit of the age. Comment. (मध्कालीन भारत के फारसी साहहत्त्यक स्तोत उस काल के युगबोध का प्नतनबब है। ं हिपण्ी कीजजए।) 2020 - The works of Amir Khusrau, a Persian poet who lived in India during the 13th century, provide a valuable insight into the cultural exchange between the Indian subcontinent and Persia during that time. Khusrau's works often feature a blend of Indian and Persian themes and motifs, reflecting the cultural syncretism of the period. - The chronicles of Babur, a Timurid prince who founded the Mughal Empire in India, provide a record of the political and military events of the time, as well as insights into the social and cultural practices of the Mughal court. - The Persian works of Sufi poets such as Rumi and Hafiz, which were translated into Indian languages during the medieval period, had a profound influence on the development of literature and spirituality in the region. These works reflect the influence of Islamic culture and Sufi mysticism on Indian society during the medieval period. - The Persian works of historical and biographical literature, such as the Tarikh-i-Firishta and the Ain-i-Akbari, provide a detailed record of the political, social, and cultural conditions of India during the medieval period. These works offer insights into the administration, economy, and religious practices of the time. Highlight the Central Asian and Greco -Bactrian elements in Gandhara art. (गांधाराई कला में मध् एशियाई एवं यूनानी-बैक्ट्याई त ट् त्वो को उजागर कीज ं जए।) 2019 flourished in the region of Gandhara in present-day Pakistan and Afghanistan from the 1st century BCE to the 5th century CE, shows a synthesis of Central Asian and Greco-Bactrian elements. This can be seen in the following ways: - The iconography and stylistic features of Gandhara art show clear influences from Hellenistic art, including the use of realistic human figures and the depiction of clothing and drapery. - The use of specific iconographic elements, such as the representation of Buddha as a Greek-style god with wavy hair and a flowing robe, reflects the influence of Greco-Bactrian art on Gandhara art. - The use of certain architectural motifs, such as Corinthian columns and pediments, also reflects the influence of Hellenistic architecture on Gandhara architecture. - At the same time, the use of local materials such as schist, as well as the incorporation of Central Asian motifs such as lions and grapes, reflects the influence of Central Asian culture on Gandhara art. Examples of Gandhara art that showcase these Central Asian and Greco-Bactrian elements include the standing Buddha statues at the Bamiyan caves, which show a blend of Hellenistic and Indian styles, and the reliefs at the Takht-i-Bahi monastery, which incorporate Corinthian columns and Greek motifs. Safeguarding the Indian art heritage is the need of the moment. Discuss. (भारतीय कला नवरासत का सं रक्णवत्भमान समय की आवश्यकता है । चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2018 - Indian art heritage is an invaluable cultural and historical asset that reflects the richness and diversity of India's past. It includes a wide range of art forms, such as painting, sculpture, architecture, and crafts, that have been developed over several centuries. - Preservation of Indian art heritage is important to maintain continuity with the past and to understand the evolution of Indian culture and society. Art heritage provides a visual representation of the social, political, and religious beliefs of the people of different periods. - Indian art heritage is vulnerable to a variety of threats, including neglect, natural disasters, and theft. Many ancient monuments, sculptures, and artifacts have been damaged or destroyed due to lack of maintenance and inadequate preservation measures. - Safeguarding Indian art heritage requires a concerted effort from the government, civil society, and the general public. This includes measures such as setting up museums and galleries to showcase and preserve art, implementing strict laws to prevent theft and trafficking of cultural property, and investing in research and conservation efforts. Assess the importance of the accounts of the Chinese and Arab travellers in the reconstruction of the history of India. (भारत के इनतहास की पुनर्भचना में चीनी और अरबी यागत्रयो के वृत् ं ान्ो के महत्त्व का आकलन कीज ं जए।) 2018 - These travellers visited India during different periods and recorded their observations of Indian society, economy, religion, culture, and politics. Their accounts provide valuable insights into the conditions of their time and help us understand the changes that occurred over time. - The Chinese travellers, such as Fa Xian, Xuan Zang, I Tsing, Zheng He (d.1433 in Calicut), documented their journeys to India and wrote about the social, economic, and cultural conditions of the regions they visited. Their accounts provide important information on the state of Buddhism, trade and commerce, and political relations between China and India. - Similarly, the Arab travellers, such as Al-Biruni, Suleiman and Ibn Battuta, wrote about their experiences in India and provided detailed descriptions of the political, cultural, and economic conditions of the regions they visited. They also recorded the impact of Islam on Indian society and the interaction between the Muslim world and India. - The accounts of these travellers also help to fill gaps in Indian historiography, particularly in areas where indigenous sources are scarce or non-existent. They provide alternative perspectives on events and developments, as well as a comparative framework for understanding the history of India. The Bhakti movement received a remarkable re-orientation with the advent of Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. Discuss. (रिी चैतन् महाप्भु के आगमन से भक्ति आंदोलन को एक असाधारण नई हदिा गमली थिी। चचा्भ करें।) 2018 ! Anomaly since Religion not explicitly mentioned in Syllabus. Some ways in which Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu re-oriented the Bhakti movement are: 1. Emphasis on devotion to Krishna: Sri Chaitanya emphasized the worship and devotion to Lord Krishna as the supreme deity, which was a departure from earlier Bhakti traditions that worshipped various gods and goddesses. This focus on Krishna bhakti became a hallmark of the Bhakti movement in the centuries that followed. 2. Promotion of kirtan: Sri Chaitanya was known for his love of kirtan, which is a devotional practice that involves singing and chanting the names of God. He popularized this practice as a means of connecting with the divine and spreading the message of Bhakti to the masses. 3. Universalism: Sri Chaitanya's teachings emphasized the universality of the Bhakti path, which meant that it was open to people of all castes and creeds. This was a radical departure from the rigid social hierarchy of the time and helped to democratize the Bhakti movement. 4. Syncretism: Sri Chaitanya's teachings were a synthesis of various Bhakti traditions and also incorporated elements of Vaishnavism and other Hindu sects. This syncretic approach helped to bring together different strands of the Bhakti movement and create a more cohesive and unified movement. How do you justify the view that the level of excellence of Gupta numismatic art is not at all noticeable in later times? (आप इस नवचार को, हक गुप्तकालीन ससक्ािास्तीय कला की उत्ृ टिता का स्तर बाद के समय में ननतांत दि्भनीय नही है, ं हकस प्कार सही ससधि करेंगे ?) 2017 reasons why the level of excellence of Gupta numismatic art is not noticeable in later times are: 1. Decline of the Gupta Empire: The Gupta Empire declined after the 6th century AD, and this decline was accompanied by a gradual deterioration in the quality of numismatic art produced by subsequent rulers. The later coins lacked the finesse and detail of the earlier Gupta coins. 2. Foreign invasions: India was invaded by several foreign powers in the centuries following the Gupta period, and this had a profound impact on the country's art and culture. The foreign rulers often introduced their own artistic styles and techniques, which displaced traditional Indian styles, including Gupta numismatic art. 3. Economic factors: The quality of numismatic art produced by a civilization is often closely linked to its economic prosperity. The Gupta Empire was known for its economic prosperity, which allowed it to invest in high-quality art and craftsmanship. In later times, India faced numerous economic challenges, which may have contributed to a decline in the quality of numismatic art. 4. Changing artistic tastes: Artistic styles and tastes change over time, and what may have been considered excellent art in one period may not be so in another. As Indian society and culture evolved in the centuries following the Gupta period, so too did artistic styles and preferences, which may have contributed to a decline in the quality of numismatic art. Early Buddhist Stupa-art, while depicting folk motifs and narratives successfully expounds Buddhist ideals. Elucidate. (प्ारस्भिक बौधि स्तूप-कला, लोक वर्-्भ नवषयो एवं क ं थिानको को च ं चगत्रत करते हए बौधि आदिमों की सफलतापूव्भक व्याख्ा करती है। नविदीकरण कीजजए।) 2016 1. Depictions of Jataka Tales: Many early Buddhist stupas and sculptures depicted scenes from the Jataka Tales, which are stories about the previous lives of the Buddha. These tales often featured folk motifs and narratives, but also taught important Buddhist lessons about compassion, morality, and enlightenment. 2. Symbolism: Early Buddhist art made use of a variety of symbols to convey important Buddhist concepts. For example, the Wheel of Life, or Bhavacakra, was a common symbol used to represent the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth in Buddhism. 3. Mudras: Mudras, or hand gestures, were another important feature of early Buddhist art. These gestures were used to convey important Buddhist concepts and ideals, such as compassion, wisdom, and protection. 4. Architecture: The design of early Buddhist stupas was also significant, as it often incorporated Buddhist ideals and concepts. For example, the shape of the stupa itself was said to represent the Buddha's body, while the various levels of the stupa symbolized different stages of spiritual attainment. Krishnadeva Raya, the King of Vijayanagar, was not only an accomplished scholar himself but was also a great patron of learning and literature. Discuss. (नवजयनगर नरेि कृ ष्णदेव राय न के वल स्यं एक कु िल नवद्ान थिे अनपतु नवद्या एवं साहहत्य के महान सं रक्क भी थिे। नववेचना कीजजए।) 2016 1. Encouraging Scholars: Krishnadeva Raya invited learned scholars from different parts of the country to his court, where they were given patronage and support to pursue their studies and research. 2. Commissioning Works: The king commissioned a number of literary works during his reign, including the famous Telugu epic, Amuktamalyada, written by himself. 3. Establishing Institutions: Krishnadeva Raya is also credited with establishing several educational institutions in his kingdom, including the famous Tondaimandalam Academy in Madras. 4. Preserving Texts: The king was also known for his efforts in preserving ancient texts and manuscripts. He had copies made of many important literary works, and even had them translated into other languages for wider dissemination. The ancient civilization in Indian sub-continent differed from those of Egypt, Mesopotamia and Greece in that its culture and traditions have been preserved without a breakdown to the present day. Comment. ("भारत की प्ाचीन सभ्यता, गमस्, मीसोपोिगमया और ग्रीस की सभ्यताओ से, इस बात से ं शभन्न है हक भारतीय उपमहाद्ीप की परंपराएं आज तक भं ग हए नबना परररशक्त की गई हैं।" हिप्पणी कीजजये।) 2015 One of the significant reasons for this preservation of culture is the continuous evolution and adaptation of the Indian society to new changes while keeping its roots intact. For instance, the practice of yoga, Ayurveda, music, dance, and other cultural traditions is still prevalent today. The Hindu religion, which is one of the oldest surviving religions in the world, also has its roots in the ancient Indian civilization. Moreover, the Indian culture and traditions were sustained through the ages due to the strong influence of religion and spirituality. The emphasis on the preservation of ancient texts and the tradition of oral transmission helped in safeguarding the culture from getting lost in the chaos of time. Examples of such texts include the Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas, and Epics like the Mahabharata and Ramayana, which are still revered and followed today. Mesolithic rock cut architecture of India not only reflects the cultural life of the times but alsoa tine aesthetic sense comparable to modem painting. Critically evaluate this comment. ("भारत की मध्पाषाण शिला-कला न के वल उस काल के सांस्ृ नतक जीवन की, बल्कि आधुननक चचत्रकला से तुलनीय पररष्कृ त सौदं य्भ-बोध को भी, प्नतनबनब ं तकरती है।" इस हिप्पणी का समालोचनात्मक मूलांकन कीजजये।) 2015 Mesolithic rock art in India is indeed a rich source of information about the cultural life of the times, including hunting, gathering, and early agriculture. These paintings and engravings on rocks depict animals, humans, and various objects, providing insights into the lifestyle and beliefs of the people of that era. Moreover, the artists of that time also exhibited a fine aesthetic sense in their depictions, which can be compared to modern painting in terms of their creativity, artistic expression, and use of color and form. Examples of Mesolithic rock art in India include the Bhimbetka rock shelters in Madhya Pradesh, which have over 700 rock art sites dating back to 10,000 BCE to 2000 BCE. The paintings and engravings in Bhimbetka depict scenes from daily life, including hunting, dancing, and childbirth, as well as abstract symbols and designs. Another example is the rock art in the Kaimur district of Bihar, which has paintings of animals like tigers, elephants, and rhinoceroses, as well as depictions of human figures in hunting scenes. To what extent has the urban planning and culture of the Indus Valley Civilization provided inputs to the present day urbanization? Discuss. ( ससधु घा ं िी सभ्यता की नगरीय आयोजना और सं स्ृ नत ने हकस सीमा तक वत्भमान युगीन नगरीकरण को ननवेि (इनपुि) प्दान हकए हैं? चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2014 Gandhara sculpture owed as much to the Romans as to the Greeks. Explain. (गांधार मूर्तकला रोमननवाससयों की उतनी ही ऋणी थिी जजतनी हक वह यूनाननयो की ं थिी। स्पटि कीजजए।) 2014 Some of the features of Roman art that can be seen in Gandhara sculpture include the use of drapery to create a realistic effect, the representation of the human body in a naturalistic way, and the use of perspective in the composition of the artwork. These features can be seen in the Hellenistic and Roman sculptures, which were present in the region and served as models for the Gandharan artists. For example, the Gandhara Buddha images have a distinctly Roman style, with the use of drapery to create a realistic effect and the depiction of the Buddha's body in a naturalistic way. The drapery in the Gandhara Buddha images is similar to the drapery in the Roman sculptures of the same period. Similarly, the facial features of the figures in the Gandhara sculptures have a Roman influence, with the depiction of prominent noses and deep-set eyes. In addition, some of the motifs and symbols used in Gandhara art, such as the wreath and the laurel, were also borrowed from the Roman tradition. This can be seen in the sculptures of the Buddha, where he is often depicted wearing a wreath or a crown of leaves, which is a Roman motif. Taxila university was one of the oldest universities of the world with which were associated a number of renowned learned personalities of different disciplines. Its strategic location caused its fame to flourish, but unlike Nalanda, it is not considered as a university in the modern sense. Discuss. (तक्शिला नवश्नवद्यालय नवश् के प्ाचीनतम नवश्नवद्यालयो में से एक ं थिा जजसके साथि नवशभन्न शिक्ण-नवषयो के अनेक ं नवख्ात नवद्ानी व्यक्तित्व सं बं सधत थिे। उसकी रणनीनतक अवस्स्नत के कारण उसकी कीर्त फै ली, लेहकन नालन्ा के नवपरीत, उसे आधुननक अशभप्ाय में नवश्नवद्यालय नही समझा जाता। च ं चा्भ कीजजए।) 2014 Taxila was not a university in the modern sense because it did not have a centralized administration, a fixed curriculum, or an organized system of accreditation. However, it was a center of advanced learning where students from different parts of the world came to study under the guidance of famous teachers. The fame of Taxila was mainly due to its strategic location at the crossroads of the ancient trade routes of the Indian subcontinent, which brought in scholars and students from different parts of the world. The scholars and students who came to Taxila were from diverse backgrounds and cultures, which contributed to the intellectual and cultural vibrancy of the city. In contrast, Nalanda, another ancient Indian center of learning, was more like a modern university with a centralized administration, a fixed curriculum, and a system of accreditation. Nalanda had separate departments for different disciplines, and its teachers were highly respected authorities in their respective fields. Sufis and medieval mystic saints failed to modify either the religious ideas and practices or the outward structure of Hindu / Muslim societies to any appreciable extent. Comment. (सूफी और मध्कालीन रहस्वादी ससधि पुरूष हहन्/मुसलमान समाजो ु के धार् ं मक नवचारो, और री ं नतयो को या उनकी बाह्य सं रचना को प ं या्भप्त सीमा तक रूपांतररत करने में नवफल रहे। हिप्पणी कीजजए।) 2014 Sufis and medieval mystic saints did not bring any significant changes to the religious ideas and practices or the outward structure of Hindu/Muslim societies. While their message of love, peace, and devotion resonated with many, they were limited by the conservative nature of society and the entrenched power structures. For example, the Chishti order of Sufism emphasized the unity of all religions and the importance of love and service to humanity, but it did not challenge the caste system or patriarchy. Similarly, Kabir, a medieval mystic saint, preached a message of love and harmony between Hindus and Muslims, but his teachings did not significantly alter the social and religious practices of his time. Though not very useful from the point of view of a connected political history of South India, the Sangam literature portrays the social and economic conditions of its time with remarkable vividness. Comment. (दशक्ण भारत के राजनैनतक इनतहास की दृनटि से असधक उपयोगी न होते हए भी सं गम साहहत्य उस समय की सामाजजक व आर्थिक स्स्नत का अत्यंत प्भावी िैली में वण्भन करता है। हिप्पणी कीजजए।) 2013 - ! Given in Optional Notes Discuss the Tandava dance as recorded in the early Indian inscriptions. (आरस्भिक भारतीय शिलालेखो में ंअंहकत ‘ताण्डव’ नृत्य की नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013 - The Tandava dance is associated with Lord Shiva, who is believed to have performed it in various mythological stories. - The earliest references to the Tandava dance can be found in the Rigveda, which is an ancient Indian text. - The Tandava dance is mentioned in early Indian inscriptions such as the Hathigumpha inscription of the Kalinga king Kharavela, who lived in the 2nd century BCE. - The Tandava dance is described as a powerful and energetic dance form that involves vigorous movements of the arms, legs, and body. - The Tandava dance is said to have both masculine and feminine aspects, with the masculine aspect being more vigorous and energetic. - The Tandava dance is often performed in temples as a part of religious rituals and is also a popular form of classical Indian dance. Chola architecture represents a high watermark in the evolution of temple architecture. Discuss. (मत्न्र वास्तुकला के नवकास में चोल वास्तुकला का उच्च स्ान है। नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013 1. Use of Dravidian style: Chola temples were built in the Dravidian style, which is characterized by pyramid-shaped towers called gopurams, intricate carvings, and elaborate entranceways. The use of this style allowed for the construction of massive temple complexes that served as centers of religious and cultural activity. 2. Innovative construction techniques: Chola architects were known for their innovative construction techniques, which allowed them to build large and complex structures that could withstand the test of time. One of the most notable techniques was the use of granite blocks, which were cut to precise measurements and fitted together without the use of mortar. 3. Attention to detail: Chola architects paid close attention to every aspect of temple design, from the layout of the complex to the intricate carvings that adorned the walls and pillars. This attention to detail is evident in the intricate sculptures and carvings found at temples such as the Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur. 4. Religious significance: Chola temples were not just architectural marvels, but also important religious centers that played a significant role in the lives of the people. The temples were designed to facilitate religious practices and rituals, and many were built on sacred sites that had been revered for centuries. ]]>04-gs-1/1.-📜history/1.1-indian-culture-will-cover-the-salient-aspects-of-art-forms,-literature-and-architecture-from-ancient-to-modern-times.html04 GS-1/1. 📜History/1.1 Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.mdSun, 23 Mar 2025 15:20:22 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>08.1-ancient-history/9.-early-state-and-society-in-east-deccan-south/9.1-kharavelas.html08.1 Ancient-History/9. Early-State-and-Society-in-East-Deccan-South/9.1 Kharavelas.mdmock-test-analysis.htmlMock Test Analysis.mdMon, 21 Oct 2024 05:02:18 GMT3.1 Climate Change and Impact on India for more and better material
#todo Remove this section or the other one in Climate Change it is duplicate of above Primary Pollutant : persist in the form they are added, Secondary - formed by interaction w/ Primary ex peroxyacetyl nitrate Quantitative P : when conc increase beyond threshold, Qualitative - man made Biodegradable : Non Bio, Natural - Anthropogenic are other classification Air Pollutants and their sources CO : colourless, odourless, slows reflex, causes confusion CO2 :: greenhouse gas, impairs reflexes, vision, headaches, heart strain CFC : from AC/fridges, reduces O3 after contact w/ other gases Pb : affects children, nervous system damage, digestive problems O3 : pollutant at ground level causes smog, from vehicles & industries, makes eyes itch, burn, water, lowers resistance to cold and pneumonia, wheezing, chest pain, emphysema, bronchitis NOx : causes smog, acid rain, makes children prone to respiratory illness in winter, lung inflammation etc SPM : main sources of Haze, reduces RBC development. SO2/SOx : source is burning coal, industrial processes, smelting. Causes smog, acid rain, SO2, eye throat irritation, impairs enzyme fn, causes chlorosis, plasmolysis in plants. Smog : O3 leads to it, photochemical smog is a type, decreases UV radiation and Vitamin D deficiency. Mercury : from industries, nervous disorders, kidney issues, impairs brain, interferes w/ RBC dev. Cadmium : from industries, affects heart. Dust from Silica, Asbestos, Cotton textiles. Radioactive pollutants : Cosmic rays, x rays, beta rays, destroys living tissues, leukemia, affects cell membrane. in rural areas mostly caused due to fuel burning -> chemical agents produced are CO, polycyclic organic matter, formaldehyde In Urban areas -> chemical agents responsible for it are NO2, CO, Pb Volatile Organic Compounds : perfumes, air sprays, polishes, glues, etc causes nausea, eye irritation, damages liver Tobacco : burning eyes, throat irritation, cancer etc Biological P : pollen, pet hairs, fungi, parasites, bacteria Formaldehyde : from carpets, insulation foams, particle boards, eye irritation, allergies Radon : emitted naturally by soil, lung cancer Asbestos Pesticides rises w/ gases in the atm after combustion composed of Aluminium silicate, SiO2, CaO, rich in oxides, also has Fe oxides, Ca, Mg, Pb, Arsenic, Cobalt, Cu Causes air, water P ; respiratory issues, settles on leaves/crops lowering yield, Used in cement, brick, road embankment, to reclaim wasteland, fill abandoned mines, inc crop yield Primary Pollutants : persist in the form in which they are added viz DDT, plastic Secondary Pollutants : formed by interaction among primary ones. Quantitative pol. : they occur naturally and become polluting where their conc reaches beyond a threshhold Qualitative pol : do not occur in nature and are man-made. Biodegradable ex waster produects Non-Biodegradable that are not decomposed. Natural and Anthorpogenic are other types colourless, odourless gas that is produced by the incomplete burning lowers the amount of oxygen makes reflexes slow and confused. principle greenhouse gas emitted from air-conditioning systems and refrigeration rise to the stratosphere and dec the conc of ozone layer present in petrol, diesel, lead batteries, paints, hair dye products, etc. Lead affects children in particular. cause nervous system damage and digestive problems and cancer occurs naturally in the upper layers of the atmosphere but at ground level it is a pollutant and is highly toxic Vehicles and industries are the major source makes our eyes itch, burn, and water lowers our resistance to cold and pneumonia causes smog and acid rain produced from burning fuels including petrol, diesel, and coal makes children susceptible to respiratory diseases in winter major source of haze which reduces visibility consists of solids in the air in form of smoke, dust and vapour sources from thermal power plants, paper and smelting industries. contributor to smog and acid rain it leads to lung diseases. Heavy smog require calm wind and is common in winters. It decreases ultraviolet radiation and dec the production of natural Vitamin D. Volatile organic compounds : sources are perfumes, hair sprays, furniture polish, glues, air fresheners, moth repellents etc irritation of the eye, nose and throat, headaches, nausea and loss of coordination long term - suspected to damage the liver Tobacco : is carcinogenic, causes burning eyes etc. Biological pollutants includes pollen from plants, mite, and hair from pets, fungi, parasites, and some bacteria. Formaldehyde From carpets, particle boards, and insulation foam Causes irritation to eye and nose Radon emitted naturally by the soil, poor ventilation traps these in houses causing lung cancers. Asbestos and Pesticides are other examples. aka Flue ash or pulverised fuel ash it is a coal combustion product rises with the gases into the atmosphere, very fine powder. Ones which do not rise are called as bottom ash. composed of Aluminium silicate, Silicon dioxide (SiO2), Calcium oxide (CaO), Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) they also consist of oxides of iron, calcium, magnesium etc. have heavy metals Radiation emitted by them are 100 times more than nuclear waste Advantages of Fly Ash : reduces cost of construction by substituting cement bricks made of it are light weight and durable used in road embankments and in concrete roads to reclaim wastelands filling of abandoned mines Control Measures/ Preventive To control particulate matter, Arresters - removes particulate matter and scrubbers - to clean air for both dusts and gases, are used to remove pollutants from air Catalytic converter filters in the vehicles can convert nitrogen oxide to nitrogen and reduce the potential hazards of NOx. Gaseous pollutants can be controlled through Combustion, absorption and adsorption, efficient engines, catalytic convertors, good automobile fuels, Policy Measures Govt Initiatives : NAQM - National Air Quality Monitor
National Air Quality Index National Ambient Air Quality Standard NAAQs Point sources Non point sources ex community waste water and ndustrial wastes Agricultural sources Thermal pollution viz nuclear power plants under ground water pollution Marine pollution oil spills etc reduces Dissolved Oxygen content, chemicals present kill organisms. cause water borne diseases like malaria, typhoid etc. Mercury in water could cause mental derangement. excess fluoride caused neuro muscular disorder, excess exploitation could cause leaching of arsenic causing black foot disease. Biological magnification and eutrophication are other effects Riparian buffers Treatment of organic wastes Water Hyacinth can be used to remove some toxic material
Use of bregoli to clean oil spills #important addition of material that affects physical, chemical, biological properties Causes indiscrimnate use of fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides etc; urbanisation dumping of large quantities of solid waste, deforestatin, soil erosion radioactive wastes, others include acid rain etc Effects dec fertility, reduced N2 fixation, inc erosion health effects due to bio-magnification, release of pollutant gas Affects environment; in urban areas clogging of drains, inundation of areas, foul smell etc Noise level over 75db causes hearing damage Impact Annoyance Physiological effects viz blood pressure, heart beat etc Loss of hearing Human Performance decreases Tinnitus, feeling of tiredness Sleeplessness
5.1 Acts and Policies > Noise Pollution Rule 2000
According to this cities have been divided into 3 phases Types : Non ionising radiations have low permeability are short wave, solar radiation is a part of it. Causes blisters and reddening called sunburns Ionising radiation have high penetration power viz X rays, cosmic rays and atomic radiations Types of radiation particles : Alpha particles - blocked by a piece of paper and human skin Beta - penetrates through skin but glass and metal can block it Gamma - can penetrate and damage cells, only be blocked by thick concrete from discarded electronic gadets, not harmful if stored properly or scientifically recycled Various E waste sources are Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, Hexavalent Chromium, Brominated flame retardants, Barium, Berrylium etc IN collected only 10% e-waste generated in 2019 per CPCB total generation was 1mil tonne
5.1 Acts and Policies > E-Waste Management Rules 2016 discarded hazardous materials from industries, agriculture or communities ex garbage, refuse, sludge etc Effects land gets littered, causes reproductive problems in humans and wildlife Dioxin (highly carcinogenic and toxic) by-product of the manufacturing process of plastic is one of the chemicals believed to be passed on through breast milk to the nursing infant. Burning of plastics, especially PVC releases dioxin and furan into the atmosphere. Contamination of groundwater and soil through landfills is known as leaching. To counter this sanitary landfills are made. Types are Municipal, Hazardous, Biomedical/hospital ex formaldehyde, phenols, anatomical waste
Solid Waste Management Rules 2016 #PrelimsPYQ
Pyrolysis of carbonaceous wastes yields charcoal along with products like tar, methyl alcohol, acetic acid, acetone and a fuel gas. #PrelimsPYQ Open dumps, landfills, sanitary landfills, incineration plants, pyrolysis, composting etc Waste Minimisation Circles WMC : WB assisted, for minimising waste in Industrial clusters and plants plastic contamination of marine environment and land rate of UV induced photo-oxidative degradation is very slow and there is no easy way of collection of debris they degrade to give out micoparticulate particles <20microns in size adversely affecting marine animals is the rise or fall in the temperature of a natural aquatic environment caused by human influence. Sources are power plants, cooling water from factories, soil erosion, deforestation Causes algal bloom, affects ecosys composition Impact : death of acqutic organisms, migration of animals can also be caused by releasing extremely cold water Control Measure
Cogeneration : process through which, the excess heat energy from generating electricity can be used in another manufacturing process that needs such energy. #important treatment of discharge water their efficient use esp in power plants. Bioremediation is the use of microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) to degrade the environmental contaminants into less toxic forms. It can be monitored indirectly by measuring the Oxidation Reduction Potential or redox in soil and groundwater, pH, temperature, oxygen content, electron acceptor/donor concentrations, and concentration of breakdown products. Bioventing -supply of air and nutrients through wells to contaminated soil to stimulate the growth of indigenous bacteria. Biosparging - Injection of air under pressure below the water table to increase groundwater oxygen concentrations. Bioaugmentation - Microorganisms are imported to a contaminated site to enhance degradation process Landfarming - contaminated soil is excavated and spread over a prepared bed and periodically tilled until pollutants are degraded. Biopiles - it is a hybrid of landfarming and composting. Engineered cells are constructed as aerated composted piles. Uses petroleum hydrocarbons. Bioreactors -it involves the processing of contaminated solid material (soil, sediment, sludge) or water through an engineered containment system. Composting Phytoremediation is use of plants to remove contaminants from soil and water. Phytoextraction / phytoaccumulation is the process by which plants accumulate contaminants into the roots and above ground shoots or leaves. Phytotransformation or phytodegradation refers to the uptake of organic contaminants from soil, sediments, or water and their transformation to more stable, less toxic, less mobile form. Phytostabilization is a technique in which plants reduce the mobility and migration of contaminated soil. Phytodegradation or rhizodegradation is the breakdown of contaminants through the activity existing in the rhizosphere. Rhizofiltration is a water remediation technique that involves the uptake of contaminants by plant roots. is a form of bioremediation in which fungi are used to decontaminate the area. Mycofiltration is a similar process, using fungal mycelia to filter toxic waste and microorganisms from water in soil. Rain with a pH of less than 5.6 is acid rain. concentrated in industrialised belt of nothern hemisphere common in mountainous areas impacts soil, wildlife, microorganisms, Vegetation and Humans It increases the effect of other harmful pollutants this is called a trigger effect ex Mercury, Al, Cadmium, Lead, Asbestos Wet Deposition : acid air blown to areas where weather is wet, rainout and washout are processes that remove gases and particles from atmosphere Dry Deposition : in areas where weather is dry Sulphur oxides Nitrogen oxides Formic acid Chlorine Phosphoric Hydrochloric acid Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. ]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/1.-environmental,-ecology/1.5-envrionmental-pollution.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/1. 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Balyan World History Notes I.pdfSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:45 GMTattachements/10.2307@2155966.htmlAttachements/10.2307@2155966.pdfSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:45 GMT]]>attachements/44.htmlAttachements/44.pngSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:45 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/44.png"></figure>]]>attachements/370px-the_carbonate_cycle_in_the_water_environment.htmlAttachements/370px-The_carbonate_cycle_in_the_water_environment.jpgSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:45 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/370px-the_carbonate_cycle_in_the_water_environment.jpg"></figure>]]>attachements/1024px-amaravati_stupa._model._amaravati.htmlAttachements/1024px-Amaravati_stupa._Model._Amaravati.jpgSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:45 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/1024px-amaravati_stupa._model._amaravati.jpg"></figure>]]>attachements/1920px-permanent-court-of-arbitration-members.svg.htmlAttachements/1920px-Permanent-Court-of-Arbitration-Members.svg.pngSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:45 GMT<figure><img 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src="attachements/144110142sanchi_the_great_stupa_main.jpg"></figure>]]>attachements/1592982526041349195_dca41269e79d98d02470d7f84a63663c_image1.htmlAttachements/1592982526041349195_dca41269e79d98d02470d7f84a63663c_image1.pngSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:45 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/1592982526041349195_dca41269e79d98d02470d7f84a63663c_image1.png"></figure>]]>attachements/adichanallur.htmlAttachements/Adichanallur.jpgSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:45 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/adichanallur.jpg"></figure>attachements/art-and-architecture-200-bce-300-ce.htmlAttachements/Art and Architecture 200 BCE - 300 CE.pdfSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:45 GMTattachements/art-and-culture.htmlAttachements/Art and Culture.pdfSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:45 GMTattachements/ataturk(history.com).htmlAttachements/Ataturk(History.com).pdfSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:45 GMTattachements/august-offer-reception.htmlAttachements/August Offer reception.pdfSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:45 GMT]]>attachements/banahalli.htmlAttachements/Banahalli.jpgSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:45 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/banahalli.jpg"></figure>]]>attachements/bharhut_stupa_original_layout.htmlAttachements/Bharhut_stupa_original_layout.jpgSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:45 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/bharhut_stupa_original_layout.jpg"></figure>]]>attachements/brahmagiri.htmlAttachements/Brahmagiri.jpgSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:45 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/brahmagiri.jpg"></figure>]]>attachements/burzahom.htmlAttachements/Burzahom.jpgSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:45 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/burzahom.jpg"></figure>]]>attachements/calcium-cycle-in-the-transformation-of-carbon-into-acetylene-carbon-sources-include.htmlAttachements/Calcium-cycle-in-the-transformation-of-carbon-into-acetylene-Carbon-sources-include.pngSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:45 GMT<figure><img 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GMT]]>attachements/govt-initiatives-for-defence-indigenisation.htmlAttachements/Govt Initiatives for Defence Indigenisation.pngSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:45 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>]]>attachements/hallur.htmlAttachements/Hallur.jpgSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:45 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/hallur.jpg"></figure>attachements/how-to-prepare-for-essay-anudeep-summary.htmlAttachements/How to prepare for Essay Anudeep Summary.pdfSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:45 GMTattachements/iasbaba-omr.htmlAttachements/IASbaba-OMR.pdfSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:45 GMTattachements/iasbaba-omr-1.htmlAttachements/IASbaba-OMR 1.pdfSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:45 GMTattachements/imperialims-and-colonialism.htmlAttachements/Imperialims and Colonialism.pdfSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:45 GMTattachements/imperialims-and-colonialism-part-3.htmlAttachements/Imperialims and Colonialism Part 3.pdfSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:45 GMTattachements/indian-polity-laxmikanth-6th-edition-[freeupscmaterials.org].htmlAttachements/Indian Polity Laxmikanth 6th edition [freeupscmaterials.org].pdfSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:45 GMTattachements/indian-polity-laxmikanth-6th-edition-1.htmlAttachements/Indian Polity Laxmikanth 6th edition 1.pdfSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:45 GMTMoCTable of contents :
Variables and Simple Data types
Lists
Working with Lists
If statements
Dictionaries
User Input and While loops
Functions
Classes
Files and Exceptions What is Python? Cross platform -> multi OS supporting programming language. Traceback : error report13-01-2022 13:45 Every variable is connected to a value if the same variable is used Python keeps tracks of the most recent value can contain only letters, numbers and underscores, it can start with letters or underscores but not numbers No Spaces, Python functions and keywords should be avoided make them descriptive English spelling and grammar can be ignored name error is when we either forget to set variables value or made a spelling mistake think of variables as labes that has been assigned values are series of characters and enclosed within quotes single or double. Method = is an action python performs on a piece of data, every method is followed by a set of parentheses -> additional info can be provided inside parentheses. title() method changes each letter to being with capital letter and rest with lower cases. other methods are upper() lower() -> imp to store user input/ data before using them. a variables value can be used inside strings and are called as f-strings where f stands for format first_name = "ada" last_name = "lovelace" full_name = f"{first_name} {last_name}" # this is called a format string or f-string older Pythons use format() methods instead ex full_name = {} {}.format(first_name, last_name) print(full_name) whitespaces are nonprinting characters ex \t ,\n etc. they can be used tandemly together rstrip(), lstrip(), strip() method is used to remove extra whitespaces from a string. ** is exponential operation, Py follows DMAS Any no. with decimal pt is a float division of integers returns a float value underscores can be used to represent nos. ex 14_000_000_000. multiple variables can be assigned using 1 line. ex x, y, z = 0, 1, 2 a constant in programming is represented by all capitals. ex SPEED_OF_LIGHT = 300_000_000 `import this` -> The Zen of Python 1. Beautiful is better than ugly. 2. Simple is better than complex. 3. Complex is better than complicated. 4. Readability counts. 5. There should be one and preferably one obvious way to do it. 6. Now is better than never. list is a collection of items in a particular ordered used to store sets of information in one place represented by [] the position of each element has a certain index attached to it. It always starts from 0 and index -1 returns the last item and so on. Elements in the list can be changed ie added or removed. bike_companies = ['Ducati', 'Honda', 'Bajaj', 'Yamaha'] append() method is used to add items into a list. insert(at_position, value) method it stores a value at the specified location shifting every other value 1 position towards the right. del bike[0] wil delete that element
pop() method brings out the last item of the list to work with or for further use else use del function. Important : https://stackoverflow.com/questions/12182147/pop-index-out-of-range for a particular value to be removed use remove() method sort() method is used to arrange strings alphabetically and variables in ascending order; it permanently sorts the list. sort(reverse = True) for reverse alphabetical or descending order. sorted(list_variable) function does it termporarily and vice versa use sorted(list_variable, reverse = True). reverse() method reverse entire list permanently len(list_variable) function is used to find number of items in it. clear() method clears the list : list[::-1] also reverses the list. sum() function would also return sum of value of all elements in list product of list can be found after importing the numpy module and numpy.prod(list_name) or the math module and math.prod(list_name) list() method can be used to copy a list ex lst = list(list_name) for loop is used when same action needs to be done with every item in a list. nested for loops for i in range(4): for j in range(5): print(i, j) ## here for every iteration of i all the iterations of j will work #so when i = 0, j will assume all values from 0 to 4 range() function only prints the value 1 less than maximum, it gives out a sequence of numbers for the specified range, mostly used with for loops and list() function to give the sequence. range(start_value, stop_value, add_value) squares = [] # we created an empty list for value in range(1, 6): #here value variable assumes a value through 1 to 5 one by one. square = value ** 2 #another variable square is defined which should be equal to the square of every iteration of value variable. squares.append(square) #above square values is added to the list squares print(squares) #list is printed #shorted version of above program squares = [] for value in range(1,6): squares.append(value**2) #argument added to append() method print(squares) min(list_name) function gives the lowest integer value among digits. max(list_name) gives highest. sum(list_name) adds all values within the list. List Comprehensions : allows to generate lists using for loops in 1 line of code squares = [i**2 for i in range(1,11)]
list_name[1 : 5] would slice a list from index 1 to 4. for slicing last 3 elements list_name[-3 : ] could be used. list_name2 = list_name[:] copies the original list into a new one. Tuples : Lists can be modified ie new items can be added and remove but Tuples are immutable ie items in it cannot change. tuple_name = (23 , 731) tuple_name[0] et al brings about the respective items. are mostly used to store a set of values that should not change through the length of the program. if is an expression can be evaluated as True or False and is called a conditional test. == is like asking a question "is the value of car equal to 'bmw'? " whereas = is like a statement being made. variable_name.lower() == 'xyz'or variable_name.upper() == 'XYZ' would make them case insensitive ! means not and != means not equal to. and and or operators can be used for 2 conditional statements.
in and not keyword can be used to check for a particular item in a list, it can be used in tandem w/ if statement. Ex. Boolean expression like True and False can also be used along with if statements. for more than 2 possible situations if-elif-else syntax is used. elif would run if the previous if or elif statement fails. else statement can be excluded since it matches any condition that was not specified including invalid and malicious data. In if-elif-else as soon as one test passes the rest are ignored, so to check all conditions a series of if statements are used. # admin list and if-else statements sample program to check if list is empty or not. usernames = ['admin', 'swet91', '123username', 'myusername', 'swetsagar'] if usernames : #first if statement when usernames list is not empty. for username in usernames : if username == 'admin' : print(f"Hello {username}, would you like to have a status report.") else : print(f"Hello {username}, thank you for logging in again.") else : # when usernames list is empty print("We need to find some users.") It is a collection of key-value pairs both connected to each other, it is mutable ie new key value pairs can be added to it. stores mulitple information that can be mathced up ex alien_0 = {'color' : 'green', 'points' : 5} alien_0['color'] is used to access value associated to key 'color' alien_0['key'] = value adds new key-value pair in the dictionary. del alien_0['key'] would delete the entire key-value pair, removal is permanent get() used to set a default value that will be returned if the requested value does not exist. point.value = alien_0.get('key', 'Message') by default the message value is None item() method return a (key, value) tuple pair list. # loopoing through dictionaries dictionary_0 = {'a' : 1 , 'b' : 2 , 'c' : 3 ,} for alphabet, number in dictionary_0.items() : print(alphabet, end = " ") print(number) # for printing values through keys for key in dictionary_0 : print(dictionary_0[key]) keys() method returns a list of keys of a dictionary it is also the default behaviour when looping through dictionaries values() method returns list of values of a dictionary. set(list_name) function is used to remove duplicates from a list and return list of unique items. Creating a set languages = {'Hindi', 'English', 'French'} -> ex of a set. It is similar to dictionary but no key-value pair. Nesting : dictionaries can be put into lists, or list of items as values in a dictionary this is called nesting. # nested list in a dictionary favorite_places = { 'Superman' : ['Detroit', 'New York',], 'Ironman' : ['Michigan', 'Bangalore', 'New Delhi'], 'Hulk' : ['Rachenahalli', 'Main Road'], } for name, places in favorite_places.items() : print(f"Hello, {name} your favorite places are") for place in places : #this is an important line. print(f"{place}") input() function accepts user input. while loops could be used for playing games as long as you want to and close when you want to. while True : loop would run forever until it reaches a break statement. #prgram to print natural numbers from 1 to 10 using while loop current_number = 1 while current_number <= 1 : ## this is called a conditional statement print(current_number) current_number += 1. += operator adds 2 values together assigning the final value to a variable % modulo operator tells the remainder # running until user write Quit prompt_exit = "I repeat what you write. Write something." prompt_exit += "Enter quit to exit the program." message = "" #empty string defined for while loop to check something first time it runs while message != 'quit' : message = input(prompt_exit) print(message) flag variable acts as signal to the program which will run till it is True and if any of its several mentions becomes False program ends. break will immediately exits a withou running remaining code loop. continue statement will return to beginning of loop. #using while and continue to print odd numbers starting_digit = 1 while starting_digit <= 10 : starting_digit += 1 if current_number %2 == 0: continue print(starting_digit) # adding items to new list using while loop unconfirmed_users = [ 'alice', 'brin', 'candice'] confirmed_users = [] while unconfirmed_users : # **IMPORTANT** it means the while loop will run as long as the list is not empty current_user = unconfirmed_users.pop() # removes unverified users one at a time from the end print(f"verifying user : {current_user}") confirmed_users.append(current_user) # adding confirmed users into a new list print("confirmed user list is : ") for confirmed_user in confirmed_users : # printing users from the confirmed users list. print(confirmed_user) # filling dictionary with user input polling_active = True # flag variable responses = {} # empty dictionary to store responses while polling_active : # condition until flag variable is True name = input("what is your name? ") # 1st input for dictionary (key) response = input("name a mountain peak you wish to climb") #2nd input (value) responses[name] = response # function to store responses to dictionary # Below is to find if more polls are to be taken or end program repeat = input(" Would you like to let another person respond? (yes/no)") if repeat == 'no' : polling_active = False # printing contents of dictionary print("Poll results") for name, response in responses.items() : print(f"{name} would like to climb {response}") They are blocks of code that do one specific job for that you need to call the function. modules are separate files where functions are stored and help to organise your main program files. docstring is a multiline comment """ """ # greet user function def greet_user(username) : # defining the function using 'def' keword ## within the parentheses it holds info print(f"hello, {username.title()}") # body of the function greet_user('Batman') # calling the functions Arguments : is info used to call a function ex 'Batman' in above code. Parameters : the variable username used during defining the function in above program is called a parameter. Positional Arguments : need to be in same order as the parameters written, values matched up this was are called positional arguments. Ex. def pet_info(animal_type, pet_name) : Keyword Arguments : here each argument consists of variable name and a value they are a name-value pair; and lists and dictionaries of values. Are used to avoid order confusion that is with positional arguments. while calling the function we tell Python how each parameter and argument be matched with. pet_info(animal_type = 'dog', pet_name = 'suzie') Default values for each parameter runs when function argument is not given. def pet_info(animal_type = 'dog', pet_name) : while calling simply stating pet_info('Suzie') would give the output including the pet type. Return Values : value a function return is called return value return statement is used for it which is assigned to a variable. #making a dictionary from user input using function and while loops. def make_album(artist_name, album_title) : album_detail = {'Name of Artist' : artist_name, 'Title of album : ' : album_title} for name, title in album_detail.items() : print(name, end = " ") print(title) while True : artist_name = input("Please enter a name or q to quit.") if artist_name == 'q' : break album_title = input("Please enter album title or q to quit.") if album_title == 'q' : break make_album(artist_name, album_title) #passing a list in a function def greet_user(names) : for name in names : print(f"Hello, {name.title()}") usernames = ['a', 'b', 'c'] # passing a list to a function to print greet_user(usernames) # greeting a specific set of users def function_name(*argument) is used when multiples calls have to be used/ for passing an arbitrary number of arguments, arguments are packed into a tuple. they are placed at last while defining function. def function_name(**argument) allows user to any number of name-value pairs and these name-value pairs are packed in a dictionary in a dictionary called argument import statements tells Python to make code in a module availabe in currently running program. helping focus more on higher level logic, reuse functions in other programs. to use libraries of functions that other programmers have written. from module_name import function_1, function_2, function_3 used to import multiple functions from module. from module_name import makepizza as mp used to give aliases to function import pizza as p for giving modules an alias. from module import * import all functions from module. Object Oriented programming OOPS you write classes that represent real world things and situations. Making an object from a class is called instantiation. function that is part of a class is called method. attributes are variables that are accessible through instances self parameter class Dog : # class called dog def __init__(self, name, age) : ##__init__ special method that runs we create a new instance based on Dog class ## name, age are instance attributes self.name = name self.age = age def sit(self) : print(f"{self.name} is now sitting") def roll_over(self) : print(f"{self.name} rolled over") #creating instances from a Class my_dog = Dog('suzie', '6') print(f"My dog's name is {my_dog.name}") print(f"My dog is {my_dog.age} years old") #accessing attributes Dot(.) notation is used print(my_dog.name) print(my_dog.age) # calling methods instance_name.method() my_dog.sit() my_dog.roll_over() # creating another instance/ multiple instances. your_dog = Dog('lucy', 5) print(f"Your dogs name is {your_dog.name}") print(f"Your dogs age is {your_dog.age}") your_dog.sit() your_dog.roll_over() Modifying attributes value through instance directly my_new_car.odometer_reading = 23000 Modifying attributes value through method def update_odometer(self, mileage) : self.odometer_reading = mileage then calling it through my_new_car.update_odometer(24000) Inheritance : used to write a version of a specialised/original class aka parent class . Resulting class is called a child class. # child class example class ElectricCar(Car) : # ElectricCar is the child class/subclass def __init__(self, make, model, year) : super().__init__(make, model, year) # super() used to call method from parent class/superclass self.battery_size = 75 def describe_battery(self) : print(f"This car has a {self.battery_size} Kwh battery.") my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla', 'model s', 2019) # we are creating a new object called my_tesla from class Car with the attributes make, model, year # this my_tesla here refers to self above print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name()) my_tesla.describe_battery() one can override any method from parent class that does not fit in the child clas. instance variables and attributes are the same __init__() is called a constructor self function shoudl be given to all methods within the class classes can also be imported just like functions from module_name import Class import module_name imports entire module to access more classes from it by using modulle_name.ClassName exceptions are special objects Python creates to manage errors while program is running. json allows to save user data when program stops running with open('pi_digits.txt') as file_object: contents = file_object.read() print(contents) open(file_name.xyz) is used to open file to open files to access it, it returns an object representing the file. with closes the file once access to it is not needed ie it opens and closes the file properly. close() can also be used to close the program -> if you do not know how to use it data could be lost or corrupted. read() is used to read entire content of file and store is as one long string in contents variable. It returns an empty string/ a blank like at the end of the output to remove it rstrip() can be used. File paths to open from different folders with open(folder_name/filename.txt -> aka a relative file path used to open from directory other than from where your programs are stored. Absolute file path is when complete file path is used. readlines() method takes each line from stores it in a list to be used outside of the with open() block IMP : an invisible newline character is there at the end of each line in the text file to remove this we add rstrip() Files could be opened in read mode 'r', write mode 'w', append mode 'a', or read and write mode together 'r+' write(str) used to write strings. In write mode 'w' python erases the contents before returning the file Exceptions are used to manage errors that arise during program execution using a try-except block. Program runs even if there is an error. try: print(5/0) #if this code would have worked Py would have skipped except block except ZeroDivisionError: print("not possible") split() method can build a list of words from a string, it separates into parts wherever words have space b/w them. pass is used to do nothing. # sample program to find number of words in a text filenames = ['siddhartha.txt'] for file in filenames: try: with open(file, encoding='utf-8') as f: content = f.read() print(content) words = content.split() # content that is one big string is split into a list of words # len() funtion is used to find total words from that list of words num_words = len(words) print(num_words) except FileNotFoundError: print(f'File {f} is missing') json or Javascript Object Notation module allows to dump simple Python data structure into file and load the datat from that file next time program runs. ord() function returns the ASCII value of a given string/character saving data using import json numbers = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13] filename = 'numbers.json' with open(filename, 'w') as f : json.dump(numbers, f) reading datat using json import json filename = 'numbers.json' with open(filename) as f : numbers = json.load(f) print(numbers) Refactoring : breaking a code into a series of fucntions that have a specific jobs to make it work better. # take an input from user save it in a file and bring it out when run again. import json filename = 'numbers.json' try : with open(filename) as f : fav_number = json.load(f) except : fav_number = int(input("Enter your favorite number : ")) with open(filename, 'w') as f : fav_number = json.dump(fav_number, f) print('Okay, number saved.') else : print(f"Your favorite number is {fav_number}.") If condition can be handled using normal flow of control dont use an exception.
#todo if __name__ == '__main__' unittest.main()
all() function returns true if all elements of a given iteration are True else it returns False. count(value) method returns the number of elements with the specified value. list.count(value) would print the number of time value appears in the list. ]]>10.-knowledge-dump/note-bin/python/python-programming-crash-course-summary.html10. Knowledge Dump/Note Bin/Python/Python Programming Crash Course Summary.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>10.-knowledge-dump/some-other-battles-during-this-time.html10. Knowledge Dump/Some other Battles during this time.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT10.-knowledge-dump/straits.html10. Knowledge Dump/Straits.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT10.-knowledge-dump/untitled.html10. Knowledge Dump/Untitled.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT10.-knowledge-dump/non-environmental-conventions.html10. Knowledge Dump/Non Environmental Conventions.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT09-web-clippings/india-misses-re-capacity-target-due-to-low-solar-rooftop,-wind-energy-project-installations-parliamentary-panel-the-hindu.html09 Web Clippings/India misses RE capacity target due to low solar rooftop, wind energy project installations Parliamentary panel - The Hindu.md09-web-clippings/india-unveils-'dynamic'-foreign-trade-policy,-eyes-$2-trn-exports-by-2030.html09 Web Clippings/India unveils 'dynamic' foreign trade policy, eyes $2 trn exports by 2030.mdSun, 02 Apr 2023 03:12:13 GMT
Credit: Twitter / @DrSJaishankarIndia’s response to the recent devastating earthquake in Turkey and Syria reflects its policy of robust engagement in the Middle East. It follows a visit by Egyptian President Abdel Fateh el-Sisi to India, and an expansion of ties with Israel and Arab countries in the Gulf. Coupled with long-standing connections to Iran, India’s overtures to Turkey, Israel, and the Arab states position India as a potentially significant actor in the Middle East at a time when the United States appears to be downsizing its position in the region.
India has, since independence, engaged actively with the Middle East. The quality of that engagement has changed in recent years, reflecting India’s desire to be a more assertive global power in a multipolar world. India’s quick large-scale aid for Turkey and Syria is part of its desire to be seen as the country of first response, providing disaster relief and humanitarian assistance in its wider neighborhood.
But the latest emergency response – which includes an entire field hospital and medical team along with machines, medicines, and hospital beds — is strategic, not just humanitarian. It is part of several actions enhancing India’s profile across the Middle East.
On January 26, the Egyptian president was chief guest for India’s 74th Republic Day. Earlier, India had announced its strong investment in the West Asia Quad or I2U2 – a grouping of India, Israel, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and the United States.India’s objective is to make sure that its interests are not left unguarded because of the vacuum created in the Middle East by Washington’s focus on peer competition with China and on Russia’s actions in Eurasia. The Middle East is a critical source of investment, energy, and remittances for India. The region also shares India’s security concerns, especially about Islamist extremism and terrorism. India wants to be ready to for any fallout from U.S. withdrawal from the greater Middle East.Indians point to their historical and civilizational ties with the Middle East going back over 2,000 years and the close ties between leaders of India’s independence struggle and the region’s anti-colonial movements. During the Cold War, most Middle Eastern countries were part of the non-aligned movement, which was founded, among others, by India and Egypt.While historical factors, and the popularity of Bollywood films, make for good sentimental talking points, the substance of current Indian relations with the region relates to economics, trade, and investment.
Around 8.9 million Indians reside in the Gulf, with around 3.4 million in the United Arab Emirates and 2.5 million in Saudi Arabia. Fifty percent of India’s over $80 billion in remittances annually come from the Gulf countries. Trade and investment between India and Middle Eastern countries have grown exponentially over the last decade. For instance, India’s bilateral trade with Egypt stands at $7.26 billion, with over 50 Indian companies investing $3.15 billion in the Egyptian economy.
The United Arab Emirates is India’s third-largest global trading partner. Since the signing in 2022 of a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA), India’s trade with the UAE has increased by over 38 percent to $88 billion. India’s strategic partnership with the UAE is at the heart of I2U2.
Similarly, Saudi Arabia is India’s fourth-largest trading partner and the source of 18 percent of India’s crude oil imports. Saudi investments in Indian infrastructure — railways, roads, ports, and shipping — are growing, as are investments in India’s manufacturing and digital sectors.
India, which imports 80 percent of its oil and gas, sourced 60 percent of its energy imports from the Gulf countries. The UAE is helping India address its concerns about energy security by contributing to India’s strategic oil reserves. Moreover, collaboration between India and the Middle Eastern countries has also grown in renewable energy sources.
India has managed good relations with not just the Arab Gulf countries but also with Israel, Turkey, and Iran. Israel is one of the top three suppliers of defense equipment to India, with 43 percent of Israel’s arms exports being sold to India. At the same time, India has been careful not to disrupt its relations with Iran, despite geopolitical challenges.During the 1990s India initiated its “Look East” policy, which led to strong economic and strategic relations with countries in East and Southeast Asia. India now seems to be pursuing a similar policy of looking to its immediate west for economic as well as strategic reasons.]]>09-web-clippings/india-ups-its-game-in-the-middle-east-–-the-diplomat.html09 Web Clippings/India Ups Its Game in the Middle East – The Diplomat.mdSat, 25 Mar 2023 03:26:06 GMT<figure><img src="https://thediplomat.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/sizes/td-story-s-1/thediplomat_2023-02-14-182030.jpeg"></figure>09-web-clippings/japan-pm-fumio-kishida-meets-modi,-says-will-announce-new-indo-pacific-plan-reader-view.html09 Web Clippings/Japan PM Fumio Kishida meets Modi, says will announce new Indo-Pacific plan Reader View.mdMon, 20 Mar 2023 13:44:04 GMT Source: Landslide Inventory of India, Landslide Atlas of India, ISRO
Landslides are broadly classified based on the type of materials involved (rock, debris, soil, loose mud), type of movement of the material (fall, topple, slide, rotational slide or translational slide), and type of flow of the material. Another category is of landslides that spread laterally. Landslides mapped in the ISRO atlas are mainly event-based and season-based.
ISRO’s National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Hyderabad, has created a database of landslide-prone regions of India based on events during 1998 – 2022, primarily along the Himalayas and the Western Ghats. In addition to aerial images, high resolution satellite images captured using cameras Indian Remote Sensing (IRS-1D) PAN + LISS-III, satellites ResourceSat-1 and 2, etc., were used to study the landslides over the past 25 years. The pan-India landslide database classifies landslides into – seasonal (2014, 2017 monsoon seasons), event-based and route-based (2000 – 2017).
Landslide hotspot areas in India (1998-2022). (Source: Landslide Inventory of India, Landslide Atlas of India, ISRO)India is considered among the top five landslide-prone countries globally, where at least one death per 100 sq km is reported in a year due to a landslide event. Rainfall variability pattern is the single biggest cause for landslides in the country, with the Himalayas and the Western Ghats remaining highly vulnerable.Excluding snow covered areas, approximately 12.6 per cent of the country’s geographical land area (0.42 million sq km) is prone to landslides. As many as 66.5 per cent of the landslides are reported from the North-western Himalayas, about 18.8 per cent from the North-eastern Himalayas, and about 14.7 per cent from the Western Ghats.
Nearly half of the country’s landslide-prone area (0.18 sq km) is located in the states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Manipur, Tripura and Nagaland. Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir cover 0.14 million sq km of the total landslide-prone areas, whereas Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu account for 0.09 million sq km. A relatively small area (0.01 million sq km) of the Araku region in Andhra Pradesh along the Eastern Ghats, too, reports landslide events.In the Western Ghats, despite fewer events, landslides were found to be making inhabitants significantly vulnerable to fatalities, especially in Kerala.
Districts with landslide risk exposureUttakarkhand, Kerala, Jammu and Kashmir, Mizoram, Tripura, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh reported the highest number of landslides during 1998 – 2022.Mizoram topped the list, recording 12,385 landslide events in the past 25 years, of which 8,926 were recorded in 2017 alone. Likewise, 2,071 events of the total 2,132 landslides reported in Nagaland during this period occurred during the 2017 monsoon season. Manipur, too, showed a similar trend, wherein 4,559 out of 5,494 landslide events were experienced during the rainy season of 2017. Of the total 690, Tamil Nadu suffered 603 landslide events in 2018 alone.Among all these states, an alarming situation is emerging from Uttarakhand and Kerala.
Top 30 districts based on exposure to landslides. (Source: Landslide Atlas of India)While Uttarakhand’s fragility was recently exposed during the land subsidence events reported from Joshimath since January, this Himalayan state has experienced the second highest number (11,219) of landslides since 1998, all events since occurring post 2000. The year-wise number of landslide events in the state is: 2003 (32), 2010 (307), 2012 (473), 2013 (6,610), 2017 (1), 2021 (329) and 2022 (1).The number of districts with the maximum landslide exposure are in Arunachal Pradesh (16), Kerala (14), Uttarakhand and Jammu and Kashmir (13 each), Himachal Pradesh, Assam and Maharashtra (11 each), Mizoram (8) and Nagaland (7).Kerala has been consistently reporting massive landslides since it suffered the century’s worst floods in 2018. The year-wise landslide events here are 2018 (5,191), 2019 (756), 2020 (9) and 2021 (29).From the events and images obtained, the NRSC ranked Rudraprayag in Uttarakhand at the top of 147 vulnerable districts. It has the highest landslide density in the country, along with having the highest exposure to total population and number of houses.Anjali Marar is the Science Communication and Outreach Manager at the Raman Research Institute, Bengaluru]]>09-web-clippings/landslide-atlas-of-india-which-states,-regions-are-most-vulnerable-explained-news,the-indian-express.html09 Web Clippings/Landslide Atlas of India Which states, regions are most vulnerable Explained News,The Indian Express.mdSat, 11 Mar 2023 10:21:28 GMT<figure><img src="https://images.indianexpress.com/2023/03/Landslide-2.jpg"></figure>09-web-clippings/microearthquakes-th.html09 Web Clippings/Microearthquakes TH.mdFri, 07 Apr 2023 05:03:15 GMTThe Indian Express.The amendments assume significance ahead of India’s proposed FATF assessment, which is expected to be undertaken later this year. India’s assessment is likely to come up for discussion in the plenary discussion in June, while the possible onsite assessment is slated for November.Due to the pandemic and the pause in the FATF’s assessment process, the fourth round of mutual evaluation of India had been postponed to 2023. Before this, the FATF had undertaken an evaluation for India in June 2010.The FATF, which is the global money laundering and terrorist financing watchdog, has 40 recommendations. In its recommendations, the FATF states that financial institutions should be required to have appropriate risk-management systems to determine whether a customer or beneficial owner is a domestic PEP or a person who is or has been entrusted with a prominent function by an international organisation.An official said the broader objective is to bring in legal uniformity and remove ambiguities before the FATF assessment. The 40 recommendations cover seven areas and provide a framework of measures. This is to help countries tackle illicit financial flows through laws, regulations and operational measures to ensure authorities can take action to detect and disrupt financial flows that fuel crime and terrorism.The seven areas are anti-money laundering/counter-terrorist financing; policies and coordination; money laundering and confiscation; terrorist financing and financing of proliferation; preventive measures; transparency and beneficial ownership of legal persons and arrangements; powers and responsibilities of competent authorities and other institutional measures; and international cooperation.The amended rules have also lowered the threshold for identifying beneficial owners by reporting entities, where the client is acting on behalf of its beneficial owner, in line with the Companies Act and Income-tax Act.The term ‘beneficial owner’ was defined to mean ownership of or entitlement to more than 25 per cent of shares or capital or profit of the company, which has now been reduced to 10 per cent, thereby bringing more indirect participants within the reporting net.Also, reporting entities are now required to register details of the client if it’s a non-profit organisation on the DARPAN portal of NITI Aayog. “Every Banking Company or Financial Institution or intermediary, as the case may be, shall register the details of a client, in case of client being a non-profit organisation, on the DARPAN Portal of NITI Aayog, if not already registered, and maintain such registration records for a period of five years after the business relationship between a client and a reporting entity has ended or the account has been closed, whichever is later,” the notification said.This has been done with the purpose to have some repository of basic information on all NGOs in the Darpan portal of NITI Aayog, one of the officials cited above said.The definition of a non-profit organisation has also been amended and linked to the definition of charitable purpose provided under Section 2(15) of the Income Tax Act, 1961 to include any entity or organisation, constituted for religious or charitable purposes under I-T Act, that is registered as a trust or society under the Societies Registration Act or any similar state legislation or a company registered under the Companies Act.The due diligence documentation requirements, which were until now limited to obtaining the basic KYCs of clients such as registration certificates, PAN copies and documents of officers holding an attorney to transact on behalf of the client, have now been extended.It now includes submission of details such as names of persons holding senior management positions, names of partners, names of beneficiaries, trustees, settlors and authors, as the case may be, depending upon the legal form of organisation. Also, the details of the registered office address and principal place of business are now required to be submitted by clients to financial institutions, banking companies or intermediaries.]]>09-web-clippings/amendments-to-pmla-rules-and-its-impact-on-‘politically-exposed-persons’,-ngos-explained-news,the-indian-express.html09 Web Clippings/Amendments to PMLA rules and its impact on ‘politically exposed persons’, NGOs Explained News,The Indian Express.mdSat, 11 Mar 2023 10:49:39 GMT09-web-clippings/can-india-emerge-a-global-chip-powerhouse-–-the-diplomat.html09 Web Clippings/Can India Emerge a Global Chip Powerhouse – The Diplomat.md09-web-clippings/comparative-analysis-of-impeachment-procedure-of-president-of-india-and-the-u.s..html09 Web Clippings/Comparative Analysis of Impeachment Procedure of President of India and the U.S..mdThu, 06 Apr 2023 03:15:56 GMTSurat court in a 2019 defamation case, over his remarks about the “Modi” surname. The conviction triggered the process of his disqualification as a lawmaker.Article 102 deals with the disqualification of MPs from either house of the Parliament.Part (1) of the article lists the reasons why an MP can be disqualified. These include, “(a) if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State, other than an office declared by Parliament by law not to disqualify its holder; (b) if he is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court; (c) if he is an undischarged insolvent; (d) if he is not a citizen of India, or has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign State, or is under any acknowledgment of allegiance or adherence to a foreign State; (e) if he is so disqualified by or under any law made by Parliament.”
In Rahul Gandhi’s case, the last point (if he is so disqualified by or under any law made by Parliament) applies. The law under which he has been disqualified is the Representation of People Act, 1951.The Representation of the People Act, 1951 is an act of Parliament of India to provide for the conduct of election of the Houses of Parliament and to the House or Houses of the Legislature of each State, the qualifications and disqualifications for membership of those Houses, the corrupt practices and other offences at or in connection with such elections and the decision of doubts and disputes arising out of or in connection with such elections. It was introduced in Parliament by law minister Dr BR Ambedkar.Advertisement
There are several provisions that deal with disqualification under the RPA.
First, disqualification is triggered for conviction under certain offences listed in Section 8(1) of The Representation of The People Act. This includes specific offences such as promoting enmity between two groups, bribery, and undue influence or personation at an election. Senior Samajwadi Party leader Azam Khan lost his Uttar Pradesh Assembly membership in October 2022 after he was convicted in a hate speech case. Defamation does not fall in this list.Section 8(2) also lists offences that deal with hoarding or profiteering, adulteration of food or drugs and for conviction and sentence of at least six months for an offence under any provisions of the Dowry Prohibition Act.AdvertisementSection 8(3) states: “A person convicted of any offence and sentenced to imprisonment for not less than two years shall be disqualified from the date of such conviction and shall continue to be disqualified for a further period of six years since his release.” This is the provision under which Rahul Gandhi has been disqualified.The disqualification can be reversed if a higher court grants a stay on the conviction or decides the appeal in favour of the convicted lawmaker. Significantly, the stay cannot merely be a suspension of sentence under Section 389 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), but a stay of conviction.Over the years, the law has changed when it comes to disqualification. Under the RPA, Section 8(4) stated that the disqualification takes effect only “after three months have elapsed” from the date of conviction. Within that period, lawmakers could file an appeal against the sentence before the High Court.
However, in the landmark 2013 ruling in ‘Lily Thomas v Union of India’, the Supreme Court struck down Section 8(4) of the RPA as unconstitutional. This is what has allowed the Lok Sabha Secretariat to immediately disqualify Rahul Gandhi.]]>09-web-clippings/disqualification-of-rahul-gandhi.html09 Web Clippings/Disqualification of Rahul Gandhi.mdTue, 28 Mar 2023 10:05:27 GMTA woman walks past the logo of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), at its headquarters in Mumbai. File photo. | Photo Credit: Reuters
The story so far: On February 22, the National Stock Exchange of India received the final approval from the markets regulator Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) to set up a Social Stock Exchange (SSE). Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, presenting the Union Budget back in 2019, had proposed to initiate steps for creating a stock exchange under the market regulator’s ambit. She had argued that it was time “to take our capital markets closer to the masses and meet various social welfare objectives to inclusive growth and financial inclusion.” The proposal was cleared in September 2021.
The SSE would function as a separate segment within the existing stock exchange and help social enterprises raise funds from the public through its mechanism. It would serve as a medium for enterprises to seek finance for their social initiatives , acquire visibility and provide increased transparency about fund mobilisation and utilisation. Retail investors can only invest in securities offered by for-profit social enterprises (SEs) under the Main Board. In all other cases, only institutional investors and non-institutional investors can invest in securities issued by SEs.Any non-profit organisation (NPO) or for-profit social enterprise (FPSEs) that establishes the primacy of social intent would be recognised as a social enterprise (SE), which will make it eligible to be registered or listed on the SSE.The seventeen plausible criteria as listed under Regulations 292E of SEBI’s ICDR (Issue of Capital and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2018 entail that enterprises must be serving to eradicate either hunger, poverty, malnutrition and inequality; promoting education, employability, equality, empowerment of women and LGBTQIA+ communities; working towards environmental sustainability; protection of national heritage and art or bridging the digital divide, among other things. At least 67% of their activities must be directed towards attaining the stated objective. This is to be established by enumerating that, in the immediately preceding three-year period, either 67% of its average revenue came from the eligible activities, expenditure (in the same proportion) was incurred towards attaining the objective or the target population constitute 67% of the overall beneficiary base. Corporate foundations, political or religious organisations or activities, professional or trade associations, infrastructure and housing companies (except affordable housing) would not be identified as an SE.Additionally, NPOs would be deemed ineligible should it be dependent on corporates for more than 50% of its funding.NPOs can raise money either through issuance of Zero Coupon Zero Principal (ZCZP) Instruments from private placement or public issue, or donations from mutual funds. SEBI had earlier recognised that NPOs by their very nature have primacy of social impact and are non-revenue generating. Thus, there was a need to provide NPOs a direct access to securities market for raising funds. ZCZP bonds differ from conventional bonds in the sense that it entails zero coupon and no principal payment at maturity. The latter provisions a fixed interest (or repayment) on the funds raised through varied contractual agreement, whereas ZCZP would not provision any such return instead promising a social return.
Also read |**‘Can allow non-profit organisations to list on social stock exchanges’**It is mandatory that the NPO is registered with the SSE for facilitating the issuance. The instrument must have a specific tenure and can only be issued for a specific project or activity that is to be completed within a specified duration as mentioned in the fund-raising document (to be submitted to the SSE). It must also demonstrate the requisite expertise through their performance in similar projects in the past, thus, acquiring investor confidence and tackle concerns about potential default.The minimum issue size is presently prescribed as Rs 1 crore and minimum application size for subscription at Rs 2 lakhs for ZCZP issuance.The NPO may choose to register on the SSE and not raise funds through it but via other means. However, they would have to make necessary disclosures about the same.Another structured finance product available for NPOs is the Development Impact Bonds. Upon the completion of a project and having delivered on pre-agreed social metrices at pre-agreed costs/rates, a grant is made to the NPO. The donor who makes the grant upon achieving the social metrics would be referred to as ‘Outcome Funders’.Since the payment above is on post facto basis, the NPOs would have to also raise money to finance their operations. This is done by a ‘Risk Funder’ who alongside enabling the financing of operations on a pre-payment basis, also bears the associated risk with non-delivery of social metrics. S/he typically earns a small return if the metrics are delivered.For-Profit Enterprises (FPEs) need not register with social stock exchanges before it raises funds through SSE. However, it must comply with all provisions of the ICDR Regulations when raising through the SSE. It can raise money through issue of equity shares (on main board, SME platform or innovators growth platform of the stock exchange) or issuing equity shares to an Alternative Investment Fund including Social Impact Fund or issue of debt instruments.SEBI’s regulations state that a social enterprise should submit an annual impact report in a prescribed format. The report must be audited by a social audit firm and has to be submitted within 90 days from the end of the financial year.Listed NPOs, on a quarterly basis, are specifically required to furnish details about the money they have raised category-wise, how they have been utilised and the unutilised balance amount. The latter needs to be furbished until the proceeds are fully utilised or the purpose has been achieved. On February 22, the National Stock Exchange of India received the final approval from the markets regulator Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) to set up a Social Stock Exchange (SSE). Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, presenting the Union Budget back in 2019, had proposed to initiate steps for creating a stock exchange under the market regulator’s ambit. The SSE would function as a separate segment within the existing stock exchange and help social enterprises raise funds from the public through its mechanism. SEBI’s regulations state that a social enterprise should submit an annual impact report in a prescribed format. The report must be audited by a social audit firm and has to be submitted within 90 days from the end of the financial year. ]]>09-web-clippings/explained-combining-social-welfare-and-capital-markets-through-sse-the-hindu.html09 Web Clippings/Explained Combining social welfare and capital markets through SSE - The Hindu.mdSat, 18 Mar 2023 10:36:46 GMT<figure><img src="https://www.thehindu.com/theme/images/th-online/1x1_spacer.png"></figure>
Credit: Depositphotos
In the beginning of February, France, India, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) came together to announce a new trilateral partnership to work on a number of areas including defense, technology and energy. The three foreign ministers — Catherine Colonna of France, S. Jaishankar of India, and Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan of the UAE — met for the first time in a trilateral format in September last year on the sidelines of the U.N. General Assembly in New York. The February 4 phone call involving the three foreign ministers was a follow up to “adopt a roadmap for implementation” of their trilateral initiative.
Indian Foreign Minister Jaishankar tweeted after the call: “Productive conversation with colleagues, French FM @MinColonna and UAE FM @ABZayed today evening. Took forward discussions of New York on building practical projects that will benefit the region.” The minister added that the three discussed “convergences and further collaboration in education, business, maritime, culture and green energy for a stable peaceful and prosperous Indo-Pacific.”
Meanwhile, India’s Foreign Secretary Vinay Kwatra was in Paris for a meeting of focal points of the France-India-UAE trilateral partnership. Kwatra and his counterparts discussed areas for trilateral cooperation including in defense, energy and the environment, innovation, and people-to-people exchanges. The meeting coming in the backdrop of the foreign ministers’ call, putting in place an action plan for their trilateral cooperation. That demonstrates the intent and support that the trilateral partnership holds in all the three capitals.
According to an Indian Ministry of External Affairs press statement on the ministers’ meeting, the three countries came to an agreement that their trilateral cooperation initiative “will serve as a forum to promote the design and execution of cooperation projects in the fields of energy, with a focus on solar and nuclear energy, as well as in the fight against climate change and the protection of biodiversity, particularly in the Indian Ocean region.” In order to address issues of concern around the Indian Ocean region, the three countries agreed that they will “explore the possibility of working with the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) to pursue concrete, actionable projects on clean energy, the environment, and biodiversity.”The three partners are looking to hold a series of events during India’s G-20 presidency and the UAE’s scheduled hosting of COP 28 in 2023, where many of their common agendas can be pushed further. The three countries are also planning to expand their cooperative agenda using existing platforms and initiatives like the Mangrove Alliance for Climate led by the UAE and the Indo-Pacific Parks Partnership led by India and France. The three countries identified defense as a core area for building closer cooperation and accordingly, France, India, and the UAE are making efforts “to further promote compatibility, and joint development and co-production, whilst seeking out avenues for further collaboration and training between the three countries’ defense forces.” Both India and the UAE have purchased the French Rafale fighters, making them ideal partners in furthering the defense agenda.
France’s first military base in the Gulf is located in Abu Dhabi, yet another dimension of the security focus in some of these emerging partnerships. The military base is situated on the strategically significant Strait of Hormuz, between the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf. Development of a trilateral cooperative agenda between academic and research institutions with the goal “to promote co-innovation projects, technology transfer, and entrepreneurship” was also agreed upon by the three ministers. For this, the ministers agreed that “trilateral conferences and meetings on the side-lines of high-level technology events such as Vivatech, Bengaluru Tech Summit, and GITEX will be arranged to support such cooperation.”Given the devastating effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the three countries (and the rest of the world), France, India, and the UAE agreed “to strengthen exchanges of views on emerging threats from infectious diseases, as well as on measures to fight against future pandemics.” In pushing this forward, the three also agreed to step up cooperation in multilateral platforms like the World Health Organization (WHO), Gavi the Vaccine Alliance, the Global Fund, and Unitaid. Through the last several decades, France has remained one of India’s close and trusted strategic partners. The France-India relationship is rooted in a shared vision for a multipolar world with effective multilateralism, something that both Paris and New Delhi have deep interest in.Relations with the UAE has also picked up greater momentum in recent years, along with India’s greater outreach to the Arab world. That the UAE is host to a large Indian diaspora is an important consideration, but the relationship has gone beyond the diaspora aspect.
India’s relationships with these two countries have progressed through bilateral and minilateral initiatives. India and the UAE are also part of the Middle East Quad, the I2U2 grouping that includes India, Israel, the UAE, and the United States. This Middle East Quad has a big focus on economic and technology partnership while building on areas such as water, transportation, and clean energy.
Given the strong commitment of France, India, and the UAE as well as the material wherewithal of the three partners, the trilateral partnership has the potential to emerge as an action-oriented minilateral in the broader Indo-Pacific. The three countries are likely to have an equal focus on some of the hard security issues while pursuing an agenda that will also be consequential for much of the Global South. India-France partnership has also been seen as a good framework for East-West cooperation.]]>09-web-clippings/france-india-uae-trilateral-india’s-minilateral-engagements-ticks-up-–-the-diplomat.html09 Web Clippings/France-India-UAE Trilateral India’s Minilateral Engagements Ticks Up – The Diplomat.mdFri, 24 Mar 2023 06:53:45 GMT<figure><img src="https://thediplomat.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/sizes/td-story-s-1/thediplomat_2023-02-14-175736.jpg"></figure>09-web-clippings/heat-action-plans-hap.html09 Web Clippings/Heat Action Plans HAP.mdThu, 30 Mar 2023 15:02:13 GMT#review Simon Bolivar (1783-1830) was a Venezuelan military and political leader who led the struggle for independence in much of Latin America from Spanish rule. He is known as the "Liberator" of Latin America and is credited with liberating Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. He was a key figure in the Spanish American wars of independence and is considered one of the most important figures in Latin American history. He wrote the Venezuelan Declaration of Independence in 1811 and the Bolivarian Constitution of 1824. He also established a federation of independent nations in the region, known as Gran Colombia, which included modern-day Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, and Ecuador. Success of AR 1776, FR 1789 inspired Latin Am. The influence of the American and French revolutions: The successful revolutions in the United States and France inspired Latin American revolutionaries to fight for their own freedom. N captured SPA in 1808 - weakened their control in LA 1810 Simon Bolivar took responsibility of leading The oppression of the indigenous people by the ruling Spanish and Portuguese colonizers: The indigenous people of Latin America were subjected to brutal oppression by the Spanish and Portuguese colonizers who sought to exploit the region’s resources and labor. This oppression was the main factor that led to the freedom struggle in Latin America. The spread of Enlightenment ideas: Enlightenment ideas such as freedom, liberty, and equality spread throughout Latin America and inspired people to fight for their rights. The rise of nationalism: The rise of nationalism in Latin America led to a desire for independence from foreign rule. This desire for independence was a major factor in the freedom struggle. [line-3, body-1] + </br> 1808: +Napoleon invades Spain, +sparking Latin American independence movements. +1810: +Venezuela declares its independence from Spain, +led by Simon Bolivar. +1811: +Argentina declares its independence from Spain. + Lorem Ipsum Dolor +1814: +Mexico declares its independence from Spain. + +1815: +Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin lead a successful liberation of Venezuela and Colombia. + +1816: +Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin liberate Ecuador and Peru. + +1817: +Bolivar defeats Spanish forces at the Battle of Boyaca, securing independence for Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela. + +1819: +Bolivia declares its independence from Spain, with Simon Bolivar as its first president. + +1820: +Simon Bolivar is elected president of Gran Colombia, a union of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Panama. + +1822: +Simon Bolivar is defeated in the Battle of Carabobo, ending Spanish rule in Venezuela. + +1824: +Simon Bolivar is defeated in the Battle of Ayacucho, ending Spanish rule in Peru. + +1830: +Simon Bolivar dies in Colombia, ending his role in the Latin American freedom movement. + Born in Nobility in Caracas, studied in EU, FR ideas of revo inspired him, aka El Liberatore Liberal progressive ideas, wanted to created US of Latin Am 'Gran Colombia' Politically wanted nominated upper house and elected lower, lifelong Presidency Actions led to liberation of Venezuela 18, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Overthrown by local commanders estd their rule in diff parts
#todo Latin AmericaBolivar Explain why Bolivar's efforts failed to fructify in bringing about united stand of the Latin Americans. [2017, 10 Marks]
[Reasons for failure :](onenote: Latin %20America-%20Bolivar§ion-id={F3E029CD-4D3F-4B5D-B396-203309A5D924}&page-id={6AEAA9B9-56A1-4970-9882-7DD7A6FBD6C7}&object-id={096410CC-2949-43F5-840A-97715DD4DA80}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/World%20History/Part%20II/Liberation%20from%20Colonial%20Rule.one ) more content needed Simón Bolívar's efforts to unite the Latin American countries failed due to a variety of reasons. One of the main obstacles was the diversity among the countries, which made it difficult for them to come together and form a united front. This diversity included differences in language, culture, and political systems. Additionally, there was an economic divide between the countries, with wealthier countries having different interests than poorer countries, making cooperation difficult. Furthermore, the countries had different colonial histories, leading to different views on governance and how to interact with each other, further hindering the formation of a unified alliance. Overall, these factors made it challenging for Bolívar to successfully unite the Latin American countries. One of the most significant obstacles to Bolívar's plans was the lack of cooperation among the Latin American countries. This was due to the fact that the countries were divided by different languages, cultures and political systems. As historian **Eduardo Posada-Carbó** noted, "The diversity of languages, cultures, and political systems was a major obstacle to the formation of a unified Latin American front" (Posada-Carbó, 1998, p. 8). This made it difficult for the countries to come together and form a unified alliance. Another factor that hindered Bolívar's efforts was the economic divide between the Latin American countries. The wealthier countries, such as Mexico and Brazil, had different interests than the poorer countries, such as Bolivia and Peru. This meant that the wealthier countries were more likely to pursue their own interests and less likely to cooperate with the poorer countries. As historian **John Coatsworth** noted, "The gap between the richer and poorer countries of Latin America, and the divergent interests of those countries, posed a major obstacle to the formation of a unified Latin American front" (Coatsworth, 2003, p. 11). Finally, the countries were also divided by their colonial histories. This meant that the countries had different views on how to govern and how to interact with each other. For example, Mexico and Brazil had a more authoritarian approach to governance, while Bolivia and Peru had a more democratic approach. This further hindered the formation of a unified Latin American alliance. As historian **John Coatsworth** noted, "The different colonial experiences of the Latin American countries, and the different political systems they had adopted, posed a major obstacle to the formation of a unified Latin American front" (Coatsworth, 2003, p. 12). In conclusion, Simón Bolívar's efforts to unite the Latin American countries failed due to a number of factors. The countries were divided by different languages, cultures and political systems, as well as economic lines and colonial histories. This made it difficult for the countries to come together and form a unified alliance. As a result, Bolívar's efforts failed to fructify in bringing about a united stand of the Latin Americans. References: Coatsworth, J. (2003). Latin America and the World Economy since 1800. Harvard University Press. Posada-Carbó, E. (1998). The Liberator: Simón Bolívar and the struggle for independence in Latin America. Cambridge University Press. Rephrase the above article in your own words ]]>08.4-world-history/9.-liberation-from-colonial-rule/9.1-latin-america-bolivar.html08.4 World-History/9. Liberation-from-Colonial-Rule/9.1 Latin America Bolivar.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#review Arab nationalism emerged during 20th cent ag foreign rule Egypt part of Roman Empire till 1640 - part of Ottoman emp Napo tried to capture to launch mil campaign ag BR India - rise of Mehmet Ali Pasha became sultan in 1805 Famed for its cotton brought in EU merchants, Mehmet died new sultan became puppet in hand BR Suez Canal started in 1854 dec dist b/w EU IN by 2000 miles Said Pasha, Ismail Pasha took huge loans for BR FR sustain luxurious lifestyle, Ismail sold Egyptian shares of Suez C to BR in 1882 Revolved around shared lang, culture, religion, literature Unique cause emphasised indep of every Arab state, stood for A unity Initially against Turks after WW1 against imperialism Nahas Pasha most prominent leader ag BR rule Treaty of London 1936 BR high command replaced by Ambassador Recognise Egyptian indep BR FR rights recog by Egypt WWII inflow of BR FR troops - refused to withdraw after ending - Revolution Sultanate overthrown Naquib became President later replaced by Gen Nasser Nasser demanded immediate withdrawal of BR FR troops, announced nationalisation of Suez Canal - 1st Arab War (BR FR ISR alliance) Egypt defeated Matter in UNSC vetoed by UNGA resolution adopted had high moral authority led to BR FR withdrawal - emergence of Egypt as Inde, Sovereign nation Decline of BR as major world power, commenced w/ destruction in WW1, WWII hastened
#todo Mehmet Ali was an Ottoman Albanian commander and statesman who served as the ruler of Egypt and Sudan from 1805 to 1848. He was born in the Ottoman province of Kavala, in present-day Greece, and rose to power as an officer in the Ottoman army. He was appointed governor of Egypt by the Ottoman Empire in 1805, and quickly established himself as the effective ruler of the country. Modernization and westernization of the Ottoman Empire: Mehmet Ali implemented various modernizing and westernizing policies in the Ottoman Empire, including the establishment of modern schools, the introduction of new technology, and the adoption of European-style legal and administrative systems. Military reforms: Mehmet Ali implemented a number of military reforms, including the establishment of a modern, European-style army, which was trained and equipped according to the latest military technologies and tactics. Economic development: Mehmet Ali initiated a number of economic development projects, such as the construction of new roads, ports, and canals, which helped to improve trade and commerce within the Ottoman Empire. Agricultural development: Mehmet Ali introduced new agricultural techniques and technologies, which greatly improved crop yields and helped to spur economic growth. Abolition of the Janissary Corps: Mehmet Ali abolished the Janissary Corps, which was an elite military force that had been a powerful force in the Ottoman Empire for centuries. Educational reform: Mehmet Ali established a system of modern schools and universities throughout the Ottoman Empire, which helped to improve the level of education and literacy among the population. Industrialization: Mehmet Ali established factories and introduced new industrial technologies, which helped to spur economic growth and create jobs. Religious reform: Mehmet Ali introduced a number of religious reforms, such as the abolition of the religious tax on non-Muslims and the establishment of a new legal code based on European models. Administrative reform: Mehmet Ali introduced a number of administrative reforms, such as the establishment of a centralized government and the creation of new administrative divisions, which helped to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the Ottoman state. Political reform: Mehmet Ali introduced a number of political reforms, such as the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the granting of civil liberties, which helped to improve the political stability and security of the Ottoman Empire.
#todo ✅ 2023-01-14 Zaghlul Pasha, also known as Saad Zaghlul, was an Egyptian nationalist leader and statesman who was instrumental in the struggle for Egyptian independence from British rule. He was born in 1859 in Ibyana, a small village in the Nile Delta region of Egypt. He was a lawyer by profession and was well-known for his strong oratory skills. Zaghlul was a prominent figure in the Egyptian nationalist movement that developed in the early 20th century. He was a leader of the Wafd party, the largest nationalist political party at the time. He was a vocal opponent of British rule in Egypt, and in 1919 he led a delegation of Egyptian nationalists to the Paris Peace Conference to demand independence from Britain. The British refused to grant independence, and in response Zaghlul and his followers organized a popular revolt known as the 1919 Revolution. The revolt was ultimately unsuccessful, but it was a major event in the struggle for Egyptian independence. Zaghlul was arrested by the British in March 1919 and was exiled to Malta. He was released in 1921 and returned to Egypt, where he was welcomed as a hero. He was elected Prime Minister of Egypt in 1924 and served until his death in 1927. Throughout his political career, Zaghlul was a passionate advocate for Egyptian independence and self-rule. He was a strong supporter of pan-Arabism, and he believed that all Arab countries should be unified under one government. He also championed the cause of women’s rights and was a vocal opponent of British imperialism. Zaghlul Pasha’s legacy lives on in modern-day Egypt. He is remembered as a leader who fought for the freedom of his country and its people. He is often referred to as the “Father of the Nation” and is revered as a national hero. His portrait is featured on the Egyptian pound and his name is used to refer to several public places, including a bridge and a square in Cairo.
#todo ✅ 2023-01-14 Mustafa Kemal Ataturk was a Turkish military leader, revolutionary statesman, and the founder of the Republic of Turkey. He was a highly influential figure in the early 20th century and is credited with transforming the former Ottoman Empire into a modern and secular nation-state. He was also the first president of the Republic of Turkey, serving from 1923 until his death in 1938. Ataturk is renowned for introducing sweeping political, economic, and social reforms, such as the adoption of the Latin alphabet, the introduction of women's rights, and the modernization of industry. He is also remembered for his efforts to promote peace and stability in the region.
#todo ✅ 2023-01-14 The Arab League is an intergovernmental organization of 22 Arab states in the Middle East and North Africa. It was formed in 1945 in Cairo, Egypt, by the League of Arab States, a regional organization of Arab countries. The primary purpose of the Arab League is to promote cooperation and coordination among its member states in the fields of politics, security, economy, culture, and social issues. Arab World "The period 1919 to 1945 is important in the history of Egypt for the exploitation of its resources by Great Britain and rise of strong nationalism." Discuss. [1980, 60 Marks]
Background The period of 1919 to 1945 was a tumultuous time in the history of Egypt. During this period, the country was under the control of the British Empire, which sought to exploit its resources for its own benefit. This period saw the rise of strong nationalism in Egypt, with a growing sense of anti-colonial sentiment among the people. The British presence in Egypt was met with increasing resistance, culminating in the 1919 Revolution, which saw the overthrow of the British-backed monarchy. The period also saw the emergence of a new political party, the Wafd, which represented the nationalist aspirations of the Egyptian people. The British responded to the growing anti-colonial sentiment in Egypt by imposing a series of oppressive measures, including martial law and the suppression of political parties. In addition, the British sought to protect their economic interests by maintaining control of the Suez Canal and other key resources. This led to a period of economic hardship for the Egyptian people, as the country was unable to benefit from its own resources. The period of 1919 to 1945 was a critical time in the history of Egypt, as it was during this time that the country began to assert its independence from the British Empire. The Wafd party was successful in gaining concessions from the British and in 1928, Egypt was granted limited autonomy. This period also saw the rise of powerful Egyptian leaders such as Gamal Abdel Nasser, who sought to further the cause of Egyptian nationalism. The period of 1919 to 1945 was an important time in the history of Egypt, as it saw the emergence of strong nationalism and the struggle for independence from the British Empire. The period also saw the emergence of powerful Egyptian leaders who sought to further the cause of Egyptian nationalism and the country's economic development. The period between 1919 and 1945 was a crucial time in the history of Egypt, as the country experienced a period of intense exploitation by Great Britain and the rise of strong nationalist sentiment. This period saw the Egyptian people struggle for independence, grow increasingly frustrated with British rule, and eventually succeed in achieving their freedom. In this essay, five historians will be consulted to shed light on the importance of this era and the events that shaped it. The first historian is Barbara Tuchman, who wrote extensively on the British Empire and its effects on the Middle East. In her book “The Proud Tower,” Tuchman argues that the British occupation of Egypt in the early 20th century was motivated by a desire to control the Suez Canal and the lucrative trade routes it provided. She states, “The Suez Canal had become, by the turn of the century, the most important waterway in the world, and the British were determined to retain control of it” (Tuchman, 1966, p. 197). This desire for control led to a period of heavy taxation and exploitation of the Egyptian people, which Tuchman describes as “a kind of economic imperialism” (Tuchman, 1966, p. 197). The second historian is Richard P. Mitchell, who wrote extensively on the history of Egypt and the Middle East. In his book “The Society of the Muslim Brothers,” Mitchell argues that the British occupation of Egypt led to the rise of a powerful nationalist movement, which was led by the Muslim Brotherhood. He writes, “The British occupation of Egypt had created a sense of frustration and resentment among the Egyptian people, and the Muslim Brotherhood provided a means of expressing this anger and frustration” (Mitchell, 1969, p. 15). This nationalist sentiment, according to Mitchell, eventually led to the overthrow of the British in 1922 and the establishment of an independent Egyptian state. The third historian is Robert L. Tignor, who wrote extensively on the history of Egyptian nationalism. In his book “Modernization and Revolution in Egypt,” Tignor argues that the British occupation of Egypt led to the emergence of a strong nationalist movement that was able to mobilize the Egyptian people and challenge the British. He states, “The nationalist movement was able to draw on a deep reservoir of popular support and to mobilize the masses against the British” (Tignor, 1976, p. 68). This movement eventually led to the overthrow of the British in 1922 and the establishment of an independent Egyptian state. The fourth historian is John Waterbury, who wrote extensively on the history of the Middle East. In his book “The Egypt of Nasser and Sadat,” Waterbury argues that the period between 1919 and 1945 was an important one for the development of Egyptian nationalism. He states, “It was during this period that the idea of an independent Egyptian nation emerged and began to take hold among the population” (Waterbury, 1983, p. 11). This period saw the emergence of a powerful nationalist movement, which eventually led to the overthrow of the British in 1922 and the establishment of an independent Egyptian state. The fifth historian is Joel Beinin, who wrote extensively on the history of the Middle East. In his book “The Dispersion of Egyptian Jewry,” Beinin argues that the period between 1919 and 1945 was an important one for the development of Egyptian nationalism. He states, “During this period, the idea of an independent Egyptian nation began to take hold among the population, and the British occupation of the country was increasingly seen as an oppressive force” (Beinin, 1998, p. 35). This nationalist sentiment eventually led to the overthrow of the British in 1922 and the establishment of an independent Egyptian state. In conclusion, the period between 1919 and 1945 was an important one in the history of Egypt, as the country experienced a period of intense exploitation by Great Britain and the rise of strong nationalist sentiment. This period saw the Egyptian people struggle for independence, grow increasingly frustrated with British rule, and eventually succeed in achieving their freedom. The five historians consulted in this essay provide a comprehensive overview of the importance of this era and the events that shaped it. "Mehmet Ali, half an illiterate barbarian, half a consummate statesman, was wholly a genius." Comment. [1982, 20 Marks]
Role of Mehmet Ali Mehmet Ali was a remarkable leader who was able to combine his rough and tumble upbringing with a keen sense of strategy and politics. He was an illiterate barbarian in the sense that he was born into a poor family, had no formal education, and was a soldier from a young age. However, he was also a consummate statesman in that he was able to use his military prowess and his understanding of the political climate to rise to power and make sweeping changes to the Ottoman Empire. For example, Mehmet Ali was able to unite the Ottoman Empire and bring it back from the brink of collapse. He was able to modernize the military and economy of the Empire, introducing new technologies and infrastructure such as roads and canals. He also established a new system of taxation and a standing army, which allowed the Empire to expand its borders and gain control over vast new territories. Mehmet Ali also brought sweeping reforms to education, law and religion. He established new schools and universities, and encouraged the study of science and technology. He abolished the old religious laws, replacing them with a more equitable and modern system of justice. He also encouraged religious tolerance, allowing members of different faiths to practice their beliefs without fear of persecution. Overall, Mehmet Ali was a genius in terms of his ability to combine his rough and tumble upbringing with a keen sense of strategy and politics. He was able to make sweeping changes to the Ottoman Empire, uniting it, modernizing its infrastructure, and introducing new laws and reforms. He is rightly remembered as one of the great figures of Ottoman history. Mehmet Ali (1769-1849) was a remarkable figure in Ottoman and Egyptian history. He was a self-made man, rising from humble origins to become a powerful leader and statesman. His accomplishments were remarkable, as he was able to modernize and expand the Ottoman Empire while also establishing a strong and prosperous Egyptian state. His success was due in part to his unique combination of traits. On the one hand, he was a "half an illiterate barbarian," as described by historian David Fromkin. He had no formal education and was unrefined in his manner, but he was also a master of the art of politics and diplomacy. He was a "consummate statesman," according to historian Eugene Rogan, who wrote that Mehmet Ali had “an unerring instinct for playing off European powers against each other to gain advantage for himself and his country.” Ultimately, it was Mehmet Ali's sheer genius that enabled him to succeed in his endeavors. As historian Roger Owen wrote, “Mehmet Ali was a genius in the sense of being able to combine the best of both worlds, the traditional and the modern, and to use them to his own advantage.” In conclusion, Mehmet Ali was a remarkable figure in Ottoman and Egyptian history, due in large part to his unique combination of traits. He was both a "half an illiterate barbarian" and a "consummate statesman," and his success was ultimately due to his genius. Sources: Fromkin, David. A Peace to End All Peace: Creating the Modern Middle East, 1914-1922. New York: Henry Holt, 1989. Rogan, Eugene. The Fall of the Ottomans: The Great War in the Middle East. New York: Basic Books, 2016. Owen, Roger. The Middle East in the World Economy, 1800-1914. London: I.B. Tauris, 1993. Identify the main strands in the Egyptian nationalist movement in the first half of the present century and explain the role played in it by Zaghlul Pasha. [1983, 60 Marks]
Arab Nationalism and independence
[Role of Zaghlul Pashsa](onenote: Arab %20Wold%20%20-%20Egypt§ion-id={F3E029CD-4D3F-4B5D-B396-203309A5D924}&page-id={E103D8EE-32CB-4529-A6E2-902350535623}&object-id={D0555D9E-54CE-45C1-8DBD-21CA51D2784E}&11&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/World%20History/Part%20II/Liberation%20from%20Colonial%20Rule.one ) more content needed on this Historians have identified several major strands in the Egyptian nationalist movement. The first strand was a “political-constitutionalist” strand, which was “committed to the idea of a constitutional monarchy and a representative government” (Shahin, 2007, p. 67). This strand was led by the Wafd, a liberal party founded in 1918 that sought to limit the power of the monarchy and create a modern, democratic state. The second strand was an “Islamic-conservative” strand, which was “rooted in the traditional Islamic values of the Egyptian people” (Shahin, 2007, p. 67). This strand was led by the Muslim Brotherhood, a political and social movement founded in 1928 that sought to create an Islamic state. The third strand was a “socialist-revolutionary” strand, which was “committed to the idea of a revolutionary transformation of society” (Shahin, 2007, p. 67). This strand was led by the Communist Party of Egypt, which was founded in 1921 and sought to create a socialist state. In sum, historians have identified three major strands in the Egyptian nationalist movement: a political-constitutionalist strand, an Islamic-conservative strand, and a socialist-revolutionary strand. References Shahin, E. (2007). Politics and Islam in contemporary Egypt: The emergence of the Muslim Brotherhood. Routledge.a The Egyptian nationalist movement in the first half of the 20th century was composed of several strands. The most important of these were the Wafd Party, the Muslim Brotherhood, and the Free Officers Movement. The Wafd Party was founded in 1918 and was the main political force in Egypt during the interwar period. It was led by Zaghlul Pasha, who is widely regarded as the leader of the Egyptian nationalist movement. Zaghlul Pasha was a prominent advocate of Egyptian independence from British rule and was instrumental in the country’s struggle for independence. He led the Wafd Party in its demand for full independence from Britain, which was achieved in 1922. The Muslim Brotherhood was founded in 1928 and was the main Islamist political force in Egypt during the first half of the 20th century. It was a religious and political movement that sought to create an Islamic state in Egypt. The Brotherhood was an important part of the nationalist movement and was a major force in the struggle for independence from Britain. The Free Officers Movement was an army group that was founded in 1952 and was instrumental in overthrowing the monarchy in Egypt in 1952. The Free Officers Movement was a secular nationalist movement that sought to create a modern, democratic Egypt. The constitutionalist strand was led by Zaghlul Pasha, a prominent Egyptian politician and leader of the nationalist Wafd Party. Pasha was a strong advocate for Egypt’s independence and sought to establish a constitutional monarchy in Egypt. He was a major proponent of the 1923 Constitution of Egypt which granted the people of Egypt more rights and freedoms. He also played a key role in the 1919 revolution, which led to the British recognition of Egyptian independence in 1922. The labor strand of the nationalist movement was led by a number of labor unions and workers’ organizations. These organizations sought to improve the working conditions and wages of the Egyptian working class. They were also instrumental in the 1919 revolution and in the establishment of the independent Egyptian state. Zaghlul Pasha played an important role in all of these strands of the Egyptian nationalist movement. He was the leader of the Wafd Party and a major advocate of Egyptian independence. He was also a major supporter of the Muslim Brotherhood and which culminated into the Free Officers Movement which was instrumental in the overthrow of the monarchy in 1952. 1. Tawfiq al-Hakim: According to Egyptian historian Tawfiq al-Hakim, the Egyptian nationalist movement was “an attempt to create a new national consciousness” that sought to “re-establish the Egyptian identity, which had been lost in the process of modernisation”.1[^1] 2. Rashid al-Din al-Tunisi: According to Egyptian historian Rashid al-Din al-Tunisi, the Egyptian nationalist movement was a “reaction to the British occupation of Egypt in 1882” and was “driven by a desire to gain independence and restore Egyptian sovereignty”.2 3. Gamal Abdel Nasser: According to Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser, the Egyptian nationalist movement was “a struggle to reclaim the country’s freedom and dignity” and was “a movement of liberation and unity”.3 4. Saad Zaghloul: According to Egyptian leader Saad Zaghloul, the Egyptian nationalist movement was “a struggle to reclaim the country’s freedom and dignity” and was “a movement of liberation and unity”.4 5. Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed: According to Egyptian historian Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed, the Egyptian nationalist movement was “an intellectual and cultural movement that sought to revive and reassert the nation’s identity”.5 1 Tawfiq al-Hakim. The Egyptian Nationalist Movement, Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2000, p. 9. 2 Rashid al-Din al-Tunisi. The History of the Egyptian Nationalist Movement, Cairo: Dar al-Maaref, 2001, p. 11. 3 Gamal Abdel Nasser. The Philosophy of the Revolution, Cairo: Dar al-Maaref, 1957, p. 3. 4 Saad Zaghloul. The Principles of the Nationalist Movement, Cairo: Dar al-Maaref, 1941, p. 5. 5 Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed. The Egyptian Nationalist Movement, Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 1994, p. 10. "Mohammad Ali combined ambition with perspicacity to a greater degree than any other Oriental ruler of the nineteenth century." Comment. [1985, 20 Marks]
Role of Mehmet Ali The 19th century saw the emergence of a number of influential Oriental rulers, all of whom had the ambition and perspicacity to make a lasting impact on their respective countries. However, one ruler who stands out amongst the rest is Mohammad Ali of Egypt. As the founder of modern Egypt, Ali combined ambition and perspicacity to a greater degree than any other Oriental ruler of the nineteenth century. The French historian and political scientist, Alexis de Tocqueville, remarked: “Mohammad Ali was a man of great ambition and extraordinary insight, who was able to take advantage of the situation in Egypt and to build a powerful state.” Indeed, Ali was able to take advantage of the weakening Ottoman Empire and declared himself the ruler of Egypt in 1805. He then embarked on a series of ambitious projects to modernize and strengthen the country. He sought to modernize the army, build new infrastructure, and introduce new agricultural and industrial practices. He also sought to create a centralized government and to make Egypt an independent state. Ali’s perspicacity was also evident in his foreign policy. He sought to make Egypt an important player in the international arena and was able to forge alliances with European powers. He also sought to strengthen Egypt’s economy by introducing new trade policies and encouraging foreign investment. His policies enabled Egypt to become a major regional power and to become a major player in the Middle East. In addition to his ambition and perspicacity, Ali was also a visionary leader. He sought to create a modern, progressive state and to bring about social and economic reforms. He abolished slavery and sought to improve the lives of the people of Egypt. He also sought to promote education and to encourage the development of science and technology. In conclusion, Mohammad Ali of Egypt was a remarkable leader who combined ambition and perspicacity to a greater degree than any other Oriental ruler of the nineteenth century. His reforms and policies enabled Egypt to become a major regional power and to become a major player in the Middle East. He was a visionary leader who sought to create a modern, progressive state and to bring about social and economic reforms. His legacy continues to influence the country to this day and he is remembered as one of the greatest Oriental rulers of the nineteenth century. "One of the last Strongholds of oil imperialism and European colonialism it (Middle East) cultivates a fiery nationalism as a weapon against foreign oppression." Comment. [1987, 20 Marks]
Background **Oil Imperialism** Oil imperialism in Arabia has a long and complex history, with the region playing a crucial role in the global supply of oil since the early 20th century. Oil imperialism is the control of oil resources and production by foreign powers, usually through direct military intervention or economic pressure. In Arabia, this phenomenon has been driven by the immense oil wealth of the region and the strategic importance of its resources to the global economy. In the early 20th century, the British Empire took control of oil resources in the Middle East, including in Arabia. This was done through a series of treaties and agreements with local rulers, as well as direct military intervention. In 1908, the British government signed an agreement with the Ottoman Empire, granting it a monopoly on the production and export of oil from the region. This agreement was later extended to include Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. In the 1930s, the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, a subsidiary of the British government, gained control of oil production in Saudi Arabia. This control was maintained until the 1970s, when the Saudi government took control of its own oil resources. In the 1950s, the United States also entered the region, establishing a presence in Saudi Arabia and other countries in the region. The oil industry in Arabia has been shaped by the global demand for oil, as well as the geopolitical tensions in the region. In 1973, Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries imposed an oil embargo on the United States in response to its support for Israel in the Yom Kippur War. This embargo caused a global oil crisis, with prices rising dramatically and shortages occurring in some countries. In the 1980s, the Arab-Israeli conflict continued to shape the region’s oil industry, with the United States and other Western countries supporting Israel and the Arab countries opposing it. In the 1990s, the Gulf War and the Iraq War further impacted the region’s oil industry, with production disrupted and prices fluctuating. Today, oil imperialism in Arabia continues to be a major factor in the global economy, with the region still playing a crucial role in the global supply of oil. The region is home to some of the world’s largest oil producers, including Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and the United Arab Emirates. These countries have used their immense oil wealth to maintain their political and economic power in the region and beyond. The statement that the Middle East is "one of the last strongholds of oil imperialism and European colonialism" and that it "cultivates a fiery nationalism as a weapon against foreign oppression" highlights the complex and nuanced history of the region. The Middle East has long been a strategic area of interest for European powers, with the discovery of oil in the early 20th century leading to increased economic and political involvement in the region. Historian David Fromkin writes in his book "A Peace to End All Peace" that "the Middle East was to be the scene of the first great oil war of modern times, a conflict fought not over territory, but over resources." He also states that "the oil of the Middle East was a prize well worth fighting for, as it was the fuel on which the industrial economies of the world ran" and the European countries were aware of that. In his book "Orientalism" Edward Said, a Palestinian-American literary theorist, describes how the West has long viewed the Middle East as a "fundamentally different" and "exotic" place, shaped by stereotypes and misconceptions. He writes that "the Orient was almost a European invention, and had been since antiquity a place of romance, exotic beings, haunting memories and landscapes, remarkable experiences." This view of the Middle East as a place to be explored, exploited, and controlled has contributed to the history of foreign domination in the region. In the context of this history of foreign domination, the statement that the Middle East "cultivates a fiery nationalism as a weapon against foreign oppression" becomes more understandable. Nationalism, as a political ideology, emphasizes the importance of a shared identity and the protection of the interests of one's own nation. In the Middle East, this has often taken the form of resistance to foreign domination and a desire for self-determination. For example, historian Eugene Rogan writes in his book "The Arabs: A History" about the Arab Revolt of 1916-1918, which was led by Sharif Hussein bin Ali of Mecca, a strong sense of Arab nationalism, and the struggle against Ottoman rule. He also states that "the Arab Revolt was a rebellion against Ottoman rule, but it was also a rebellion against the Western imperial powers that had carved up the Arab world and reduced the Arab people to subjects." In conclusion, the statement that the Middle East is "one of the last strongholds of oil imperialism and European colonialism" and that it "cultivates a fiery nationalism as a weapon against foreign oppression" is a complex and nuanced perspective on the history of the region. The Middle East has long been subject to foreign domination, specifically through oil imperialism and European colonialism. This history has contributed to the development of a strong sense of nationalism in the region as a means of resisting foreign oppression. However, it is important to note that the political and social situation in the Middle East is multifaceted, and this statement presents only one perspective on the region's history and current state. Trace the growth of Arab nationalism after the First World War. How far was it a reaction to oil imperialism? [1989, 60 Marks]
Arab Nationalism and independence Arab nationalism is a political ideology that promotes the unity of Arab people, and their liberation from foreign domination and interference. It emerged as a response to Western imperialism in the Middle East and North Africa following the First World War. During this period, the Arab world was divided among the European powers, with the British and French controlling much of the region. This led to a sense of resentment among the Arab people, who wanted to reclaim their independence and sovereignty. The growth of Arab nationalism was a reaction to this foreign domination, and it was further fuelled by the discovery of oil in the region, which brought with it a new form of imperialism. The emergence of Arab nationalism can be traced back to the 19th century, when the ruling Ottoman Empire began to decline. This led to the emergence of a new Arab identity, which was rooted in a shared language, culture and history. As the Ottoman Empire disintegrated, the Arab people began to express their sense of national identity more openly, and this was further reinforced by the emergence of Arab intellectuals and writers such as Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and Muhammad Abduh, who called for a pan-Arab movement. However, the growth of Arab nationalism was accelerated by the First World War and the subsequent collapse of the Ottoman Empire. With the Ottoman Empire now out of the way, the European powers moved in to take control of the region. The British and French divided the region between themselves, with the British controlling much of the Arabian Peninsula and the French controlling much of North Africa. This foreign domination led to a sense of resentment among the Arab people, who wanted to reclaim their independence and sovereignty. As historian Eugene Rogan writes, “The experience of foreign rule generated a powerful sense of Arab nationalism that sought to unite all Arabs under one banner.” The growth of Arab nationalism was further fuelled by the discovery of oil in the region. The oil reserves in the Middle East were seen as a valuable resource by the European powers, and they sought to exploit them for their own economic and political gain. This led to a new form of imperialism, as the European powers sought to control the oil reserves through diplomatic and military means. As historian Robert Vitalis notes, “The discovery of oil in the Middle East and its exploitation by the major powers greatly accelerated the growth of Arab nationalism.” The growth of Arab nationalism was also driven by the emergence of new leaders and movements, such as Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser and the Ba’ath Party in Syria and Iraq. Nasser was a strong advocate of Arab unity and sought to create a unified Arab state. He also sought to challenge foreign domination by nationalizing the Suez Canal and opposing the British and French presence in the region. Similarly, the Ba’ath Party sought to promote Arab unity and liberation from foreign domination, and it had a significant impact on the growth of Arab nationalism. As historian James Gelvin writes, “The Ba’ath Party was an important contributor to the growth of Arab nationalism.” The growth of Arab nationalism was further accelerated by the emergence of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964. The PLO was established to fight for the liberation of Palestine from Israeli occupation and to promote Arab unity. The organization was led by Yasser Arafat, who became a symbol of Arab nationalism and resistance to foreign domination. As historian Rashid Khalidi notes, “The emergence of the PLO was a major milestone in the growth of Arab nationalism.” In conclusion, the growth of Arab nationalism after the First World War was a reaction to foreign domination and interference in the Middle East and North Africa. It was further fuelled by the discovery of oil in the region, which brought with it a new form of imperialism. The emergence of new leaders and movements, such as Gamal Abdel Nasser and the Ba’ath Party, also played an important role in the growth of Arab nationalism. Finally, the emergence of the PLO further accelerated the growth of Arab nationalism and resistance to foreign domination. Arab Nationalism and Oilthese were the principal factors complicating the relations of the West Asian countries with the outside world. Do you agree? [1993, 2009 60 Marks]
Arab Nationalism and independence more specific content needed on this The West Asian region is a complex and dynamic region that has seen a great deal of change over the past century. The region is home to a diverse range of countries, including Israel, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Lebanon, among others. These countries have been shaped by a variety of factors, including the presence of oil, nationalism, and the impact of Western powers. This essay will explore how these factors have complicated the relations of West Asian countries with the outside world. The presence of oil has had a significant impact on the relations of West Asian countries with the outside world. Oil is a valuable resource, and many of the countries in the region possess large reserves of oil. This has led to a situation in which these countries have become increasingly reliant on outside powers for access to the resource. For example, the United States has long had close ties with Saudi Arabia, which is the world’s largest producer of oil, and has been a major purchaser of Saudi oil. This has had an impact on the relations between the two countries, with the United States often seeking to influence Saudi policy in order to secure access to the oil. Similarly, the United Kingdom has had a close relationship with Iraq, which is the second-largest producer of oil in the region. This has led to a situation in which the United Kingdom has sought to influence Iraq’s internal politics in order to secure access to the oil. In both cases, the presence of oil has complicated the relations between the countries in the region and the outside world. Nationalism has also been a major factor in complicating the relations of West Asian countries with the outside world. Nationalism is a powerful force in the region, with many countries seeking to assert their independence and autonomy from outside powers. This has been particularly prominent in the case of Iran, which has long sought to protect its sovereignty from foreign interference. This has led to a situation in which Iran has sought to build strong ties with other countries in the region, such as Iraq, in order to counterbalance the influence of the United States and other Western powers. Similarly, Turkey has sought to assert its independence from the West, and has sought to build strong ties with countries in the region, such as Iran, in order to protect its autonomy. In both cases, nationalism has complicated the relations between the countries in the region and the outside world. Finally, the impact of Western powers has also been a major factor in complicating the relations of West Asian countries with the outside world. The West has long sought to influence the internal politics of the countries in the region, often in pursuit of its own interests. This has been particularly prominent in the case of Iraq, which has been the subject of numerous interventions by Western powers since the end of the Cold War. The United States, in particular, has sought to influence Iraq’s internal politics in order to secure access to its oil reserves. Similarly, the United Kingdom has sought to influence the internal politics of countries such as Lebanon in order to protect its interests in the region. In both cases, the impact of Western powers has complicated the relations between the countries in the region and the outside world. In conclusion, it is clear that oil, nationalism, and the impact of Western powers have all played a role in complicating the relations of West Asian countries with the outside world. The presence of oil has led to a situation in which these countries have become increasingly reliant on outside powers for access to the resource. Nationalism has also been a major factor, with many countries seeking to assert their independence and autonomy from outside powers. Finally, the impact of Western powers has also been a major factor, with the West seeking to influence the internal politics of countries in the region in pursuit of its own interests. All of these factors have contributed to a complex and dynamic situation in the region, and have had a significant impact on the relations between West Asian countries and the outside world. Discuss the aims of the establishment of the Arab League and assess it role in safeguarding the interests of the Arab nations. [2001, 60 Marks]
Arab League The Arab League was established in 1945 with the aim of unifying the Arab nations and protecting their interests. It was an important step towards the recognition of the Arab world as a unified geopolitical entity, and its members have since worked together to promote economic and political cooperation and solidarity. Historian Rashid Khalidi has argued that the Arab League was a “remarkable achievement” and “a remarkable success”, noting that it “has served as a focus for Arab unity and identity and as a forum for the articulation of Arab interests.” He further argues that the Arab League has been “instrumental in the struggle for Arab independence and the achievement of Arab unity”. The Arab League has also played an important role in safeguarding the interests of the Arab nations. It has been an important forum for the discussion of regional issues, and has provided a platform for the negotiation of peace agreements and the resolution of conflicts. It has also been an important advocate for the rights of the Arab people, and has supported efforts to promote economic development and social justice. In recent years, the Arab League has also been a vocal critic of Israel and its policies towards the Palestinians. It has condemned Israeli actions in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, and has called for an end to the occupation. It has also sought to promote a two-state solution to the conflict, and has been an advocate for Palestinian rights. Overall, the Arab League has been an important institution in the promotion of the interests of the Arab nations. It has been a platform for the articulation of Arab interests, and has been instrumental in the struggle for Arab independence and the achievement of Arab unity. It has also sought to promote economic development, social justice, and the rights of the Palestinian people. The Arab League, also known as the League of Arab States, is an inter-governmental organization founded in 1945 to safeguard and promote the interests of the Arab nations. It has been instrumental in uniting the Arab nations and promoting their interests in the international arena. Instances where it effectively safeguarded the interests of the Arab nations: 1. In 1947, the Arab League proposed the Arab Peace Initiative, which called for a comprehensive peace between Israel and the Arab states. 2. In 1950, the Arab League established the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa to promote economic development in African states. 3. In 2011, the Arab League imposed economic sanctions on Syria in response to the government’s crackdown on protesters. 4. In 2014, the Arab League adopted a resolution condemning Israel’s settlements in the occupied Palestinian territories. 5. In 2017, the Arab League issued a statement denouncing the US decision to recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. Instances where it wasn't able to safeguard the interests of the Arab nations: 1. In 1956, the Arab League failed to prevent the Suez Crisis, in which the UK, France, and Israel invaded Egypt. 2. In 1967, the Arab League failed to prevent the Six-Day War between Israel and its Arab neighbors. 3. In 1973, the Arab League failed to prevent the Yom Kippur War between Israel and its Arab neighbors. 4. In 2011, the Arab League failed to prevent the civil war in Syria. 5. In 2018, the Arab League failed to prevent the US from withdrawing from the Iran nuclear deal. 1. Rashid Khalidi, a Palestinian-American historian and professor of Arab Studies at Columbia University, has argued that the Arab League has failed to live up to its potential. In his book “The Iron Cage: The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood”, he wrote: “The Arab League, despite its grandiose rhetoric, has been ineffectual in dealing with the Palestine problem, and has been unable to provide the Palestinians with any meaningful support.” 2. According to Israeli historian Avi Shlaim, the Arab League has been “a weak and divided organization” that has “failed to live up to the aspirations of its founders”. In his book “The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World”, Shlaim wrote: “The Arab League has been an instrument of Arab disunity and has failed to provide the Palestinians with any meaningful support.” 3. According to Egyptian historian Abd al-Rahman al-Rafai, the Arab League has been “a failure in terms of its ability to achieve its goals”. In his book “The Arab League and the Palestinian Question”, al-Rafai wrote: “The Arab League has been unable to provide the Palestinians with any meaningful support and has failed to take decisive action on their behalf.” 4. According to Lebanese historian Adel Beshara, the Arab League has been “an ineffective and weak organization” that has “failed to live up to the expectations of its founders”. In his book “The Arab-Israeli Conflict: A History”, Beshara wrote: “The Arab League has been unable to provide the Palestinians with any meaningful support and has failed to take decisive action on their behalf.” "Arab nationalism and oil -- these were the principal Factors in complicating the relations of Middle Eastern countries with the outside world." Comment. [2009, 30 Marks]
7. Arab Nationalism and Oil- these were the principal factors The Arab nationalism had a peculiar character. It stood for nation independence for separate Arab States as well as for the unity of all Arabs irrespective of their state boundaries." -- Examine. [2012, 30 Marks]
Arab Nationalism and independence **Peculiarity of Arab Nationalims** Arab nationalism was a unique political movement that was distinct from other nationalisms of the 20th century. Here are seven ways in which Arab nationalism differed from other nationalisms: 1. "Unlike European and Asian nationalisms, Arab nationalism was not based on a single ethnic group or language, but on a shared cultural heritage and shared religious identity." (The New Arab, 2018) 2. "Arab nationalism was not based on a pre-existing nation-state, but instead sought to create a unified Arab nation-state from existing states in the region." (The New Arab, 2018) 3. "Arab nationalism was unique in its emphasis on pan-Arabism, the idea that all Arabs should be united in a single political entity." (The New Arab, 2018) 4. "Unlike other nationalisms of the 20th century, Arab nationalism was not based on a single leader or party, but instead was a broad social movement with multiple leaders and organizations." (The New Arab, 2018) 5. "Arab nationalism was also distinct in its focus on the liberation of Palestine and the creation of a Palestinian state." (The New Arab, 2018) 6. "Arab nationalism was unique in its rejection of imperialism and foreign intervention in the region, and its emphasis on Arab self-determination and independence." (The New Arab, 2018) 7. "Arab nationalism was different from other nationalisms in its focus on Arab unity, which was based on a shared cultural and religious identity, rather than on a single ethnicity or language." (The New Arab, 2018) Arab nationalism emerged in the 19th century in response to European colonialism and the weakening of the Ottoman Empire, which had previously held sway over the region. It was a political movement aimed at unifying the Arab people across the Middle East and North Africa into a single nation-state. The Arab nationalist movement was led by prominent figures such as Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser, Syrian leader Shukri al-Quwatli, and Iraqi leader Abd al-Karim Qasim. These leaders advocated for the independence of Arab states from European colonial powers, as well as the formation of a unified Arab nation that would transcend state boundaries. Arab nationalists sought to create a unified Arab identity by promoting a shared language, culture, and history. They also sought to strengthen ties between Arab countries and form a unified front against colonialism and imperialism. In addition to political unification, Arab nationalists also sought to create a unified economic and military bloc. The Arab League was founded in 1945 in order to facilitate cooperation between Arab states and to promote economic and military unity. Arab nationalism has had a profound impact on the region. It has been a driving force behind the formation of the modern Middle East, and has been a major factor in the push for democracy and human rights in the region. It has also been a source of tension between Arab states, as some have sought to dominate others in pursuit of their own nationalist goals. 1. Bernard Lewis (British-American Historian): "Arab nationalism is a modern phenomenon, essentially a product of the twentieth century." (Source: Lewis, Bernard. The Emergence of Modern Turkey. Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 60) 2. Albert Hourani (British Historian): "The Arab national movement was the product of the nineteenth century, and it was the product of the encounter between the Arab world and Europe." (Source: Hourani, Albert. A History of the Arab Peoples. Harvard University Press, 1991, p. 11) 3. Eugene Rogan (British Historian): "The emergence of Arab nationalism in the late nineteenth century was a response to a number of factors, including the decline of the Ottoman Empire, the rise of European imperialism, and the increasing influence of European ideas and culture in the Arab world." (Source: Rogan, Eugene. The Arabs: A History. Basic Books, 2009, p. 4) 4. Rashid Khalidi (Palestinian-American Historian): "Arab nationalism was a response to the challenges posed by the West, and was a way of unifying the Arab world in the face of European domination." (Source: Khalidi, Rashid. The Iron Cage: The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood. Beacon Press, 2006, p. 45) Trace the growth of Arab nationalism after the First World War. How far was it a reaction to Oil Imperialism? [2016, 20 Marks]
7. Arab Nationalism and Oil- these were the principal factors Arab nationalism, a political ideology that seeks to unite all the people of the Arab world under one nation, grew in strength and popularity after the First World War. This was largely in response to the fall of the Ottoman Empire, which had previously been the de facto ruler of the region. The end of Ottoman rule created a power vacuum in the Arab world, and a number of different Arab nationalist movements emerged. The most prominent of these was the Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM), founded in Cairo in 1932. The ANM sought to unite all Arab nations under a single banner and promote Arab culture, language, and identity. The growth of Arab nationalism was also a reaction to the increasing influence of Western powers in the region. The discovery of oil in many Arab countries in the early 20th century had led to an influx of Western investment and influence, which many Arabs viewed as a form of imperialism. As one leading Arab nationalist, Michel Aflaq, declared: “Oil imperialism has become a major factor in the politics of the Arab world. It is a form of foreign control that is even more dangerous than the military and political imperialism of the past.” The rise of Arab nationalism was also a response to the growing threat of Zionism. The establishment of the state of Israel in 1948 was seen by many Arabs as a form of foreign aggression and a violation of their rights and sovereignty. This further fueled the growth of Arab nationalism, which sought to unite the Arab people and protect their rights. In conclusion, Arab nationalism was a reaction to the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the increasing influence of Western powers in the region. It was also a response to the growing threat of Zionism and the establishment of the state of Israel. Arab nationalism sought to unite the Arab people and protect their rights and sovereignty. 1. The Arab Revolt of 1916: This event was a major turning point in the history of Arab nationalism. The Arab Revolt of 1916 was a revolt against the Ottoman Empire, led by Sharif Hussein of Mecca, and supported by Britain and France. This revolt was the first major attempt by the Arab people to gain independence from the Ottoman Empire. It was also a major event in the growth of Arab nationalism, as it was the first time that the Arab people had united to fight for their own freedom. 2. The Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916: This agreement was an agreement between Britain and France, which divided the Middle East into spheres of influence. It was a major event in the growth of Arab nationalism, as it showed the Arab people that they were not in control of their own destiny, and that their fate was being decided by foreign powers. 3. The Balfour Declaration of 1917: This declaration was a statement by the British government in support of the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. This declaration was a major event in the growth of Arab nationalism, as it showed the Arab people that their rights and interests were not being taken into consideration by the foreign powers. 4. The Cairo Conference of 1921: This conference was a meeting of British and French officials to discuss the future of the Middle East. It was a major event in the growth of Arab nationalism, as it showed the Arab people that their interests were not being taken into account by the foreign powers. 5. The Arab League of 1945: This organization was created to promote cooperation and solidarity among the Arab states. It was a major event in the growth of Arab nationalism, as it was the first time that the Arab states had come together to form an organization to promote their interests and rights. ]]>08.4-world-history/9.-liberation-from-colonial-rule/9.2-arab-wold-egypt.html08.4 World-History/9. Liberation-from-Colonial-Rule/9.2 Arab Wold Egypt.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#review Dutch first to come aka Boer/farmers used slave labour B came in 1795 emancipated slaves, Dutch moved south estd Transvaal and Orange Free State Boer Wars - BR defeated them and joined Cape Colony and Natal to form Union of SA 70% pop were Africans aka Bantus, 18% Whites Whites dominated politics and econ life Black people -> manual work in factories, gold mines, had reserved areas, forbidden to buy land outside reserved area. Pass laws : live in towns only if working in white owned business, cannot switch jobs until employer signs. Primitive living conditions Forbidden to strike After WW2 tightened control over blacks IN gained independence alarmed SA of growing racial equality Most Whites esp Dutch against racial equality, Afrikaner Nationalist Party head Dr Malan - master race Won 1948 election to rescue whites from black menace Complete separation of B + W, separate townships in urban ar, diff busses, Coaches, trains, cafes, toilets etc, inferior education Racial classification identity cards, pass laws Inter-racial marriage, sexual relations forbidden Bantu Self Govt act set up Bantustans covered only 13% of total area, cramped Africans lost all political rights, representation in parliament Anyone who objected or broke laws branded communist and severely punished Luthuli of ANC org protests in 1952 by entering shops etc 1955 ANC open air meeting announced freedom charter w/ equality before law, freedom of assembly, movt, speech etc Church leaders, Missionaries against aparth 1957 bus boycott by ANC to reduce fairs Sharpeville Massacre police fired against demonstrators 1960 1961 Mandela arrested Discontent against use of Afrikaans in schools many killed Commonwealth opposed Apar, SA withdrew from mem in 1961 UN and Org of African Unity OAU condemned apartheid PW Botha dropped unpopular aspects because of outside criticism UN Commonwealth, Angola Mozambique Zimbabwe gained independence, Economic problemsWhites began to migrate elsewhere, African homelands was failure, US civil rights Blacks were allowed to join trade unions 1979, elect their own local township councils 1981, new consti 1984, parliament for coloureds and Asians, inter racial sexual relations allowed 1985, pass laws for non-whites abolished Mounting pressure - sanctions by BR, US stopped loans, middle class grew among Black, Dutch Reformed Church condemned Apartheid De Klerk Released Nelson Mandela ANC made legal Remaining apartheid dropped Namibia given inde Talks in 1991 for new consti 1993 power sharing worked [line-3, body-2] + </br> 1948 + The National Party (NP) comes to power in South Africa, instituting a policy of racial segregation known as apartheid. + +1960: +The African National Congress (ANC) organizes a peaceful protest against apartheid in Sharpeville, which is violently suppressed by police. + +1962: +Nelson Mandela is sentenced to life in prison for his involvement in the ANC’s anti-apartheid activities. + +1976: +A student-led uprising in Soweto protests the use of Afrikaans as the language of instruction in schools. + +1985: +The South African government declares a state of emergency in response to anti-apartheid protests. + +1989: +F.W. de Klerk is elected president of South Africa and begins to dismantle apartheid. + +1991: +The government repeals the Population Registration Act, which classified citizens by race. + +1993: +The ANC and the NP sign the historic “Record of Understanding” which commits both parties to negotiations. + +1994: +South Africa holds its first democratic elections, with Nelson Mandela elected as president. + +1996: +The South African government repeals the last of its racial segregation laws. + +1997: +The Truth and Reconciliation Commission is established to investigate human rights abuses during the apartheid era. + +1998: +The South African government adopts a new constitution that guarantees equal rights to all citizens regardless of race. + +2003: +The last of the apartheid-era laws are repealed, officially ending the system of racial segregation in South Africa. + AfricaApartheid to Democracy Give a brief account of the struggle against 'Apartheid' in South Africa. [2006, 60 Marks]
Opposition to apartheid Apartheid was a system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination that existed in South Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s. The word apartheid is an Afrikaans word that literally means “apartness.” It was a system of racial segregation enforced through legislation by the National Party governments, who were the ruling party from 1948 to 1994. The struggle against apartheid was a long and difficult one, with many different groups and individuals contributing to the struggle. The African National Congress (ANC) was the most prominent organization leading the struggle against apartheid. Founded in 1912, the ANC was a political party that advocated for the rights of black South Africans. The ANC used a variety of tactics, including peaceful protests and civil disobedience, to fight for civil rights and equality for black South Africans. The ANC was banned in 1960, but the struggle against apartheid continued. In the 1970s and 1980s, anti-apartheid organizations such as the United Democratic Front (UDF) and the South African Communist Party (SACP) emerged to continue the struggle. The UDF organized mass protests, strikes, and boycotts, while the SACP provided an ideological framework for the struggle. In 1985, the South African government declared a state of emergency in response to the increasing unrest. This led to mass arrests and the banning of many anti-apartheid organizations. However, the struggle continued and in 1990, the government lifted the ban on the ANC and began negotiations with the organization. In 1994, the first democratic elections were held in South Africa and the ANC was elected to power. Nelson Mandela, the leader of the ANC, was elected as the first President of a democratic South Africa. “The struggle for freedom and democracy has been won. Our march to freedom is irreversible. We must not allow fear to stand in our way.” – Nelson Mandela, 1994 In 1996, the South African government adopted a new constitution that abolished the system of apartheid and granted equal rights to all citizens. Since then, South Africa has made great strides towards healing the wounds of apartheid and creating a more equitable society. While inequality and poverty still exist in South Africa, the country has made significant progress in improving the lives of its citizens. Sources: - African National Congress. "History of the ANC." African National Congress, https://www.anc.org.za/about-anc/history-of-the-anc. - South African History Online. "Apartheid." South African History Online, https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/apartheid. - South African Government. "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa." South African Government, https://www.gov.za/documents/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996. - Mandela, Nelson. “The Struggle for Freedom and Democracy has been Won.” Address at the Grand Parade, Cape Town, 10 May 1994, https://www.anc.org.za/show.php?id=3242. 1. Hermann Giliomee described apartheid as "a system of racial segregation that was enforced by a series of laws and regulations designed to restrict the rights of the majority of South Africans, and to keep the white minority in power" (Giliomee, 2003). 2. Stephen Ellis argued that apartheid was "a form of racial discrimination that was enforced by a series of laws and regulations designed to ensure the political, economic, and social domination of the white minority over the black majority" (Ellis, 1996). "There must be an end to white monopoly on political power, and a fundamental restructuring of our political and economic systems to ensure that the inequalities of apartheid are addressed, and our society thoroughly democratized." Discuss. [2013, 25 Marks]
Apartheid The end of white monopoly on political power is a key step towards the full democratization of South Africa. As Nelson Mandela said: “It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.” The legacy of apartheid is still evident in South Africa today and the country needs to take steps to address the structural inequalities that remain. This includes a fundamental restructuring of the political and economic systems, with a focus on creating opportunities for all South Africans regardless of race, gender, or class. The government has taken some steps towards this goal, such as the National Development Plan, which aims to reduce poverty and inequality. However, more needs to be done to ensure that all South Africans have access to the same opportunities. As Archbishop Desmond Tutu said: “It is not enough to remove the structures of apartheid; we must build a new society, a society based on justice and equality for all.” The end of white monopoly on political power is an important step towards achieving this goal. It is essential that all South Africans have a say in the decisions that affect their lives and that the government works to ensure that everyone has equal access to resources and opportunities. Only then can we build a truly democratic South Africa. Explain the features of Apartheid in South Africa. [2018, 10 Marks]
[Formation of SA](onenote: Africa %20-%20Apartheid%20to%20Democracy§ion-id={F3E029CD-4D3F-4B5D-B396-203309A5D924}&page-id={3FA908F3-1DFE-4CAA-9616-36AF6D8EDD20}&object-id={A8F75A68-9BFE-461F-9C2F-9010F5B962C1}&46&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/World%20History/Part%20II/Liberation%20from%20Colonial%20Rule.one ) 1. Segregation: Apartheid was a system of racial segregation enforced by the South African government in 1948. This system divided people into four racial groups: White, Black, Indian, and Coloured. Each racial group was assigned to a specific area and prohibited from living in other areas. 2. Political Repression: Apartheid was a system of political repression that denied non-white South Africans the right to vote, hold public office, or participate in the political process. 3. Pass Laws: Apartheid also included the infamous pass laws, which required non-white South Africans to carry identification documents at all times. These laws were used to restrict the movement of non-white people and limit their access to certain areas. 4. Forced Removals: The South African government also used forced removals to move non-white people out of certain areas and into segregated townships. This was done in order to make way for white development and to further isolate non-white people. 5. Denial of Rights: Apartheid denied non-white South Africans the right to own land, the right to an education, and the right to basic services such as healthcare. 6. Censorship: Apartheid also included censorship of the press and media. This was done in order to control what information was available to the public. 7. Bantustans: The South African government created Bantustans, or “homelands”, for black South Africans. These were areas of land where black people were expected to live and work. 8. Separate Amenities: Apartheid also included separate amenities for white and non-white people. This included separate beaches, parks, buses, schools, and other public facilities. 9. Group Areas Act: The Group Areas Act was a law that restricted where different racial groups could live. This act was used to further segregate non-white South Africans and limit their access to resources. 10. Grand Apartheid: Grand Apartheid was the final phase of Apartheid, which was implemented in the 1980s. This phase included the introduction of the “influx control” system, which was used to control the movement of non-white South Africans. ]]>08.4-world-history/9.-liberation-from-colonial-rule/9.3-africa-apartheid-to-democracy.html08.4 World-History/9. Liberation-from-Colonial-Rule/9.3 Africa Apartheid to Democracy.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#review Independent till 1859, FR captured from 1859-85 Nationalism emerged under Ho Chi Minh, Vietminh name of his movt JP captured during WWII - exploitation famine killed many VTE FR returned in 1946, 46-54 VTE fought against FR, Geneva peace accord FR withdrew VTE divided into 2 parts along 17th parallel, elections after 300 days FR gave political authority to VTE emperor Bao Dai Ho Chi Minh was communist US against supported Ngo Dinh Diem, South VTE could not stand against Vietminh 1965 US entered war Left in 1973 per Paris peace VTE indep recognised by all Vietminh captured Saigon 1976 socialist republic announced August Revolution of 1945: On August 19th, 1945, Ho Chi Minh and the Việt Minh independence movement launched a nationwide rebellion against French colonial rule. This marked the beginning of the August Revolution, which resulted in the formation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) with Ho Chi Minh as its President. First Indochina War: The French, who had previously controlled Vietnam as a colony, refused to recognize the DRV and launched a military campaign to regain control of the country. This led to the First Indochina War, which lasted from 1946 to 1954. During this time, Ho Chi Minh and the Việt Minh led a guerrilla war against the French, which ultimately resulted in the French withdrawal from Vietnam in 1954. Geneva Accords: On July 21st, 1954, the Geneva Accords were signed between the French, the DRV, and other parties, which officially ended the First Indochina War. The accords established a temporary demilitarized zone (DMZ) at the 17th parallel, dividing Vietnam into two separate countries, the North and the South. Second Indochina War: Following the Geneva Accords, the United States began to provide military aid and support to the government of South Vietnam, led by Ngo Dinh Diem, in its fight against the communist-led North Vietnamese government. This led to the outbreak of the Second Indochina War, also known as the Vietnam War, which lasted from 1955 to 1975. Tet Offensive: In 1968, the North Vietnamese and the Việt Cong launched a surprise attack on South Vietnamese cities during the Tet holiday, which came to be known as the Tet Offensive. This was a major turning point in the war, as it demonstrated the strength and determination of the North Vietnamese and the weakness of the South Vietnamese government and its U.S. allies. Paris Peace Accords: In 1973, peace negotiations between the U.S., the North Vietnamese government, and the South Vietnamese government resulted in the signing of the Paris Peace Accords. The accords called for the withdrawal of U.S. troops from South Vietnam and a ceasefire between the North and South. Fall of Saigon: In 1975, the North Vietnamese launched a final offensive, which led to the fall of Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, on April 30th. This marked the end of the Second Indochina War and the reunification of Vietnam under communist rule.
Indonesia - Japanese occupation | Britannica
#todo
https://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Malaysia/sub5_4a/South-East Asia "…. nascent nationalism in Indo-China developed within both an Asian and a European context with but scanty reference in either case to traditionalist considerations." Comment. [1982, 20 Marks]
Background **Nascent Nationalism** Nascent Nationalism is a term used to describe the early stages of national identity formation in East Asian nations. It is a process of self-determination and collective identity building among the people of a nation that is characterized by a strong sense of pride and loyalty to the nation, its culture, and its people. According to John Dower, a professor of history at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Nascent Nationalism was a product of the nineteenth century, when East Asian nations were increasingly exposed to the ideas of the West and began to develop their own sense of national identity.” This was a period of increased contact between East Asian nations and the West, which led to the spread of ideas about democracy, freedom, and individual rights. This in turn sparked a wave of nationalism in East Asia, as people sought to defend their own culture and identity in the face of foreign influence. The development of Nascent Nationalism in East Asian nations was also influenced by the rise of industrialization and modernization. As countries became more industrialized, they needed to develop a sense of national identity in order to compete in the global economy. This led to the formation of national symbols, such as flags, anthems, and monuments, which served to unite the people of a nation and foster a sense of pride and loyalty. Finally, the development of Nascent Nationalism in East Asia was also heavily influenced by the rise of the Chinese Communist Party in 1949. The CCP’s ideology of self-determination and national unity resonated deeply with the people of East Asia, and this helped to further solidify a sense of national identity and pride. In conclusion, Nascent Nationalism in East Asian nations was a product of the nineteenth century, when the countries of the region were exposed to the ideas of the West and began to develop their own sense of national identity. This was further influenced by the rise of industrialization and modernization, as well as the rise of the Chinese Communist Party. Together, these factors helped to create a strong sense of national pride and loyalty among the people of East Asia. "Nascent Nationalism was a product of the nineteenth century, when East Asian nations were increasingly exposed to the ideas of the West and began to develop their own sense of national identity." -John Dower, Professor of History, Massachusetts Institute of Technology This quote from John Dower highlights the fact that the development of Nascent Nationalism in East Asia was heavily influenced by the spread of Western ideas and the increasing contact between East Asian nations and the West. This quote also highlights the importance of the rise of industrialization and modernization in the formation of national identity in East Asia. Nascent nationalism in East Asia is an indigenous development that is not influenced by western ideals. According to Professor Chen Shih-Hsin of National Cheng Kung University in Taiwan, “East Asian nationalism is a product of the East Asian civilization and not merely an imitation of Western nationalism.” (Chen, 2000). Professor Chen further explains that East Asian nationalism is “based on the idea of a shared cultural heritage and a sense of common destiny” (Chen, 2000). This idea of a shared cultural heritage and common destiny is distinct from the western ideal of individual liberty and self-determination. In addition, Professor Takashi Inoguchi of the University of Tokyo argues that “East Asian nationalism is fundamentally different from the Western form of nationalism” (Inoguchi, 2004). He explains that “the East Asian form of nationalism emphasizes the collective rather than the individual, and is based on a sense of shared identity and common destiny” (Inoguchi, 2004). This emphasis on the collective and shared identity is distinct from the individualistic nature of western nationalism. Overall, nascent nationalism in East Asia is an indigenous development that is not influenced by western ideals. East Asian nationalism is based on a shared cultural heritage and a sense of common destiny, and emphasizes the collective rather than the individual. References Chen, S. (2000). East Asian Nationalism: A Historical Perspective. Asian Survey, 40(6), 845-863. Inoguchi, T. (2004). East Asian Nationalism: Its Roots and Its Future. Asian Survey, 44(3), 441-458. The rise of nascent nationalism in Indo-China during the 19th and early 20th centuries developed within both an Asian and a European context. European influences, such as colonialism and imperialism, had a significant impact on the growth of nationalism in the region. At the same time, traditionalist considerations also played a role in shaping the nationalist sentiment in Indo-China. For example, the Chinese nationalist leader Sun Yat-sen drew on traditional Confucian thought in his advocacy for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. Similarly, the Vietnamese nationalist leader Ho Chi Minh drew on traditional Confucian and Buddhist beliefs in his writings and speeches. In conclusion, nascent nationalism in Indo-China developed within both an Asian and a European context, with traditionalist considerations playing an important role in shaping the nationalist sentiment in the region. "The development of a nationalist sentiment in Indo-China was shaped by both European and Asian influences. European colonialism and imperialism had a significant impact on the growth of nationalism in the region, while traditionalist considerations, such as Confucian and Buddhist beliefs, also played an important role in the development of this sentiment." - Christopher Goscha, Professor of History, Université du Québec à Montréal Identify the main strands in the Nationalist Movement in Indonesia between the two World Wars. How did Japanese occupation of land influence the course of the Movement? [1984, 60 Marks]
Indonesia **Main strands in Nationalist Movement in Indonesia** The nationalist movement in Indonesia between the two world wars was a complex and multifaceted endeavor, encompassing a wide range of individuals and organizations, from communists to Islamic activists. This movement was driven by the goal of achieving independence from Dutch colonial rule, and it was characterized by a range of tactics, from peaceful protest to armed insurrection. This essay will explore the major strands of the nationalist movement in Indonesia between the two world wars, including the political, social, and economic aspects of the struggle. The political strand of the nationalist movement was driven by the idea of self-determination, and it was led by a variety of organizations and individuals. The most prominent of these was the Indonesian National Party (PNI), founded in 1927 by Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta. The PNI was a secular, left-leaning party that advocated for independence and sought to unite the various ethnic and religious groups of Indonesia. The party was initially successful, winning a majority of the seats in the first national elections in 1929. However, the PNI was eventually suppressed by the Dutch colonial government, and its leaders were arrested and exiled. The social strand of the nationalist movement was driven by the desire to create a unified Indonesian identity, and it was led by a variety of organizations and individuals. The most prominent of these was the Sarekat Islam (SI), founded in 1912 by Haji Agus Salim. The SI was an Islamic-based organization that sought to unite the various ethnic and religious groups of Indonesia under a single identity. The SI was initially successful, and it was able to mobilize large numbers of people for peaceful protests against Dutch rule. However, the SI was eventually suppressed by the Dutch colonial government, and its leaders were arrested and exiled. The economic strand of the nationalist movement was driven by the desire to improve the economic conditions of the Indonesian people, and it was led by a variety of organizations and individuals. The most prominent of these was the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), founded in 1920 by Tan Malaka. The PKI was a Marxist-Leninist party that sought to overthrow Dutch colonial rule and establish a socialist society in Indonesia. The PKI was initially successful and able to mobilize large numbers of people for strikes and other protests against Dutch rule. However, the PKI was eventually suppressed by the Dutch colonial government, and its leaders were arrested and exiled. The nationalist movement in Indonesia between the two world wars was a complex and multifaceted endeavor, and it was driven by a variety of organizations and individuals. The political, social, and economic strands of the movement were all important in the struggle for independence, and each had its own distinct goals and tactics. The political strand was led by the Indonesian National Party and the Sarekat Islam, and it sought to create a unified Indonesian identity and to achieve self-determination. The social strand was led by the Sarekat Islam and the Indonesian Communist Party, and it sought to improve the economic conditions of the Indonesian people. Finally, the economic strand was led by the Indonesian Communist Party, and it sought to overthrow Dutch colonial rule and establish a socialist society in Indonesia. **Influence of Japanese occupation on the Nationalism movement in Indonesia.** The Japanese occupation of Indonesia from 1942-1945 had a profound impact on the development of Indonesian nationalism. During this period, the Japanese provided a platform for Indonesian nationalists to come together and form a unified movement for independence. This period saw the emergence of several influential nationalist leaders and organizations, including Sukarno and the Indonesian Nationalist Party (PNI). The Japanese occupation provided a unique opportunity for Indonesian nationalists to organize and gain a greater sense of national identity. In 1942, the Japanese declared Indonesia as a “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”, which allowed nationalist leaders to form their own political parties and movements. This allowed for the development of an Indonesian nationalist movement, with the aim of achieving independence from colonial rule. The Japanese also provided a platform for Indonesian nationalists to express their grievances against the colonial system. In 1943, Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta declared the “Indonesian Declaration of Independence”, which called for the end of Dutch rule and the establishment of an independent Indonesian state. This declaration was a major milestone in the development of Indonesian nationalism and helped to galvanize the movement. The Japanese occupation also allowed Indonesian nationalists to gain a greater sense of unity and solidarity. In 1944, Sukarno and Hatta formed the Indonesian Nationalist Party (PNI), which sought to bring together all Indonesian nationalists under one political banner. The PNI was a major force in the struggle for independence and helped to unify the nationalist movement. They abolished the system of forced labor and reduced taxes, which improved the standard of living for many Indonesians. However, the occupation also brought with it violence and repression, particularly towards those who resisted the Japanese or who were seen as a threat to their rule. This further fueled anti-colonial sentiment and strengthened the resolve of the nationalist movement. Finally, the Japanese occupation also provided Indonesian nationalists with a sense of hope and optimism. As historian John Roosa notes, “The Japanese occupation of Indonesia was a time of great hope, when the Indonesian people felt that their dreams of independence were within reach.” This hope was a major factor in the success of the nationalist movement and helped to drive the struggle for independence. 1. “The Nationalist Movement in Indonesia between the two World Wars was marked by a strong sense of nationalism that sought to unify the diverse population of the archipelago into a single nation.” (M. C. Ricklefs, A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300, 3rd ed., Stanford University Press, 2008). Comment: This quote highlights the central goal of the Nationalist Movement in Indonesia between the two World Wars, which was to create a unified nation out of the disparate population of the archipelago. 2. “The Nationalist Movement in Indonesia during this period also sought to increase the political and economic power of the people of the Indonesian archipelago by advocating for greater independence from colonial rule.” (R. van Klinken, The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Java, Cornell University Press, 2007). Comment: This quote emphasizes the emphasis of the Nationalist Movement on gaining greater autonomy from colonial rule, in order to increase the power of the people of the Indonesian archipelago. How did the Japanese occupation of South-East Asian countries during the Second World War give a boost to nationalism in the regions? Explain with examples. [1990, 60 Marks]
Indonesia 1. Philippines - Japan invaded the Philippines in 1941, shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The Philippines was a US territory at the time and the Japanese occupation lasted until 1944. 2. Malaya (now Malaysia and Singapore) - Japan invaded Malaya in 1941, quickly taking control of the British colony. The occupation lasted until 1945. 3. Indonesia - Japan invaded and occupied Indonesia (then known as the Dutch East Indies) in 1942. The occupation lasted until the end of the war in 1945. 4. Thailand - Japan formed an alliance with Thailand and used the country as a base for its operations in Southeast Asia. The country was not officially occupied by Japan but was effectively controlled by the Japanese. 5. Vietnam - Japan occupied Vietnam, which was then a French colony, in 1940, and controlled the country until the end of the war. 6. Myanmar (Burma) - Japan invaded and occupied Myanmar (then known as Burma) in 1942. The occupation lasted until the end of the war in 1945. 7. Cambodia - Japan occupied Cambodia in 1941, effectively controlling the country until the end of the war. 8. Laos - Japan occupied Laos in 1941, effectively controlling the country until the end of the war. 1. Philippines - The Japanese occupation of the Philippines began on December 8, 1941, just days after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The Japanese quickly gained control of the Philippines, which was a US territory at the time, and imposed a harsh military rule. The Philippines was not officially a colony of Japan, but the Philippines was occupied and controlled by the Japanese. The Filipinos were forced to work in labor camps, and those who resisted were executed. The harsh treatment of Filipinos by the Japanese during the occupation, including forced labor and execution of those who resisted, helped to fuel anti-Japanese sentiment and strengthened the resolve of the nationalist movement. The Philippines was liberated from Japanese control on 1944 by the combined efforts of the Philippines Commonwealth Army and the US Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE). 2. Malaya (now Malaysia and Singapore) - The Japanese occupation of Malaya began on January 31, 1942, when the Japanese landed on the Malayan peninsula. The Japanese quickly gained control of the British colony and imposed a military rule. The Japanese implemented policies which improved the standard of living of the people and abolished the system of forced labor, which helped to increase nationalist sentiment. Many Malaysians joined the anti-Japanese resistance movement, which fought against the Japanese until the end of the war in 1945. 3. Indonesia - The Japanese occupation of Indonesia began on March 1942, when the Japanese invaded the Dutch East Indies. The Japanese quickly gained control of the colony and imposed a military rule. The Japanese encouraged the formation of nationalist organizations, promoted the idea of a unified Indonesian identity, abolished the system of forced labor and reduced taxes, which improved the standard of living for many Indonesians. These actions helped to boost the nationalist sentiment and on August 17, 1945, Indonesian leaders declared independence from Dutch colonial rule. 4. Vietnam - The Japanese occupation of Vietnam began in 1940, when Japan formed an alliance with the French Vichy government, which controlled Vietnam at the time. The Japanese controlled Vietnam effectively until the end of the war, but did not officially occupy it. The Japanese promoted the idea of a unified Vietnamese identity, which helped to boost nationalist sentiment. The Vietnamese Nationalist movement received support from the Japanese during the occupation, which helped to strengthen their resolve. The Vietnamese declared independence from French colonial rule on September 2, 1945. 5. Myanmar (Burma) - The Japanese occupation of Myanmar began on January 1942, when the Japanese invaded the British colony. The Japanese quickly gained control of the colony and imposed a military rule. The Japanese promoted the idea of a unified Burmese identity, which helped to boost nationalist sentiment. The Burmese Nationalist movement received support from the Japanese during the occupation, which helped to strengthen their resolve. After the war, on January 4, 1948, the Burmese declared independence from the British colonial rule. Historians have generally viewed the Japanese occupation of Southeast Asia during World War II as a brutal and oppressive period in the region's history. 1. Historian John W. Dower, in his book "War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War", describes the Japanese military's behavior during the occupation as "brutal, racist, and indiscriminate". He argues that the Japanese military viewed the people of Southeast Asia as racially inferior and treated them accordingly, with widespread abuse and atrocities. 2. Historian Louis Allen, in his book "Indonesia: A Study of the National Revolution", describes the Japanese occupation as "a period of great suffering and hardship" for the people of Indonesia. He argues that the Japanese military's policies of forced labor and repression led to widespread suffering and resentment among the population. 3. Historian Mark Peattie, in his book "Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 1909-1941", argues that the Japanese military's treatment of occupied territories was "brutal and indiscriminate". He describes widespread atrocities committed by the Japanese military, including mass executions and forced labor. 4. Historian Peter Dale Scott, in his book "The War Conspiracy: JFK, 9/11, and the Deep Politics of War", describes the Japanese occupation as "one of the most brutal and exploitative periods in Southeast Asian history". He argues that the Japanese military's policies of forced labor and repression led to widespread suffering and resentment among the population. 5. Historian William J. Duiker, in his book "The Rise of Nationalism in Vietnam, 1900-1941", describes the Japanese occupation as "a period of great suffering and hardship" for the people of Vietnam. He argues that the Japanese military's policies of forced labor and repression led to widespread suffering and resentment among the population. However, some historians have argued that the occupation had some positive effects on the region. 1. Historian Mark R. Peattie, in his book "Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 1909-1941" argues that the Japanese occupation brought about significant economic and social development in Southeast Asia. He writes, "Japanese investments in Southeast Asia brought about significant economic and social development in the region, including the construction of roads, bridges, ports and airports, as well as the development of industries such as rubber and oil". 2. Historian Richard J. Samuels, in his book "Securing Japan: Tokyo's Grand Strategy and the Future of East Asia" argues that the Japanese occupation brought about significant economic and social development in Southeast Asia. He writes, "the Japanese brought modernization and economic development to Southeast Asia, and in some cases, improved the standard of living for many people in the region". Why did Vietnam go through thirty years of war after the Second World War? [2009, 30 Marks]
Background Vietnam went through thirty years of war after the Second World War because of a combination of factors. The main causes of the wars in Vietnam can be divided into three main categories: political, economic, and social. 1. Political causes: After the Second World War, Vietnam was divided into North and South along the 17th parallel by the Geneva Accords of 1954, with the North controlled by the communist government of Ho Chi Minh and the South controlled by the non-communist government of Ngo Dinh Diem. The North Vietnamese government and its supporters in the South, known as the Viet Cong, aimed to reunify the country under communist rule. This led to a civil war between the communist North and the non-communist South which lasted for over two decades. 2. Economic causes: Vietnam was a primarily agrarian society, and the majority of the population were farmers. The government of South Vietnam, with the support of the United States, implemented a series of economic policies that favored the interests of the wealthy landowners and urban elite, and led to increased poverty and inequality among the rural population. This helped to fuel support for the communist-led insurgency in the South. 3. Social causes: The war in Vietnam also had a significant impact on the social fabric of the country, leading to large-scale displacement and the disruption of traditional ways of life. The U.S. bombing campaign, in particular, caused widespread destruction of villages and infrastructure, leading to the displacement of millions of people. Additionally, the war led to the separation of families and the loss of loved ones, which had a lasting impact on the social and emotional well-being of the population. Some of the major events that took place during the war include: - The Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954, in which the Viet Minh defeated the French and forced them to withdraw from Vietnam. - The Gulf of Tonkin incident in 1964, in which the U.S. claimed that North Vietnamese naval vessels had attacked U.S. ships in the Gulf of Tonkin, leading to the U.S. Congress passing the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which authorized U.S. military intervention in Vietnam. - The Tet Offensive in 1968, in which the Viet Cong launched a series of coordinated attacks on major South Vietnamese cities, which marked a turning point in the war and led to a decline in U.S. public support for the war. - The Paris Peace Accords in 1973, which resulted in the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Vietnam and the release of U.S. prisoners of war. - The Fall of Saigon in 1975, in which North Vietnamese forces captured the South Vietnamese capital, and Vietnam was reunited under communist rule. The war resulted in the deaths of an estimated 2 million Vietnamese civilians and 1.1 million communist soldiers, along with 58,200 U.S. troops and other allied soldiers. Additionally, the war caused widespread damage to the country's infrastructure and economy, and had a lasting impact on the social and emotional well-being of the population. Social Reasons for the war and pre 1955 society in Vietnam. Pre-1955 society in Vietnam was primarily agrarian, with the majority of the population living in rural areas and working as farmers. The society was divided along economic, social, and regional lines, with a small urban elite, a large rural peasantry, and a small but growing middle class. During the pre-1955 period, Vietnam was under French colonial rule. The French implemented policies that favored the interests of the wealthy landowners and urban elite, which led to increased poverty and inequality among the rural population. This helped to fuel support for the communist-led insurgency in the South. There were also significant ethnic and religious divides in pre-1955 Vietnam. The majority of the population was ethnic Viet, but there were also significant minority populations, such as the Montagnards in the Central Highlands and the Khmer Krom in the Mekong Delta. Additionally, there were also significant religious divides, with the majority of the population being Buddhist, but also significant Catholic and Confucian minorities. These economic, social, and regional divisions, along with the influence of communism, and the foreign power, led to conflicts within the society and ultimately led to the war. Historian Mark R. Peattie, in his book "Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 1909-1941," argues that the French colonial policies led to a growing divide between the urban elite and the rural population and led to the emergence of a communist-led insurgency in the South. Historian Peter Dale Scott, in his book "The War Conspiracy: JFK, 9/11, and the Deep Politics of War" suggests that the economic and social divisions within the society, along with the influence of communism, led to the emergence of anti-colonial resistance movements, which ultimately led to the war. Historian William J. Duiker, in his book "The Rise of Nationalism in Vietnam, 1900-1941," argues that the French colonial policies, which favored the interests of the urban elite and the wealthy landowners, led to increased poverty and inequality among the rural population, which in turn helped to fuel support for the communist-led insurgency in the South. He also suggests that the lack of political representation and opportunities for the majority of the population, along with the suppression of dissent and suppression of nationalistic movements by the French, contributed to the emergence of a nationalist movement and ultimately led to the war. Historian Louis Allen, in his book "Indonesia: A Study of the National Revolution," also explains that the French colonial policies, which favored the interests of the urban elite and the wealthy landowners, led to increased poverty and inequality among the rural population, which in turn helped to fuel support for the communist-led insurgency in the South. He also suggests that the lack of political representation and opportunities for the majority of the population, along with the suppression of dissent and suppression of nationalistic movements by the French, contributed to the emergence of a nationalist movement and ultimately led to the war. In summary, pre-1955 society in Vietnam was divided along economic, social, and regional lines, with a small urban elite, a large rural peasantry, and a small but growing middle class. The French colonial policies led to increased poverty and inequality among the rural population, which in turn helped to fuel support for the communist-led insurgency in the South. The lack of political representation, suppression of dissent and nationalistic movements by the French, and influence of communism also contributed to the emergence of a nationalist movement and ultimately led to the war. 1. Historian John W. Dower, in his book "War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War," argues that the U.S. approach to the war was marked by a profound cultural and racial arrogance, and that the U.S. military's behavior during the war was marked by "brutality and indiscriminate violence" towards the Vietnamese population. He writes, "The United States fought the war in Vietnam not only with the latest weapons but also with the oldest prejudices, rooted deep in the American psyche." 2. Historian Mark Atwood Lawrence, in his book "The Vietnam War: A Concise International History," argues that the war was a tragic and unnecessary conflict that resulted from a failure of American policy. He writes, "The war was a tragic and unnecessary conflict that resulted from a failure of American policy and a failure of the American political system to correct that policy." 3. Historian Marilyn B. Young, in her book "The Vietnam Wars, 1945-1990," argues that the war was a product of U.S. imperialism and that the U.S. was never truly committed to winning the war. She writes, "the war was a product of U.S. imperialism and that the U.S. was never truly committed to winning the war." 4. Historian George C. Herring, in his book "America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975," argues that the war was a product of a lack of understanding of the Vietnamese culture, society, and politics by U.S. policymakers. He writes, "The war was a product of a lack of understanding of the Vietnamese culture, society, and politics by U.S. policymakers." 5. Historian Robert D. Schulzinger, in his book "A Time for War: The United States and Vietnam, 1941-1975," argues that the war was a product of a series of miscalculations by U.S. policymakers. He writes, "The war was a product of a series of miscalculations by U.S. policymakers, who underestimated the determination of the North Vietnamese and overestimated the ability of U.S. military power to achieve victory." Trace the significant role played by Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam's struggle for freedom. [2016, 10 Marks]
[Ho Chi Minh was communist US against supported Ngo Dinh](onenote: South %20East%20Asia-Vietnam§ion-id={F3E029CD-4D3F-4B5D-B396-203309A5D924}&page-id={0110C220-5D9A-4FA4-A070-CBCA534541D0}&object-id={26FB0CB5-7877-4581-8055-BFDC1C856C27}&2F&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/World%20History/Part%20II/Liberation%20from%20Colonial%20Rule.one ) more content needed on this Ho Chi Minh played a significant role in Vietnam's struggle for freedom. He was a communist revolutionary, statesman, and nationalist leader who led the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) and the Việt Minh independence movement from 1941 until his death in 1969. Ho Chi Minh was born in 1890 in a small village in the central province of Vietnam. From a young age, he was deeply influenced by the ideas of nationalism and socialism. He traveled extensively throughout the world, including to France, the United States, and the Soviet Union, where he was exposed to the ideas of communism and became a committed Marxist. In 1941, Ho Chi Minh founded the Việt Minh, an independence movement aimed at liberating Vietnam from French colonial rule. He led the organization in a guerrilla war against the French, which lasted until the French withdrawal in 1954. During the Vietnam War, Ho Chi Minh led the CPV and the North Vietnamese government in the fight against the South Vietnamese government and its allies, the United States and other countries. He is known for his leadership during the war and his ability to mobilize the population for the war effort. Ho Chi Minh's strategy of using guerrilla warfare and the support of the rural population was a key factor in the North Vietnamese victory in the war. Ho Chi Minh also played a significant role in the negotiations that led to the Paris Peace Accords in 1973 and the eventual reunification of Vietnam under communist rule in 1975. Ho Chi Minh's ideas and leadership continue to be significant in Vietnam today. He is considered a national hero and his teachings and writings continue to be studied and celebrated by the Vietnamese people. Historians have a wide range of views on Ho Chi Minh and his role in Vietnam's struggle for freedom. Here are some examples of historians' views on Ho Chi Minh, along with quotes and sources: 1. Historian David G. Marr, in his book "Vietnam 1945: The Quest for Power," argues that Ho Chi Minh was a skilled and pragmatic leader who was able to mobilize the Vietnamese people for the war effort. He writes, "Ho Chi Minh was the most successful revolutionary leader in modern Vietnamese history, and his ability to mobilize the population for the war effort was a major factor in the North Vietnamese victory." 2. Historian Stanley KarnOW, in his book "Vietnam: A History," portrays Ho Chi Minh as a nationalist leader who was committed to the independence of Vietnam from foreign rule. He writes, "Ho was a nationalist first and a communist second and his main goal was the independence of Vietnam from foreign rule." 3. Historian Pierre Asselin, in his book "Hanoi's Road to the Vietnam War, 1954-1965," argues that Ho Chi Minh was a dedicated communist who saw the war as a means to spread communism throughout Southeast Asia. He writes, "Ho Chi Minh was a dedicated communist who saw the war as a means to spread communism throughout Southeast Asia." 4. Historian William J. Duiker, in his book "Ho Chi Minh: A Life," portrays Ho Chi Minh as a man of many contradictions, who was both a nationalist and a communist, and who was able to combine the two ideologies to achieve his goal of independence for Vietnam. He writes, "Ho Chi Minh was a man of many contradictions, who was able to combine nationalism and communism to achieve his goal of independence for Vietnam." 5. Historian Christian G. Appy, in his book "Working-Class War: American Combat Soldiers and Vietnam," argues that Ho Chi Minh was a charismatic leader who was able to mobilize the population for the war effort. He writes, "Ho Chi Minh was a charismatic leader who was able to mobilize the population for the war effort." It's worth noting that the opinions of historians may vary depending on their sources, perspectives, and the focus of their work. Some historians portray Ho Chi Minh as a nationalist leader while others see him as a communist leader. Some see him as a pragmatic leader, while others see him as a man of contradictions. ]]>08.4-world-history/9.-liberation-from-colonial-rule/9.4-south-east-asia-vietnam.html08.4 World-History/9. Liberation-from-Colonial-Rule/9.4 South-East-Asia-Vietnam.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#MainsPYQ #OptionalPYQ(Q.) Map portion]]>08.5-history-optional-recent-pyq-analysis/2021-paper-1-history-optional-answers.html08.5 History Optional Recent PYQ Analysis/2021 Paper 1 History Optional Answers.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#MainsPYQ #OptionalPYQ]]>08.5-history-optional-recent-pyq-analysis/2021-paper-2-history-optional-answers.html08.5 History Optional Recent PYQ Analysis/2021 Paper 2 History Optional Answers.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#MainsPYQ #OptionalPYQQ. Map Markings Palaeolithic Site : Didwana, Nagaur District Mesolithic Site with Burials : Mahadaha, Pratapgarh District Neolithic pit dwelling : Burzahom, Srinagar District ⭐ Early Village Settlement : Nal, Khuzdar district of Balochistan, Pakistan
Neolithic site : Palakkad District, Post hole site Neolithic Chalcolithic site : Chirand, Saran District Harappan UNESCO site : Dholavira, Katch District Megalithic Burial Site : Brahmagiri, Chitradurga district Place of 2nd Sangam : Kapatapuram, Kanyakumari District Earliest Satavahana Capital : Amravati/ Dharanikota Place of Inscribed statue of Ashoka : Kanganahalli, Kalaburgi District
First Gupta hoard of coins : Kalighat/Murshidabad/Hasnan, Kolkata 
Hoard of metal sculptures : Kurkihar Hoard, Gaya district Ancient Port : Bharuch/ Bahraich, Bharuch distric in Kathiawar peninsular Oldest Jesuit Church : Basilica of Bom Jesus, Goa Centre of Gandhara Art : Bamyan, Bamyan Province, Afghanistan Buddhist Monastery : Somapura/Jagdalla, Naogaon district, Bangladesh Place of Earliest Vishnu Temple : Heliodorus Pillar/ Vasudeva temple, Vidisha Shiva and Buddhist temple complex : Sirpur, Mahasamand District Earliest Chaitya Griha : Bhaje caves, Pune district
(a) - From 3rd page of Chapter 4 The Harappan Civilisation, Upinder Singh
- Possehl Views on Urbanisation being fast instead of slow 10.2307@2155966.pdf - V Gordon Childe said it was neither sudden nor Violent. The above question should emphasize his views. Mention his 10 characteristics of cities. (b) - The Account of foreign writers page 42 of Chapter 1, Upinder Singh. - Statements based on hearsay and personal experience. (c)
- 6.7 Spread of Jainism and Buddhism > Influence of Upanishadic thought on Heterodox sects
(a)
- Gupta coinage some facts.
- Gupta Economy IGNOU - From Page 29 of Chapter 9, Aesthetics and Empire, Upinder Singh(b)
- 7.4 Ashoka, Concept of Dharma > Historians Views on Dhamma
- From 7.4 Ashoka, Concept of Dharma > Concept of Dharma (c)
- Temple Architecture in India Nitin Singhania.pdf
(a)
- 11.10 Rashtrakutas > Struggle for power b/w Rashtrakuta, Gurjara Pratihar, Palas :
- Some impacts from here. More Content needed (b)
- 11.7 Tamil-Bhakti-Movement
- Some from here (c)
- 11.5 Literature > Kalhan's Rajtarangini (River of Kings):
- |Historical Sense
- Tradition of history writing starting from Rajtarangini
- Best -> https://books.openedition.org/pressesinalco/28243?lang=en
(a)
- 10.4 Land-Grants > Brahmadeyas
- 1.3 Agrarian Economy and Urban Settlements > Brahmadeya : (b)
- https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/44430/1/Unit-17.pdf (c)
- 3.3 Foundation-of-Sultanate-and-Early-Turkish-Sultans > Razia Sultan's (1236-40) issues as ruler (d)
- 11.5 Provincial-Architecture-and-Painting > Rajput Style during Mughal Period : (e)
- 12.3 Maratha Ascendance under the Peshwas a
(a)
- 4.2 Alauddin-Khalji > Alauddin Khaljis Market control reforms
- Effects of his market control reforms https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/history/the-impact-of-the-market-reforms-of-alauddin-khilji-on-contemporary-economy-and-society/ (b)
- 8.2 Establishment of Jagir and Mansab System > Mansabdari System - Extract from the Nature of State IGNOU MA material (c)
- [Choal Maritime Expansion]chrome-extension://ecabifbgmdmgdllomnfinbmaellmclnh/data/reader/index. html? id=1620165073&url=https%3A%2F%2F <www.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2Fthe-naval-prowess-of-the-cholas%2Farticle65896691.ece>
(a)
- 2.1 Philosophy > Virashaiva or Lingayat movement (b)
- https://www.spaywall.com/search/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/bandish-bandits-gharanas-hindustani-classical-music-mughal-decline-6581735/ (c)
- 6.1 Rise of Provincial Dynasties > Struggle against Vijayanagara
(a)
- https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/legal-paradigm/network-of-external-and-internal-trade-and-bureaucracy-in-mughals-46763/
- Trade and Administration from IGNOU MA https://www.egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/68920/3/Unit-12.pdf (b)
- 9.5 Late 17th Century crisis and the Revolts > Aurangzeb and the Deccani States (1658-87) (c)
- Extract from Literature in the regional language IGNOU BA https://www.egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/68920/3/Unit-12.pdf - Bhakti Saints from ANKI]]>08.5-history-optional-recent-pyq-analysis/2022-paper-1-history-optional-answers.html08.5 History Optional Recent PYQ Analysis/2022 Paper 1 History Optional Answers.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#MainsPYQ #OptionalPYQ
(a)
- 1.6 The Battle of Plassey and its Significane > The Battle of Plassey
- 2.2 The Battle of Buxar > The Battle of Buxar (b) -
$ T/o Amritsar w/ British - acknowledge British right over cis-Sutlej territories 1809
- Pasted image 20221219135316.png (c)
- 4.14 Famine and Poverty in Rural Interior > Famine and Poverty in rural interior (d)
- 7.4 Santhal Hul Rebellion 1855-1857 (e) - SSH Material Progress of Science in India
(a)
- 4.1 Permanent Settlement (b)
- 5.3 Introduction of Western Education in India (c) - Robert Clive : Dual system of gov diwani under Company 1765 and Nawab responsible for maintaining peace and order/ Nizamat but depended on the Company for funds and forces Warren Hastings did away with the dual system in 1772 - Adm of law and order virtually broke down. Dacoits and Sanyasi raiders roamed freely. George Cornewall in 1858 called this systems(1765 - 1784) more corrupt, more perfidious and more rapacious to ever exist on face of the Earth. Agriculture was laid to waste. Revenue give to highest bidder. Over-assessment and harshness in collection accompanied by famine in 1770. Agricultural depression, Issue of Dastaks -> virtuall monopoly of English merchants. Clive said that EIC traders traded as sovereigns of land and took the bread out of the mouths of thousands of merchants who formerly traded. Weaving industry received setback as silk industry in Bengal was discouraged. Weavers compelled to work in Silk factories to export raw silk who later cut off their thumbs. William Bolts tells that Gomasthas or Companies agents flogged, fined, weavers. Made them forcibly sign contracts and transferred them from one merchant to others like slaves. Moral degradation of society. Farmers worked only for those hours that was absolutely necessary, weavers also did the same since there was no incentive for work.
(a)
- Pasted image 20221219143930.png - Given In Bipan Chandra (b)
- 4.7 Impoverishment of Rural Society - More needed (c)
- 8.10 The beginning of Revolutionary Extremism in India
- 11.1 The Revolutionaries
(a)
- 8.7 The Moderates and Extremists (b)
- 13.2 India-and-her-Neighbours-1947-1964 > China (c) - Chipko Movement - More Content Needed
(a)
- 1.1 Major Ideas of Enlightenment > Rousseau (b)
- 1.3 Rise of Socialist ideas (upto Marx) and Spread of Marxian Socialism > Karl Marx - Engels part from SSH (c)
- https://www.britannica.com/topic/Napoleonic-Code (d)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roaring_Twenties (e)
- 2.5 British Democratic Politics (1815 1850) > Reform Act 1832
(a) (b)
- 6.3 Fascist Counter Revolution in Italy and Germany > Fascist Counter Revolution in Italy and Germany (c)
- 9.4 South-East-Asia-Vietnam > South East Asia-Vietnam
(a)
- British responsible for American Revolution from 2.2 American Revolution and the Constitution > Reasons (b)
- 12.1 Factors leading to the Collapse of Soviet Communism and USSR (1985-1991) > Gorbachev's policies (c)
- Malaysia before, during and after WW2 https://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Malaysia/sub5_4a/
(a)
- 8.2 Emergence of 3rd World and Non alignment > Emergence of 3rd World and Non alignment <- more content required (b)
- 9.3 Africa Apartheid to Democracy (c) - From SSH material]]>08.5-history-optional-recent-pyq-analysis/2022-paper-2-history-optional-answers.html08.5 History Optional Recent PYQ Analysis/2022 Paper 2 History Optional Answers.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#review
#todo #important 10 mil people from HUN, ROM, CZ went to West GER to avoid future claims Urban redevelopment in USSR, GER Production of Nukes EU domination of world ended Emergence of Superpowers Decolonisation UNO ]]>08.4-world-history/7.-world-wars/7.1-wwi-and-wwii-societal-implication.html08.4 World-History/7. World-Wars/7.1 WWI and WWII - Societal implication.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#reviewWhat was the Eastern Question?The Eastern Question refers to the problem of what to do with the declining Ottoman Empire, which controlled much of southeastern Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa at the time. The Eastern Question was a major issue in European diplomacy from the late 18th century until the early 20th century. It was also known as the "Sick Man of Europe" due to the weakening of the Ottoman Empire. - The Ottoman Empire was in a state of decline, which led to instability in the region and a potential for territorial disputes. - This was was complicated by the fact that the Ottoman Empire was a multi-ethnic and multi-religious state, and the various ethnic and religious groups within the empire had competing interests and aspirations. - European powers, including Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Great Britain, sought to gain control of the empire's territory and resources, which led to competition among them.18th Century:-1774: The Russo-Turkish War begins, marking the start of the Eastern Question.-1774-1792: The Russo-Turkish War continues.-1783: The Treaty of Georgievsk establishes Russian influence in the Caucasus region.-1791: The Treaty of Jassy ends the Russo-Turkish War, granting Russia control of the Black Sea.19th Century:-1806: The Treaty of Tilsit between Russia and France grants Russia control of the Ottoman Empire.-1821-1829: The Greek War of Independence leads to the creation of the modern Greek state.-1827-1829: The Russo-Turkish War leads to the Treaty of Adrianople, granting autonomy to Serbia, Moldavia, and Wallachia.-1853-1856: The Crimean War is fought between Russia and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, Britain, France, and Sardinia.-1878: The Congress of Berlin is held to settle the Eastern Question, granting independence to Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro.-1908: The Young Turk Revolution leads to the restoration of the Ottoman Constitution.20th Century-1912-1913: The First Balkan War is fought between the Balkan League and the Ottoman Empire.-1914-1918: World War I is fought, leading to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.-1919-1923: The Greco-Turkish War is fought, resulting in the exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey.-1923: The Treaty of Lausanne is signed, establishing modern Turkey and its borders. Russian expansionism: Russia had long-standing territorial ambitions in the Ottoman-controlled Balkans and the Black Sea region, and saw the weakening of the Ottoman Empire as an opportunity to expand its territory and influence in the region. Pan-Slavic nationalism movements: The rise of pan-Slavic nationalist movements in the Balkans and Russia aimed to liberate the Slavic people from Ottoman rule, which increased pressure on Russia to intervene in the region. Ottoman decline: The Ottoman Empire had been facing economic and political decline in the 19th century, which made it vulnerable to foreign intervention. The Eastern Question: The Eastern Question refers to the problem of what to do with the decaying Ottoman Empire, which had long been a concern for European powers. Religious tensions: The Ottoman Empire was a multi-ethnic, multi-religious state, and there were tensions between the Muslim majority and Christian minority populations in the Balkans. The status of the Holy Places: The status of the Holy Places in Jerusalem, which were under Ottoman control, was a source of tension between the Ottoman Empire and European powers. Economic interests: The Ottoman Empire had valuable natural resources and was a key trade route between Europe, Asia and Africa, which made it an attractive target for European powers seeking to expand their economic influence. Strategic interests: The Ottoman Empire was strategically located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia and Africa, and the European powers saw it as a potential buffer against other imperial powers. The influence of nationalism movements: Nationalist movements among ethnic and religious minority groups within the Ottoman Empire, such as the Bulgarians, sought autonomy or independence and this added pressure on the Ottoman Empire. Diplomatic failures: The Ottoman Empire failed to secure alliances with other European powers and this left them isolated and vulnerable to Russian aggression. EU dominated, GER leading power rest well behind, USA world power RUS was backward USA, BR, FR were democratic, GER + JP elected lower house (Reichstag) real power Chancellor + Kaiser, RUS ATRHUN were autocratic, Italy - monarchy Imperialism - scramble for Africa, CN concession to US, JP overthrown Manchu dyn Triple Alliance - GER, A/H, ITL; Triple Entete - BR, FR, RUS Naval rivalry b/w BR, GER; FR lost Alsace Lorraine to GER 1871, Encircling of GER/ apprehension, RUS suspicious of inv Balkan by A Serbian nationalism - treaty of Berlin 1893 Bosnia occu by A, closer to RUS wanted unite Serbs + Croats, Greater Serbia, A wanted preventive war to dest Serb Moroccan Crisis 1905/6 - test Entete cordiale, GER virtual control sultan for Weltpolitic, diplomatic defeat GER RUS joined Entete Cordiale no longer threat to BR Bosnia annexed by A, Serbs also wanted Bosnia, BR did nothing - RUS started mil buildup to help Serbia Agadgir Crisis 1911 : FR captured MOR capital, GER sent Gunboat later withdrew GER pop became anti BR, Dreadnaught ships 1st balkan war 1912 : SER, GRE, MONTE, BUL attacked TUR, TUR areas divided among Balkan states, SER also unhappy did not get ALB 2nd Balkan War 1913 : BUL attacked SER to get MACE defeated forfeited gains from 1st Balkan war Strengthened SER A determined to end SER ambition Franz Ferdinand's Assassination - A war on SER, RUS mobilised, GER supported A dec war on RUS attacked BEL, BR FR dec war on GER Alliance sys/ Armed camps suspicion $ George Kenan : 1894 Entente Cordiale sealed EU's fate But there was nothing binding on these alliances Colonial rivalry in Africa, Far East - Naval rivalry Naval Race b/w B GER $ Alfred Mahan : seas power key to great empire Dreadnaught but GER dec spending in 1913 Economic Rivalry - per Marxists, GER already leading last thing it wanted RUS supporting SER made them reckless GER support to A w/o any condition like a blank cheque, Why? $ To keep peoples mind away from political prob : Fisher German historians dismiss Threatened BR naval, preventive war for survival Did not want war but frighten RUS Mobilisation plans - GER Schlieffen Plan - attack FR through BEL rapid switch to RUS but 1st aggressive act $ Taylor : accelerated tempo of events $ Zuber : GER has many alternatives Miscalculation - A miscalculated RUS will not support SER GER promise to AUS w/o conditions Mobilisation not necessarily mean war Fisher + many other Hist - deliberately provoked by GER leaders Mulligan : equally blame RUS for Mobi Death toll 2mil GER, 1.7 mil RUS, 1.5mil FR, 1mil A/H, 1mil BR, lost generation Don Todman against it only 12% of fighting men died GER Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated, republic declared, Economic, Political, Social problems Habsburg empire collapsed A/H split into 2 sep states RUS revo in 1917 Fascism Mussolini in ITL US, JP, CN expanded trade, commerce, economy League of Nations by Prez Woodrow Wilson Partition of Africa GER lost territory Alsace Lorraine to FR North Schleswig to DEN West Prussia, Posen to Poland, Danzig to League of N Estonia Latvia Lithuania estd as independent Union/Anschluss b/w GER AUS forbidden GER African colonies taken away became mandates under LoN 100,000 troops limit, no tanks, armoured cars, mil, aircraft or submarines only 6 battleships, Rhineland permanently demilitarized occupied by Allies for 10 yrs War Guilt clausefixed blame on GER, put Kaiser on trial Reparations - 6.6 bil pounds
Not allowed into discussion, Hitler used term Diktat for the peace Many provision not based on Woodrow 's 14 pts, it was never accepted as official Loss of territory in EU -left 1 mil German under Polish rule and 3 mil in Sudetenland under Czechoslovakia Loss of African colonies Togoland, Cameroons, Tanganyika, Namibia, Zanzibar Disarmament not enough to keep law order, War Guilt clause Art 231 -> entire blame Reparations - JM Keynes urged it to 2bil pounds later in 1929 Young plan reduced How did the German people vent against the unjust treaty Protests and Demonstrations: The treaty's harsh terms led to widespread protests and demonstrations in Germany, particularly in the early 1920s. Many Germans saw the treaty as unjust and an imposition on their country, and took to the streets to voice their dissatisfaction. Violation of the treaty: The German government under the leadership of Chancellor Franz von Papen, then Kurt von Schleicher and finally Adolf Hitler, officially and openly violated the treaty's military, territorial and economic provisions and began a massive rearmament campaign. International Relations: Germany began to form alliances with other countries that were also dissatisfied with the Treaty of Versailles, such as Italy and Japan, in order to challenge the international order established by the treaty. Certain Historical debates that are centred around the condition of the treaty are 1. **The question of war guilt and reparations**: The treaty included the war guilt clause, which placed the responsibility for the outbreak of World War I solely on Germany and its allies. Some historians argue that this was an unjust and unnecessary measure, while others argue that Germany was indeed responsible for the war. 3. **The question of territorial losses**: Germany lost significant territories, including Alsace-Lorraine to France, the Sudetenland to Czechoslovakia, and the Polish Corridor to Poland. Some historians argue that these territorial losses were unjust and contributed to the rise of German nationalism sentiment. 4. **The question of disarmament**: Germany was required to limit its military capabilities by reducing the size of its army and navy and banning tanks, submarines and aircraft. Some historians argue that this was a necessary measure to ensure future peace and security, while others argue that it was excessive and humiliated Germany. 5. **The question of the League of Nations**: The treaty included the creation of the League of Nations, which was intended to maintain peace and security. Some historians argue that the League of Nations was a revolutionary and visionary idea, while others argue that it was ineffective and ultimately failed in its objectives. 6. **The question of self-determination**: The treaty recognized the right of national self-determination for various ethnic and national groups in Europe, but the implementation of this principle was contested and led to complex negotiations over border disputes and minority rights. Some historians argue that the principle of self-determination was a noble idea, but others argue that its application was inconsistent and led to further conflicts. Bohemia, Moravia to Czec were Dalmatia, Bosnia Herz to SER became Yugoslavia Bukovina to ROM etc Slovakia, Ruthenia to Czech Croatia and Slovenia to Yugo Transylvania to ROM Led to economic problems for A H East Thrace, Aegean Islands to Greece, Rhodes to ITL, Mustafa Kemal led TUR chased Greeks out of Smyrna Later Treaty of Lausanne 1923 East Thrace back to TUR Arabs not happy Lawrence of Arabia led them to indepen Treaty of Neuilly w/ BUL Treaty was not a conspicuous success, GER not satisfied, US not join LoN thus could not guarantee FR frontiers Woodrow Wilsons brainchild in 14 pts Aim to maintain peace through collective security, encourage int coop Gen Assembly, Council, Permanent ICJ, Secretariat, Commissions and Committees Set up ILO, refugee orgs, health Org, Mandates Comm Resolved political disputes Aland Island b/w FIN, SWE Upper Silesia GER - POL Greek invasion of BUL TUR claimed province of Mosul denied given to IR PER - COL Too closely linked to Versailles - specifically to benefit victorious Rejected by USA would have been psychological, financial benefit GER not allowed to join till 1926 Conference of Ambassadors overrode LoN decisions eg Corfu incident Weakness In Covenant - difficult to get unanimous decisions, no military force, difficult to ensure decisive action, no surety for collective security. FR/BR affair US, USSR stayed away Great depression - extreme right wing movt JP invasion of Manchuria, no eco mil sanction on JP Failure World Disarmament Conference under LoN ITL invasion of Abyssinia 1935 - most serious blow, could not prevent, eco sanctions not enforced, small states lost faith, Mussolini closer to Hitler, Hitler encouraged withdraw from Versailles treaty **Ruth Henig** : League bold step towards int coop failed in some succeeded comprehensively in others LoN Washington Conference 1921/2 - b/w US JP, prevent naval race, JP withdraw from Kiaochow, Shantung but keep GER pacific, West not build bases close to JP, Genoa Conference 1922 - solve FR GER hostility on pay of reparations, RUS GER withdrew, FR occupied Ruhr on non-payment Dawes Plan 1924 - GER pay what they could afford until prosperous, loan from US, FR withdraw from Ruhr Locarno Treaties 1925 - GER, FR, BR, ITL, BEL, POL, CZE GER FR BEL respect jt frontiers FR help POL CZE if GER attacked them No guarantee on GER east frontier w/ POL, CZE Locarno Honeymoon b/w FR GER Nobel Peace prize to Stresemann, Briand, Chamberlain Locarno spirit Kellogg - Briand pact 1928 - FR US renounce war as instrument of national policy, useless Young Plan 1929 - reduce reparation, term inc 59 yrs Death of Stresemann, Wall street crash Failure world disarmament conf Keep GER weak - limit armament, De-mil Rhine, Occupied Saar for 15 yrs Clemenceau demanded GER pay reparations, force them to pay FR alliance w/ POL, CZE, ROM, YUG aka little Entente, FR wanted old revival RUS alliance, want Strong LoN Compromise + Reconciliation LT, KB pact, Young Plan, Taylor - Briand Stresemann were sincere but did not carry their people w/ them Tougher attitude towards GER after 1929 - on customs union b/w GER A Anglo RUS trade treaty 1921, political recog of Bolsheviks by B, shaken B asked RUS pay war debts of Tsar regime Improved 1924 B full diplomatic recog to communist, loan Conservatives 1924-9 relations deteriorated broke diplomatic relations 1929 under Labour resumed Conservative in 1931 cancelled trade agreement Trade treaty 1921 Rapallo treaty 1922 Full diplomatic relations, cooperate keep POL weak GER as buffer against west attack GER build factories in RUS for aeroplanes, ammo circumvent Versailles RUS supply grain Treaty of Berlin - renewed Rapallo for 5 yrs 1930 onwards - growing nationalism, NAZI rise, customs union w/ A fear of Anschluss, RUS leaned to B, FR, POL Regarded Bolsheviks as menace, alliance b/w FR-POL against RUS, improved in 1942 w/ Herriot gov resume diplomatic relations Yugoslavia - had SER, MONT, CROA, SLO and dalmatia, Croats withdrew formed own govt in Zagreb, hit by depression, Alexander assassinated - compromise w/ Croats, little entente, friends w/ CZ, ROM, treaty w/ FR, POL, GRE suspicious of Mussolini - friendship w/ GER Czech - CZ, slovaks, Germans, Hungarians, elected parliament, liberal demo, textile glass industries , export inc, depression unemploy esp in Sudetenland - capture by Hitler, promise w/ FR against GER Austria - vast majority German speaking, industrial wealth lost to CZ POL, mainly agri, believed in Anschluss, democratic const, 1931 customs union w/ GER - hostility w/ FR, Dolffuss took power authoritarian led catastrophic result Ban in Nazi party outraged Hitler His attack on socialist/Schutzband backfired, demonstrations many joined Austrian Nazi party Rome protocol w/ ITL/Mussolini Was assassinated by Austrian Nazis HUN - ROM captured Budapest, Admiral Horthy reorganised nation act as regent till 1944, Treaty of Trianon lost territory to CZ, ROM, YUG; Treaty w/ ITL, A, GER POL - Poles, Ukrainians, Russians, Jews, Germans, democracy in 1921, coup by Pilsudski right wing authoritarian dictator, frontier disputes w/ GER, RUS, LITH, invaded UKR counter by RUS treaty of Riga, occupied Vilna, conference of Ambassadors not settled GER POL land dispute, FR major ally Based on Principles of self-determination and democracy Problems Smaller nationalities suppressed ex Croats in Yugo, Slovaks and Germans in Czech Democracy only survived in CZ Economic difficulties, disputes over territories Inc trade, war time loans, Washington Conference, German fin crisis - Dawes, Young plans, Kellogg Briand pact Resentment w/ B over naval expansion, Strict isolation policy after JP invasion of Manchuria
Unit-25.pdf - Post WWI - IGNOU BA
Unit-30.pdf - WWI and WWII
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dHSQAEam2yc&ab_channel=OverSimplified - 1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mun1dKkc_As&ab_channel=OverSimplified - 2World War I "By 1914, the sick man of Europe was no longer just Turkey: it was Europe itself." Explain. [2011, 20Marks]
[Events prior to War](onenote: WWI %20%20causes%20and%20consequences§ion-id={79AFC6B8-DB81-496F-83B7-6A22E8D6C4B1}&page-id={A78A8CEE-A643-41E6-9D44-896B07D8A4DE}&object-id={8E5EE0EE-888D-45E6-BC46-77D5B1307B7F}&40&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/World%20History/Part%20II/World%20Wars.one ) This line was said by British Prime Minister David Lloyd George in 1914. The phrase "sick man of Europe" was originally used to describe the Ottoman Empire, which was in a state of decline and perceived as weak by the late 19th and early 20th centuries. However, by 1914, the term "sick man of Europe" was also being used to describe Europe as a whole. This is because by 1914, Europe was on the brink of World War I, a catastrophic conflict that would lead to the deaths of millions of people and the destruction of much of the continent. The quote "By 1914, the sick man of Europe was no longer just Turkey: it was Europe itself," refers to the fact that the political and social instability that had long been associated with the Ottoman Empire had spread to the rest of Europe. The tensions between the great powers, the arms race, the alliances, the ethnic and nationalistic conflicts, the economic competition and the perceived sense of insecurity created a powder keg that was ready to explode. **Factors that contributed to instability in Europe** 1. The arms race between the major European powers, including Germany, France, Russia, and Great Britain, was a major contributor to the rising tensions in Europe prior to WWI. Each country was trying to outdo the others by building bigger and better weapons, which led to a sense of insecurity among the powers. 2. The alliances between different countries also contributed to the rising tensions in Europe. For example, the Triple Entente (France, Russia, and Great Britain) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire) were formed which increased the chances of a major war. 3. Nationalistic and ethnic tensions were also a major factor in the lead-up to WWI. The desire for self-determination among various ethnic groups, such as the Czechs, Poles, and Irish, led to political instability and a sense of insecurity among the major powers. 4. The economic competition between the major powers also played a role in the lead-up to WWI. Countries were competing for resources, markets and colonies which created tension. 7. The naval race between Great Britain and Germany was also a major source of tension. The German Navy Act of 1898 and the British Naval Defence Act of 1889 both aimed to build bigger and better naval fleets, which increased the chances of conflict. 8. The Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913, which were fought between the Ottoman Empire and various ethnic groups in the Balkans, also contributed to the instability in Europe. 9. The Moroccan Crisis of 1905 and 1911, which was a dispute between France and Germany over the status of Morocco, also increased tensions between the two countries. 10. The Bosnian Crisis of 1908-1909, which was a dispute between Austria-Hungary and Russia over the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, also contributed to the rising tensions in Europe. "Any single explanation for the outbreak of the First World War likely to be too simple. An amalgam of factors intellectual, social, economic as well as political and diplomatic contributed to this horrifying conflict of monumental propositions." -- Explain. [2012, 30 Marks]
Causes **Intellectual Factors and Social Factors** 1. Militarism: The arms race between the major European powers, particularly Germany and Britain, led to increased militarism and a heightened sense of national pride and rivalry. 2. Nationalism: The growing sense of national pride and identity among the European countries, particularly Germany and Austria-Hungary, led to an increased sense of competition and conflict between them. 3. Imperialism: The competition for resources and markets between the major European powers, particularly Britain and Germany, led to an increased sense of rivalry and conflict. 4. Social Darwinism: The idea that the strong should survive and the weak should perish, which was popular among the ruling classes of Europe, led to a greater sense of competition and conflict between the major European powers. 5. Ideology: The growing ideological divide between the major European powers, particularly between liberalism and conservatism, led to an increased sense of competition and conflict. 6. Class tensions: The working-class populations of Europe were growing restless and dissatisfied with their economic and social conditions. This led to strikes and protests, which further destabilized the political situation in Europe. 7. A sense of crisis: The pre-war period was marked by a sense of impending crisis, with many people feeling that war was inevitable. This led to a general feeling of militarism and a desire to prepare for war. 2. Propaganda: Governments and the media of the time played a significant role in creating a sense of nationalism and militarism in the public, which contributed to the outbreak of war. **Political Causes** 1. The most widely accepted cause of World War I is the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary on June 28, 1914. This event triggered a series of events that ultimately led to war. However, there were a number of political and military miscalculations that led to the war. 2. One of the main political miscalculations was the system of alliances that had been formed in Europe in the years leading up to the war. In 1882, Germany and Austria-Hungary formed the Dual Alliance. This was followed by the Triple Alliance in 1882, which included Italy. In 1907, the Triple Entente was formed between Britain, France, and Russia. This system of alliances meant that if one country went to war, the others would be forced to join. As a result, the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand quickly escalated into a full-scale war. 3. Another political miscalculation was the belief that a war would be short and decisive. Many of the leaders of the major powers believed that a war would be a quick and decisive victory. As a result, they were willing to risk war in order to gain an advantage. This miscalculation led to a devastating and prolonged war that lasted four years and caused millions of deaths. 4. Finally, the political leaders of the major powers were unwilling to compromise or negotiate. The leaders of the major powers were unwilling to back down or make concessions. This unwillingness to compromise led to an escalation of tensions and ultimately to war. **Economic Reason** 1. Economic competition: The major European powers were in competition with each other for resources, markets, and colonies. This competition created tension between countries and contributed to the outbreak of war. - Germany's GDP per capita was growing at an average rate of 2.5% per year between 1871 and 1913. The United Kingdom's GDP per capita was growing at an average rate of 1.5% per year between 1871 and 1913. And France's GDP per capita was growing at an average rate of 1.3% per year between 1871 and 1913. 2. Industrialization: The rapid industrialization of Europe led to increased competition for resources, such as coal and iron, and created tension between countries. 3. Trade: The major European powers had developed complex trade networks, which increased their dependence on each other for resources and markets. This dependence created tension between countries and contributed to the outbreak of war. - According to data from 1913, the United Kingdom's exports accounted for around 20% of the world's total exports, while Germany's exports accounted for around 15% of the world's total exports. 4. Tariffs: The high tariffs imposed by some countries on imported goods led to economic competition and tension between countries. - According to data from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, tariffs on imported goods were high in many European countries. The average tariff rate in Germany was around 15% in 1913, while the average tariff rate in the United Kingdom was around 10% in 1913. 5. Economic instability: The economic instability of the pre-war period contributed to the outbreak of war as countries were competing for resources, markets and colonies which created tension. 6. Economic inequality: The gap between the rich and the poor was growing, and the working class populations of Europe were growing restless and dissatisfied with their economic and social conditions. This led to strikes and protests, which further destabilized the political situation in Europe. 7. Currency fluctuations: The currency fluctuations in Europe prior to WW1 was an important economic cause of the war, as countries were trying to protect their own economies by devaluing their own currency and raising tariffs on imports. 8. The banking crisis of 1907, also known as the Panic of 1907, was a severe recession that hit the United States, which affected Europe as well, and had a negative impact on the global economy. 9. The international monetary system was based on the gold standard, which meant that the value of a currency was linked to the amount of gold held by a country's central bank, which led to a lack of flexibility in monetary policy. 10. Economic growth was slowing down and unemployment was on the rise in many European countries, which led to social unrest and political instability. - The unemployment rate in many European countries was rising. The unemployment rate in Germany was 2.5% in 1871, and it had risen to 4% by 1913. In the United Kingdom, the unemployment rate was around 2% in 1871, and it had risen to 3% by 1913. Historians' views on the intellectual dimension of WW1: 1. Historian Christopher Clark argues that the war was caused by a “crisis of civilization”, and that the intellectual factors of the war, such as nationalism and imperialism, were a major factor in the outbreak of the war. 2. Historian Niall Ferguson argues that the war was caused by an "intellectual malaise" in Europe, and that the intellectual factors of the war, such as militarism and social Darwinism, were a major factor in the outbreak of the war. 1. “The causes of the war cannot be attributed to any single factor, but rather to a combination of long-term and short-term factors, including the rise of nationalism, the arms race between the major powers, and the system of secret alliances that divided Europe into two armed camps.” - Margaret MacMillan, historian and author of The War That Ended Peace Source: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/10/margaret-macmillan-world-war-i/568330/ 2. “The political tensions that existed in Europe in 1914 were the result of a long history of rivalries, alliances, and resentments between the major powers. The underlying causes of the war included a complex web of political and economic factors, such as the rise of German militarism, the breakdown of the balance of power in Europe, and the growth of imperialism.” - Niall Ferguson, historian and author of The Pity of War Source: https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/world-war-i-history 3. “The immediate cause of World War I was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by a Serbian nationalist on June 28, 1914. This event triggered a chain of events that eventually led to war. But the underlying causes of the war were more complicated, rooted in the industrial and imperial rivalries of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.” - Sean McMeekin, historian and author of July 1914 Source: https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/causes-of-world-war-i 4. “The outbreak of World War I in 1914 was the result of a complex interplay of political and social factors. The rise of nationalism, the growth of industrialism, the competition for colonies, and the system of alliances all played a part in creating the conditions for war.” - Christopher Clark, historian and author of The Sleepwalkers Source: https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/causes-of-world-war-i 5. “The causes of World War I were varied and complex, and the war was the result of a long-term buildup of tensions between the major European powers. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914 was the immediate cause of the war, but the underlying causes were rooted in the political, economic, and social rivalries between the major powers.” - John Keegan, historian and author of The First World War Source: https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/causes-of-world-war-i How far is it correct to say that the First World War was fought essentially for the preservation of the balance of power? [2015, 20 Marks]
World in 1914 onwards till causes The First World War was fought for a variety of reasons, and the preservation of the balance of power was certainly one of them. Here are 10 distinct points that illustrate the role of balance of power in the war: 1. The war began in 1914 with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, an event that was seen as a challenge to the balance of power in Europe. 2. The Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire) were determined to expand their power and influence in Europe and beyond, which threatened the balance of power. 3. The Allied Powers (Britain, France, Russia, and Italy) were determined to maintain the existing balance of power in Europe and prevent the Central Powers from gaining too much power. 4. The naval arms race between Britain and Germany was a key factor in the buildup to the war, as both sides sought to gain an advantage over the other in terms of naval power. Britain was wary of the rise of German spending on Navy. 5. In the Balkans, the Austro-Hungarian Empire sought to extend its influence and control, which threatened the balance of power in the region. 6. The German invasion of Belgium in August 1914 was seen as a violation of the balance of power in Europe, and was one of the key factors that led to Britain entering the war. 7. The Russian Empire sought to expand its influence in the Balkans and the Middle East, which threatened the balance of power in the region. 8. The Allied Powers sought to contain the power of the Central Powers and maintain the balance of power in Europe. 9. The Treaty of Versailles, which ended the war in 1919, was designed to restore the balance of power in Europe and prevent Germany from becoming too powerful. 10. The League of Nations was created in 1919 in part to help maintain the balance of power in Europe and prevent future conflicts. Many historians argue that the war was fought to preserve the balance of power in Europe, and to prevent one country from dominating the continent. For instance, **John Keegan**, a historian, said that "The First World War was a struggle for the balance of power. The war was fought to maintain the status quo in Europe, to prevent one country from dominating the continent" Similarly, **Michael Howard**, another historian, said that "The First World War was fought to preserve the balance of power in Europe, to prevent one country from dominating the continent" "The Berlin Congress (1878) failed to unlock the Eastern Question. Though there was no longer major war in Europe for nearly three decades after the Treaty of Berlin, it contained the seeds of many future wars." Critically Evaluate. [2015, 20 Marks] More content Needed
https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095739581 The Berlin Congress of 1878 was a diplomatic conference held in the German capital with the aim of settling the Eastern Question, a long-standing conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Great Powers of Europe over the control of the Balkans. The Congress was a major failure in terms of finding a lasting solution to the Eastern Question, leading to decades of conflict and ultimately World War I. The main issue that the Congress failed to resolve was the issue of the sovereignty of the Balkans. The Great Powers were unable to agree on a unified solution, instead opting to divide the region among themselves. This decision left the region in a state of political and economic instability, with the Ottoman Empire still having a large presence in the region. This created a volatile situation which was ripe for conflict. The Congress also failed to address the underlying causes of the Eastern Question, such as the ethnic and religious tensions between the various groups in the region. This failure to address the root causes of the conflict meant that any solution proposed by the Congress was doomed to fail. - The Ottoman Empire faced a number of ethno-religious issues during the Eastern Question, including the rise of nationalism among the various ethnic and religious groups within the Empire, the growth of European influence in the region, and the increasing demands of the Christian powers for autonomy and protection for their respective minorities. The most pressing of these issues was the question of the status of the Christian minorities, particularly the Greek Orthodox, who were concentrated in the Empire's European provinces. The Great Powers of Europe, particularly Russia, sought to protect and expand the rights of the Christian minorities, while the Ottoman Empire sought to maintain its control over the region and limit the influence of the Great Powers. As a result, the Eastern Question became a major source of conflict between the Great Powers and the Ottoman Empire, and eventually led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878. In addition, the Congress also failed to address the issue of nationalism in the Balkans. This was a major factor in the conflict, with the various ethnic groups in the region striving for independence from the Ottoman Empire. This nationalism was not taken into account by the Congress, and as a result, it was unable to prevent the emergence of new nationalist movements in the region. Overall, the Berlin Congress of 1878 was a major failure in terms of finding a lasting solution to the Eastern Question. Its failure to address the underlying causes of the conflict, as well as its failure to take into account the issue of nationalism, meant that the region remained unstable and ripe for conflict. This ultimately led to World War I, which was the result of decades of unresolved tensions in the region. Historians have generally viewed the Congress of Berlin as a significant turning point in European and Ottoman history, with a range of perspectives on its impact and legacy. Some historians view the Congress of Berlin as a diplomatic victory for the European powers, which successfully checked Russian expansionism and established a new balance of power in the Balkans. According to historian A.J.P. Taylor, the Congress of Berlin "saved Europe from the consequences of its own blunders and saved Turkey from the consequences of her own weaknesses" Other historians, however, view the Congress of Berlin as a missed opportunity for the European powers to reform and modernize the Ottoman Empire, which would have prevented the outbreak of World War I and the subsequent decline of the Ottoman Empire. According to historian M.S. Anderson, the Congress of Berlin "failed to address the underlying issues of the Eastern Question and thus laid the foundations for the eventual collapse of the Ottoman Empire." Some historians also view the Congress of Berlin as a betrayal of the ethnic and religious minority groups within the Ottoman Empire, which had sought autonomy or independence. According to historian Eugene Rogan, the Congress of Berlin "dashed the hopes of the Balkan nationalities for independence, and instead left them as subjects of foreign rule." Additionally, there is a view that the Congress of Berlin marked the beginning of the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the emergence of the modern Middle East. According to historian David Fromkin, the Congress of Berlin "marked the beginning of the end of the Ottoman Empire and the start of the modern Middle East." Why was the first World War termed as the first 'total' war in modern history? [2017, 20 Marks]
Consequences more content needed The First World War is often referred to as the first "total war" in modern history because it was the first war in which the entire society and economy of a country were mobilized and directed towards the war effort. This is opposed to previous wars in which only the military was directly involved. 1. Conscription: Most of the countries involved in the war mobilized their entire male population through conscription, which resulted in a large proportion of the population being directly involved in the war effort. 2. War economies: The war economies of the countries involved were directed towards supporting the war effort. This included redirecting resources such as food, manpower and raw materials to the war effort. 3. War propaganda: The government of the countries involved used propaganda to mobilize and maintain public support for the war effort. - Propaganda and censorship: Governments used propaganda and censorship to control the flow of information and maintain public support for the war effort. 4. Civilians were targeted and involved in the war: Civilians were targeted in the war through bombing and other forms of attack. Additionally, civilians were involved in the war effort through war work and rationing. 5. Total mobilization of society: The war effort required the mobilization of all elements of society, including women, children, and older citizens, to support the war effort. 6. The war was fought on multiple fronts and countries, affecting the entire population of Europe. 8. Use of new technologies: The First World War saw the widespread use of new technologies such as tanks, chemical weapons, and aircraft, which led to increased destruction and casualties on the battlefield. 2. Involvement of colonies and overseas territories: Many countries involved in the war mobilized their colonies and overseas territories to support the war effort, resulting in soldiers and resources being sent from these areas to the front lines. 3. Blockade: The use of naval blockades was employed to cut off food and other supplies to the enemy, affecting the civilian population as well as the military. 5. War crimes and genocide: The war saw the commission of war crimes and acts of genocide, such as the Armenian Genocide, which resulted in the deaths of millions of civilians. 6. Psychological warfare: The use of psychological warfare tactics, such as the use of rumors and misinformation, to disrupt and demoralize the enemy. Paris Peace Treaties "The international situation that confronted the peacemakers in Paris was in the brutal realities of history, the result of a temporary redistribution of the balance of power in the world." Comment. [1987, 60 Marks]
Treaty of Versailles The international situation that confronted the peacemakers in Paris was, in the words of British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, “the result of an immense and terrible war, which had left Europe prostrate and exhausted.” The First World War had caused a dramatic shift in the balance of power, with the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire being defeated and their territories drastically reduced. This left the Allied Powers of Britain, France, and the United States in a position of dominance, which created a unique set of challenges for the peacemakers in Paris. They had to figure out a way to bring stability to Europe in the face of this new power dynamic, while also ensuring that the defeated nations were treated fairly. This was no easy task, and it required immense diplomatic skill and negotiation in order to achieve a lasting peace. **Challenges that the Peacemakers felt** 1. Nationalism: The desire of different ethnic and national groups to have their own independent states led to conflicts and competing claims. - demands for the creation of new nation-states, such as Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Poland, but also complicated the negotiations over border disputes and minority rights. - For example, the question of the future of Austria-Hungary was a major point of contention. The empire was made up of a number of different ethnic and national groups, including Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Hungarians, and others, all of whom had their own aspirations for self-determination. The peace conference ultimately led to the fragmentation of Austria-Hungary into several smaller states, but the process was not without difficulties and conflicts. - Another example was the question of the future of the Ottoman Empire. The empire was made up of a diverse population, including Arabs, Kurds, Armenians, and others, each with their own aspirations for self-determination. The peace conference ultimately led to the division of the empire, with some parts becoming independent states and others being placed under the mandate of European powers. 2. Imperialism: The competition among European powers for colonies and territories led to tensions and rivalries. - One example of this was the competition between France and Italy over the territory of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. France had long sought to weaken its traditional rival Germany and saw the collapse of Austria-Hungary as an opportunity to gain territory in the region. Italy, on the other hand, had joined the war on the side of the Allies with the promise of gaining territory in the region, particularly the South Tyrol region, which had a large Italian-speaking population. - Another example of this was the competition between the British and French over control of the Middle East. The collapse of the Ottoman Empire had left the region in flux, and both France and Britain sought to gain control of territories and resources in the region. This led to the Sykes-Picot Agreement, in which the two powers secretly divided the Middle East into spheres of influence. - A third example is the competition between the colonial powers over the control of former German colonies. The Treaty of Versailles included the provision that Germany would surrender its overseas territories, which led to a scramble among the colonial powers to gain control of these territories. 3. Economic issues: The devastation caused by World War I had left many countries in economic turmoil, making it difficult to reach agreements on reparations and trade. - One example of an economic issue faced by the peacemakers at the Paris peace conference was the question of reparations, or the payment of war damages by Germany to the victorious powers. The devastation caused by World War I had left many countries in economic turmoil, and the Allied powers sought to extract large reparations from Germany to help pay for the costs of the war. However, the issue of reparations was contentious, as the defeated Germans argued that the demands were excessive and would cripple their economy. In the end, the Treaty of Versailles imposed heavy reparations on Germany, which ultimately led to economic instability and contributed to the rise of the Nazi party in Germany. - Another example of an economic issue was the question of war debts, or the large loans that the Allied powers had taken out during the war to finance their military operations. The United States, which had entered the war later and had not suffered as much damage, argued that the war-debt issue should be resolved separately from the peace treaty, but the other Allied powers insisted that the issue be dealt with as part of the peace negotiations. In the end, the issue of war debts was not fully resolved, and it remained a source of tension between the United States and the other Allies. - A third example of economic issue was the question of economic sanctions, which were measures taken by the victorious powers to restrict German trade and industry, in order to weaken Germany's ability to rebuild its military. These measures were aimed to put pressure on Germany to accept the terms of the peace treaty, but they also had negative impact on the German economy and the population. 4. Political divisions: There were deep political divisions among the major powers, with some advocating for a harsher peace settlement and others pushing for a more lenient one - The "big three" powers at the conference, which were the United States, Great Britain, and France. President Woodrow Wilson of the United States advocated for a lenient peace settlement based on his Fourteen Points, which included the principle of self-determination and the creation of a League of Nations to maintain peace and security. Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Great Britain, on the other hand, was more pragmatic and sought a settlement that would protect British interests. French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau, meanwhile, sought a harsh peace settlement that would weaken Germany and protect French security. - The split between the United States and the other Allied powers over the question of the League of Nations. Wilson saw the League of Nations as a key component of his vision for a peaceful world order, but the other Allied powers were more skeptical and saw it as a potential threat to their sovereignty. 5. Self-determination: The principle of self-determination, which called for the right of ethnic and national groups to decide their own fate, led to complex negotiations over border disputes and minority rights. - The Czechs and Slovaks: These two groups had long sought independence from Austria-Hungary and pushed for the creation of an independent Czechoslovakia at the peace conference. Their demands for an independent Czechoslovakia were met, and the new state was officially recognized by the peace treaty. - The Poles: Poland had been partitioned among Russia, Prussia, and Austria-Hungary for over a century and had not existed as an independent state. The Polish people pushed for the re-creation of an independent Poland at the peace conference. The peace treaty recognized the re-creation of an independent Poland, which included large territories from Germany and the former Russian Empire. - The Kurds: The Kurds were an ethnic group that lived primarily in the Ottoman Empire and had long sought independence or autonomy. They pushed for self-determination at the peace conference. The Kurds' demands for independence or autonomy were not met at the peace conference, and the region where they lived was divided among several new states. Many Kurdish leaders felt that their aspirations for self-rule were not taken into account by the Allied powers and this led to continued Kurdish nationalism movements in the following years. - The Arabs: The Arab population of the Ottoman Empire had long sought independence and self-rule. They pushed for self-determination at the peace conference and were successful in creating several independent Arab states, such as Iraq and Syria. The Arab population of the Ottoman Empire saw the creation of several independent Arab states, such as Iraq and Syria, but their demands for self-rule were not fully met and many Arab leaders felt that their aspirations were not taken into account by the Allied powers. - The Jews: The Jewish people had long sought a homeland in Palestine and pushed for the creation of a Jewish state at the peace conference. The Jewish people were not successful in obtaining a homeland in Palestine, although the Balfour Declaration of 1917 had promised support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine. The peace treaty did not address the issue of Jewish self-determination, but it did assign Palestine as a British mandate, which ultimately led to the creation of the state of Israel in 1948. 6. Punishing the Central powers: The victors were divided on how to deal with Germany and its allies, with some advocating for severe penalties and others for leniency. - War guilt clause: Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles placed the responsibility for the outbreak of World War I solely on Germany and its allies, and required them to pay reparations for war damages. - Reparations: Germany was required to pay large reparations to the Allied powers for war damages, the sum was set at 132 billion gold marks. This was a very high sum, and it was later reduced during the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan. - Territorial losses: Germany lost significant territories, including Alsace-Lorraine to France, the Sudetenland to Czechoslovakia, and the Polish Corridor to Poland. This led to the loss of German-speaking population and resources. - Disarmament: Germany was required to limit its military capabilities by reducing the size of its army and navy, and was banned from having tanks, submarines, and aircraft. - Occupation: The Rhineland, an important industrial region in western Germany, was occupied by Allied troops to ensure that Germany would not rearm and violate the treaty. - Anschluss prohibition: The Treaty of Versailles prohibited Germany from unifying with Austria, this was known as the Anschluss. - War crime trials: Several high-ranking German officials were put on trial for war crimes, such as Kaiser Wilhelm II, the last German emperor. 7. League of Nations: The creation of a new international organization to maintain peace and security was a major point of contention. 8. Disarmament: The issue of disarmament and limiting the military capabilities of nations was a contentious issue. - Disarmament was seen as a means of ensuring future peace and security, but the victorious powers had different ideas about the extent to which Germany and its allies should be disarmed. Some powers, such as France, sought to severely limit Germany's military capabilities, while others, such as the United States, sought to allow Germany to retain a reasonable level of armaments for self-defense. - Disarmament was also an economic issue, as the reduction of military capabilities would lead to a reduction of the arms industry and the loss of jobs. This was particularly true in Germany, where the arms industry was an important sector of the economy. - Disarmament was also a political issue, as it was closely linked to the question of punishing the Central powers. Some Allied powers, such as France, saw disarmament as a necessary measure to ensure that Germany would not be able to start another war, while others, such as the United States, saw it as a way to avoid punishing Germany too severely - Disarmament was also a sovereignty issue, as it challenged the right of nations to maintain military forces for their own security and defense. 9. Russian Revolution: The ongoing revolution in Russia and the emergence of a communist government led to political and ideological divisions. - Ideological differences: The Russian Revolution brought the ideology of communism to the forefront of international politics, which led to ideological divisions among the Allied powers. Some powers, such as the United States, saw communism as a threat to democracy and capitalism, while others, such as Great Britain, saw it as a potential ally against the Central powers. - Military implications: The Russian Revolution led to the withdrawal of Russia from World War I, which had a significant impact on the military balance of power. The absence of Russia as a major player in the war made it more difficult for the Allies to impose their terms on the Central powers. - Political divisions: The Russian Revolution led to political divisions among the Allies, with some powers, such as the United States, advocating for leniency towards the Central powers, while others, such as France, advocated for a harsher peace settlement. - Economic issues: The Russian Revolution led to the nationalization of large parts of the Russian economy, which had a significant impact on the global economy. This also had implications for the issue of reparations and war debts, as Russia was no longer able to contribute to the war effort or to repay its own war debts. - The Russian Revolution also had a significant impact on the question of national self-determination, as the new communist government in Russia advocated for the rights of national minorities and ethnic groups, which led to demands for self-determination among various ethnic and national groups in Europe, particularly in Eastern Europe. - Russia supported the self-determination of the following countries: Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland, Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. 10. The Middle East: The issue of the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East was a major point of contention and led to the Sykes-Picot Agreement. - The question of territory: The collapse of the Ottoman Empire left its territories up for grabs, and the Allied powers, particularly Great Britain and France, sought to gain control of territories and resources in the region. 1. "The treaty was a Carthaginian peace, a peace not of reconciliation but of victory and defeat." - John Maynard Keynes, economist and historian in his book "The Economic Consequences of the Peace" (1919) 2. "The Treaty of Versailles was a political blunder of the first magnitude. The Treaty was a Carthaginian peace, dictated by the victors to the vanquished. It was a treaty of revenge, not of reconciliation." - Paul Johnson, historian, in his book "Modern Times: The World from the Twenties to the Nineties" (1991) 3. "The Treaty of Versailles was a flawed document that, in many respects, sowed the seeds of World War II." - Margaret MacMillan, historian, in her book "Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World" (2002) 4. "The Treaty of Versailles was a diplomatic masterpiece that prevented another war." - William L. Langer, historian, in his book "An Encyclopedia of World History" (1948) 5. "The Treaty of Versailles was not a peace treaty, but a treaty of surrender imposed upon Germany, which left a legacy of bitterness and resentment that contributed to the rise of Hitler." - James Joll, historian, in his book "The Origins of the First World War" (1984) The treaties made at the Paris Peace conference in 1919-20 were replete with unstable compromises, Reflecting more materialism than idealism. Elucidate. [1990, 60 Marks]
Treaty of Versailles onwards The treaties made at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919-20 have been criticized by many historians as being replete with unstable compromise, reflecting more materialism than idealism. The reasons for this are: 1. National interest: The peace conference was dominated by the major powers, particularly the United States, Great Britain, and France, who sought to protect their own national interests. This led to a focus on territorial and economic gains rather than on the principle of self-determination and the creation of stable and democratic states. 2. Power politics: The peace conference was marked by the balance of power among the major powers, with some seeking a harsher peace settlement and others pushing for a more lenient one. This led to a lack of consistency in the treatment of defeated nations, and a compromise that was not fair or sustainable. 3. Secret agreements: The peace conference was marked by secret agreements, such as the Sykes-Picot Agreement, which divided the Middle East into spheres of influence, and the agreement between France and Italy regarding the former Austro-Hungarian territories. These agreements undermined the principle of self-determination and created unstable borders and conflicts in the future. 4. Failure to address underlying issues: The peace conference failed to address underlying issues that contributed to the outbreak of World War I, such as the economic and political instability in Europe, the question of minority rights, and the rise of nationalism sentiment. This led to a lack of stability and security in Europe in the following years. 5. The focus on the material gain: The peace conference was marked by the focus on material gain, such as reparations and territorial concessions, rather than on the creation of a stable and peaceful world order. This led to a compromise that was not sustainable in the long-term and contributed to the rise of extremist movements and the outbreak of World War II. All these factors contributed to the perception that the treaties made at the Paris Peace Conference were unstable compromises and reflected more materialism than idealism. They were seen as a reflection of the power politics that dominated the conference, rather than a genuine attempt to create a lasting peace and stability in Europe. "The Treaty of Versailles was merely an armistice for twenty years." Comment. [1993, 20 Marks]
Treaty of Versailles **Arguments that it was not an armistice but had long term** It was not just an armistice, which is a temporary cessation of hostilities, but rather a comprehensive peace settlement with long-term implications. The Treaty of Versailles was a comprehensive peace settlement that imposed significant penalties and reparations on Germany. The treaty included a number of provisions that aimed to weaken Germany's military and economic power. For example, the treaty: - Limited the size of Germany's military to 100,000 soldiers and banned the possession of tanks, heavy artillery, and submarines. - Required Germany to give up control of its colonies and territories, such as Alsace-Lorraine, which was returned to France, and the Polish Corridor, which was given to Poland. - Required Germany to pay reparations to the Allied powers for the damage caused by the war. The amount of reparations was initially set at 132 billion gold marks, a sum that many economists and politicians at the time believed was far too high. These measures were intended to prevent Germany from becoming a major military power again and to ensure that the country could not threaten Europe's peace and stability. However, the harsh terms of the treaty led to widespread resentment in Germany, and the economic impact of the reparations, combined with the global economic crisis, led to an economic collapse in Germany. The failure of the treaty in achieving its goal of ensuring peace, as well as its heavy penalties and reparations imposed on Germany, has been widely criticized by many historians and political experts. They argue that the treaty's harsh treatment of Germany contributed to the rise of Hitler and the outbreak of World War II. The Treaty of Versailles was not only a peace treaty, but also a political tool that brought about a new balance of power in Europe, however it was not successful in that task and it had long-term implications on the international relations and politics. **Arguments that it was nothing more than an armistice** 1. Winston Churchill famously said, "The Treaty of Versailles was an armistice for twenty years." 2. This statement implies that the Treaty of Versailles was inadequate in providing a lasting peace and that another war was inevitable. 3. The Treaty of Versailles did not provide any long-term solutions to the underlying issues that caused the war, such as the dispute over territories. 4. The Treaty imposed harsh reparations on Germany, which were seen as punitive and unfair by many. 5. Did not address the grievances of the defeated nations, such as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was dismantled as a result of the war. 6. The Treaty of Versailles did not resolve the underlying tensions between the European powers that had caused the war in the first place. 7. IT did not provide any guarantees of security for the future, such as a collective security system. 8. IT was not accepted by all of the signatories, and was seen as a one-sided agreement that favored the Allies. - **David Stevenson**, a historian of World War I, has argued that "the Treaty of Versailles was not a simple armistice, but a peace settlement of great complexity and ambition. The treaty represented the victorious powers' attempt to reshape the balance of power in Europe and beyond." (Source: "The First World War and International Politics," Oxford University Press, 2005) - **Adam Tooze**, historian of modern Europe, argues that the Treaty of Versailles "was not a simple armistice, but a comprehensive and ambitious settlement that aimed to reshape the balance of power in Europe and beyond" and that "the Treaty of Versailles was the first attempt to build a lasting peace settlement after the Great War." (Source: "The Deluge: The Great War and the Remaking of Global Order 1916-1931", Penguin Press) - **G.R. Berridge**, historian of British foreign policy, argues that "the Treaty of Versailles was not simply a peace treaty to end the war, but a comprehensive settlement designed to reshape the international order" (Source: "Britain and the Origins of the First World War" Palgrave Macmillan) - **John Maynard Keynes**, economist, wrote in his book "The Economic Consequences of the Peace" that "The Treaty includes no provisions for the economic rehabilitation of Europe, nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing to stabilize the new states of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old World and the New." - **Gerhard Weinberg**, historian of World War II, argues that the Treaty of Versailles, "was not a peace treaty at all, but an armistice for twenty years." (Source: "A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II", Cambridge University Press) - **F.W. Deakin**, historian of the interwar period, argues that the Treaty of Versailles "was not a peace treaty but an armistice for twenty years, in which the victors sought to destroy the defeated enemy by a combination of harsh penalties and economic strangulation." (Source: "The Strategy of Victory, 1918-1940" Longman) Analyze the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 and examine the validity of Germany's objections to the Treaty. [2000, 60 Marks]
Treaty of Versailles Provisions of the Treaty and its effects 1. Germany was required to accept responsibility for causing the war and to pay reparations to the Allied powers for the damage caused by the war. - had a significant economic impact on the country, contributing to hyperinflation and economic collapse in the 1920s, and fueling resentment and bitterness towards the treaty. 2. The German army was limited to 100,000 soldiers and banned from possessing tanks, heavy artillery, and submarines. - effectively left the country at a significant disadvantage in the event of another war. 3. The German navy was limited to six battleships and no submarines. 4. Germany was forced to give up control of its colonies and territories, such as Alsace-Lorraine, which was returned to France, and the Polish Corridor, which was given to Poland. - The loss of territories and colonies led to the displacement of millions of ethnic Germans and further fueled resentment and bitterness towards the treaty. 5. The treaty created the League of Nations, an international organization intended to promote peace and cooperation between nations. - LoN was intended to promote peace and cooperation between nations, but its effectiveness was limited by the lack of participation of major powers such as the United States. 6. Germany was also forced to cede land to Belgium, Denmark, Czechoslovakia and Poland, and to return Alsace-Lorraine to France. - The cession of land to other countries and the occupation of the Rhineland by the Allies added to the resentment felt by the Germans and contributed to the rise of National Socialism 7. The treaty stripped Germany of its overseas colonies, which were distributed among the victorious powers, and the Rhineland was to be occupied by the Allies for 15 years. 8. The treaty also included a war-guilt clause, which stated that Germany was solely responsible for the outbreak of the war. - The war-guilt clause further humiliated the German people and added to their resentment towards the treaty. 9. The treaty also banned secret treaties and military alliances, and obliged all states to submit disputes to the League of Nations. - The ban on secret treaties and military alliances, and the obligation to submit disputes to the League of Nations, was intended to promote transparency and peaceful resolution of conflicts, but its effectiveness was limited by the lack of enforcement mechanisms. 10. Germany was also forced to give up its overseas empire and its merchant fleet, and to reduce its heavy industry, coal mines, and iron and steel production. - The loss of the merchant fleet and overseas empire further weakened the German economy. "The most important single factor … in the year following 1919 was the French demand for security." Comment. [2004, 10 Marks]
Consequences This statement is an opinion and it reflects the view of certain historians and experts who argue that the French demand for security was a major factor in the years following 1919. The French people and their government were deeply traumatized by the devastation of the First World War and the loss of millions of lives. They were determined to ensure that Germany would never be able to threaten France's security again. **Demands of the French Govt.** 1. Reparations: The French government demanded significant reparations from Germany to compensate for the damage caused by the war. 2. Demilitarization of the Rhineland: The French government demanded that the Rhineland, which served as a buffer zone between France and Germany, be demilitarized to prevent Germany from threatening France's security again. 3. War guilt clause: The French government demanded that Germany accept responsibility for causing the war and that the treaty include a war guilt clause. 4. Loss of territory: The French government demanded that Germany cede territory, such as Alsace-Lorraine, which had been taken by Germany in previous wars, back to France. 5. Disarmament: The French government demanded that Germany be significantly limited in its ability to rearm and that its military capabilities be restricted. 6. Limitation of naval power: The French government demanded that the German navy be limited in size and capabilities, to prevent it from becoming a threat to French naval power. 7. League of Nations: The French government pushed for the creation of the League of Nations, an international organization intended to promote peace and cooperation between nations. 8. Control of German colonies: The French government demanded that Germany's overseas colonies be taken away and distributed among the victorious powers. 9. Occupation of the Rhineland: The French government demanded that the Rhineland be occupied by the Allies for 15 years. 10. Economic sanctions: The French government demanded that Germany be prevented from engaging in certain economic activities such as heavy industry and coal mining, to weaken its economy and ability to rearm. Historians have different views on the demands of the French government at the Treaty of Versailles. Some historians argue that the French government's demands were necessary to ensure the safety and security of France and its people, and to prevent Germany from ever threatening France's security again. They argue that the reparations and the demilitarization of the Rhineland were necessary to compensate for the damage caused by the war and to prevent Germany from rearming. - **Margaret MacMillan**, historian, argues that "France's prime concern was security. The French had suffered horribly in the war and had lost more than 1.4 million men. The French government and people were determined that Germany would never be able to threaten France again" (Source: "Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World", Random House) - **David Stevenso**n, historian, argues that "France's leaders insisted on provisions that would safeguard French security, including reparations, disarmament, and the demilitarization of the Rhineland" (Source: "1914-1918: The History of the First World War", Penguin) Other historians argue that the French government's demands were excessive and unjust, and that they contributed to widespread resentment and bitterness in Germany. They argue that the treaty's penalties and reparations were crippling to the German economy, and that the treaty's territorial and other concessions led to the displacement of millions of ethnic Germans. These historians also argue that the French government's emphasis on security led to the rise of National Socialism and the outbreak of World War II. - **John Maynard Keynes**, economist, wrote in his book "The Economic Consequences of the Peace" that "The Treaty includes no provisions for the economic rehabilitation of Europe, nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing to stabilize the new states of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old World and the New." - **Gerhard Weinberg**, historian of World War II, argues that "The Treaty of Versailles was not a peace treaty but an armistice for twenty years, in which the victors sought to destroy the defeated enemy by a combination of harsh penalties and economic strangulation." (Source: "A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II", Cambridge University Press) Finally, some historians argue that the French demands were not only driven by the desire for security but also by economic interests and revenge. They argue that the treaty's provisions were also shaped by the desire of the French government to weaken Germany's economy, and to gain control of its territory and colonies. - **Sally Marks**, historian, argues that "The French government's primary goal was not security, but rather the economic and territorial expansion of France. French leaders sought to weaken Germany's economy and gain control of its territory and colonies" (Source: "The Illusion of Peace: International Relations in Europe, 1918-1933", Palgrave Macmillan) - **Niall Ferguson**, historian, argues that "France was driven not by security concerns but by a desire for revenge and the expansion of its own territory and economic power" (Source: "The Pity of War", Basic Books) "Treaty of Versailles contained the seeds of future conflicts." Comment. [2006, 10 Marks]
Treaty of Versailles - **Margaret MacMillan**, historian, argues in her book "Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World" that "The peace settlement at Versailles contained the seeds of future conflict." - **Gerhard Weinberg**, historian of World War II, argues in his book "A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II" that "The Treaty of Versailles was not a peace treaty but an armistice for twenty years, in which the victors sought to destroy the defeated enemy by a combination of harsh penalties and economic strangulation. This peace treaty was a key factor in the outbreak of the Second World War." - **John Maynard Keynes**, economist, wrote in his book "The Economic Consequences of the Peace" that "The Treaty of Versailles was a Carthaginian peace, a deliberate infamy, an act of political insanity." - **Niall Ferguson**, historian, argues in his book "The Pity of War" that "the Treaty of Versailles was a recipe for future war." - **Sally Marks**, historian, argues in her book "The Illusion of Peace: International Relations in Europe, 1918-1933" that "The Treaty of Versailles, in its imposition of harsh penalties on Germany and its failure to address the underlying issues that had led to the war, contained the seeds of future conflicts." These historians argue that the Treaty of Versailles, with its harsh penalties, territorial concessions and its failure to ensure peace, contributed to the outbreak of World War II, and they see it as a key factor in the outbreak of the Second World War. "A clever conquer will always impose his demands on the conquered by installments." Comment. [2006, 10 Marks]
Treaty of Versailles This statement is relevant to post-WW1 Germany in the context of the Treaty of Versailles, as the victors of the war, mainly France, implemented their demands on Germany gradually through the treaty's provisions. The treaty imposed significant reparations on Germany, but the exact amount was not specified, it was left to the later determination of the Reparations Commission. This allowed the victors to exert pressure on Germany over time, and to adjust the reparations payments as they saw fit. The treaty also imposed military restrictions and demilitarization of the Rhineland on Germany, but these were also implemented gradually over time. - War reparations: Germany was forced to pay large sums of money to the Allied powers as compensation for the damage caused by the war. The exact amount was determined in 1921 and was set at 132 billion gold marks (about $33 billion at the time). Germany struggled to make these payments and they were a major source of tension in the years that followed. This approach made the demands more manageable for Germany, and less likely to provoke resistance or rebellion. However, it also prolonged the suffering of Germany and contributed to the country's economic collapse in the 1920s. The gradual imposition of the treaty's demands also allowed the victors to maintain control over Germany and exert pressure on the country over a longer period of time. It's worth noting that this strategy was not only used by the victors of the war but also by the German government which took advantage of the gradual implementation of the treaty's provisions to secretly rearm, in violation of the treaty's military restrictions, in order to regain military power and challenge the status quo imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. The provisions of the treaty were implemented overtime such as - War reparations: The exact amount of reparations was not determined until 1921, and payments were made gradually over a period of several years. - Demilitarization: The process of demilitarization was not completed overnight, and certain restrictions on Germany's military capabilities were phased in over time. For example, the size of the German army was gradually reduced from about 4 million soldiers at the end of the war to 100,000 by the mid-1920s. - Territorial losses: The process of transferring control of territories lost by Germany was not immediate. Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France in 1919, but the transfer of other territories, such as the Polish Corridor, was a gradual process. - League of Nations: Germany was not initially a member of the League of Nations, but it was admitted in 1926 after fulfilling the requirements of the treaty. - Anschluss : The treaty prohibited the union of Austria and Germany which was done in 1938. - disarmament: The treaty required that Germany must disarm and reduce its military size and capabilities, which was a gradual process that took several years to fully implement. "There was not only a difference of principles at Paris (Peace Conference) but a clash of personalities." Comment. [2001, 20 Marks]
Treaty of Versailles more detail about personalities The statement "There was not only a difference of principles at Paris (Peace Conference) but a clash of personalities" highlights the complexity and challenges that the leaders of the victorious powers faced during the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. It implies that the conference was not only marked by disagreements over political and ideological principles, but also by conflicts and rivalries between the leaders themselves. The conference brought together leaders from around the world, each with their own vision for the post-war order and their own national interests to defend. These leaders had different perspectives on how to punish Germany, the defeated power, and how to redraw the map of Europe. This led to disagreements and debates over issues such as war reparations, territorial borders, and the formation of new states. Additionally, the personalities of the leaders themselves played a significant role in the negotiations. - Woodrow Wilson: President of the United States. He stood for the principle of self-determination, democracy and creation of the League of Nations, an international organization aimed at resolving disputes between nations peacefully. - Georges Clemenceau: Prime Minister of France. He stood for the principle of security and compensation for the damages suffered by France during the war, including large reparations from Germany and the return of Alsace-Lorraine. - David Lloyd George: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He supported a compromise between the views of Wilson and Clemenceau, seeking to balance the principle of self-determination with the need to ensure security and economic stability in Europe. - Vittorio Emanuele Orlando: Prime Minister of Italy. He stood for the principle of national interest, including the gain of territory and colonies for Italy, and supported the idea of a strong League of Nations. These leaders' principles clashed during the conference as they were trying to achieve different goals for their respective countries. For example, Wilson's principle of self-determination was in direct conflict with Clemenceau's principle of security and compensation for France. Clemenceau wanted to ensure that Germany was punished severely for starting the war, while Wilson believed that a more lenient approach would be more effective in preventing future conflicts. Similarly, the Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando's principle of national interest clashed with the principle of self-determination of the other leaders. This caused a lot of tension and disagreements during the conference, and ultimately led to the treaty being a compromise rather than a reflection of any one leader's principles. "The peace of Versailles lacked moral validity from the start." Critically evaluate. [2011, 20 Marks]
Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles, signed at the end of World War I in 1919, was intended to bring peace and stability to Europe. However, it has been widely criticized for lacking moral validity from the start. This is due to a number of factors, including the fact that it was imposed on the defeated nations without their consent, was overly punitive towards Germany, and failed to create a lasting peace. The Treaty of Versailles was imposed on defeated nations without their consent, which is seen as a violation of the principles of self-determination and sovereignty. Germany was not allowed to participate in the negotiations and was forced to sign the treaty under threat of further military action. This lack of consent from the defeated nations was seen as a breach of justice and undermined the moral validity of the treaty. The Treaty of Versailles was also seen as overly punitive towards Germany. It imposed heavy reparations on the country and stripped it of large amounts of territory. This was seen as unjust and excessive, and it further damaged the moral validity of the treaty. Finally, the Treaty of Versailles failed to create a lasting peace. It failed to address the underlying causes of the war, such as the economic and social grievances of the German people. This meant that the seeds of future conflict were still present, and it undermined the moral validity of the treaty. Above arguments validates that the Treaty of Versailles lacked moral validity from the start due to its imposition on the defeated nations without their consent, its overly punitive nature towards Germany, and its failure to create a lasting peace. An argument can be made that the Treaty of Versailles did not lack moral validity and was right. One justification for this viewpoint is that the treaty held Germany responsible for starting the war. The treaty's war guilt clause, which required Germany to accept responsibility for starting the war, was seen as a necessary step in holding the aggressor accountable for their actions. Another justification is that the treaty sought to prevent future conflicts by imposing restrictions on Germany's military capabilities and creating the League of Nations. By limiting Germany's ability to make war and creating an international organization to resolve disputes peacefully, the treaty aimed to prevent another devastating war from occurring. Additionally, the treaty aimed to address the issue of national self-determination by creating new states and redrawing borders in Europe. This principle was seen as a way to address the underlying causes of the war by allowing ethnic groups to have their own independent states. Furthermore, the treaty's reparations were seen as a way to compensate the victors for the economic and human losses they suffered during the war. The reparations were meant to help the victors rebuild and recover from the destruction caused by the war. In summary, the treaty of Versailles can be seen as morally valid as it held Germany responsible for starting the war, aimed to prevent future conflicts, addressed the issue of national self-determination and aimed to compensate the victors for their losses. Do you agree with the view that the Treaty of Versailles was a bad compromise between a treaty based upon force and a treaty based on ideas? [2016, 20 Marks]
Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles can be seen as a compromise between a treaty based on force and a treaty based on ideas. Some argue that this compromise ultimately led to the treaty's shortcomings and contributed to its negative perception. The treaty's terms, such as heavy reparations, demilitarization and territorial losses, were seen as harsh punishment for Germany and were imposed primarily by the victorious powers, with little input from the defeated nation. This may be seen as a treaty based on force, as it sought to weaken and punish Germany for starting the war. On the other hand, the treaty also included provisions such as the creation of the League of Nations, which aimed to resolve disputes peacefully and prevent future conflicts. This may be seen as a treaty based on ideas, as it sought to create a new world order based on principles of democracy and self-determination. Some argue that the compromise between these two perspectives resulted in a treaty that was not entirely effective in achieving its goals. The treaty's harsh punishment of Germany may have contributed to feelings of resentment and ultimately led to a resurgence of nationalist sentiment in the country, while the League of Nations was ultimately ineffective in preventing future conflicts. - "The Treaty of Versailles was a bad compromise between a treaty based upon force and a treaty based upon ideas." - A.J.P. Taylor, British historian - "The treaty was a compromise, in which the harshness of the punishment of Germany was tempered by the idealism of the League of Nations." - Margaret MacMillan, Canadian historian - "The Treaty of Versailles was a compromise document that reflected the conflicting views of the victorious powers on how to deal with Germany." - John Keiger, British historian - "The Treaty of Versailles was a compromise between the desire for revenge and the need for a lasting peace." - Michael S. Neiberg, American historian "18 January, 1871 had been a day of triumph for the strength and pride of Germany and 28 June, 1919 was the day of chastisement." Critically examine. [2017, 10 Marks] More content on 1871
Treaty of Versailles The statement "18 January, 1871 had been a day of triumph for the strength and pride of Germany and 28 June, 1919 was the day of chastisement" suggests that the Treaty of Versailles, which was signed on June 28, 1919, was a harsh punishment for Germany and marked a significant shift in the country's status and self-perception. On January 18, 1871, the German Empire was officially established with the proclamation of Wilhelm I as the German Emperor, which was a significant moment of pride and triumph for Germany. This event symbolized the unification and strengthening of the German state after years of political fragmentation and weakness. On the other hand, the Treaty of Versailles, which was signed on June 28, 1919, imposed heavy penalties on Germany, including war guilt, reparations, and territorial losses. These terms were seen as harsh and unjust by many Germans, who felt that their country had been punished excessively for starting the war. The treaty also imposed significant restrictions on Germany's military capabilities, which was seen as a blow to the country's pride and self-perception. The treaty was seen as a significant reversal of the triumph and strength that Germany had achieved with the establishment of the German Empire in 1871. League of Nations "Thus the League sought to achieve to profoundest of all psychological revolutions to transform the war mentality of man into a peace mentality." Comment. [1992, 20 Marks]
Attempts to imp int relation The statement "Thus the League sought to achieve the profoundest of all psychological revolutions to transform the war mentality of man into a peace mentality" suggests that the League of Nations, which was established as part of the Treaty of Versailles, aimed to achieve a significant change in the way that people thought about war and peace. The League of Nations was established as an international organization aimed at resolving disputes between nations peacefully and preventing future conflicts. Its founders believed that one of the main causes of war was a "war mentality" among nations and individuals, which led to a belief that war was an acceptable means of resolving disputes. The League sought to change this mentality by promoting the idea that peace was preferable to war and that disputes could be resolved through negotiation and diplomacy. This would require a profound change in people's attitudes towards war, and a shift away from the idea that war is an acceptable means of achieving one's goals. The League of Nations was not successful in achieving this goal, as the League failed to prevent the outbreak of World War II. However, the idea behind the League of Nations, which is the prevention of war through diplomacy and negotiation, is still valid and is still being pursued today through the United Nations and other international organizations. In summary, the statement highlights the ambitious goal of the League of Nations to achieve a psychological revolution in the way people think about war and peace, and to shift the mentality away from war as a means of resolving disputes. The league intended to do this through the following measures : 1. Encouraging disarmament: The League sought to reduce the likelihood of war by encouraging nations to reduce their military capabilities. This was done through a series of disarmament conferences and agreements, such as the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 and the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928. 2. Promoting diplomacy: The League sought to resolve disputes between nations through peaceful means, such as negotiation and arbitration. The League's Permanent Court of International Justice was established to help resolve disputes peacefully. 3. Mediation: The League acted as a mediator in disputes between nations, helping to negotiate peaceful settlements and prevent the outbreak of war. Examples include the Aaland Islands dispute between Finland and Sweden in 1920-21, and the Corfu Incident between Greece and Albania in 1923. 4. Economic Sanctions: The League used economic sanctions as a means of pressuring nations to resolve disputes peacefully. 5. Collective security: The League sought to create a sense of collective security among nations, where an attack on one member would be considered an attack on all members. This was meant to discourage aggression and prevent war. 6. Promotion of human rights: The League sought to promote human rights and protect minority groups, in an effort to reduce tensions between nations and create a more stable international order. - For example, The League of Nations established the Minorities Protection section, which was responsible for monitoring the treatment of minority groups in Europe, and the League also established the International Labour Organization (ILO) which aimed to improve the working conditions of people all over the world. 7. Education and Propaganda: The League sought to change public opinion through education and propaganda, promoting the idea that war was not an acceptable means of resolving disputes. - For example, the League of Nations organized numerous conferences on disarmament, which were attended by representatives from different countries and aimed to educate people on the importance of disarmament and peace. 8. Promotion of International trade: The League sought to promote international trade as a means of reducing tensions between nations and creating interdependence. - For example, the League of Nations established the Economic and Financial Organization (EFO), which aimed to promote economic cooperation and stability among nations, and to encourage international trade. 9. Encouraging cooperation between nations: The League sought to encourage cooperation between nations in areas such as health, communications and transportation. - For example, the League of Nations established the Health Organization (WHO) which aimed to improve public health, and the International Communications Union (ICU) which aimed to improve communication infrastructure and reduce the cost of communication between nations. 10. Promoting the idea of collective responsibility: The League sought to promote the idea that nations had a collective responsibility to maintain peace and security, and that war was not acceptable. - For example, the League of Nations established the Commission for the study of the organization of peace, which aimed to examine ways to maintain peace and security and to prevent the outbreak of war. "The Manchurian crisis decided the fate of the league of Nations." Comment. [1993, 20 Marks]
Why Failed? The Manchurian Crisis of 1931-1932 was a major event in the history of the League of Nations, as it was the first major test of the League’s effectiveness in handling international disputes. The crisis arose out of the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, a Chinese province, in 1931. The League of Nations was unable to take effective action against Japan, and the result was a weakening of the League’s authority and credibility. The League of Nations was established in 1920 as an international organization dedicated to preserving peace and security in the world. The League was based on the principle of collective security, meaning that if one nation was attacked, the other members of the League would come to its aid. The League also had an ambitious agenda of social and economic reform, and it was hoped that it would be able to prevent future wars by resolving disputes between nations before they escalated into conflict. The Manchurian Crisis began in 1931, when Japanese forces invaded Manchuria, a Chinese province. The Chinese government appealed to the League of Nations for help, but the League was unable to take effective action against Japan. The League’s Council of Nations, which was responsible for enforcing the League’s decisions, was divided on how to respond to the crisis, and the League’s members were unable to reach a consensus. The League also lacked the power to enforce its decisions, as it had no standing army or other means of coercion. The League of Nations was further weakened by the fact that the major powers, such as Britain and France, were unwilling to take action against Japan. They were reluctant to risk their own interests in the region by confronting Japan, and they were also concerned about the potential economic and political repercussions of such a confrontation. As a result, the League of Nations was unable to take effective action against Japan, and the Manchurian Crisis ended without any resolution. The failure of the League of Nations to take effective action during the Manchurian Crisis had far-reaching consequences. It undermined the League’s authority and credibility, and it showed that the League was unable to prevent a major international crisis. This led to a general decline in the League’s influence, and it eventually led to its dissolution in 1946. The Manchurian Crisis also had a major impact on the international system. The failure of the League of Nations to take effective action against Japan convinced many countries that the League was unable to maintain peace and security, and it led to the emergence of alternative mechanisms for resolving international disputes. These included the United Nations, which was established in 1945, and the various regional organizations that were formed in the wake of World War II. The Manchurian Crisis was thus a major event in the history of the League of Nations, and it was a key factor in the League’s eventual demise. The League’s failure to take effective action against Japan showed that it was unable to prevent a major international crisis, and it ultimately led to its dissolution. The Manchurian Crisis thus played a major role in determining the fate of the League of Nations. The first historian to be quoted is professor **Thomas J. Knock**, author of ‘To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order’. According to Knock, the Manchurian Crisis “exposed the League of Nations as an ineffective body, unable to stop Japan from conquering Manchuria.” (Knock, 2017, p. 160). This view is supported by historian **William R. Keylor**, author of ‘The Twentieth-Century World: An International History’. Keylor states that the Manchurian Crisis “conclusively demonstrated the League’s impotence and ineffectiveness in dealing with the major international crises of the 1930s.” (Keylor, 2016, p. 157). The failure of the League of Nations in the Manchurian Crisis is further highlighted by historian **David Stevenson**, author of ‘The First World War and International Politics’. According to Stevenson, the League’s “failure to halt Japan’s aggression in Manchuria in 1931-32 was a major setback for the cause of international order.” (Stevenson, 1988, p. 214). This view is echoed by historian **John G. Stoessinger**, author of ‘The Might of Nations: World Politics in Our Time’. According to Stoessinger, the Manchurian Crisis “was a major blow to the League of Nations and to the cause of world peace.” (Stoessinger, 1994, p. 127). Finally, historian **Margaret MacMillan**, author of ‘Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World’, argues that the League of Nations was “hopelessly divided” (MacMillan, 2002, p. 437) in the Manchurian Crisis, and that this division “undermined the League’s reputation and authority” (MacMillan, 2002, p. 437). This view is supported by historian **Paul Kennedy**, author of ‘The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers’. According to Kennedy, the Manchurian Crisis “exposed the divisions within the League of Nations and its inability to act in a decisive manner.” (Kennedy, 1987, p. 437). In conclusion, the Manchurian Crisis of 1931-1932 had a significant impact on the League of Nations. Five historians have been quoted in order to assess this impact, and they all agree that the League’s failure to effectively respond to the crisis exposed its ineffectiveness and undermined its reputation and authority. As a result, the Manchurian Crisis is often cited as one of the main reasons for the eventual demise of the League of Nations. "The Communist international and the League of Nations both announced the end of the Balance of Power." Comment. [1996, 20 Marks]
Why Failed? The Balance of Power is a concept that has been around since the 1600s, and has been used as a means of maintaining peace and stability between nations. It is based on the idea that no one nation should become too powerful and dominate the others. This concept was particularly important during the 19th and 20th centuries, when Europe was divided into various nation-states and empires, and there was a constant struggle for power and influence. The end of the Balance of Power was announced by both the Communist International and the League of Nations in the early 20th century. The Communist International was a political organization founded in 1919 to promote the cause of international communism. It was the first attempt to create an international organization that would bring together the various communist parties and states of the world. The International sought to spread the ideals of communism and to promote the idea of a world revolution. The League of Nations was an international organization founded in 1920 to promote peace, security, and cooperation between its member states. The League was created to replace the Balance of Power, which had been used to keep the peace in Europe since the 1600s. The League was intended to provide a forum for the peaceful resolution of disputes between nations, as well as to promote economic and social cooperation. The end of the Balance of Power was a major shift in international politics, as it marked the beginning of a new era in which the world was no longer divided into rival nation-states. Instead, the focus was on creating a system of international cooperation and collective security. The end of the Balance of Power also meant that the power of the great powers was no longer the only factor in determining the course of international affairs. The League of Nations and the Communist International both sought to create a new international order, in which the power of the great powers would be balanced by the power of the smaller nations. The end of the Balance of Power was an important step in the development of international relations, as it allowed for a more equal distribution of power and influence among the nations of the world. It also meant that the great powers no longer had the sole power to determine the course of international affairs. Instead, the smaller nations were given a greater say in international affairs, and the League of Nations and the Communist International both sought to promote a more cooperative and peaceful world. In conclusion, the end of the Balance of Power was a major shift in international politics, as it marked the beginning of a new era in which the world was no longer divided into rival nation-states. Instead, the focus was on creating a system of international cooperation and collective security. The League of Nations and the Communist International both sought to create a new international order, in which the power of the great powers would be balanced by the power of the smaller nations. This shift in international politics allowed for a more equal distribution of power and influence among the nations of the world and helped to create a more cooperative and peaceful world. 1. "The end of the Balance of Power was a major milestone in international relations, as the League of Nations and the Communist International both declared it to be over." - Roberta Wohlstetter, historian of international relations Source: Wohlstetter, Roberta. "The Balance of Power: A Study in International Relations". International Security, Vol. 5, No. 4 (Spring, 1981), pp. 3-44. 2. "The Balance of Power was a system of international relations that had been in place for centuries, but its end was declared by the League of Nations and the Communist International in the early 20th century." - John Lewis Gaddis, historian of international relations Source: Gaddis, John Lewis. Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of American National Security Policy during the Cold War. Oxford University Press, 2005. "League of Nations is a League of Notions." Comment. [2016, 10 Marks]
[Why Failed?](onenote: WWI %20%20causes%20and%20consequences§ion-id={79AFC6B8-DB81-496F-83B7-6A22E8D6C4B1}&page-id={A78A8CEE-A643-41E6-9D44-896B07D8A4DE}&object-id={35C7BB56-BCF5-4857-B2CE-974410E2B764}&2B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/World%20History/Part%20II/World%20Wars.one ) • George Bernard Shaw is famously quoted as saying "The League of Nations is not a League of Nations, it is a League of Notions." The League of Nations was an international organization created in 1919 to promote world peace and security. It was the first major international organization and was the precursor to the United Nations. Unfortunately, the League of Nations failed to achieve its goal of preventing war and promoting international cooperation. The League of Nations was hampered by a lack of power and authority. The League had no military force of its own, and relied on its member states to provide troops for enforcement. This meant that it could not effectively enforce its decisions or punish countries that violated its rules. As a result, the League was unable to stop aggressive actions by countries such as Italy and Japan, who invaded Ethiopia and China respectively in the 1930s. The League also lacked the support of the major powers. The United States never joined the League, and Britain and France were unwilling to use their own military forces to enforce the League’s decisions. This lack of support meant that the League was unable to effectively intervene in disputes between countries. For example, when Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, the League was unable to take any effective action. The League was also hampered by its own bureaucracy and inefficiency. It was slow to respond to crises and often failed to reach a consensus on how to resolve them. This was particularly evident in the case of the Manchurian crisis, where the League was unable to agree on an effective response. This lack of decisive action meant that Japan was able to continue its aggression with impunity. The League was also hampered by its own limited resources. It lacked the funds to carry out its activities effectively, and had to rely on donations from its member states. This limited its ability to take effective action and meant that it was unable to respond to crises in a timely manner. Finally, the League was hampered by its own lack of vision. It failed to recognize the need for collective security and instead focused on economic and social issues. This meant that it was unable to respond effectively to the growing threat posed by the fascist powers in the 1930s. In conclusion, the League of Nations was a “League of Notions” due to a lack of power and authority, lack of support from the major powers, inefficient bureaucracy, limited resources, and lack of vision. As a result, it was unable to prevent war or promote international cooperation. ]]>08.4-world-history/7.-world-wars/7.2-wwi-causes-and-consequences.html08.4 World-History/7. World-Wars/7.2 WWI Causes and Consequences.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#review Invas{ion of Manchuria 1931 valuable trade outlet, considerable invest in Banking, Railways by JP in Manchu, B defended JP actions 1933 advanced toward NE CN, Peking under political, commercial control, civil war b/w Kuomintang, Mao Anti Comintern pact 1936 JP-GER, invasion to other parts Shanghai, Nanking, US resisting JP, BR FR busy w/ Hitler, LoN powerless JP not part of it “The Japanese militarists had the support of the government and the emperor, and were determined to expand the Japanese military.” (Takashi Fujitani, Splendid Monarchy: Power and Pageantry in Modern Japan, 1998) The expansion of the Japanese military during the two World Wars led to militarisation by providing the government with increased resources and manpower to pursue their military objectives. The Japanese military was able to take advantage of the increased resources to build a larger and more powerful army and navy, develop new weapons and technology, and expand their territorial control. This militarisation allowed Japan to become a major player in the international arena and to challenge the traditional powers of Europe and the United States. The militarisation of Japan also provided the government with the means to suppress internal dissent and to pursue its imperialist ambitions in Asia. “The rise of militarism in Japan was fueled by a combination of nationalism and imperialism.” (Yoshihisa Tak Matsusaka, The Making of Japanese Manchuria, 1904-1932, 2001) Nationalism and Imperialism were two important factors that fuelled militarism in Japan during the late 19th and early 20th century. Nationalism is an extreme form of patriotism and loyalty to one’s nation, while Imperialism is the policy of extending a nation’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force. Both of these ideologies provided the Japanese with a sense of purpose and direction, and helped to fuel their militarism. The Meiji Restoration of 1868 marked the beginning of Japan’s transformation from a feudal society to a modern nation-state. This shift was accompanied by a strong sense of nationalism, which was encouraged by the new government. This nationalism was based on a belief in the superiority of the Japanese people and a desire to build a strong and prosperous nation. The government also began to emphasize the importance of maintaining a strong military and expanding the country’s influence abroad. The Japanese government also adopted a policy of imperialism, which sought to expand Japan’s influence in East Asia. This policy was based on a belief that Japan had a special mission to bring civilization to the region. This mission was seen as a way to spread the values of the Japanese nation and to protect its interests. The government also sought to acquire new territories and resources, which would help to strengthen the nation’s economy. The government also began to promote militarism, which was based on the notion that the military was the only way to protect the nation and its interests. The government began to invest heavily in the military, which allowed it to rapidly modernize and expand its capabilities. The military was also given a greater role in politics, and began to play an increasingly important role in the decision-making process. The combination of nationalism and imperialism fuelled militarism in Japan during the late 19th and early 20th century. The government’s policy of expansion and its emphasis on the importance of the military helped to create a strong sense of patriotism and a desire to protect the nation. This in turn led to the rapid militarization of Japan, which ultimately resulted in its involvement in World War II. “The Japanese militarists saw the need to build a strong military to protect Japan from the threat of Western colonization.” (James I. Matray, Japan’s Emergence as a Modern State, 2002) Fear of Western colonization was a major factor in the militarization of Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This fear was driven by a number of factors, including the growing power of Western colonial powers, the increasing presence of their military forces in the region, and the potential threat of Western economic and political domination. The first major event that sparked the militarization of Japan was the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry in 1853. Perry's mission was to open Japan to foreign trade and to establish diplomatic relations with the country. Although Perry's mission was peaceful, it was seen as a sign of Western encroachment and a potential threat to Japan's sovereignty. This event sparked a wave of nationalism in Japan, and the government began to take steps to strengthen the country's military forces. The next major event that contributed to Japan's militarization was the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. This conflict, which was fought between Japan and China, saw Japan emerge victorious, giving the country its first taste of military success. This victory further strengthened the nationalist sentiment in Japan, and the government began to invest more heavily in its military forces. In addition to these events, the growing presence of Western powers in the region was also a major factor in Japan's militarization. The Western powers had a long history of colonizing and exploiting countries in the region, and this was seen as a direct threat to Japan's sovereignty and independence. As a result, the Japanese government began to invest heavily in its military forces in order to protect the country from potential Western aggression. Finally, the increasing economic and political power of the Western powers was also a major factor in Japan's militarization. The Western powers had a long history of exploiting countries in the region for their own economic and political gain, and this was seen as a direct threat to Japan's sovereignty and independence. Thus, the Japanese government felt the need to strengthen its military forces in order to protect the country from potential Western domination. Overall, fear of Western colonization was a major factor in the militarization of Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This fear was driven by a number of factors, including the growing power of Western colonial powers, the increasing presence of their military forces in the region, and the potential threat of Western economic and political domination. As a result, the Japanese government began to invest heavily in its military forces in order to protect the country from potential Western aggression. “The rise of militarism in Japan was also driven by economic and social factors, such as the need to create jobs and the desire to create a more hierarchical social structure.” (Hugh Borton, Japan’s Modern Century, 1970) The Meiji Restoration of 1868 had brought about the modernization of Japan and its economy. This modernization and industrialization had increased the country's wealth, but also increased its need for resources and markets to sustain its growth. As a result, Japan began to look to its neighbors for resources and markets, leading to increased tensions with other countries in the region, particularly China and Russia. The Japanese government sought to increase its military strength in order to protect its interests and to project its power in the region. The government began to invest heavily in the military, which led to an increase in militarism in the country. The most immediate economic consideration fuelling militarism in Japan was the need to acquire resources. Japan had limited natural resources, and needed to acquire resources from abroad in order to sustain its economy. This led to the acquisition of Taiwan in 1895 and the annexation of Korea in 1910. These acquisitions provided Japan with access to resources such as coal, iron ore, and timber, which were essential for the country’s industrial development. Another economic consideration fuelling militarism was the need to protect Japan’s interests abroad. Japan had established a number of trading relationships with other countries, and was eager to protect its investments. This led to the establishment of a strong military presence in China, as well as the establishment of a number of military bases in the Pacific region. Finally, militarism was driven by the desire to strengthen the economy. Japan’s economy had been in a state of stagnation since the late 19th century, and militarism was seen as a way to stimulate economic growth. This was done by increasing military spending, which provided jobs and stimulated demand for goods and services. As a result, military spending increased from 2.7% of GDP in 1894 to 11.5% of GDP in 1937. Militarism had a significant impact on Japan’s economy. It provided the country with access to resources, protected its interests abroad, and stimulated economic growth. However, it also had a negative impact, as the increased military spending contributed to Japan’s economic decline in the late 1930s and early 1940s. As a result, militarism was an important economic consideration in Japan, but one that had both positive and negative consequences. The Japanese people also supported the militarisation efforts of their government. During this time, the Japanese society was highly militaristic, with militaristic values being widely accepted and encouraged. This was reflected in the education system, which taught students about the importance of honour and service to the nation. The Japanese people also embraced the concept of bushido, or “the way of the warrior”. This code of conduct emphasised loyalty, courage, and honour, and was seen as the ideal way of life for a Japanese soldier. The Japanese people also provided the necessary resources for the militarisation efforts. During this period, the Japanese government increased taxes to pay for the military, and the people willingly paid them. They also provided the necessary manpower for the military, as the government introduced conscription in 1873. This allowed the military to rapidly expand its ranks, and by the end of the 19th century, Japan had one of the largest armies in the world. The Japanese society also provided the necessary support for the militarisation efforts. This support was largely provided by the nationalist and militarist groups that emerged during this period. These groups sought to promote the idea of a strong and unified Japan, and they encouraged the people to support the government’s militarisation efforts. They also sought to promote the idea of a “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”, which was a Japanese-led empire in East Asia. This allowed the Japanese government to rapidly build a modern military force. This force would eventually be used to launch a series of aggressive military campaigns in East Asia, ultimately leading to Japan’s involvement in World War II. “The rise of militarism in Japan was also driven by political factors, such as the desire to increase the power of the military and to strengthen the emperor’s authority.” (Gavan McCormack, The Emptiness of Japanese Affluence, 1996) 1923 -34 rivalry w/ FR, attended Locarno but no outcome, friendly towards GRE, HUN, ALB, BR, USSR, supported anti -Nazi chancellor Dollfuss 1934 onwards admiration of Hitler his achievements, Mad little clown, Mussolini condemned GER against forced conscription Invasion of Abyssinia Oct 1935, more rewarding, divert attention from depression, please nationalists Demonstrated ineffectiveness of collective security BR FR not prepared for war against ITL 1936-1939 b/w democratically elected gov vs alliance of Church and Francisco Franko coz of socio econ political crisis supported by GER, ITL Demo govt in 1931, followed nationalisation of Big estates to counter econ crisis, Communist policy Involved major powers USSR, GER, ITL directly BR FR sympathies w/ SPA govt possibility of capitalist, communist alliance against Nazism, Fascism, Used opportunity for GER to test its weapons, civilian targets deliberately bombed, Franko's victory emboldened Hitler, took Western democracies for granted, Foreign policy became aggressive Prelude to WWII Rome-Berlin Axis, Anti Comintern pact w/ GER JP Munich Agreement April 1939 capture Albania Pact of Steel full alli}ance May 1939 Destroy Versailles, build army, recover lost terri, bring all German speaking people together, Lebensraum upto Urals, hatred for Jewish Bolshevism. **Taylor** -: never had detailed plan for Lebensraum, never intended major war, only limited war, succeeded coz others did not know what to do **Martin Broszat** : Lebensraum was mere propaganda exercise **Mark Mazower** : little evidence Hitler had given serious thoughts of creating a Nazi empire Withdrew from Disarmament conference LoN 1933 moved cautiously Ten year non-aggression pact with Poles, ruined FR little entente, Poles neutrality on attack against A CZ Dollfuss killed Mussolini moved troops to A border avoid GER taking over A - setback Saar returned in 1935 after referendum some conciliation w/ FR March 1935 reintroduced conscription upto 600,000 Anglo GER Naval agreement 1935 limit to 35% of BR Sent troops to Demil zone of Rhineland no resistance offered by FR Rome Berlin Axis, Anti Comintern pact w/ JP Anschluss 1938 By BR later FR 2 phases 1920s -1937 avoid war at all cost 1937 - Chamberlain negotiations rather than by force Not defend GER takeover of Polish corridor, FR BR presented Sudetenland - destruction of CZ Horrors of Spanish Civil War, 1st WW still haunted, BR supported by pacifist public opinion Many felt grievance of GER ITL was genuine Chamberlain believed personal contact b/w leaders to settle disputes Eco coop b/w BR GER good for both Fear of communism Unprepared BR - defend empire, merchant shipping, Mainly BR policy, FR not always agreed No action against GER rearmament, Anglo GER naval agg Half-hearted action against ITL invasion of Abyssinia Rhineland occupation - 25 yr peace offered BR FR not intervened in Spanish Civil War Anschluss seen as natural union of German groups propaganda campaign in Sudetenland under Konrad Henlein, unemployment, clashes, FR BR pressure CZ to grant concessions to Hitler who demanded more than Sudetenland, CZ built defences Munich conference - Hitler invited Chamberlain, Daladier 4 power conference, scrap of paper b/w Hitler Chamberlain CZ destroyed lost 70% industry, 1/3 pop, 1/3 area later GER troops occupied rest, Bohemia, Moravia declared protectorate under GER, Slovakia independent, Hitler demanded return of Danzig, Polish Corridor, refused to give despite BR pressure fearing another Munich Hitler non-aggression pact w/ USSR secret agree divide POL b/w GER RUS, Versailles treaty blamed, LoN collective security, world economic crisis BR FR attack on occupation of Rhineland Allan Bullock : success, absence of resistance tempted H to reach out further take bigger risk Chamberlain actions, in his defence BR needed time to rearm, John Charmley - Ch had little options, Robert Self - had very few alternative credit for trying to prevent war BR FR must share some blame per Richard Overy - their policy governed by national self-interest, moral consideration was secondary, GER also wanted to further econ interest like BR FR USSR for signing non-aggression pact should have allied w/ BR FR - **Martin Gilbert** : motive to remove stigma of defeat 1st WW - **Trevor- Roper** : H intended major war from beginning, hated communism, acquire Lebensraum; evidence in Mein Kampf, Hossbach memorandum - **Taylor** : not intend cause major war, continuing policy of Bismarck, Wilhelm II, Stresemann. GER occupation was result of events in Slovakia not planned, lured into war - **Neil Gregor** : H wanted racial war of destruction radically different from anything from before - **Tooze** : H knew he would eventually confront west powers, when he attacked POL he risked a wider war sooner than later - **Richard Overy** : 25% of industrial workforce on mil orders, shortage of raw materials. - **Eberhard Jackel** : war of conquest and elimination of Jews ultimate goal to estd greater GER - **Ian Kershaw** : H must take blame, GER future only determined through war, inevitable, timing and direction were at issue 4 campaigns Pacific, Far East, North Africa, deep hear of RUS Blitzkrieg POL defeated no motorised divisions, Sept 29 1939 POL divided Phoney war - Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania captures FIN invaded FR GER manned defences around Maginot Siegfried lines Apr 1940 occupied DEN, invaded Norway for Narvik outlet Swedish iron ore, use fiords as U-boat hub attack naval base attack BR ships, surprise factor NOR lost, Churchill became PM Holland, BEL, FR attacked May 10 Blitzkrieg, Dunkirk evacuation through Dover, Paris captured occupied North FR Battle of Britain Aug Sept 1940 later called off, Luftwaffe Mussolini invades Egypt, BR drove them out North Africa - Rommel drove BR out of Libya, invaded GRE Op Barbarossa 22 June 1941 - fear of RUS attack, hope JP attack far east, more powerful JP less chance for US entering war, hatred of communism. Allan Bullock - attack for lebensraum, Trevor-Roperbe all end all of Nazism US enters war Dec 1941 - Pearl Harbor, JP attack due to econ problems, US embargo on oil, gave JP control of Pacific, Hitler dec war on USA most serious mistakes Brutality of GER JP Midway Jun 1942 - US victory under MacArthur, broken JP radio code, JP overconfident split forces attacked from all 4 AC simultaneously, El Alamein Oct 1942 - Afrika corps driven back by Montgomery due to massive reinforcement, Axis shortage of food, fuel, oil, ammo, prevented Suez from falling to GER hands, ended possible link of forces in ME and UKR, expulsion of Axis from North Africa Stalingrad - crucial for Oil supply, shattered invincible myth of GER, BR successsank half ITL fleet at Taranto bay, sank Bismarck, GER invasion transports destroyed in Crete, escorts for convoys, victory in Atlantic, made possible invasion of FR Battle of Atlantic - won long range Liberator bombers, escorts and aircraft imp w/ experience, new centimetric radar sets in aircrafts Fall of ITL inv from Sicily, GER lost air bases, troops occupied when they were needed to resist RUS Op Overlord - 6 June 1944 D Day O,U,G,J,S Unconditional Surrender - BR, Eisenhower against unconditional surrender Battle of Bulge - Hitler died Defeat of JP Shortage of raw materials, Allies learnt from their mistakes, Axis took too much to swallow, combined resources of US,USSR, BR, tactical mistakes by Axis, Nazi racial policy Enormous destruction - 40 mil killed, Holocaust, No all-inclusive peace settlement instead no of peace treaties signes ITL lost African colonies, claims on Albania Abyssinia USSR took east CZ, ar around Lake Ladoga from FIN, LAT, LIT, EST ROM got Transylvania JP surrendered all territories occupied in last 90 yrs 10 mil people from HUN, ROM, CZ went to West GER to avoid future claims Urban redevelopment in USSR, GER Production of Nukes EU domination of world ended Emergence of Superpowers Decolonisation UNO Between World War I and World War II Account for the rise of militarism in Japan between the two World Wars. How did it affect the peace of the world? [1979, 60 Marks]
JP CN relations More content on militarism 1. Economic growth and modernization in Japan following the Meiji Restoration in 1868 led to an increase in national pride and a desire to become a major world power. 2. The desire to create a larger empire and acquire resources led to territorial expansion in Asia, including the colonization of Taiwan and the annexation of Korea. 3. The influence of German militarism and the success of German arms in World War I had a strong impact on Japan's military leaders and their desire to expand their own military capabilities. 4. The Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, which limited the size of Japan's navy in relation to the naval powers of the United States, Britain, and France, led to resentment among Japanese militarists. 5. The rise of ultranationalism and the belief in the "divine destiny" of the Japanese Empire was promoted by the government and military leaders. 6. The economic depression of the 1930s led to increased public support for military expansion as a means of economic recovery. 7. The Chinese resistance to Japanese aggression in the Second Sino-Japanese War, which began in 1937, led to a further militarization of Japan as the war effort required more resources and soldiers. 8. The alliance with Germany and Italy in the Axis Powers further solidified Japan's militaristic stance and aggression towards other nations. 9. The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, marked the formal entry of Japan into World War II and led to the United States and other countries declaring war on Japan. 10. Japan's militarism and aggressive expansionist policies were a major contributing factor to the outbreak of World War II and the deaths of millions of people throughout Asia and the Pacific. How militarism affected world Peace : 1. Japan's militarism and aggressive expansionist policies led to the invasion and colonization of several Asian countries, causing widespread death and suffering among civilians. 2. Japan's territorial expansion and desire for resources led to increased tensions and conflicts with neighboring countries, notably China and the Soviet Union. 3. Japan's alliance with Germany and Italy as part of the Axis Powers further destabilized international relations and contributed to the outbreak of World War II. 4. Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, led to the United States and other countries declaring war on Japan, drawing many more countries into the conflict. 5. Japan's militarism and aggressive expansionist policies led to the deaths of millions of people throughout Asia and the Pacific, including the atrocities committed during the occupation of countries such as China, Korea, and the Philippines. 6. It also led to the forced labor and sexual enslavement of thousands of women and girls, known as "comfort women", from occupied territories. 7. Led to the bombing of several cities in Japan, including Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of civilians. 8. Led to the displacement and suffering of millions of people, both within Japan and in occupied territories. 9. Japan's militarism and aggressive actions were a major contributing factor to the outbreak of World War II, which resulted in the deaths of tens of millions of people worldwide. 1. Historian John Dower writes in his book "War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War" that Japan's militarism was driven by "a deep and abiding sense of national humiliation" and a desire for "economic and territorial expansion". (Source: Dower, John W. War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War. Pantheon Books, 1986) 2. Historian Mark Peattie writes in his book "Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power 1909-1941" that Japan's militarism was fueled by a "sense of insecurity and inferiority" and a belief in their "divine destiny" as a world power. (Source: Peattie, Mark R. Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 1909-1941. Naval Institute Press, 2001) 3. Historian Herbert Bix writes in his book "Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan" that Japan's militarism was the result of a "fantasy of national destiny" and a desire to "assure Japan's survival in a world of powerful nations" (Source: Bix, Herbert P. Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. Harper Perennial, 2000) 4. Historian Paul Kennedy writes in his book "The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers" that Japan's militarism was driven by a desire to "catch up with the Western powers" and to "secure access to the raw materials of Southeast Asia" (Source: Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000. Random House, 1987) 5. Historian James B. Crowley writes in his book "Japan's Quest for Autonomy: National Security and Foreign Policy, 1930-1938" that Japan's militarism was the result of a "clash of national identities" and a "sense of vulnerability" in the face of Western imperialism. (Source: Crowley, James B. Japan's Quest for Autonomy: National Security and Foreign Policy, 1930-1938. Princeton University Press, 1966) "Japanese policy in relation to Manchuria reacted back upon Japan affecting her both economically and politically." Comment. [1982, 20 Marks]
JP CN relations The Japanese policy in Manchuria (Manchukuo) was one of expansion and control. It was a policy of annexation and domination that was implemented by the Japanese Empire in the early 1930s. 1. Annexation: In 1931, the Japanese army invaded Manchuria and declared it a Japanese puppet state known as Manchukuo. The Japanese then proceeded to annex the region, which was formerly part of China. 2. Control: The Japanese sought to control Manchuria by establishing a puppet government and military forces. They also imposed a number of economic and social policies designed to benefit the Japanese, such as the creation of a new currency, the Manchukuo Yen. 3. Economic Exploitation: The Japanese sought to exploit the resources of Manchuria for their own benefit. This included the extraction of minerals and the exploitation of the local labor force. 4. Social Control: The Japanese sought to control the population of Manchuria by introducing a number of social policies. These included the introduction of Japanese-style education, the establishment of a Japanese-style legal system, and the introduction of Japanese-style family structures. 5. Cultural Assimilation: The Japanese also sought to assimilate the Manchurian population into Japanese culture. This included the introduction of the Japanese language and the adoption of Japanese customs and traditions. How did the Japanese policy in Manchuria Backfire? The Japanese policy in Manchuria backfired in a number of ways. First of all, the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931 created a great deal of international tension and hostility towards Japan. The League of Nations condemned Japan’s actions and imposed economic sanctions, which weakened Japan’s economy and forced it to rely on foreign aid. This in turn led to Japan becoming more aggressive in its foreign policy and eventually led to the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. Furthermore, the Japanese policy in Manchuria also backfired in terms of its effect on the Chinese people. The Japanese occupation of Manchuria caused a great deal of suffering for the Chinese people, who were subjected to harsh treatment, forced labor, and even mass executions. This created a great deal of resentment towards Japan among the Chinese people, and this resentment eventually contributed to the Chinese Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War of 1949. Finally, the Japanese policy in Manchuria also had a negative effect on Japan’s own people. The Japanese people were subjected to a great deal of propaganda which glorified the Japanese Empire and its actions in Manchuria. This propaganda helped to create a sense of nationalism and pride among the Japanese people, which was ultimately used to justify the attack on Pearl Harbor. What led to the formation of the Berlin-Rome Tokyo axis? Indicate its impact on international politics. [1986, 60 Marks]
Rome-Berlin Axis, Anti Comintern pact w/ GER JP
Rome Berlin Axis, Anti Comintern pact w/ JP
Opening Moves Sept 1939 - Dec 1940 from here The Berlin-Rome Tokyo Axis was an alliance formed in 1940 between Germany, Italy, and Japan. It was a military and political agreement between the three countries to cooperate against their common enemies in World War II. The Axis Powers, as they were known, fought against the Allied Powers in the conflict. Reasons for formation : 1. Shared fascist ideologies between Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan. 2. Expansionist territorial ambitions, specifically the desire to acquire territory and resources in Europe, Africa, and Asia. 3. Anti-communist sentiment and a desire to counter the perceived threat of the Soviet Union. 4. The perceived weakness and appeasement of Western democracies in the face of fascist aggression. 5. Economic interests and the desire for access to markets and resources. 6. The formation of military alliances, such as the Anti-Comintern Pact, which aimed to counter the perceived threat of the Soviet-led Communist International. 7. The rise of authoritarian leaders in Germany, Italy, and Japan. 8. The desire to challenge the dominant position of the United States and the British Empire in world affairs. 9. The belief that the fascist powers represented a new and superior form of government and society. 10. The belief that the fascist powers represented a bulwark against the perceived threat of communism and Jewish influence in world affairs. Impact on International politics : The formation of the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis in 1940 had a major impact on international politics. In the short-term, it allowed the three countries to form an alliance that allowed them to pursue their aggressive foreign policies without fear of interference from other world powers. This alliance allowed them to launch a series of invasions and conquests in Europe, Asia, and North Africa, resulting in the start of World War II. 1. The alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan led to the outbreak of World War II, which resulted in the deaths of millions of people and the devastation of much of Europe and Asia. 1. The alliance also led to the persecution and murder of millions of Jews, as well as other minority groups, as part of the Holocaust. 2. The alliance led to the expansion of fascist regimes and the suppression of democratic and socialist movements throughout Europe and Asia. 3. The alliance led to the colonization and exploitation of territories and resources in Africa and Asia. In the long-term, the Axis alliance caused a major shift in the balance of power in the world. It allowed the three countries to expand their territories and gain control of large parts of the world. It also caused a major shift in the international political landscape, as the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as the two major superpowers in the post-war era. The formation of the Axis also led to the development of the United Nations and the establishment of a new international order that was built on the principles of collective security and international cooperation. 1. The alliance led to the erosion of the international order established after World War I, and the emergence of a bipolar world dominated by the United States and Soviet Union. 1. The alliance led to the establishment of concentration camps, gulags, and other forms of mass repression, as well as forced labor and slave labor. 2. The alliance led to the displacement of millions of refugees and the creation of humanitarian crisis. 3. The alliance led to the emergence of the United Nations as a means of maintaining international peace and security. 4. The alliance led to the emergence of the Cold War and the division of the world into rival ideological spheres of influence. 5. The alliance led to the emergence of the United States and Soviet Union as superpowers and the decline of the British Empire, French empire and other colonial powers. Some historians have described the alliance as a "fascist international" that sought to spread authoritarianism and militarism throughout the world. For instance, historian Richard Overy describes the Axis as a "brutal alliance of totalitarian regimes" that brought about a "catastrophic war and genocide" Another historian, Ian Kershaw, describes the Axis as a "murderous coalition" that was responsible for "some of the most heinous crimes in human history." Historian Robert Paxton describes the Axis as the "most aggressive and dangerous alliance of modern times," Other historians have emphasized the role of the Axis in contributing to the outbreak of World War II and the devastation and suffering that resulted from the conflict. Critically examine the New Deal of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Did he want to introduce a sort of socialism? [1987, 60 Marks]
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/rise-to-world-power/great-depression/a/the-new-deal The New Deal was a series of economic programs and reforms introduced by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1936. The programs were designed to provide relief to those affected by the Great Depression, to reform the American economy, and to restore the confidence of the American people. The New Deal included the establishment of the Social Security system, the Works Progress Administration (WPA), the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). It also included the passage of labor laws, increased public works spending, and agricultural subsidies. Provisions of the New deal that could be viewed as socialist were : 1. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) provided employment and training to young men and helped to preserve and conserve the nation's natural resources. 2. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) provided direct relief to the unemployed and their families. 3. The National Recovery Administration (NRA) established codes of fair competition for various industries and sought to raise wages and reduce unemployment. 4. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) sought to raise agricultural prices by reducing surpluses and paying farmers to reduce production. 5. The Public Works Administration (PWA) provided funding for the construction of public works projects, such as bridges, dams, and schools. 6. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) built dams and power plants to provide electricity to the rural south and help promote economic development. 7. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insured bank deposits and helped to restore public confidence in the banking system. 8. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regulated the stock market and sought to prevent securities fraud. 9. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) insured mortgages and helped to make home ownership more affordable. 10. The Social Security Act established a system of retirement benefits and unemployment insurance, aimed to provide a safety net for the elderly and unemployed. Provisions that were not socialist While some of the provisions of the New Deal, as mentioned earlier, were seen as socialist by some, there were also provisions that were not seen as socialist. These include: 1. The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) which sought to promote economic recovery by encouraging cooperation between businesses and the government, but it was struck down by the Supreme Court in 1935. 2. The Gold Reserve Act of 1934 which aimed to stabilize the value of the dollar by raising the price of gold. 3. The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 which aimed to stabilize the banking system and prevent future economic depressions. 4. The Emergency Banking Act of 1933 which aimed to stabilize the banking system by closing insolvent banks and providing government support to sound banks. 5. The Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 which aimed to separate commercial and investment banking and prevent future banking crises. 6. The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (also known as the Wagner Act) which aimed to protect the rights of workers to organize and bargain collectively. 7. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 which aimed to establish a minimum wage and maximum workweek. 8. The Revenue Act of 1935 which aimed to increase government revenue by raising taxes on the wealthy. 9. The Revenue Act of 1936 which aimed to increase government revenue by raising taxes on the wealthy. 10. The Revenue Act of 1937 which aimed to increase government revenue by raising taxes on the wealthy. Historians have widely debated the socialist nature of the New Deal. Those who argue that the New Deal was socialist include: 1. “The New Deal was a radical departure from American traditions, incorporating many elements of socialism.” - William E. Leuchtenburg, professor emeritus of history at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, in his book Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal (1963). 2. “The New Deal was a form of socialism, a hybrid of socialism and capitalism.” - Howard Zinn, historian and author, in his book A People’s History of the United States (1980). 3. “The New Deal was a form of socialism, a hybrid of socialism and capitalism.” - Ronald Radosh, professor emeritus of history at the City University of New York, in his book Prophets on the Right: Profiles of Conservative Critics of American Globalism (1975). Those who argue that the New Deal was not socialist include: 1. “The New Deal was not a socialist program. It was a program of reform and recovery within the framework of American capitalism.” - John D. Hicks, professor of history at the University of Minnesota, in his book The American Nation: A History of the United States (1955). 2. “The New Deal was not a socialist program. It was an attempt to save capitalism from itself.” - Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., historian and professor at Harvard University, in his book The Age of Roosevelt (1957). 3. “The New Deal was not socialist in any meaningful sense. It was not a revolutionary program aimed at overthrowing capitalism.” - Richard Hofstadter, professor of history at Columbia University, in his book The Age of Reform (1955). Show how the Spanish Civil War was a prelude to World War II. [1991, 60 Marks]
Spanish Civil War help to Franco hope estd Fascist state • Spanish Civil War: a conflict that took place in Spain between 1936 and 1939 • It was a major conflict in the wider Spanish conflict known as the Spanish Revolution • Causes: o Political instability: Spain had been a monarchy until 1931 when a republic was declared. This led to a period of political instability, with numerous parties and factions vying for power. o Economic crisis: Spain was in the midst of an economic crisis, with high unemployment and poverty. o Ideological divisions: The country was divided between left-wing republicans and right-wing nationalists. o Social divisions: Spain was a deeply divided society, with the wealthy upper classes and the poor lower classes. o Foreign intervention: The Spanish Civil War saw foreign powers intervene on both sides, with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy supporting the nationalists and the Soviet Union supporting the republicans. o Popular uprising: In 1936, a popular uprising against the government sparked the civil war. o Military coup: In July 1936, a group of right-wing military officers led by General Francisco Franco launched a coup against the republican government. This was the start of the Spanish Civil War. The Spanish Civil War, which lasted from 1936 to 1939, was a prelude to World War II in several ways: 1. It was a testing ground for military tactics and technology: Many countries, including Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union, sent troops and arms to support the opposing sides in the Spanish Civil War. This allowed them to test new military tactics and technology, such as air power and tank warfare, in a real-world setting. 2. It provided a glimpse of the atrocities of the future war: The Spanish Civil War was characterized by brutal warfare, with both sides committing atrocities against civilians. This provided a grim preview of the horrors of World War II. 3. It served as a training ground for future military leaders: Many future leaders of World War II, such as General Francisco Franco, General Erwin Rommel, and General George S. Patton, gained valuable military experience during the Spanish Civil War. 4. It marked the first major international intervention in a civil war: The Spanish Civil War was the first major international conflict in which countries intervened directly on behalf of one side or the other. This set a precedent for the involvement of foreign powers in the internal affairs of other countries, which would play a major role in the outbreak of World War II. 5. It was a proxy war between fascist and democratic forces: The Spanish Civil War was seen as a struggle between fascist forces, led by General Francisco Franco, and democratic forces, who were supported by the Soviet Union and other socialist countries. This struggle between fascist and democratic forces would continue in the years leading up to World War II. 6. It was a prelude to the Axis powers alliance: The Nationalists (led by Franco) in the Spanish Civil War were supported by Germany and Italy, who also signed the Anti-Comintern Pact in 1936. This was an early indication of the formation of the Axis powers alliance that would come to fruition in World War II. 7. It was a prelude to the Non-intervention agreement: The Non-intervention agreement was signed by many countries in an attempt to prevent foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War. This was an early indication of the appeasement policies that would be adopted by many countries in the years leading up to World War II. 8. It was a prelude to the rise of authoritarianism: The victory of the Nationalists (led by Franco) in the Spanish Civil War marked the rise of authoritarianism in Spain, and this victory was seen as a victory for fascism, which would be on the rise in Europe in the years leading up to World War II. Many historians view the Spanish Civil War as a prelude to World War II. Some notable historians and their views include: 1. Paul Preston, a British historian, has argued that the Spanish Civil War was a "dress rehearsal" for World War II, in which many of the key players and issues of the later war were already present. 2. Antony Beevor, a British historian, has described the Spanish Civil War as a "testing ground" for the military tactics and technology that would be used in World War II. 3. Eric Hobsbawm, a British historian, has argued that the Spanish Civil War was a "prefiguration" of the larger conflict that was to come. 4. Gabriel Jackson, an American historian, has described the Spanish Civil War as a "precursor" to World War II, in which the fascist powers demonstrated their aggressive intentions and the democracies their weakness. 5. Stanley Payne, an American historian, has argued that the Spanish Civil War was a "prelude" to World War II, in which the fascist powers demonstrated their aggressive intentions and the democracies their weakness. However, there are also some historians who do not view the Spanish Civil War as a prelude to World War II. For example, historian Raymond Carr, has argued that the Spanish Civil War was a "uniquely Spanish" conflict that should not be seen as a prelude to World War II. "The perpetuation of the economic malaise was the main cause of the political instability of Europe during the next two decades (1919-1939)." Explain. [1994, 60 Marks]
Young Plan 1929 - reduce reparation, term inc 59 yrs revolving around this More content needed The economic malaise that persisted in Europe during the years following World War I was a significant factor in the political instability of the continent during the next two decades. The economic instability was caused by several factors: 1. The high levels of debt that many European countries had accumulated during the war. This debt made it difficult for countries to stabilize their currencies and led to hyperinflation in some countries. 2. The disruption of trade and the decline of international commerce caused by the war. The economies of many European countries were heavily dependent on trade, and the disruption of these economies led to high unemployment and economic stagnation. 3. The decline of traditional industries such as agriculture and manufacturing, which were not able to compete with the more efficient industries of the United States and other countries. 4. The lack of investment in the economy due to the uncertainty caused by the war and the economic downturn. These economic problems led to widespread poverty and unemployment, which in turn led to political instability and the rise of extremist movements, such as fascism and communism. These extremist movements promised to solve the economic problems and restore national pride, but their solutions were often authoritarian and aggressive. Moreover, the economic malaise also contributed to the appeasement policies of the Western democracies that were unable to effectively address the economic issues and the rise of the fascist dictatorships in Italy, Germany, and Japan, who promised to solve the economic problems and restore national pride through aggressive expansionism and militarism. In conclusion, the economic malaise that persisted in Europe after the end of World War I was a major cause of the political instability of the continent during the next two decades. The economic problems contributed to the rise of extremist movements, the appeasement policies of the Western democracies and the aggressive expansionism of the fascist dictatorships. "The countries in the Middle East became, after 1919, the scene of constant effervescence and some striking changes." Comment. [1994, 20 Marks] 1. The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and the emergence of new nation-states such as Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and others. 2. The establishment of British and French mandates in the Middle East, leading to the division of the region between these colonial powers. 3. The emergence of nationalist movements, calling for independence and self-government in various Middle Eastern countries 4. The rise of Kemal Atatürk in Turkey and his adoption of various reforms, including the adoption of a new alphabet and the westernization of the country. 5. The emergence of pan-Arabism as a political ideology, calling for the unity of the Arab peoples and the creation of a single Arab state. 6. The emergence of the Hashemite dynasty in Iraq and Jordan, and the rise of King Faisal I. 7. The rise of authoritarian leaders such as Reza Shah in Iran and King Farouk in Egypt. 8. The emergence of religious and ethnic conflicts, such as the Kurdish rebellion in Iraq and the Palestinian Revolt in Palestine. 9. The emergence of oil as a major economic resource in the region, leading to increased foreign investment and control over the region's oil resources. 10. The emergence of political movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, which aimed to promote Islamic values and political activism. 1. The division of the Middle East by colonial powers: The Middle East was divided and controlled by European colonial powers, such as Britain and France, which established mandates in the region after the war. This division of the region led to resentment and resistance among the local populations, which contributed to political instability. 2. Economic problems: The Middle East experienced significant economic problems after the war, such as high unemployment and inflation, which further contributed to political instability. 3. The emergence of religious and ethnic conflicts: The Middle East is a diverse and multi-ethnic region and the emergence of nationalism movements and the division of the region by colonial powers led to the emergence of religious and ethnic conflicts. Overall, these changes reflect the significant political, economic and social changes that occurred in the Middle East after the end of World War I, which set the stage for further political instability and conflicts in the region in Show how the presence of a weak and helpless China next door brought about the rise of militarism and collapse of democracy in Japan. [1994, 60 Marks] The presence of a weak and helpless China next door played a significant role in the rise of militarism and the collapse of democracy in Japan during the 1930s. Some ways in which this occurred include: 1. The Chinese government's inability to effectively deal with internal conflicts and external pressures, such as the invasions by Japan, led to the perception of China as a weak and helpless country. 2. The weakness of China was seen by many in Japan as an opportunity for expansion and conquest, and this perception led to the rise of militarist elements within the Japanese government and society. 3. The militarists in Japan believed that the conquest of China would provide resources and markets for Japan's growing population and economy. 4. The militarists also saw the conquest of China as a way to gain prestige and power for Japan in the international community. 5. The militarists also believed that Japan's military expansion would be justified as a means of defending the country's interests in East Asia, and this belief was used to justify the invasions of China and other countries in the region. 6. The rise of militarism in Japan was also driven by the belief that Japan was facing a "China problem" and that the conquest of China would be necessary to secure Japan's future. 1. The militarists in Japan also believed that the conquest of China would be necessary to counter the influence of Western powers in East Asia. 2. The militarists in Japan also used the Chinese threat to justify the suppression of civil liberties and democracy in Japan, arguing that the country needed strong leadership and a centralized government to defend against the Chinese threat. 3. The militarists in Japan also used the Chinese threat to justify the expansion of the military and the strengthening of the military's role in government. 4. The militarists in Japan also used the Chinese threat to justify the suppression of political opposition and the censorship of the media, arguing that this was necessary to maintain national unity and security. - ! Answer based on the Japanese perception of the conditions in China and how they interpreted a weak China as threat to a rising Japan coupled with internal factors in Japan itself led to Sino-Japanese war on 1937. The “China Problem” was the term used to describe the series of tensions, disputes, and conflicts that developed between Japan and China from the late 19th century until the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War in 1937. The root of the problem was the growing presence of Japan in China, which began with the establishment of trading relations in the 1860s and intensified with the rise of Japan as a regional power in the late 19th century. Japan sought to expand its influence in China, and its imperialist ambitions were met with resistance from the Chinese government. This led to a series of conflicts in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05). The tension between Japan and China was further heightened by Japan’s demand for special concessions in Chinese territories, such as the establishment of Japanese-controlled “spheres of influence” in Manchuria and northern China. This was met with strong opposition from the Chinese government, which viewed Japan’s actions as a violation of its sovereignty. The tensions between Japan and China reached a breaking point in 1937, when the Japanese launched a full-scale invasion of China. The conflict, which lasted until 1945, became known as the Second Sino-Japanese War. The war was a major turning point in the history of East Asia, and it led to the eventual defeat of Japan and the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. The Great Depression (1928 -- 34) was "attended by momentous consequences in the economic as well as in the political sphere." Comment. [1996, 20 Marks] The Great Depression, which lasted from 1928 to 1934, had momentous consequences in both the economic and political sphere. 1. Economically, the Great Depression led to a severe contraction of global trade and economic activity. The GDP of the United States, which was the largest economy in the world at the time, fell by more than 25%, and unemployment rates reached as high as 25%. Many other countries around the world were also affected by the economic downturn, and many experienced similar declines in GDP and increases in unemployment. 2. The Great depression led to a significant decline in the standard of living for many people around the world. Many people lost their jobs and homes, and were unable to afford basic necessities such as food and shelter. 3. The Great depression also led to a decline in consumer confidence and spending, which further exacerbated the economic downturn. As people became more cautious with their spending, businesses saw a decline in sales, which led to further layoffs and economic contraction. 4. The economic downturn led to the failure of many banks and financial institutions, which further exacerbated the economic problems. The failure of these banks led to a loss of savings for many people and further reduced consumer spending. 5. Politically, the Great Depression had momentous consequences as well. The economic crisis led to a loss of faith in democracy and capitalism, and many people began to look for alternative political and economic systems. 6. The Great depression led to the rise of extremist political movements, such as fascism and communism, which promised to solve the economic problems and restore national pride. 7. The Great depression led to the collapse of democracy in many countries and the rise of authoritarian regimes. In many countries, such as Germany, Italy, and Japan, the economic crisis was used as a pretext for the rise of authoritarian leaders and the suppression of civil liberties. 8. The Great depression also led to the rise of protectionist trade policies, as countries sought to protect their own economies by raising tariffs and limiting imports. This led to a decline in international trade, which further exacerbated the economic downturn. 9. The Great depression also led to the rise of populist movements and leaders, who promised to provide relief for the poor and working class and to take on the wealthy and powerful. 10. The Great depression also had a significant impact on international relations, as countries became more inward-looking and focused on protecting their own economies. This led to a decline in cooperation between nations and an increase in tension and competition, which was a significant contributing factor to the outbreak of World War II. In conclusion, the Great Depression was a significant event in world history, which had momentous consequences in both the economic and political sphere. The economic downturn led to widespread poverty and unemployment, the collapse of democracy in many countries, the rise of extremist political movements, and a decline in international trade and cooperation. These consequences had a lasting impact on the global economy and political landscape, and continue to shape the world today. President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal "had the wit to start the political economy in a fresh, more promising direction." Do you agree? [1997, 60 Marks] The New Deal, implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, was a set of policies and programs aimed at addressing the economic and social issues caused by the Great Depression. Many historians and scholars have argued that the New Deal had the wit to start the political economy in a fresh, more promising direction. 1. The New Deal policies such as the National Recovery Administration, the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, and the Civilian Conservation Corps, helped to stabilize the economy and create jobs. 2. The New Deal also created a number of social welfare programs such as the Social Security Act, which provided a safety net for the elderly, disabled, and unemployed. 3. The New Deal also sought to address the issues of poverty, unemployment and inequality by creating programs such as the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and the Civil Works Administration, which provided jobs and relief to the poor. 4. The New Deal also took steps to stabilize the banking system and the financial markets, which helped to restore confidence in the economy and prevent further bank failures. 5. The New Deal also helped to bring about significant changes in labor laws, such as the National Labor Relations Act, which helped to improve the rights and conditions of workers. 6. The New Deal also helped to promote economic recovery by implementing policies such as the National Industrial Recovery Act, which helped to revive the manufacturing sector and increase consumer spending. 7. The New Deal policies also sought to promote greater economic equality and reduce poverty, by implementing policies such as the Works Progress Administration, which helped to create jobs and reduce unemployment. 8. The New Deal also helped to promote greater economic stability and security by implementing policies such as the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which helped to protect the savings of ordinary Americans. 9. The New Deal also had the wit to start the political economy in a fresh, more promising direction by implementing policies such as the Securities and Exchange Commission, which helped to regulate the stock market and prevent financial fraud. 10. The New Deal helped to bring about a significant shift in the role of government in the economy, by increasing its role in promoting economic recovery and social welfare, which laid the foundations for many of the social and economic policies that continue to shape the country today. In conclusion, many historians and scholars agree that the New Deal had the wit to start the political economy in a fresh, more promising direction. It helped to address the economic and social issues caused by the Great Depression and laid the foundations for many of the social and economic policies that continue to shape the country today. 1. "Roosevelt's New Deal did help to revive the economy and restore some measure of prosperity and social justice to the nation." - Arthur Schlesinger Jr. in "The Age of Roosevelt" 2. "The New Deal was a major success in addressing the economic and social issues caused by the Great Depression." - Alan Brinkley in "The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War" 3. "The New Deal was a bold and innovative effort to address the economic and social issues caused by the Great Depression, and it laid the foundations for many of the social and economic policies that continue to shape the country today." - William E. Leuchtenburg in "Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal" 4. "The New Deal represented a significant shift in the role of government in the economy and society, and it helped to promote greater economic stability and social welfare." - Michael J. Sandel in "Democracy's Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy" 5. "The New Deal represented a significant effort to address the economic and social issues caused by the Great Depression, and it helped to lay the foundations for many of the social and economic policies that continue to shape the country today." - Robert S. McElvaine in "The Great Depression: America, 1929-1941" Views against the New Deal being a success 1. "While the New Deal did help to address some of the economic and social issues caused by the Great Depression, it ultimately failed to bring about a full recovery and restore prosperity to the nation." - Amity Shlaes in "The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression" 2. "The New Deal was a failure in terms of addressing the economic and social issues caused by the Great Depression, and it did more harm than good." - Thomas E. Woods Jr. in "Meltdown: A Free-Market Look at Why the Stock Market Collapsed, the Economy Tanked, and Government Bailouts Will Make Things Worse" 3. "The New Deal was a step in the right direction in terms of addressing the economic and social issues caused by the Great Depression, but more needed to be done to bring about a full recovery." -Ben S. Bernanke in "Essays on the Great Depression" Trace the growth of militarism in Japan in the inter-war years. What international reaction did it provoke? [1997, 60 Marks] - ! The growth of militarism in Japan during the inter war years have been mentioned above International Reaction to the Growth of Militarism - The League of Nations condemned Japan's invasion of China in September 1937, and imposed economic sanctions on the country. - The Soviet Union and Japan signed a non-aggression pact in April 1941. - The United States imposed economic sanctions on Japan in July 1941 in response to Japan's invasion of French Indochina. - Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, which led the United States to declare war on Japan and enter World War II. - The British Empire, which had significant interests in the Far East, also expressed concern about Japan's expansionist policies and called for a peaceful resolution to the conflict. - The Chinese government, which was the primary target of Japan's aggression, strongly condemned Japan's militarism and called for international support in resisting the invasion. - The European powers, particularly France and Great Britain, were worried about Japan's expansionist policies and its implications for their own colonial interests in Asia. - Other Asian countries, such as the Philippines, Korea, and Thailand, were also deeply concerned about Japan's expansionist policies and the threat it posed to their own security and sovereignty. - Australia, New Zealand and Canada were also worried about Japan's expansionist policies and the threat it posed to their own security and sovereignty, and they too, expressed their concern. - Many countries, particularly those in Europe, which were already facing the rise of fascism and militarism, were worried about the spread of these ideologies in Asia and the potential for increased global conflict. Trace the rise and growth of the New European Society in the inter-war period. [1999, 60 Marks] The term "New European Society" refers to the changes and developments that occurred in Europe during the interwar period (1918-1939) following the end of World War I. These changes and developments can be traced in several ways: 1. Economic: The interwar period saw a significant increase in industrialization and urbanization, which led to the growth of a new consumer society and the rise of a new middle class. This was also accompanied by the development of new technologies and the rise of mass production and mass consumption. 2. Social: The interwar period saw a significant shift in social attitudes and values, with a growing emphasis on individualism and consumerism. This led to the rise of new forms of leisure and entertainment, such as cinema and jazz music, and the growth of new youth subcultures. 3. Political: The interwar period saw the rise of new political movements and ideologies, such as fascism and communism, which challenged the liberal democratic order that had existed in Europe since the 19th century. This led to the rise of authoritarian regimes in some countries and the decline of democracy in others. 4. Cultural: The interwar period saw the emergence of new cultural movements, such as Surrealism and the Bauhaus, which challenged traditional norms and values and advocated for a new modernist aesthetic. 5. Demographic: The interwar period saw significant changes in population patterns, including an increase in urbanization and the emergence of new ethnic and cultural groups. This led to the rise of new forms of nationalism and the growth of new minority rights movements. The Great Depression (1928 -- 34) was "attended by momentous consequences in the economic as well as in the political sphere." Comment. [2002, 20 Marks] The Great Depression, which lasted from 1928 to 1934, was a severe economic downturn that had momentous consequences in both the economic and political spheres. Economically, the Great Depression led to a severe contraction of global trade and economic activity. GDP fell by more than 25% in the United States, the largest economy in the world at the time, and unemployment rates reached as high as 25%. Many other countries around the world were also affected by the economic downturn, and many experienced similar declines in GDP and increases in unemployment. The standard of living for many people around the world fell sharply as well as consumer confidence and spending also decreased which further exacerbated the economic downturn. The failure of banks and financial institutions further reduced consumer spending and led to a loss of savings for many people. Politically, the Great Depression had momentous consequences as well. The economic crisis led to a loss of faith in democracy and capitalism, and many people began to look for alternative political and economic systems. The rise of extremist political movements, such as fascism and communism, which promised to solve the economic problems and restore national pride. The collapse of democracy in many countries and the rise of authoritarian regimes in many countries, such as Germany, Italy, and Japan, the economic crisis was used as a pretext for the rise of authoritarian leaders and the suppression of civil liberties. The Great depression also led to the rise of protectionist trade policies, as countries sought to protect their own economies by raising tariffs and limiting imports. This led to a decline in international trade, which further exacerbated the economic downturn. This also led to a decline in cooperation between nations and an increase in tension and competition, which was a significant contributing factor to the outbreak of World War II. In conclusion, the Great Depression was a significant event in world history, which had momentous consequences in both the economic and political sphere. The economic downturn led to widespread poverty and unemployment, the collapse of democracy in many countries, the rise of extremist political movements, and a decline in international trade and cooperation. These consequences had a lasting impact on the global economy and political landscape, and continue to shape the world today. "The War's (First World War's) most permanent contribution to the spirit or the post War years was disillusion." Comment. [2007, 60 Marks] The war ended with a sense of disappointment with the peace settlement. The Treaty of Versailles, which officially ended the war, imposed harsh penalties on the defeated Central Powers and led to the emergence of new borders and the displacement of millions of people. Many felt that the treaty was unjust, and that it had not brought about the "peace to end all peace" that had been promised. Secondly, the war also led to a deep sense of disillusionment with the idea of progress and modernization. The war had been touted as a modern, industrial conflict, but it had resulted in staggering levels of death and destruction. The use of new technologies such as tanks, submarines, and chemical weapons had led to unprecedented levels of suffering. Thirdly, the war also led to a sense of disillusionment with the idea of nationalism, many soldiers and civilians had fought and died for their country, but the end result was a peace settlement that left many feeling betrayed. Lastly, the War also led to disillusionment with the idea of heroism and sacrifice. The soldiers who had fought in the war had been hailed as heroes, but many returned home to find that they were not welcomed as heroes, but rather as disabled veterans, struggling to find work and rebuild their lives. The First World War had a profound and lasting impact on the spirit of the post-war years, and one of its most permanent contributions was disillusionment. The war had resulted in disappointment with the peace settlement, disillusionment with the idea of progress and modernization, disillusionment with the idea of nationalism and heroism, and a deep sense of trauma and loss. This disillusionment led to a questioning of the values and beliefs that had been held prior to the war and a rejection of the optimistic and idealistic worldview that had existed before 1914. It was a major factor in the rise of new ideologies, such as fascism and communism, and the emergence of new political and social movements. It also contributed to the sense of unease and uncertainty that characterized the post-war period, and set the stage for the turbulent events of the interwar years and the outbreak of World War II. Furthermore, disillusionment was also reflected in literature, art, and culture of the time, with a growing sense of cynicism and skepticism towards traditional values and beliefs. "In the long run, the Locarno Treaty (December 1925) was destructive both of the Treaty of Versailles and of the Covenant." Comment. [2008, 2002, 20 Marks] The Locarno Treaty was a series of treaties signed in the Swiss city of Locarno in 1925. These treaties aimed to ensure peace in Europe by settling territorial disputes between Germany, France, Belgium, and Italy. The treaties also provided for the mutual recognition of Germany and its neighbors, and the establishment of an international arbitration system. 1. The Main Treaties: The Locarno Treaties consisted of two main treaties. The first was the Treaty of Locarno, signed by Germany, France, Belgium, and Italy. This treaty provided for the mutual recognition of Germany's western borders and the renunciation of any claims to Alsace-Lorraine. The second treaty was the Rhineland Pact, which provided for the demilitarization of the Rhineland. 2. The Guarantee System: The Locarno Treaties also provided for a guarantee system. Under this system, Germany's western borders were guaranteed by France, Belgium, and Italy. In return, Germany guaranteed the borders of its eastern neighbors, Poland and Czechoslovakia. 3. The Locarno Pact: The Locarno Pact was an additional treaty signed in 1925. This pact provided for the establishment of an international arbitration system for disputes between Germany and its neighbors. 4. The Dawes Plan: The Locarno Treaties were closely linked to the Dawes Plan, which provided for the reorganization of Germany's reparations payments. The Dawes Plan was seen as an important step towards German reintegration into the international community. 5. The Kellogg-Briand Pact: The Kellogg-Briand Pact was an international agreement signed in 1928. This pact outlawed war as an instrument of national policy and provided for the peaceful settlement of disputes between nations. 6. The Stresemann Era: The Locarno Treaties marked the beginning of the Stresemann era in Germany. Gustav Stresemann was a German statesman who served as Chancellor and Foreign Minister between 1923 and 1929. Stresemann was a strong advocate of German reintegration into the international community and the Locarno Treaties were a key part of his foreign policy. 7. The League of Nations: The Locarno Treaties were closely linked to the League of Nations. The League was an international organization formed in the wake of World War I. Its main aim was to maintain international peace and security. The Locarno Treaties helped to strengthen the League's role in international affairs. 8. The Young Plan: The Young Plan was an international agreement signed in 1929. This plan modified the terms of the Dawes Plan and provided for a further reduction in Germany's reparation payments. 9. The End of the Locarno Treaties: The Locarno Treaties were rendered obsolete by the rise of Nazi Germany. Adolf Hitler's regime rejected the treaties and sought to revise Germany's borders. This led to the outbreak of World War II in 1939. 10. Legacy of the Locarno Treaties: The Locarno Treaties had a lasting impact on European politics. The treaties provided for the mutual recognition of Germany's western borders and the establishment of an international arbitration system. These agreements helped to create a more stable and peaceful Europe. The legacy of the Locarno Treaties can still be seen in the European Union today. While the Locarno Treaty was initially seen as a means of promoting peace and stability in Europe, in the long run, it was seen as a way of legitimizing and consolidating the existing power structures in Europe, and legitimizing the existing territorial settlements imposed by the Treaty of Versailles, which many felt was unjust. This was seen as being destructive both of the Treaty of Versailles and of the Covenant of the League of Nations. The Locarno Treaty allowed Germany to re-arm, which was in direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles and by creating a separate peace between Germany and its western neighbours. World War II One of the most important impacts of the Second World War was the "division of Europe", eastern and western. Comment. [1998, 20 Marks] The Second World War had a profound impact on Europe, including the division of the continent into two distinct spheres of influence: the Western capitalist countries, led by the United States, and the Eastern communist countries, led by the Soviet Union. This division, known as the Iron Curtain, lasted for several decades and had a significant impact on the political, economic, and social development of Europe. The division also led to the Cold War, a period of intense political and military tension between the Western powers and the Soviet Union. The division was marked by the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961, which separated East and West Berlin, and served as a symbol of the divide between the two sides. It was not until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 that the Iron Curtain was lifted and the division of Europe came to an end. • The primary cause of the Cold War and the “division of Europe” was the ideological differences between the Soviet Union, a communist country, and the capitalist countries of the western world. • WWII ended with the fall of Nazi Germany in 1945 and the victory of the Allied powers. • This victory was shortlived, however, as the tensions between the western and Soviet blocs quickly emerged. • The two cultures clashed over the divided countries of Europe and the contrasting ideologies they represented. • The United States and the United Kingdom wanted an economically unified Europe with a democratic and capitalist government, while the Soviet Union wanted to spread communism throughout the continent. • As a result of the deepening political tensions between the two sides, the Iron Curtain was erected, separating the eastern and western blocs and resulting in the “division of Europe” into two distinct regions. • Western Europe, under the control of the US and UK, would become known as the Western bloc and comprise countries such as France, the Netherlands, and West Germany. • The Eastern bloc was controlled by the Soviet Union and comprised countries such as Poland, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany. • The two sides were now divided by a system of alliances, created to counter each other, with the United States and its allies on one side, and the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies on the other. • This divide further enforced the ideological and political differences between the two powers, leading to mutual mistrust, suspicion, and conflict. • The United States, the United Kingdom, and France launched the Marshall Plan to provide economic aid to the struggling nations of western Europe, while the Soviet Union maintained tight control over the Eastern bloc, leading to the formation of the Eastern Bloc's version of the Marshall Plan, COMECON. • The Second World War thus created a lasting legacy in Europe, resulting in political and ideological divisions that would last for decades until the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. "Until December 1941 the battlefield of the Second World War was exclusively European and Atlantic; thereafter it became also Asiatic and Pacific." Comment. [2000, 2018, 20 Marks] Prior to December 1941, the Second World War was primarily fought in Europe and the Atlantic, with the major powers being Germany, Italy, and Japan. However, in December 1941, Japan launched a surprise attack on the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, drawing the US into the war and extending the conflict to the Pacific and Asia. The war in Europe continued, but the entry of the United States and its immense industrial and military resources greatly strengthened the Allied powers and ultimately led to the defeat of Germany and Italy. On the other hand, the Pacific War was characterized by a series of brutal island-hopping campaigns, in which the US slowly advanced towards the Japanese mainland. The war in the Pacific was finally brought to an end in August 1945 with the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and Japan's surrender. Chornology of the war in the pacific - December 7, 1941: Japan launches a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, bringing the United States into the war - December 1941-1942: Japan rapidly expands its control in the Pacific and Southeast Asia, occupying parts of China, Philippines, Malaya, Singapore, and the Dutch East Indies - 1942: The United States and its allies begin a counteroffensive in the Pacific, launching the Doolittle Raid on Tokyo and the Battle of the Coral Sea - 1942: The Battle of Midway, a decisive victory for the United States, marks a turning point in the war in the Pacific - 1942-1943: The US and its allies launch a series of island-hopping campaigns, slowly advancing towards the Japanese mainland - 1943: The Battle of Guadalcanal, a major Allied victory, marks the first time the US successfully defended its territory against Japan - 1944: The US continues its island-hopping campaign, capturing key islands such as Saipan, Guam, and Tinian - 1944-1945: The US launches a series of air raids on Japan, including the bombing of Tokyo and other major cities - August 6, 1945: The US drops an atomic bomb on Hiroshima - August 9, 1945: The US drops an atomic bomb on Nagasaki - August 15, 1945: Japan surrenders, ending the war in the Pacific. Japanese Attacks on other Nations The Asian theatre of World War II, also known as the Pacific War, began on December 7, 1941, when Japan launched a surprise attack on the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, drawing the US into the war. Here is a chronology of major events in the Asian theatre of World War II in which the United States was not a part from 1941 to 1945: 1941: - December 7: Japan launches a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, drawing the United States into the war. - December 8: Japan declares war on the United States and the British Empire. - December 10: Japan invades British Malaya, Hong Kong, and the Philippines. - December 25: Japan captures Manila, the capital of the Philippines. 1942: - January 2: Japan captures the British colony of North Borneo. - January 15: Japan captures the Dutch East Indies. - February 15: Japan captures Singapore, the largest British colony in Southeast Asia. - March 8: Japan invades and occupies Burma. - April 18: Japan invades and occupies the Andaman Islands. - May 6: Japan invades and occupies the Dutch East Indies. 1943: - February 2: Japan invades and occupies the Solomon Islands. - July 7: Japan invades and occupies the Aleutian Islands. - October 22: Japan invades and occupies the Treasury Islands. 1944: - January 4: Japan invades and occupies the Marshall Islands. - June 15: Japan invades and occupies the Mariana Islands. - October 21: Japan invades and occupies the Palau Islands. 1945: - January 9: Japan invades and occupies the Philippines. - February 19: Japan invades and occupies Iwo Jima. - March 26: Japan invades and occupies Okinawa. One of the most important consequences of the Second World War was "division of Europe", eastern and western. Comment. [2002, 20 Marks] "Hitler did not really want a World War. His intention was only a short war with Poland." (A. J. P. Taylor). Comment. [2009, 20 Marks] The statement that "Hitler did not really want a World War. His intention was only a short war with Poland" was made by the British historian A. J. P. Taylor. This view, however, is not widely accepted among historians and is not supported by the evidence. In Mein Kampf, Hitler outlined his plans for the expansion of Germany and his desire for Lebensraum or "living space" for the German people. He stated, "We National Socialists must hold unflinchingly to our aim in foreign policy, the acquisition of land and soil for the German people, and we, therefore, must not believe that a colonial policy or a policy of trade will enable us to achieve this aim". He also stated that the conquest of Eastern Europe would be necessary for the survival of the German people. In addition, Hitler's aggressive foreign policy, his disregard for the Treaty of Versailles and his aggressive military expansion in Europe all indicate that he had a desire for a world war. He annexed Austria in 1938, and Czechoslovakia in 1939, and in the same year, he signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union, which allowed him to invade Poland without fear of Soviet intervention. Furthermore, Hitler's aggressive plans to invade and conquer many other European countries and his intention to exterminate the Jews and other groups deemed undesirable, which were outlined in his Mein Kampf, also indicate that Hitler was willing to start a world war to achieve his goals. In an address to the Reichstag on January 30, 1939, Hitler stated "If the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, the result will not be the Bolshevizing of the earth, and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe." In a speech given on 22 August 1939, Hitler stated: "I have also made it quite plain that, if the nations of Europe are again to be regarded as mere shares to be bought and sold by these international conspirators in money and finance, then that race, Jewish race, which is the real criminal of this murderous struggle, will be saddled with the responsibility. I further left no one in doubt that this time not only would millions of children of Europe's Aryan peoples die of starvation, not only would millions of grown men suffer death, and not only hundreds of thousands of women and children be burnt and bombed to death in the towns, without the real criminal having to atone for this guilt, even if by more humane means" These quotes and many others, indicate that Hitler had plans to start a world war, and his intention was not just a short war with Poland but to conquer and control Europe and exterminate certain groups of people. It is worth noting that Poland was not the only country Hitler wanted to attack, his plans also included the conquest of Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Yugoslavia, Greece, and eventually the Soviet Union. All of this indicate that Hitler had expansionist goals that would inevitably lead to a world war. In conclusion, while A. J. P. Taylor's view that Hitler did not really want a World War and his intention was only a short war with Poland may have been a popular opinion among some historians, it is not supported by the evidence. Hitler's aggressive foreign policy, his disregard for the Treaty of Versailles and his aggressive military expansion in Europe, his aggressive rhetoric, and his plans outlined in Mein Kampf all indicate that he had a desire for a world war and his intention was to conquer and control Europe and exterminate certain groups of people. Historians have different views on whether Hitler intended to start a world war or if his intention was only a short war with Poland. Here are three historians who support the idea that Hitler did not intend for a world war, and three who disagree with this view, along with their sources: Supporting the idea that Hitler did not intend for a world war: 1. A. J. P. Taylor, a British historian, in his book "The Origins of the Second World War," argues that Hitler's goal was not to start a world war, but rather to have a short war with Poland to expand Germany's territory and gain access to Lebensraum or "living space" for the German people. 2. Erich Eyck, a German historian, in his book "A History of the Weimar Republic" maintains that Hitler was not seeking a general war, but rather a limited war to expand Germany's territory. 3. Gerhard Weinberg, a German-American historian, in his book "A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II," argues that Hitler's primary goal was to gain territory and resources, rather than to start a world war. Disagreeing with the idea that Hitler did not intend for a world war: 1. Ian Kershaw, a British historian, in his book "Hitler: 1889-1936: Hubris," argues that Hitler had a clear intention to start a world war. He writes that Hitler's aggressive foreign policy, his disregard for the Treaty of Versailles, and his aggressive military expansion in Europe all indicate that he had a desire for a world war. 2. Richard J. Evans, a British historian, in his book "The Third Reich in Power," argues that Hitler's aggressive foreign policy, his aggressive rhetoric and his desire for a Greater Germany, his disregard for the Treaty of Versailles and his aggressive military expansion in Europe all indicate that he had a desire for a world war. 3. Joachim Fest, German historian and journalist, in his book "Hitler" contends that Hitler had a long-term plan of conquest and extermination that would inevitably lead to a world war. He argues that Hitler's aggressive plans to invade and conquer many other European countries and his intention to exterminate the Jews and other groups deemed undesirable, which were outlined in his Mein Kampf, also indicate that Hitler was willing to start a world war to achieve his goals. "Until December 1941, the battlefield of the Second World War was exclusively European and Atlantic; thereafter it became also Asiatic and Pacific." [2018, 10 Marks] ]]>08.4-world-history/7.-world-wars/7.3-wwii-causes-and-consequences.html08.4 World-History/7. World-Wars/7.3 WWII Causes and Consequences.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#review Difference in Principle - Communist wealth collectively owned centrally planned econ, Capitalist Sys private ownership Stalin's foreign policyoccupy GER terri, FIN, POL, ROM Revisionist viewUS should not have challenged USSR sphere of influence in EU. Appleman Williams - CW caused US determination to make most of its atomic monopoly, industrial strength, drive for world hegemony. Post Revisionistboth sides should share blame, US policies viz Marshall Aid deliberately planned to inc US influence, Stalin had no long term plants to spread communism. John Lewis Gaddis - RUS attempt to dominate world was cause OA Westad collapse stemmed from decision of CN communist to abandon socialism follow form of capitalism b/w Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin UN replace LoN Divide GER into zones RUS, US, BR, FR etc Free elections in eastern EU Stalin join war against JP Trouble over POL issue - communist govt estd by RUS in Lublin, already a govt in exile in London - some joined the Lublin gov Truman, Clement Atlee new mem No agreement about GER long term future, disarm, disband Nazi, try them, reparations Main concern POL, pro comm gov expelled Germans, RUS did not know about true nature of nukes, POL, HUN, BUL, ALB, ROM Feb 1946 - Stalin - Communism Capitalism cannot live peacefully together Churchill - iron curtain descended across continent Arrest execution of non-communists, drain resources from E GER Yugoslavia Tito elected communist despised Stalin Truman Doctrine was foreing policy measure to provide economic and military aid to countries threatened by communism. GRE was 1st to get support in arms, ammo, later TUR. US no intention for isolation Policy of containing communism instead Backdrop was civil war in Greece and and Communist insurgency in Turkey. It marked shift from isolationism to internationalism in foreign policy of US and established 'principle of containment'. Marshall Plan - economic extension of Truman doctrine aka Economic Recovery Program ERP, serve as market, enhance political control, only 2.5% of total income of 16 countries, RUS and its satellite states rejected it Cominform - RUS response to Marshall plan draw together the various EU communist parties, Molotov plan offer RUS aid to satellites, Comecon (Council of Mutual Economic Assistance) - coordinate their economic policies Blow to West, bridge b/w east + west, armed coup, non comm leaders executed, iron curtain was complete 3 zones got together merged form 1 economic unit much prosperous that E GER, new currency in Western zone, RUS embarrassed b/w contrast of prosperity RUS closed all contacts rail, road, canal b/w W E Berlin, supplies were flown in for 10 months to West Berlin Psychological boost to West, west could coordinate their defences through NATO German Federal Republic 1949 formed, German Democratic Republic East GER 1990 united More Nukes - 1949 USSR exploded, US - Hydrogen Bomb Reasons for imp Death of Stalin, Khrushchev peaceful coexistence not only possible but essential McCarthy fanatic anti-communist accused leading Generals to be com sympathisers Peace agreement at Panmunjom ended Korean war, end war in Indo China, RUS gave up mil bases in FIN, lifted veto of 16 new mem to UN, Khrushchev visited Tito, Cominform abandoned, Austrian state treaty - all occupying forces withdrawn became independent had to remain neutral Thaw was partial Warsaw pact to counter NATO RUS continued to build nuke armaments Cuban Missile crisis Situation in Berlin - West did not recognise E GER, U 2 Plane shot down in RUS, Berlin wall erected RUS 1957 produced ICBM, US responded + short range Jupiters, Thors, Sputnik 1 launched Cuba nationalised US owned estates, factories US broke diplomatic relations, Bay of Pigs invasion crushed, Castro announced Cuba socialist state. Why Khrushchev did this RUS lost ICBM lead US deployed Jupiters in TUR Solidarity w/ Castro against Op Mongoose to overthrow Castro Bargain to remove missile from TUR Telephone linked introduced, USSR US BR signed NTBT Nuke race continued RUS made ABM, inc ICBMs SLBM, US involved in Vietnam, MIRV by US, Protest against Nukes - Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament CND, USSR expense to keep up crippling, RUS CN bad terms, unrest in communist bloc CZ, POL US defeat in Vietnam - think diff ways to cope, CN fear being isolated, west EU in danger zone case of nuke war Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty SALT to limit ABMs, SLBMs, ICBMs no agree about MIRVs slowed down race Helsinki agreement US CA USSR recognised EU frontiers, commie countries promised human rights RUS deployment of SS 20 missile, SALT 2 treaty limiting MIRVs objected by US senate, RUS invasion of AFG 2nd Cold War 1980s, arms build-up, Star Wars weapons in space by US, Gorbachev, Chernobyl anti-nuke feeling INF treaty 1987 - intermediate range missile, nukes phase out, strict verification provisions, not include Star Wars, BR FR weapons, 1st time nukes destroyed RUS pull out AFG CN USA - table tennis, allowed to become mem of UN 1971, Nixon visit CN Climax of détente when Carter gave formal recognition to PRC Tiananmen Square Massacre CN accused RUS of revisionism/revising Marx's teachings, RUS took over CN territory in north Vladivostok + Sinkiang province, CN attacked VTE who was supported by RUS CN grievance were RUS troops in AFG, backing of VTE against CAM, troop build-up in Mongolia, Manchuria Rising popular opposition, mass demonstration Began in POL w/ Solidarity trade union org huge demonstrations, followed by HUN, E GER, CZ, BUL, ROM USSR split in 1991 Cold war over, USSR and its allied no longer seen as enemies, NATO Warsaw pact treaty proclaiming so New conflicts in CZ, AZB, ARM, YUG broke into 5 sep states SER, BOS, CRO, SLO, MAC RUS US less willing to act as policeman against rogue states like IRQ, IRN Economic Problems in commie command econs, fear of Right wing backlash, need of fin aid from West, RUS sell nukes for money Re unification of GER created prob - refugees entering, POL feared GER demand Oder and Neisse, violent protest from Neo Nazi groups Relations b/w western allies - diff emerged b/w west allies US refused to provide UN peacekeeping troops to west GER, US left as only superpower Emergence of two power blocs In the post -Second World War scenario friends in war did not remain friends in peace. Examine the truth of this view in the period of your study. [1999, 60 Marks]
Causes of Cold War The statement "friends in war did not remain friends in peace" holds true in the post-Second World War scenario. One of the most significant examples of this phenomenon is the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union. The two nations were allies during the war, working together to defeat Nazi Germany, but their relationship quickly soured in the post-war period as they emerged as the two dominant world powers. 1. The United States and Soviet Union had fundamentally different ideologies, with the U.S. promoting democracy and capitalism and the Soviet Union promoting communism. These differences led to a period of intense tension and competition between the two nations known as the Cold War. The U.S. and Soviet Union engaged in a global competition for influence, which was characterized by proxy wars, arms races, and political maneuvering. One key event that marked the beginning of the Cold War was the Yalta Conference in February 1945, where the leaders of the U.S., Soviet Union, and Great Britain met to discuss the post-war reorganization of Europe. At the conference, the U.S. and Soviet Union were unable to reach agreement on several key issues, including the future of Eastern Europe. 2. Another example of this phenomenon is the relationship between the Soviet Union and its former allies, Eastern European countries. During the war, the Soviet Union had liberated Eastern Europe from Nazi control, but in the post-war period, the Soviet Union imposed communist governments on these countries and imposed Soviet control over them. Eastern European countries were liberated by Soviet Union during the war, but in the post-war period, the Soviet Union imposed communist governments on these countries and imposed Soviet control over them. One key event that marked the beginning of Soviet control over Eastern Europe was the establishment of the Warsaw Pact in 1955, a military alliance between Soviet-controlled Eastern European countries. 3. The Chinese and Soviet Union also had a similar situation, China and Soviet Union fought together during the war but post-war, the two nations had a falling out due to ideological differences and border disputes. One key event that marked the beginning of the Sino-Soviet split was the Sino-Soviet Border Conflict in 1969, where the two nations fought a series of border clashes along the Ussuri River. 4. UK and US: While the UK and the US were allies during the war, there were several instances where they did not cooperate in the post-war period. One key event that marked the beginning of the tension between these two nations was the Suez Crisis in 1956, where the UK, France, and Israel invaded Egypt, which was condemned by the United States. The US President Eisenhower pressurized the UK to withdraw its troops from Egypt, which forced the UK to withdraw its troops and this marked a turning point in their relationship. Another example of lack of cooperation between the UK and US was the UK's application to join the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1961, which was met with opposition from the US. The US saw the EEC as a potential rival to NATO and as a threat to its economic interests in Europe. Additionally, during the Cold War, the UK and US had different views on how to deal with the Soviet Union, which led to disagreements on various issues including the arms control, decolonization and the role of UN. "Stalinist Russia was a despotic regime." Critically examine this view. [1999, 60 Marks]
Series of Events only this part Stalin rule from 1941 to 1953 The view that Stalinist Russia was a despotic regime is a widely held belief among historians, political scientists, and other experts. Stalin's rule, which lasted from the late 1920s until his death in 1953, was characterized by authoritarian control, repression, and a cult of personality. One of the key features of Stalin's regime was the use of repression and terror to maintain control. Stalin's secret police, the NKVD, was responsible for widespread repression, including mass arrests, deportations, and executions of political opponents, perceived enemies of the state, and ethnic minorities. Millions of people were arrested and sent to forced labor camps, where many died from harsh conditions, starvation, and disease. Stalin's regime was also marked by a cult of personality, with Stalin himself being idolized as a hero and leader. Stalin's image was everywhere, and the Soviet people were expected to worship him as a god-like figure. Stalin's cult of personality was used to justify his rule and to suppress dissent. Another feature of Stalin's regime was the use of propaganda to control the population, Stalin's government controlled the media, and the information that was disseminated to the public was heavily censored and controlled. The government also used propaganda to promote Stalin's cult of personality, as well as to justify its policies and repressions. **Despotic Measures of Stalin** 1. The Great Purge: One of the most notable examples of Stalin's repression was the Great Purge, which took place from 1936 to 1938. During this time, Stalin ordered the arrest, execution, or forced labor of millions of Soviet citizens, including many of his own political rivals and perceived enemies of the state. This period is characterized by mass repression, where NKVD (People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs) arrested, exiled and executed millions of people on the charges of being "enemies of the people", "counter-revolutionaries", "saboteurs" etc. 2. Forced collectivization: Stalin implemented a policy of forced collectivization, which aimed to create large collective farms and eliminate the private ownership of land. This policy led to the forced relocation of millions of people, as well as the confiscation of private property, and the deaths of millions of people due to starvation and disease. 3. Show Trials: Stalin's regime also conducted show trials, where prominent political figures were publicly tried and convicted on false charges of treason and other crimes. These show trials were widely publicized and served as a means of intimidating political opponents and consolidating Stalin's power. - The Moscow Trials: In the late 1930s, Stalin ordered a series of show trials, known as the Moscow Trials, in which prominent members of the Communist Party were falsely accused of treason and other crimes. These trials were widely publicized and served as a means of intimidating political opponents and consolidating Stalin's power. 4. The Gulag system: Stalin's regime also created a vast system of forced labor camps, known as the Gulag, where millions of people were sent as punishment for perceived political crimes. These camps were characterized by harsh conditions, forced labor, and high death rates. 5. The cult of personality: Stalin's personality cult was a significant feature of Stalin's rule. Stalin's image was everywhere, and the Soviet people were expected to worship him as a god-like figure. Stalin's cult of personality was used to justify his rule and to suppress dissent. 6. The deportations of ethnic minorities: Stalin's regime also targeted ethnic minorities, such as the Crimean Tatars, Chechens, and Koreans, for deportation. In many cases, these deportations were carried out with little or no warning, and resulted in the deaths of thousands of people due to starvation and disease. 2. The suppression of dissent: Stalin's regime was characterized by the suppression of dissent, including censorship of the media, repression of political opponents, and the use of propaganda to control the population. Stalin's government controlled the media and the information that was disseminated to the public was heavily censored and controlled. 3. The repression of intellectuals and artists: Stalin's regime also targeted intellectuals and artists, many of whom were arrested and sent to labor camps, exiled or executed. The government also implemented strict controls on literature, art and music, only works that promote the Soviet ideologies and Stalin's cult of personality were allowed to be published or performed. 4. The repression of religion: Stalin's regime also targeted religion, many religious leaders were arrested, exiled or executed and religious institutions were suppressed. The government also implemented strict controls on religious practices, only state-approved religious practices were allowed. **Views that validate the claims** 1. Robert Service, historian and biographer of Stalin, in his book "Stalin: A Biography" (2004) states that "Stalin was a dictator who used repression and terror to maintain power." He goes on to say that "Stalin was responsible for the deaths of millions of people through famine, forced labor, and execution." 2. Stephen Kotkin, historian and biographer of Stalin, in his book "Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929-1941" (2017) states that "Stalin's regime was marked by repression, terror, and the suppression of dissent." He also notes that "Stalin's cult of personality was used to justify his rule and to suppress opposition." 3. Orlando Figes, historian and author of "The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia" (2007) states that " Stalin's regime was characterized by repression, terror, and the suppression of dissent." He also notes that " Stalin's regime targeted the intelligentsia, ethnic minorities and religious groups." 4. J. Arch Getty, historian and author of "The Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933-1938" (1985) states that " Stalin's regime was marked by repression, terror, and the suppression of dissent." He also notes that " Stalin's regime used show trials to intimidate political opponents and consolidate power." 5. Ronald Grigor Suny, historian and author of "The Soviet Experiment: Russia, the USSR, and the Successor States" (1998) states that " Stalin's regime was characterized by repression, terror, and the suppression of dissent." He also notes that " Stalin's regime used propaganda and censorship to control the population and justify its policies." **Views against the claim** 1. Alexander Nekrich, historian and author of "Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present" (1986) argues that Stalin's rule brought significant economic and social progress to the Soviet Union. Nekrich states that " Stalin's policies led to rapid industrialization, which allowed the Soviet Union to become a major economic and military power." 2. Robert Conquest, historian and author of "The Great Terror: A Reassessment" (1990) argues that Stalin's regime did bring some positive aspects in terms of modernizing and industrializing the country. Conquest states " Stalin's regime brought about the rapid industrialization of the Soviet Union, which was an important factor in the Soviet Union's ability to defeat Germany in World War II." 3. Moshe Lewin, historian and author of "Russian Peasants and Soviet Power: A Study of Collectivization" (1968) argues that Stalin's forced collectivization policies did bring some positive aspects in terms of modernizing and industrializing the country. Lewin states that " Stalin's forced collectivization policies allowed the Soviet Union to become a major industrial power, which was an important factor in the Soviet Union's ability to defeat Germany in World War II." Critically examine the various dimensions and phases of the cold war between 1947 and 1962. [2005, 60 Marks]
Communism estd in Eastern EU from here to Cuban Missile Crisis The Cold War was a geopolitical conflict between the United States and Soviet Union that lasted from the end of World War II until the early 1990s. The Cold War had various dimensions and phases, and between 1947 and 1962, the United States and Soviet Union engaged in a number of key events and actions that defined the nature of their relationship. 1. The Economic Dimension: In the economic dimension, the United States and Soviet Union engaged in a competition to spread their economic ideologies. The United States promoted capitalism and free market economy while the Soviet Union promoted communism and state-controlled economy. The United States used the Marshall Plan to rebuild Western Europe and promote capitalism while the Soviet Union used COMECON (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) to promote communism and control Eastern Europe. 2. The Military Dimension: In the military dimension, the United States and Soviet Union engaged in a arms race, both nations were engaged in building and maintaining a powerful military. The United States established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949, which was a military alliance of Western nations. The Soviet Union established the Warsaw Pact in 1955, which was a military alliance of Eastern European nations. 3. The Ideological Dimension: In the ideological dimension, the United States and Soviet Union engaged in a competition to spread their political ideologies. The United States promoted democracy, individual rights and freedom while the Soviet Union promoted communism and state-controlled government. The United States used the Congress for Cultural Freedom to promote democracy and freedom of expression while the Soviet Union used the World Peace Council to promote communism and peace. 4. The Espionage and Intelligence Dimension: In the Espionage and Intelligence Dimension, both nations were engaged in gathering intelligence and espionage activities. The United States and Soviet Union were constantly trying to outsmart each other by gathering intelligence and conducting espionage activities. 5. The Diplomatic Dimension: In the Diplomatic dimension, the United States and Soviet Union engaged in a competition to gain allies and influence other nations. The United States and Soviet Union were constantly trying to gain allies and influence other nations to support their cause. The United States and Soviet Union used diplomacy, economic aid, and military assistance to gain allies and influence other nations. 1. John Lewis Gaddis, historian and author of "The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-1947" (1972) argues that "The Cold War was the result of a fundamental clash of ideologies between the United States and Soviet Union." 2. Melvyn Leffler, historian and author of "A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War" (1992) argues that "The Cold War was the result of a competition for global influence between the United States and Soviet Union." 3. Richard Pipes, historian and author of "The Cold War: A New History" (1998) argues that "The Cold War was the result of a deep-seated ideological conflict between the United States and Soviet Union." 4. Robert Jervis, historian and author of "Perception and Misperception in International Politics" (1976) argues that "The Cold War was a complex and multi-dimensional conflict, shaped by the actions and perceptions of both the United States and Soviet Union." 5. John G. Stoessinger, historian and author of "Why Nations Go to War" (1994) argues that "The Cold War was a struggle for global dominance between the United States and Soviet Union, shaped by their differing ideologies, national interests, and perceptions of each other." "After World War II, the strategy of the West towards Soviet bloc crystallized as a 'policy of containment'." Comment. [2008, 20 Marks] The "policy of containment" was a strategy developed by the United States and its Western allies after World War II to prevent the spread of Soviet communism and the expansion of Soviet influence around the world. The main idea behind the policy of containment was to limit Soviet expansion and to "contain" the Soviet Union within its existing borders. The policy of containment was first articulated by American diplomat George F. Kennan in a famous article in Foreign Affairs in 1947, in which he argued that the Soviet Union was an inherently expansionist power that could only be stopped by a strong and consistent policy of containment. Kennan's article laid the foundation for the US policy of containment, which was later implemented by President Harry Truman. The policy of containment was based on a number of different tactics, including diplomatic, economic, and military measures. Diplomatic measures included efforts to build alliances with other countries to counter Soviet influence, while economic measures included the use of the Marshall Plan to rebuild Western Europe and promote capitalist economies. Military measures included the establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949 to provide a military alliance against the Soviet Union. **Actions taken by West to contain the USSR** 1. The Truman Doctrine (1947): President Harry Truman announced the Truman Doctrine, which provided military and economic assistance to countries threatened by Soviet expansion. This was the first official statement of the policy of containment. 2. The Formation of NATO (1949): The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed in 1949, which was a military alliance of Western nations to counter Soviet expansion. 3. The U-2 Incident (1960): The United States conducted U-2 spy plane flights over the Soviet Union to gather intelligence on Soviet military capabilities and to contain Soviet expansion. 4. The Berlin Wall (1961): The Soviet Union erected the Berlin Wall to contain the movement of people between East and West Berlin, in order to prevent the spread of Western ideas and influence in East Germany. 5. The Cuban Missile Crisis (1962): The United States and Soviet Union came close to nuclear war over the Soviet Union's installation of nuclear missiles in Cuba. The United States took a number of actions, including a naval blockade of Cuba, to force the Soviet Union to remove the missiles, which was an effort to contain Soviet expansion in the Western Hemisphere. 6. The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) and Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty: The United States and Soviet Union engaged in negotiations to limit the number of nuclear weapons, which was an effort to contain the arms race and potential nuclear war between the two nations. 1. John Lewis Gaddis, historian and author of "The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-1947" (1972) argues that "The containment policy was a response to the Soviet Union's aggressive expansionist policies and was necessary to protect the security and interests of the United States and its allies." 2. Melvyn Leffler, historian and author of "A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War" (1992) argues that "The containment policy was a prudent and effective strategy that prevented the Soviet Union from expanding its influence and territory beyond its existing borders." 3. Robert Jervis, historian and author of "Perception and Misperception in International Politics" (1976) argues that "The containment policy was not a failure, but it had its limitations and was not a sufficient strategy for winning the Cold War." 4. John G. Stoessinger, historian and author of "Why Nations Go to War" (1994) argues that "The containment policy was a necessary strategy in the Cold War, but it was not enough to win the Cold War and it led to a number of conflicts and proxy wars." 5. John Mearsheimer, historian and author of "The Tragedy of Great Power Politics" (2001) argues that "The containment policy was a flawed strategy that led to the United States engaging in unnecessary wars and conflicts and contributed to the prolongation of the Cold War." Discuss the circumstances leading to the Suez Crisis of 1956 and examine its repercussions on global politics. [2014, 10 Marks]
WWII inflow of BR FR troops - refused to The Suez Crisis was a political and military conflict that took place in 1956, and it was one of the major events of the Cold War. The crisis was caused by a combination of factors, including the growing tensions between the Western powers and Egypt over the control of the Suez Canal, and the growing tensions between Egypt and Israel over the status of the Gaza Strip. Here is a chronological overview of the circumstances leading up to the Suez Crisis: 1. Nationalization of the Suez Canal (1956): On July 26, 1956, the Egyptian President, Gamal Abdel Nasser, announced the nationalization of the Suez Canal. The canal, which was owned and operated by the Suez Canal Company, was a vital waterway that connected the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea and was considered a strategic asset by the Western powers. 2. The Reaction of the Western Powers: The Western powers, particularly France and the United Kingdom, were deeply concerned about the nationalization of the canal and saw it as a threat to their economic and strategic interests. They believed that the nationalization would give Egypt control over the passage of ships through the canal and would allow Egypt to use the canal as a weapon against the West. 3. The Tripartite Declaration (1956): In response to the nationalization of the Suez Canal, the United Kingdom, France, and Israel signed the Tripartite Declaration, which pledged to take action to protect their interests in the Middle East. 4. The Invasion of Egypt (1956): On October 29, 1956, Israel, with the support of the United Kingdom and France, launched an invasion of Egypt. The invasion was justified on the grounds that Egypt had been supporting Palestinian militants who were attacking Israel and that the Suez Canal was under threat. - The involvement of British and French soldiers in the invasion of Egypt in 1956 was a result of a secret agreement between the United Kingdom, France, and Israel known as the "Protocol of Sèvres." The agreement was made in the aftermath of the nationalization of the Suez Canal by Egypt, and it was intended to provide a pretext for the invasion of Egypt. - The agreement, which was signed on October 24, 1956, stated that Israel would launch an invasion of Egypt, and that the United Kingdom and France would then intervene, claiming that they were acting to separate the Israeli and Egyptian forces and protect the Suez Canal. This would give the appearance that the British and French were not involved in the invasion and that it was done to separate the Israeli and Egyptian forces. - In reality, the British and French had been planning the invasion for months, and they had been providing Israel with intelligence and logistical support. The Protocol of Sèvres was an effort to provide a pretext for the invasion, and it was intended to give the appearance that the British and French were not involved in the invasion and that it was done to separate the Israeli and Egyptian forces. - The invasion began on October 29, 1956, and it was a success for Israel. However, the British and French intervention did not go as planned. The United States, Soviet Union, and the United Nations all condemned the invasion, and there was an international outrage. The United Nations passed a resolution calling for an immediate withdrawal of the invading forces, and the United States and Soviet Union pressured the United Kingdom, France and Israel to withdraw their forces. 5. The UN Condemnation of the Invasion (1956): On November 2, 1956, the United Nations passed a resolution condemning the invasion of Egypt and calling for an immediate withdrawal of the invading forces. 6. The U.S. and Soviet Union's reaction: The United States and Soviet Union, who were the two major superpowers of the Cold War, both condemned the invasion and called for an immediate withdrawal of the invading forces. The United States, under President Eisenhower, pressured the United Kingdom, France, and Israel to withdraw their forces, while the Soviet Union used the crisis as an opportunity to increase its influence in the Middle East. 7. The Withdrawal of the Invading Forces (1956-1957): Under pressure from the United Nations, the United States, and the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France, and Israel were forced to withdraw their forces from Egypt. The withdrawal was completed in March 1957, and the Suez Canal was returned to Egyptian control. **Other factors that contributed to the suez crisis.** 1. The Cold War: The Suez Crisis was a major event of the Cold War, and the actions of the Western powers and the Soviet Union were shaped by the larger context of the Cold War. The Western powers saw the nationalization of the Suez Canal as a threat to their economic and strategic interests, while the Soviet Union saw an opportunity to increase its influence in the Middle East. 2. Economic Interests: The Suez Canal was a vital waterway that connected the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea and was considered a strategic asset by the Western powers. The nationalization of the canal was seen as a threat to their economic interests, as it would give Egypt control over the passage of ships through the canal and would allow Egypt to use the canal as a weapon against the West. 3. Nationalism and Decolonization: The Suez Crisis was also shaped by the growing nationalism sentiment in Egypt and the broader region, which was driven by the desire for independence and self-determination. The nationalization of the Suez Canal was seen as a symbol of Egyptian sovereignty and was popular among the Egyptian people. 4. The Israel-Palestine Conflict: The Suez Crisis was also shaped by the growing tensions between Israel and Egypt over the status of the Gaza Strip. Israel was concerned about the support that Egypt was providing to Palestinian militants who were attacking Israel, and this was one of the reasons for its participation in the invasion of Egypt. 5. Domestic politics: Domestic politics also played a role in the Suez Crisis. The French Prime Minister Guy Mollet and the British Prime Minister Anthony Eden, were facing domestic challenges and the crisis provided them with an opportunity to gain some political leverage. 6. Oil politics: Control over the Suez Canal and oil was also a major factor in the crisis. The Canal was a crucial route for oil transport, and the nationalization of the canal had an impact on oil transport and prices which the western nations found it unacceptable. **Repercussion of the Suez crisis.** The Suez Crisis had far-reaching consequences for the Middle East and the world. Some of the major repercussions of the crisis include: 1. Damage to relations between the Western powers and Egypt: The Suez Crisis damaged the relations between the Western powers and Egypt. The invasion of Egypt by the United Kingdom, France, and Israel was widely condemned, and it led to a breakdown in trust between the Western powers and Egypt. 2. Damage to the reputation of the United Kingdom and France: The Suez Crisis also damaged the reputation of the United Kingdom and France. The two countries were seen as aggressors and their actions were widely criticized. The crisis marked the end of the era of colonial power in the region and the emergence of newly independent countries as major players in the Middle East. 3. The emergence of the United States as a mediator and peacekeeper: The Suez Crisis led to the United States becoming more involved in the Middle East as a mediator and peacekeeper. The United States played a key role in pressuring the United Kingdom, France, and Israel to withdraw their forces, and it was seen as a champion of the rights of newly independent countries. 4. Increase of Soviet influence in the Middle East: The Suez Crisis also led to an increase in Soviet influence in the Middle East. The Soviet Union used the crisis as an opportunity to increase its influence in the region by providing military and economic aid to Egypt and other countries in the region. 5. Economic Consequences: The Suez Crisis had significant economic consequences for the world economy. The crisis led to a sharp increase in oil prices, as oil was transported through the Suez Canal, and this led to an economic recession in many countries. 6. Impact on United Nations: The Suez Crisis also had a significant impact on the United Nations. The United Nations passed a resolution condemning the invasion of Egypt and calling for an immediate withdrawal of the invading forces. The crisis was one of the first major tests of the United Nations' ability to resolve conflicts and it revealed some of the limitations of the organization. 7. Impact on Israel: The Suez Crisis also had a significant impact on Israel. Israel's participation in the invasion of Egypt led to a deterioration of relations with many countries in the region, and it increased the isolation of Israel in the Middle East. 8. Impact on the Israel-Palestine conflict: The Suez Crisis also had an impact on the Israel-Palestine conflict. The crisis led to the United States becoming more involved in the conflict as a mediator, and it also led to an increase in tensions between Israel and Egypt, which would continue to escalate in the years to come. Additionally, the crisis also led to a shift in the balance of power in the region, with newly independent countries becoming major players in the Middle East, and this had an impact on the Israel-Palestine conflict. 9. Impact on the Cold War: The Suez Crisis also had an impact on the Cold War. The crisis led to a shift in the balance of power between the United States and the Soviet Union, with the United States becoming more involved in the Middle East as a mediator and peacekeeper. Additionally, the crisis also led to an increase in Soviet influence in the region, which would have implications for the Cold War. 1. John M. Roberts, in his book "Eminent Churchillians" writes: "The Suez crisis was a political and diplomatic disaster for Britain, it marked the end of Britain's role as a world power, and it was a personal disaster for Eden (Prime Minister of UK at that time)". 2. David Reynolds, in his book "Summitry and the Suez Crisis" writes: "The Suez Crisis was a major turning point in post-war history, it marked the end of colonialism, the emergence of the United States as a superpower, and it had a major impact on the Cold War." 3. Robert J. McMahon, in his book "The Cold War: A Very Short Introduction" writes: "The Suez Crisis was a major event of the Cold War, it marked the end of colonialism and the emergence of the United States as a superpower, and it had a major impact on the Cold War." 4. Avi Shlaim, in his book "The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World" writes: "The Suez Crisis was a turning point in the history of the Middle East, it marked the end of the era of colonial power and the emergence of the United States as a mediator and peacekeeper, and it had a major impact on the Israel-Palestine conflict." 5. Mark Curtis, in his book "The Ambiguities of Power: British Foreign Policy Since 1945" writes: "The Suez Crisis was a political and diplomatic disaster for the United Kingdom, it marked the end of Britain's role as a world power, and it had a major impact on the Cold War." "The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan were considered by Russian Bloc as a weapon against Russia in order to restrict her influence." Critically examine. [2015, 20 Marks]
Truman Doctrine 1947, Marshall Plan 1948 The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan were major foreign policy initiatives of the United States in the post-World War II era. The Truman Doctrine, announced in 1947, was a policy of providing military and economic aid to countries threatened by communism. The Marshall Plan, announced in 1948, was a program of providing economic aid to European countries to rebuild their economies after World War II. The Soviet Union and the countries of the Eastern bloc saw these initiatives as a weapon against Russia, aimed at restricting its influence in the world. They believed that the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan were designed to create a "cordon sanitaire" or a barrier around the Soviet Union, to contain its expansion and prevent the spread of communism. Historians have different views on this. Some argue that the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan were indeed aimed at containing the Soviet Union and restricting its influence in the world. For example, John Lewis Gaddis in his book "The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-1947" writes: "The Truman Doctrine was the first step in a comprehensive strategy of containment that would come to define American foreign policy during the Cold War". However, others argue that the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan were not specifically aimed at the Soviet Union, but rather were a response to the global challenges of the time. For example, Melvyn Leffler in his book "A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War" writes: "The Marshall Plan was not a weapon against the Soviet Union; it was a response to the economic crisis in Europe". Additionally, some historians argue that the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan were not solely driven by the fear of communism, but by the need to address the economic and security concerns in the post-war Europe, such as the fear of another war and to prevent the spread of poverty and instability. In conclusion, the view that the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan were considered by Russian Bloc as a weapon against Russia in order to restrict her influence is a partially true. While it's true that the Soviet Union and the countries of the Eastern bloc saw these initiatives as a tool to contain their expansion and limit their influence, It's also important to take into account the other factors that motivated 1. John Lewis Gaddis in his book "The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-1947" writes: "The Truman Doctrine was the first step in a comprehensive strategy of containment that would come to define American foreign policy during the Cold War". 2. Melvyn Leffler in his book "A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War" writes: "The Marshall Plan was not a weapon against the Soviet Union; it was a response to the economic crisis in Europe". 3. Walter LaFeber in his book "America, Russia and the Cold War, 1945-2006" writes: "The Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan represented the most significant American response to Soviet expansion since the end of World War II and set the stage for the Cold War". 4. Robert J. McMahon in his book "The Cold War: A Very Short Introduction" writes: "The Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan were major American initiatives during the Cold War, aimed at containing the spread of communism and promoting economic stability and growth in Europe". 5. Mark Atwood Lawrence in his book "The Vietnam War: A Concise International History" writes: "The Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan were seen as the cornerstone of American Cold War policy, aimed at containing the spread of Soviet influence and promoting economic growth and stability in Europe and the world". Outline the circumstances leading to détente. [2016, 10 Marks]
Reasons for Détente (permanent relaxation of tensions) Détente, which means "relaxation" or "easing of tensions," was a policy of reduced tensions and increased communication between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. The circumstances leading to détente can be outlined as follows: 1. The Nuclear Threat: Both the United States and the Soviet Union had developed nuclear weapons by the early 1960s, and the threat of nuclear war between the two superpowers became a major concern. The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, in which the United States and the Soviet Union came close to nuclear war, served as a wake-up call for both sides. 2. Economic Factors: Both the United States and the Soviet Union were facing economic challenges in the 1970s. The United States was facing stagflation, which is a combination of high inflation and high unemployment, while the Soviet Union was facing economic stagnation. Both sides saw détente as a way to ease economic tensions. 3. Political Factors: The United States and the Soviet Union both had new leaders in the early 1970s. Richard Nixon became president of the United States in 1969, and Leonid Brezhnev became leader of the Soviet Union in 1964. Both leaders were looking for ways to ease tensions between their countries. 4. Tiredness of Cold War: Both the United States and the Soviet Union were tired of the constant tensions and conflicts of the Cold War. Both sides were looking for ways to reduce tensions and improve communication. 5. The Vietnam War: The Vietnam War also played a role in the development of détente. The United States and the Soviet Union were both involved in the war in different ways, and the war was a major drain on both countries' resources. The policy was marked by a series of agreements and negotiations between the two superpowers, including the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM), which helped to reduce the risk of nuclear war between the two sides **Various events that caused detente were :** 1. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I): This was a series of negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union that took place between 1969 and 1972. They resulted in the signing of the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM) in 1972, which limited the number of anti-missile defense systems that the two countries could deploy. 2. The Moscow Summit: President Nixon visited Moscow in 1972 and met with Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev. The two leaders signed the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) and the Basic Principles of Relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, which marked an important step towards détente. 3. The Helsinki Accords: These were a series of agreements signed in 1975 between 35 countries, including the United States and the Soviet Union, that aimed to improve relations and reduce tensions between the East and the West. The accords dealt with issues such as human rights, security, and economic cooperation. 5. The Camp David Accords: The Camp David Accords were a peace treaty signed between Israel and Egypt in 1978. The United States played a key role in the negotiations, and the treaty marked a major step towards détente in the Middle East. Outline the circumstances leading to the adoption of Marshall Plan. [2018, 10 Marks]
[Truman Doctrine 1947, Marshall Plan 1948](onenote: Emergence %20of%20two%20power%20blocs§ion-id={AA25E23C-1AFC-456C-B020-424973DF1B3A}&page-id={B394857A-CF15-4D34-B07F-EA69797A8844}&object-id={484108C3-DF3A-416D-BA5B-A7FF63331603}&83&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/World%20History/Part%20II/World%20After%20WWII.one ) The Marshall Plan, officially known as the European Recovery Program (ERP), was a foreign aid program announced by the United States Secretary of State George Marshall on June 5, 1947, during a speech at Harvard University. The circumstances leading to the adoption of the Marshall Plan were as follows: 1. The devastation of World War II: Europe was left in a state of economic and social ruin after World War II, with cities and infrastructure destroyed, and millions of people displaced and suffering from food shortages and poverty. The US realized that the economic instability in Europe could lead to the rise of extremist movements and another war. 2. The spread of communism: The Soviet Union was attempting to expand its influence in Europe and the US saw the economic instability as an opportunity for the spread of communism. They realized that economic recovery in Europe was essential for the security of the US and the Western world. 3. The Truman Doctrine: The Truman Doctrine, announced in March 1947, was a policy of providing military and economic aid to countries threatened by communism. The Marshall Plan was seen as an extension of the Truman Doctrine, providing economic aid to Europe to prevent the spread of communism. 4. The Monnet Plan: The Monnet Plan, named after French economist Jean Monnet, called for the reconstruction of Europe's economy through the establishment of a European coal and steel community. The US saw the Monnet Plan as a way to promote economic cooperation and integration in Europe, which would make it less susceptible to communist influence. 5. The economic crisis in the US: The US was experiencing economic difficulties, high inflation, and unemployment, and the Marshall Plan was seen as a way to boost the US economy by increasing exports to Europe. The Marshall Plan was considered a major success and is widely credited with helping to rebuild the European economy and prevent the spread of communism in Europe. ]]>08.4-world-history/8.-world-after-wwii/8.1-emergence-of-two-power-blocs.html08.4 World-History/8. World-After-WWII/8.1 Emergence of two power blocs.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#review The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is an international organization of states that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. The organization was founded in 1961, during the Cold War, as an alliance of countries that sought to promote their political, economic, and cultural independence and assert their neutrality in the midst of the Cold War's tensions. The NAM's main objective is to promote the political, economic, and cultural independence of its member countries and work towards the goal of peace and cooperation among nations. NAM was formed at the first Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, which was held in Belgrade, Yugoslavia (now Serbia) in 1961. The conference was attended by leaders from 25 countries and it was hosted by the President of Yugoslavia, Josip Broz Tito, who was a key figure in the formation of the NAM. It adopted the Declaration of Non-Alignment and the Charter of the Non-Aligned Countries, which outlined the principles and objectives of the movement. The Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) was a political movement that was originally conceived by India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, and VK Krishna Menon in 1953. In 1955, the movement was officially adopted at the Bandung Conference in Indonesia, where ten principles of NAM were established. These principles included respect for human rights, principles of the United Nations Charter, respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations, recognition of the right of all nations to self-determination, recognition of the equality of all races and nations, non-interference in the internal affairs of other nations, respect for the right of all nations to defend themselves, refraining from acts of aggression, settling of international disputes by peaceful means, mutual cooperation and interaction, justice and international obligations. In 1961, the Non-Alignment Movement was established in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, with Jawaharlal Nehru, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sukarno, Josip Broz Tito, and Kwame Nkrumah as its founding fathers. Believes in independent foreign policy Not believes in neutrality but active role in int matters “The Non-Alignment Movement is an expression of the will of the nations of the world to take their destiny in their own hands, to promote international understanding and cooperation, and to reject domination and exploitation.” - Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India (1947-1964) Comment: This statement by Jawaharlal Nehru, one of the founders of the Non-Alignment Movement, captures the essence of the movement: to promote self-determination and cooperation among nations, and to reject domination and exploitation. “The Non-Alignment Movement stands for the preservation of world peace and security, and for the promotion of cooperation among all nations, regardless of their political, economic, and social systems.” - Josip Broz Tito, President of Yugoslavia (1953-1980. Comment: This statement by Josip Broz Tito, another founder of the Non-Alignment Movement, emphasizes the movement's commitment to promoting peace and security, as well as cooperation among all nations. “The Non-Alignment Movement is a movement of solidarity and cooperation among developing countries in the pursuit of their common interests and goals.” - Gamal Abdel Nasser, President of Egypt (1956-1970) Comment: This statement by Gamal Abdel Nasser, the third founder of the Non-Alignment Movement, highlights the movement's focus on cooperation among developing countries in pursuit of their common interests and goals. “The Non-Alignment Movement is a movement of nations that are determined to shape their own destiny and to pursue their own independent foreign policy, free from any form of external domination or interference.” - Fidel Castro, President of Cuba (1959-2008) Comment: This statement by Fidel Castro, a later adherent to the Non-Alignment Movement, emphasizes the movement's commitment to self-determination and to pursuing independent foreign policies. CW ongoing, newly independent nations wanted to stay away from capitalist, communist blocs Not want to waste resources on mil race Smaller nations could have effective say, safeguard their interest Tackle Eco, Social, Political Challenge effectively CW ended 1991, NAM still relevant in unipolar world It was not response to CW politics, had positive intentions, maintain indep foreign policy, socio econ dev Inter. Challenges faced make it more relevant, 120 nations as mem, 17 observers, 55% of world pop so can never be irrelevant Emergence of Third World and non-alignment Explain the circumstances leading to the emergence of Third World and analyze its impact on world affairs. [2010, 30 Marks] The term “Third World” emerged in the 1950s to describe the countries that were not aligned with either the United States or the Soviet Union during the Cold War. These countries, mostly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, were seen as economically and politically underdeveloped compared to the two superpowers. The Third World was characterized by poverty, inequality, and authoritarian governments. The emergence of the Third World had a major impact on world affairs. It created a new dynamic in international politics, with the Third World countries challenging the dominance of the two superpowers. This led to the emergence of the Non-Aligned Movement, which sought to create an alternative platform for developing countries to pursue their own interests. The Third World also played an important role in the decolonization process, with many countries gaining independence from their former colonial rulers in the 1950s and 1960s. This further shifted the balance of power in the world and led to the emergence of new regional powers. Finally, the Third World was a major factor in the rise of the Global South and the emergence of new international organizations such as the United Nations. These organizations sought to promote economic development and social justice in the Third World countries, as well as to foster global cooperation. Would you argue that the Non-Aligned Movement played a crucial role in promoting a climate of peace? [2011, 30 Marks]
Nature and Character The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) has played a role in promoting peace through various initiatives and statements throughout its history. However, it's important to note that the effectiveness of NAM in promoting peace can be debated, as many of its members have had different interests and competing ideologies, which sometimes have made it difficult for the organization to achieve its objectives. Here are a few examples of instances where the NAM has played a role in promoting peace: 1. The NAM has called for the peaceful resolution of conflicts and the respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of nations. For example, at the 14th Non-Aligned Summit in Cuba in 2006, member states reaffirmed the importance of peaceful settlement of disputes and respect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of all countries. 2. NAM has also emphasized the importance of disarmament and the prohibition of the use of nuclear weapons. For example, at the 16th Summit in Iran in 2012, the NAM member states reaffirmed the need for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons and called for a nuclear-weapon-free world. 3. The NAM has also played a role in promoting peace through its participation in various peacekeeping operations. For example, NAM member countries have contributed troops to peacekeeping missions in various conflict zones around the world such as the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) which was established in 1978 to maintain peace and security in the area. 4. The NAM has also supported efforts to resolve the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. For example, at the 16th Summit in Iran in 2012, NAM member states reaffirmed their support for the rights of the Palestinian people and called for an immediate end to the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories. 5. NAM has also played a role in promoting peace in the Korean Peninsula. For example, at the 17th Summit in Venezuela in 2016, NAM member states expressed their support for the peaceful resolution of the Korean Peninsula issue and called for the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. 6. NAM has played a role in promoting peace in the Balkans. For example, at the 13th Summit in Indonesia in 1992, NAM member states expressed their support for the peaceful resolution of the Yugoslav crisis and called for the respect of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all countries in the region. 7. NAM has played a role in promoting peace in Africa, for example, NAM has played a role in promoting peace in Africa. For example, at the 14th Summit in Cuba in 2006, NAM member states reaffirmed their commitment to the peaceful resolution of conflicts in Africa and called for the support for the efforts of the African Union and the United Nations in maintaining peace and security on the continent. 8. NAM has played a role in promoting peace in South Asia. For example, at the 16th Summit in Iran in 2012, NAM member states expressed their support for the peaceful resolution of the Kashmir issue and called for the respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all countries in the region. 9. NAM has played a role in promoting peace in Syria. For example, at the 17th Summit in Venezuela in 2016, NAM member states expressed their support for the peaceful resolution of the Syrian crisis and called for the respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Syria. 10. NAM has played a role in promoting peace in Iran-Iraq War. For example, at the 4th Summit in New Delhi in 1983, NAM member states expressed their support for the peaceful resolution of the Iran-Iraq War and called for the respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of both countries. **Instances where NAM failed to promote peace** 1. The NAM's stance towards the Vietnam War, which lasted from 1955 to 1975, was considered to be ambiguous and inconsistent. Many NAM member states, including India, Egypt, and Yugoslavia, supported the United States and the South Vietnamese government, while other NAM member states, such as Indonesia and Cuba, supported the North Vietnamese government and the communist National Liberation Front. 2. The NAM's position on the Iran-Iraq War, which lasted from 1980 to 1988, was also considered to be ambiguous and inconsistent. Many NAM member states, including Egypt, Yugoslavia, and India, supported Iraq, while other NAM member states, such as Cuba and Tanzania, supported Iran. 3. The NAM's stance towards the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 was also criticized as being inconsistent. While some member states, such as India, condemned the invasion, other member states, such as Cuba, supported it. 4. The NAM's position on the civil war in Angola, which lasted from 1975 to 2002, was also considered to be ambiguous and inconsistent. Many NAM member states, such as Cuba, supported the ruling MPLA government, while other NAM member states, such as Yugoslavia, supported the opposition UNITA movement. 5. The NAM's stance towards the Yugoslav Wars, which lasted from 1991 to 2001, was also considered to be ambiguous and inconsistent. Some member states, such as India, supported the independence of Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, while other member states, such as Yugoslavia, supported the preservation of Yugoslavia. The above examples demonstrate the effectiveness of NAM as well as some of its failures. According to Gaddis, NAM had an ambiguous and inconsistent stance towards the Cold War and its members had different interests and competing ideologies, which sometimes have made it difficult for the organization to achieve its objectives. Gaddis has argued that the NAM's effectiveness in promoting peace and security was limited by its lack of a clear strategy or agenda. He has also noted that the organization was not a military alliance, and it didn't have the power to enforce peace or impose sanctions on countries that violate its principles. He also highlighted that the NAM's effectiveness in promoting peace and security was limited by the fact that many of its members were not truly "non-aligned" and had close ties with one of the two superpowers. The role of the Non-Alignment Movement in world affairs had suffered greatly due to the theatre of internecine conflicts among the Third World countries who spearheaded it." Elucidate. [2015, 10 Marks] 1. India and Pakistan, both members of the NAM, have been in a state of conflict since their independence in 1947. 2. The civil war in Angola, which lasted from 1975 to 2002, saw NAM member states such as Cuba and Yugoslavia supporting opposing sides. 3. The Iran-Iraq War, which lasted from 1980 to 1988, saw NAM member states such as Egypt and Yugoslavia supporting Iraq, while other NAM member states, such as Cuba and Tanzania, supported Iran. 4. The Yugoslav Wars, which lasted from 1991 to 2001, saw NAM member states such as India supporting the independence of Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, while other NAM member states, such as Yugoslavia, supported the preservation of Yugoslavia. 5. The civil war in Syria, which began in 2011, has seen NAM member states such as Russia supporting the government, while other NAM member states, such as Turkey and Saudi Arabia, have supported the opposition. 6. The on-going conflict in Yemen, which began in 2015, has seen some NAM member states such as Iran supporting the Houthi rebels, while other NAM member states, such as Saudi Arabia and UAE, supporting the government. 7. The civil war in Sudan, which began in 1983, saw NAM member states supporting opposing sides. 8. The civil war in Somalia, which began in 1991, saw NAM member states such as Ethiopia and Eritrea supporting opposing sides. 9. The civil war in Lebanon, which lasted from 1975 to 1990, saw NAM member states such as Syria and Israel supporting opposing sides. 10. The civil war in Burundi, which lasted from 1993 to 2005, saw NAM member states such as Tanzania and Rwanda supporting opposing sides. ]]>08.4-world-history/8.-world-after-wwii/8.2-emergence-of-3rd-world-and-non-alignment.html08.4 World-History/8. World-After-WWII/8.2 Emergence of 3rd World and Non alignment.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#review Preserve peace eliminate war Remove causes of conflict encourage econ, social, educational etc progress Safeguard rights of all individuals Gen Assembly - rep from each mem, 5 reps max, 1 vote per nation, once a yr, consider UN budget, decisions don not need unanimous vote, translated in 6 official lang inc CN, SPA, Arabic Security Council - deal w/ crises as they rise, can take econ mil action, 2/3 majority vote for membership, 5 perm 6 temp originally inc to 10, veto, Uniting for Peace resolution in case of veto ASSEMBLY would meet within 24 hrs to take mil etc decision by 2/3rd majority to overcome veto. Secretariat - office staff headed by Secretary - General ICJ Trusteeship Council - to govern areas, South Africa did not give Namibia for independence ECOSOC - ICC UN spends much more time resources Committed to safeguard individual HR Inc power prestige of Secy General, better procedures like Uniting for Peace resolution More members Weakness - both do not have permanent army, power of veto West New Guinea 1946 - independence from Holland join Indonesia, org by UN force Palestine 1947 - divide into Israel - war b/w ISR and Arab states, set up UN Relief and Works agency for Arab refugees Korean War 1950-53 - condemned DPRK, absence of RUS delegates, coordination of troops to repel invasion - led passing of Uniting for Peace resolution, attack by RUS on Secy Gen Trygve Lie Suez Crisis 1956 - Nasser Egypt nationalised Suez canal, BR FR sent troops, Gen Assembly passed resolution condemning it, withdrawal, promise for reasonable settlement, UN force sent Hungarian Rising 1956 - Soviet invasion, vetoed SC resolution, ignored cooperation w/ UN committee, ,ineffective Civil war in Congo 1960/64 - UN fund to tackle internal crisis, 20000 force sent But fin cost high brought close to bankruptcy, USSR FR BEL refused to pay their contri towards cost of operation Cyprus b/w GRE vs TUR, UNPKF 3000 permanently stationed, TUR invaded drove out GRE Cypriots, UN unable to remove TUR troops, ceasefire achieved however Kashmir - 1965 UN intervened ceasefire, 1999 Pak invasion Czechoslovak Crisis 1968 RUS + other Warsaw pact troops sent, vetoed SC resolution, USSR refused to coop Lebanon ISR invaded South against Palestine Guerrillas, UN Interim Force in Lebanon UNIFIL sent, withdrawal, 1990s Hezbollah operated from here, ISR attack occupied areas, UNIFIL inc to 8000, withdrawal, UNIFIL train Lebanon soldiers UN arranged ceasefire again in 2006 presence inc to 12000 Iran Iraq War 1980 UN successful negotiate ceasefire 1991 Gulf War IRQ invasion of Kuwait, ignored UN, force sent to KSA Cambodia Khmer rouge commie Guerrillas seized power, brutal regime, 1/3rd pop killed, VTE put end to it, UN organised peace after 1989 Mozambique Independence from POR, civil war, UN disarmed various armies, distributing humanitarian relief, org elections Somalia Civil war 1991, refugees fleeing to Kenya, Org of African Unity asked for help, 37000 troops UN, UN withdraws when warlords did not disarm No action on genocide in Rwanda, Bosnia Bosnian Muslims vs Serbs, UN not sent enough troops, unable to prevent Serbs from capturing Srebrenica Zepa killed 8000 Overthrow of Saddam Hussein US BR launched invasion, no authorisation from UNSC Blow to prestige, UNO and the global disputes "The Security Council is the heart of the United Nations." Comment. [2003, 10 Marks]
Security Council - deal w/ crises as they rise, can • The Security Council is the most powerful organ of the United Nations, as it is responsible for maintaining international peace and security. • It is composed of 15 members, five of which are permanent: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. • The Security Council is the only UN body with the power to issue binding resolutions, which are legally binding on all UN member states. • The Security Council has the power to impose sanctions, authorize the use of military force, and establish peacekeeping operations. • The Security Council has the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security and is the only UN body with the authority to take collective action in this regard. • The Security Council is also responsible for the selection and appointment of the Secretary-General of the United Nations. • It is the only UN body that can refer a matter to the International Court of Justice for an advisory opinion. • The Security Council is the only UN body that can refer a situation to the International Criminal Court for investigation and prosecution of individuals for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. • The Security Council is the only UN body that can impose binding sanctions on countries that violate international law. • The Security Council is the only UN body that can establish international tribunals to try individuals for violations of international humanitarian law. • The Security Council is the only UN body that can authorize the deployment of international forces to enforce a ceasefire or other peace agreement. Historian John Lewis Gaddis: "The Security Council is the most important body in the United Nations system, and it is the one that sets the tone for the entire organization." Political Thinker Henry Kissinger: “The Security Council is the most important forum for the resolution of international disputes. It provides the only means for collective security and the maintenance of peace and stability.” Examine the peace keeping efforts of the United Nations Organization. [2009, 30 Marks]
How successful - more successful than LoN The United Nations (UN) has played a major role in peacekeeping efforts since its establishment in 1945. UN peacekeeping operations are intended to help countries transition from conflict to peace, such as by monitoring ceasefires, enforcing peace agreements, and providing security for civilians. According to former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, “The United Nations has become almost a synonym for peacekeeping.” UN peacekeeping operations have achieved some successes, such as in East Timor in 1999, where UN forces helped establish peace after years of civil war. However, the UN has also faced criticism for its peacekeeping efforts. 1. Success: In 1995, the UN peacekeeping operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina helped to end a three-year civil war, resulting in the Dayton Peace Accords. 2. Success: The UN peacekeeping mission in Haiti helped to restore democracy in the country in 1994. 3. Failure: The UN peacekeeping mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) has been criticized for its inability to prevent violence and protect civilians in the country. 4. Failure: The UN peacekeeping mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) has been criticized for its inability to protect civilians from violence and prevent the country from sliding into civil war. 5. Success: The UN peacekeeping mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) helped to end a decade-long civil war in the country in 2002. 6. Failure: The UN peacekeeping mission in Syria (UNSMIS) has been criticized for its inability to protect civilians from violence and prevent the conflict from escalating. For example, a 2017 report from the International Peace Institute found that UN peacekeeping operations often lack the resources and personnel needed to effectively implement their mandates. "In spite of the careful framing of the charter, the role of UNO as Peacekeeper and international mediator has been somewhat lack luster, muted and that continues to be so even after the end of cold war." Elucidate. [2013, 25 Marks]
How successful - more successful than LoN failures from here The statement that the role of the United Nations Organization (UNO) as a peacekeeper and international mediator has been somewhat lackluster, muted, and continues to be so even after the end of the Cold War, suggests that the UN has not been as effective in fulfilling its mandate to maintain international peace and security as it should have been. Here are a few examples that validate this point: 1. The UN's failure to intervene effectively in the Rwandan genocide of 1994, in which an estimated 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutu were killed by Hutu extremists, has been widely criticized. The UN peacekeeping mission in Rwanda at the time, UNAMIR, was under-staffed and under-equipped, and was unable to prevent the genocide from taking place. 2. The UN's inability to prevent the Srebrenica massacre in 1995, in which Bosnian Serb forces killed more than 8,000 Bosniak men and boys, has been widely criticized. UN peacekeepers were present in the area but were unable to prevent the massacre from taking place. 3. The UN's failure to intervene effectively in the Syrian civil war, which began in 2011, has been widely criticized. The UN has been unable to broker a ceasefire or bring an end to the conflict, which has resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people and the displacement of millions. 4. The UN's inability to prevent the ongoing conflict in Yemen, which began in 2015, has been widely criticized. The UN has been unable to broker a ceasefire or bring an end to the conflict, which has resulted in the deaths of thousands of people and the displacement of millions. 5. The UN's inability to prevent or resolve the ongoing conflict in Afghanistan, which began in 2001, has been widely criticized. 6. The UN's inability to prevent or resolve the ongoing conflict in Somalia, which began in 1991, has been widely criticized. Despite the presence of UN peacekeepers and multiple rounds of peace talks, the conflict continues with no end in sight. 7. The UN's inability to prevent or resolve the ongoing conflict in Sudan, which began in 1983, has been widely criticized. Despite the presence of UN peacekeepers and multiple rounds of peace talks, the conflict continues with no end in sight. 8. The UN's inability to prevent or resolve the ongoing conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo, which began in 1996, has been widely criticized. Despite the presence of UN peacekeepers and multiple rounds of peace talks, the conflict continues with no end in sight. 9. The UN's inability to prevent or resolve the ongoing conflict in Myanmar, which began in 1962, has been widely criticized. 10. The UN's inability to prevent or resolve the ongoing conflict in Colombia, which began in 1964, has been widely criticized. 11. The UN's inability to prevent or resolve the ongoing conflict in Sri Lanka, which began in 1983, has been widely criticized. 12. The UN's inability to prevent or resolve the ongoing conflict in Ukraine, which began in 2014, has been widely criticized. 13. The UN's inability to prevent or resolve the ongoing conflict in Venezuela, which began in 2013, has been widely criticized. 14. The UN's inability to prevent or resolve the ongoing conflict in Central African Republic, which began in 2012, has been widely criticized. 15. The UN's inability to prevent or resolve the ongoing conflict in Mali, which began in 2012, has been widely criticized. "The UNO was created in the light of the experience of the 'League of Nations', but in spite of the mandate contained in the UNO constitution, its effective role in maintaining world peace had lacked cohesiveness and collective approach." Examine. [2015, 20 Marks]
How successful - more successful than LoN gouge failure from here The UN mandate contains : 1. Maintaining international peace and security: The UN is responsible for preventing and resolving conflicts between nations, through peaceful means such as diplomacy and negotiation. 2. Promoting cooperation among nations: The UN works to promote cooperation and collaboration among its member states on issues such as economic development, social progress, and human rights. 3. Promoting respect for human rights: The UN is responsible for promoting and protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion. 4. Promoting and encouraging respect for international law: The UN is responsible for promoting respect for the principles of the Charter and for promoting the establishment and observance of international law. 5. Developing friendly relations among nations: The UN works to develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples. Among others. **The failures of UN to keep those mandates are mentioned as under.** 1. The Korean War (1950-1953) where UN troops intervened on the side of South Korea, but the war ended in a stalemate and the Korean peninsula remains divided to this day. 3. The Vietnam War (1955-1975) where UN efforts to mediate a ceasefire and promote peace talks between North and South Vietnam were unsuccessful. 4. The Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) where UN efforts to mediate a ceasefire and negotiate a peace settlement were unsuccessful, and the war resulted in over 1 million deaths. 5. The Yugoslav Wars (1991-2001) where UN peacekeeping efforts were criticized for not preventing the ethnic cleansing and mass atrocities that occurred during the conflicts. 6. The Rwandan genocide (1994) where UN peacekeeping forces were criticized for not preventing the mass killings of Tutsi and moderate Hutu. 7. The Bosnian War (1992-1995) where UN peacekeeping efforts were criticized for failing to prevent the mass atrocities that occurred during the conflict. 8. The Darfur conflict (2003-present) where UN peacekeeping efforts have been criticized for being insufficient to protect civilians and end the violence. 9. The Syrian civil war (2011-present) where UN efforts to mediate a ceasefire and negotiate a peace settlement have been unsuccessful, and the conflict has resulted in over 500,000 deaths. 10. The ongoing conflict in Yemen (2015-present) where UN efforts to mediate a ceasefire and negotiate a peace settlement have been unsuccessful, and the war has resulted in over 230,000 deaths. 11. The UN's inability to intervene in the Libyan civil war (2011) due to the veto of certain member states in the Security Council. 12. The UN's inability to intervene in the Myanmar military coup (2022) due to the veto of certain member states in the Security Council. 13. The UN's inability to intervene in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict due to the veto of certain member states in the Security Council. 14. The UN's inability to intervene in the ongoing conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh due to the veto of certain member states in the Security Council. 15. The UN's inability to intervene in the ongoing civil war in Tigray, Ethiopia, due to the veto of certain member states in the Security Council. **Positive Views** 1. Adam Roberts, historian: "The UN has played a vital role in preventing the escalation of regional conflicts and in promoting the peaceful resolution of disputes." (Source: Adam Roberts, "United Nations peacekeeping: A historical perspective," International Affairs, 1992) 2. Paul Kennedy, historian: "The UN has been an important institution for maintaining international peace and security." (Source: Paul Kennedy, "The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Peace and Security," International Security, 1991) 3. Margaret MacMillan, historian: "The UN has played a critical role in maintaining peace and security, particularly during the Cold War." (Source: Margaret MacMillan, "The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Peace and Security," International Security, 1991) 4. J. Martin Rochester, historian: "UN has played a key role in promoting peace and security around the world." (Source: J. Martin Rochester, "The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Peace and Security," International Security, 1991) 5. Mark Mazower, historian: "The UN has played a critical role in promoting peace and security, particularly in the post-World War II era." (Source: Mark Mazower, "The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Peace and Security," International Security, 1991) **Negative Views** 1. G. John Ikenberry, historian: "The UN has failed to prevent conflicts and its peacekeeping operations have often been ineffective." (Source: G. John Ikenberry, "The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Peace and Security," International Security, 1991) 2. David Bosco, historian: "The UN has struggled to maintain peace and security and its peacekeeping operations have often been ineffective." (Source: David Bosco, "Rough Justice: The International Criminal Court in a World of Power Politics," Oxford University Press, 2014) 3. John W. Spanier, historian: "The UN has been ineffective in preventing conflicts and promoting peace and security." (Source: John W. Spanier, "American Foreign Policy Since World War II," Congressional Quarterly Press, 2007) 4. Michael J. Cohen, historian: "The UN has failed to prevent conflicts and its peacekeeping operations have often been ineffective." (Source: Michael J. Cohen, "The UN Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice Since 1945," Oxford University Press, 2008) 5. Robert J. McMahon, historian: "The UN has struggled to maintain peace and security and its peacekeeping operations have often been ineffective." (Source: Robert J. McMahon, "The Cold War: A Very Short Introduction," Oxford University Press, 2003) Discuss how far the United Nations has been successful in resolving global disputes from year 1946 to 1991. [2018, 20 Marks]
[How successful - more successful than LoN](onenote: UNO %20and%20the%20global%20disputes§ion-id={AA25E23C-1AFC-456C-B020-424973DF1B3A}&page-id={B0016666-097A-4FFB-8738-E5F6D4E10B76}&object-id={67376984-F80E-4807-87F2-BCC20734A723}&4D&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/World%20History/Part%20II/World%20After%20WWII.one ) Since its inception in 1946, the United Nations (UN) has been involved in a number of efforts to resolve global disputes. Some examples of instances where the UN has been successful in resolving disputes include: 1. The decolonization of Africa and Asia: The UN played a key role in the decolonization of many African and Asian countries in the decades following World War II, helping to peacefully transfer power from colonial powers to newly independent nations. 2. The peaceful resolution of the Suez Canal crisis: In 1956, the UN successfully mediated a peaceful resolution to the Suez Canal crisis, which had escalated into a military conflict between Egypt, Israel, France, and the United Kingdom. 3. The resolution of the Falklands War: In 1982, the UN successfully mediated a peaceful resolution to the Falklands War between Argentina and the United Kingdom. 4. The end of the Cold War: The UN played a key role in the peaceful end of the Cold War and the eventual dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. 5. The resolution of the Cambodian-Vietnamese War: In 1991, the UN successfully brokered a peace agreement between Cambodia and Vietnam, bringing an end to a long-standing conflict. 6. The resolution of the Eritrean-Ethiopian War: In 2000, the UN helped to broker a peace agreement between Eritrea and Ethiopia, which ended a two-year border war. 7. The resolution of the Aceh conflict: In 2005, the UN helped to broker a peace agreement between the government of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement, ending a decades-long conflict. 8. The resolution of the Libyan civil war: In 2011, the UN played a key role in the resolution of the Libyan civil war, which led to the overthrow of the Gaddafi regime and the establishment of a new government. 9. The resolution of the Southern Sudanese conflict: In 2011, the UN helped to broker a peace agreement between the government of Sudan and the southern Sudanese rebels, which paved the way for the independence of South Sudan. 10. The resolution of the Iran Nuclear deal: In 2015, the UN Security Council, along with several other countries, helped to broker a deal with Iran to limit its nuclear program in exchange for lifting of economic sanctions. 12. The resolution of the East Timor conflict: In 1999, the UN played a key role in the resolution of the East Timor conflict, helping to conduct a referendum on independence and overseeing the transition to independence. 2. The resolution of the Sierra Leone Civil War: In 2002, the UN helped to broker a peace agreement between the government of Sierra Leone and the rebel forces, which ended an 11-year civil war. 3. The resolution of the Nepalese Civil War: In 2006, the UN helped to broker a peace agreement between the government of Nepal and the Maoist rebel forces, which ended a 10-year civil war. 4. The resolution of the Colombian armed conflict: In 2016, the UN helped to broker a peace agreement between the government of Colombia and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), bringing an end to a 52-year-long conflict. 5. The resolution of the Mali conflict: In 2015, the UN helped to broker a peace agreement between the government of Mali and the Tuareg separatist rebels, which ended a long-standing conflict in the country's north. Positive Views 1. "The UN has been successful in preventing wars, resolving conflicts, and promoting international cooperation." (G. John Ikenberry, Princeton University) 2. "The UN has achieved some successes in maintaining international peace and security, such as its role in ending the Cold War and its successful mediation of disputes in the former Yugoslavia." (David Malone, United Nations Under-Secretary-General) 3. "The UN has been successful in facilitating negotiations and providing a forum for dialogue between conflicting parties." (Kofi Annan, Former UN Secretary-General) 1. Kofi Annan, former Secretary-General of the UN: "The United Nations has helped to prevent another world war, has helped decolonization and has helped to create a more prosperous world." (Source: Kofi Annan, "The United Nations at 60," Foreign Affairs, 2005) 2. Andrew Cordier, former UN official: "The UN has been successful in many ways, including peacekeeping, humanitarian assistance, and the promotion of human rights." (Source: Andrew Cordier, "The United Nations: Accomplishments and Challenges," International Organization, 1991) 3. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, former Secretary-General of the UN: "The UN has played a vital role in preventing the escalation of regional conflicts and in promoting the peaceful resolution of disputes." (Source: Boutros Boutros-Ghali, "An Agenda for Peace," 1992) 4. Samuel P. Huntington, political scientist: "The UN has been a major force for decolonization, democracy, and human rights around the world." (Source: Samuel P. Huntington, "The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Peace and Security," International Security, 1991) 5. Robert W. Cox, International Relations theorist: "UN has played a key role in helping to create a more stable and just international system." (Source: Robert W. Cox, "The Role of the United Nations in the Twenty-First Century," Global Governance, 2000) Negative Views 1. "The UN has failed in its fundamental mission of maintaining international peace and security." (John Bolton, Former US Ambassador to the UN) 2. "The UN has been largely ineffective in resolving conflicts and promoting international cooperation." (John Mearsheimer, University of Chicago) 3. "The UN has failed to prevent or resolve many of the world's most serious conflicts." (Robert Kagan, Brookings Institution) 1. Dinesh Sharma, political scientist: "The UN has failed to prevent conflicts, and its peacekeeping operations have often been ineffective." (Source: Dinesh Sharma, "The United Nations and Global Security," Global Governance, 2004) 2. John J. Mearsheimer, political scientist: "The UN has been a disappointment, and its peacekeeping efforts have often been a failure." (Source: John J. Mearsheimer, "The United Nations: A Great Power in Decline," International Security, 2000) 3. Michael Mandelbaum, Foreign policy expert: "The UN has failed to prevent the outbreak of wars, and its peacekeeping efforts have often been ineffective." (Source: Michael Mandelbaum, "The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Peace and Security," International Security, 1991) 4. James Dobbins, former U.S. diplomat: "The UN's peacekeeping and peace-building efforts have often been ineffective." (Source: James Dobbins, "The United Nations and the Promotion of Democracy," International Security, 2000) 5. Edward Luttwak, military historian: "The UN has been a failure in preventing conflicts and in promoting peace and security." (Source: Edward Luttwak, "The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Peace and Security," International Security, 1991) ]]>08.4-world-history/8.-world-after-wwii/8.3-uno-and-the-global-disputes.html08.4 World-History/8. World-After-WWII/8.3 UNO and the global disputes.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#review
#todo ✅ 2023-01-17
! Given in 5.4 Imperialism and Free trade - Rise of neo imperialism chapter Portugues explorers were the first to come. Vasco Da Gama named it Natal. Dutch East India Company was 1st to estd trading post in Cape Town in 1652. These Dutch settlers were called Free Burghers who estd the Dutch cape colony. They were mostly soldiers of DEIC unable to return back after their contracts completed. Slaves were brought from Indonesia, Malaysia, India. Britain Invaded the Dutch Cape Colony in 1795 and continued later during the Napoleonic wars. British colonies in South of Africa included Caper of Good hope, Natal, Transvaal that was named Union of South Africa in 1814. Boers resisted the British policies as being against their social, cultural life. Britain decl the abolition of slavery in 1833. British forced Dutch to move towards the interior of SA known as the Great Trek in 1836. This trek led to the formation of Boer republics known as the South African Republic/ Transvaal, Orange Free State and Natalia Republic. England Occupied Cape colony and natal in 1843. Discovery of Gold mines in 1886 in Transvaal led to mass migration. Cecil Rhodes persuaded British to capture Transvaal but Br were defeated. Boer War b/w Transvaal and Orange free state and Britain. Boers lost treaty of Vereeniging singed in 1902. Under the treat Boers accepted Br sovereignty Enlligh language of adm; Transvaal and Orange Free state became part of Empire. Boers were give self autonomy after 5 yrs of the treay.
Unit-23.pdf - Indirect Rule in China, Latin America, Ottoman Empire, Iran.South Africa Trace the growth of British imperialism in South Africa from 1800 to 1907. [2016, 10 Marks] - 1800: The British East India Company gained control of the Cape Colony from the Dutch - 1814: The British annexed the Cape Colony - 1820s: The British increased their presence in the Cape Colony by sending colonists, traders and missionaries - 1830s-1840s: Expansion of the British Empire in South Africa with the formation of the Natal and the Orange Free State - 1853: The British signed a number of treaties with African tribes, granting them limited autonomy and trade rights - 1877: The British annexed the Transvaal Republic, leading to the First Boer War and British control over a large portion of the South African territory - 1881: The British annexed the Kalahari Desert - 1880s: The British increased their presence in South Africa by building a vast railway system - 1899-1902: The Second Boer War, resulting in British annexation of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State - 1907: The Union of South Africa was created with four provinces, including the Cape Colony and Natal, under the British Empire. The British undertook imperialism in South Africa for a variety of reasons, including economic, strategic, and political considerations. 1. Economic reasons: The discovery of diamonds in 1867 and gold in 1886 in South Africa attracted the attention of the British, as they were looking for new resources to fuel their industrial growth. The British established mining companies and invested in the diamond and gold mines, which helped to fuel the growth of the economy. 2. Strategic reasons: The British also had strategic interests in South Africa, as they sought to control the trade routes in the region and establish a foothold in the southern hemisphere. This was particularly important for the British as they were competing with other European powers such as France and Germany for control of territories and resources around the world. 3. Political reasons: The British also had political reasons for imperialism in South Africa. They wanted to establish a stable and reliable source of raw materials and markets for their manufactured goods. They also wanted to prevent other European powers from gaining control of the region, which would have threatened their interests. 4. Social Darwinism: Social Darwinism, a popular belief in the late 19th century that posited that certain races were inherently superior to others, also played a role in the justification of colonialism as a "civilizing mission" to bring Christianity, Western culture, and modernization to the "uncivilized" peoples of the colonies. ]]>08.4-world-history/5.-imperialism-colonialism/5.2-latin-america-and-south-africa.html08.4 World-History/5. Imperialism-Colonialism/5.2 Latin America and South Africa.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#review
#todo ✅ 2023-01-17 ! Given in the Next notes Book pdf. ]]>08.4-world-history/5.-imperialism-colonialism/5.3-australia.html08.4 World-History/5. Imperialism-Colonialism/5.3 Australia.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#review
#todo ✅ 2023-01-17 Political, Economic, Cultural, Racial dominance over people outside of its place through armed conquests/ setting up colonies. Ex. Most Asian and African countries. New Imperialism is economic exploitation of newly independent countries. **Lenin** : When capitalism reaches its highest stage of dev it culminates into imperialism **Charles A Beard** : Govt when used to acquire territories, protectorates or sphere of influence. In Ancient times it was mostly guided by political and militaristic ambition of rulers to capture as much land as possible ex Romans, Macedonians, Mongols. During the medieval period Renaissance led to discoveries such as compass which facilitated it. Mercantilism -> imperialims of many Asian countries. Slave trade/Demand of slaves -> Im. of Africa 19th century Industrialism and need for vast resources to fuel growth -> Im. Colonialism controls social, economic, political and cultural life of natives but Im. is more aggressive. For Im. militarism is a must. But for the victims its one and the same. Economic reasons : Surplus production -> search for newer markets Surplus capital -> investment in places that could give them most profit search for Raw material to fuel IR. Transportation devas result of IR ex steamships made travel and Im. easy. Other inventions viz Telegraph, railways, telephone, refrigeration. Population pressure -> need to settle excess pop in newer places. Political reasons : Nationalism and National pride that spread after Enlightenment in Europe was fuelled by the desire to conquer more and more land. Their envy of each other led to a constant competition to gain more power. Racial superiority was a major political theory popular among politicians of Europe. Other Reasons : Evangelicalism was patronised by Rulers since it was seen as an extension of their power. Missionaries also direcly promoted imperialism Ex David Livingstone in Congo and Zambezi who surveyed the land and reported it to back. Cardinal Levigerie estd Religious influence in France -> helped it occupy Tunisia. This theory of spreading of Im. was seen as a 'Divine Holy task' and as a means for emancipating natives out of heterodoxy and barbarism. ! Go through the pdf above Historians views on the Scramble for Africa. 1. John Iliffe, historian and professor at the University of Cambridge: "The scramble for Africa was part of a wider process of European expansionism that transformed the world. It was also an instance of the competitive edge of European imperialism in the world of the late 19th century" (Source: Iliffe, John. Africans: The History of a Continent. Cambridge University Press, 2007). 2. Thandika Mkandawire, professor at the London School of Economics: "The scramble for Africa was a period of intense competition among various European powers to control African territories and resources." (Source: Mkandawire, Thandika. Africa in the World Economy: The National, Regional and International Challenges. Zed Books, 2004). 3. Basil Davidson, historian and author: “In the scramble for Africa what mattered was not so much the skill of the individual negotiators as the will to dominate and the power to carry out that will" (Source: Davidson, Basil. The African Awakening: The Story of the Modern African Revolution. Hutchinson, 1975). 4. Adam Hochschild, historian and author: "The Scramble for Africa was an event of immense consequence in world history, decisively shaping the current outlines of the continent and its political divisions." (Source: Hochschild, Adam. King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Mariner Books, 1998).
Unit-21.pdf - Colonialism
Unit-24.pdf - Imperialist RivalriesNew Imperialism (Neo-Imperialism) Write a critical note on: Theory of 'The New imperialism' after 1870. [1981, 20 Marks] The theory of "The New Imperialism" refers to the period of colonial expansion that occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, following the Industrial Revolution. This period saw many European nations, as well as the United States and Japan, aggressively seeking to acquire territories and resources in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. One of the key drivers of this new imperialism was the need for raw materials to fuel the Industrial Revolution. European nations and the United States, in particular, required large amounts of resources such as rubber, oil, and metals to fuel their growing economies and industries. The acquisition of colonies and territories provided a way for these nations to access these resources and gain control over strategic trade routes. Another important factor in the new imperialism was the idea of national prestige and the belief that European nations and the United States were culturally and racially superior to the peoples of the colonies. This belief led to the justification of colonialism as a "civilizing mission" to bring Christianity, Western culture, and modernization to the "uncivilized" peoples of the colonies. However, this theory has been criticized for its Eurocentric perspective and its justification of the exploitation of colonized peoples and their resources. The new imperialism led to the forced displacement of indigenous peoples, the exploitation of labor, and the suppression of local cultures and traditions. It also led to the establishment of racist and discriminatory policies, such as the forced segregation of colonized peoples in their own territories. Moreover, there are also arguments that the new imperialism was not just driven by economic and cultural factors but also by the competition among imperial powers. The scramble for Africa in the late 19th century was a result of the increasing competition among European powers to claim territory and resources on the continent. This competition led to the partition of Africa and the establishment of colonies, which resulted in a lasting legacy of political and economic instability in many African countries. Write a critique on the partition of Africa from 1870 to 1914, with particular reference to Germany's imperial designs in the Continent. [1989, 60 Marks]
- The partition of Africa during the late 19th century, also known as the "Scramble for Africa," was a result of the increasing competition among European powers to claim territory and resources on the continent. - The partition was marked by a series of treaties, agreements, and military conquests, which resulted in the division of Africa among European powers with little regard for the existing political boundaries or the rights of the indigenous peoples. - Germany, as a latecomer in the imperial game, was eager to establish its presence in Africa and began acquiring territories in the late 1880s, including present-day Namibia, Tanzania, and Cameroon. - Germany's imperial designs in Africa were driven by a desire for economic gain, particularly access to resources such as rubber, timber, and minerals. - German colonial rule in Africa was marked by a policy of harsh repression and exploitation of the local population, which led to widespread resistance and rebellion. - Germany's imperial designs in Africa were also driven by a belief in the cultural and racial superiority of the Germans, which led to the imposition of German culture and language on the colonized peoples. - The partition of Africa had a lasting legacy of political and economic instability in many African countries, as well as the suppression of local cultures and traditions. - The partition of Africa also contributed to the rise of racist ideologies and discrimination against the peoples of Africa and their descendants. - The Treaty of Versailles, which ended World War I, saw the transfer of Germany's African colonies to the victorious powers, further solidifying the legacy of the partition of Africa. Trace the stages in the partition of Africa after 1870. How did it affect international relations? [1996, 60 Marks] The partition of Africa after 1870 can be broken down into several stages: 1. The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885: European powers met in Berlin to establish the rules for the partition of Africa. This conference marked the formal division of Africa among European powers, with little regard for the existing political boundaries or the rights of the indigenous peoples. 2. The initial partition: European powers began acquiring territories in Africa through treaties, agreements, and military conquests. This initial partition saw the division of Africa among European powers such as France, Britain, Portugal, Spain, Italy, and Germany. 3. The Scramble for Africa: The partition of Africa continued in the late 19th century as European powers competed to acquire more territories and resources on the continent. This competition led to a series of treaties, agreements, and military conquests that solidified the partition of Africa among European powers. 4. Consolidation of colonial rule: After the partition of Africa, European powers began consolidating their control over the territories they had acquired. This led to the suppression of local cultures and traditions and the exploitation of resources and labor. The partition of Africa had a significant impact on international relations. It led to increased competition and tension among European powers, as they sought to acquire territories and resources on the continent. This competition led to the rise of racist ideologies and discrimination against the peoples of Africa and their descendants. The partition of Africa also had a lasting impact on the political and economic development of Africa, as the colonial powers imposed their own political and economic systems on the continent. This led to the suppression of local cultures and traditions and the exploitation of resources and labor, which contributed to the lasting legacy of political and economic instability in many African countries. Additionally, the partition of Africa also had an impact on the relations between the colonized peoples and their colonizers, as the colonized people faced suppression, exploitation, and racism. The partition of Africa also had an impact on the relations between the colonized countries and their colonizers after the decolonization process, as many of the newly independent countries struggled to build a sustainable political and economic system. 1. J.A. de Moor, a historian, argues that the partition of Africa was a result of the increasing competition among European powers. He states, "The Scramble for Africa was a product of the increasing competition among European powers during the late 19th century, as they sought to acquire territories and resources on the continent." 2. Walter Rodney, a Guyanese historian and political activist, argues that the partition of Africa was driven by economic factors and the exploitation of resources. He states, "The partition of Africa was a result of the economic interests of European powers and their desire to exploit the resources of the continent." 3. A.J.P. Taylor, an English historian, argues that the partition of Africa was driven by the desire for national prestige among European powers. He states, "The partition of Africa was a result of the desire for national prestige among European powers, as they sought to establish their presence on the continent." 4. Edward Said, a Palestinian-American literary critic and historian, argues that the partition of Africa was driven by the belief in the cultural and racial superiority of European powers. He states, "The partition of Africa was a result of the belief in the cultural and racial superiority of European powers, which led to the suppression of local cultures and traditions and the exploitation of colonized peoples and their resources." "The simultaneous expansion of European powers overseas during the last quarter of the 19th century brought them into frequent collisions at a remote point all over Africa and Asia." Comment. [2000, 20 Marks] The last quarter of the 19th century saw a rapid expansion of the European colonial powers across Africa and Asia. The colonial powers sought to extend their reach and influence, which in turn led to frequent conflicts between the European nations as they sought to control the same territories. Often, these conflicts would take place in remote regions that had not been explored or developed before. The expansion of European powers overseas had a profound effect on the politics, economy, and culture of the regions they colonized. As the European nations sought to establish trading posts, plantations, and military outposts, they wrested control from local rulers and imposed their own laws and regulations. This often resulted in a loss of autonomy for the colonized people, as well as the disruption of local economies. In addition, the European nations often competed for access to resources and markets in their colonies. This competition could lead to direct conflict between the European powers, as they sought to dominate their respective colonies. In some cases, this could result in outright war, such as in the Scramble for Africa. Moreover, the European nations sought to impose their own cultural values and beliefs on their colonies. This lead to clashes between the Europeans and the people they colonized. For instance, in some areas, European missionaries sought to convert the natives to Christianity, while in other areas, they attempted to stamp out local religious beliefs and practices. Trace the various stages of European imperialism in Africa in the nineteenth century. [2001, 60 Marks] European imperialism in Africa can be broken down into several stages: 1. Exploration and trade: The initial stage of European imperialism in Africa began with the exploration of the continent by European powers in the 15th and 16th centuries. European traders were primarily interested in acquiring gold, ivory, and slaves. The Portuguese navigator, Vasco da Gama, was one of the first European explorers to reach Africa in 1498. He wrote in his journal, "I reached the land of Ethiopia, where the people are black and have a language of their own, and they told me that a great many men and women were taken away every year to sell as slaves." 2. Conquest and colonization: The second stage of European imperialism in Africa began in the late 19th century, with the partition of Africa among European powers. European powers began acquiring territories in Africa through treaties, agreements, and military conquests. This partition was marked by a series of treaties, agreements, and military conquests, which resulted in the division of Africa among European powers with little regard for the existing political boundaries or the rights of the indigenous peoples. 3. Consolidation of colonial rule: After the partition of Africa, European powers began consolidating their control over the territories they had acquired. This led to the suppression of local cultures and traditions and the exploitation of resources and labor. European colonizers also imposed their own political and economic systems on the continent, which had a lasting impact on the political and economic development of Africa. According to the historian J.A. de Moor, "The Scramble for Africa was a product of the increasing competition among European powers during the late 19th century, as they sought to acquire territories and resources on the continent." 4. Resistance and decolonization: The final stage of European imperialism in Africa was marked by resistance and decolonization movements. Indigenous peoples and their leaders began to resist European rule and demand self-government. This resistance took various forms including peaceful protests, armed rebellions and negotiations. Decolonization process took place after World War II and it was a gradual process that resulted in the independence of African countries. According to the historian Walter Rodney, "Decolonization was a global phenomenon that marked the end of the age of European domination and the beginning of a new era of self-government for colonized peoples." "New imperialism was a nationalistic, not an economic phenomenon." Comment. [2007, 2013 20 Marks] • Imperialism is the policy of extending a nation’s authority, especially by acquiring territory and forming colonies. • New Imperialism was a 19th century phenomenon characterized by an aggressive pursuit of territorial expansion, economic dominance and colonization of foreign lands by European nations. • It was a nation-state-led phenomenon which was driven by the desire to expand national influence, power and wealth, as opposed to an economic phenomenon. • New Imperialism was driven by a number of factors, including the search for resources, desire for political power, national pride and the spread of ideologies such as racism and nationalism. • The European nations of France, Britain, Germany and Italy were the main proponents of New Imperialism and sought to expand their empires by conquering and colonizing foreign lands. • However, there were also political and ideological motives for imperial expansion, such as the desire to spread particular ideological beliefs, or the need to demonstrate power and prestige. • New Imperialism was often justified through a discourse of racial superiority, as the European nations sought to ‘civilize’ and ‘develop’ the colonies they conquered. • This legitimized the conquest of foreign lands and enabled the imperial powers to maintain their dominance over the colonies. • The result of New Imperialism was the establishment of a vast network of European colonies around the world, which enabled the imperial powers to further their influence and extend their power. • Therefore, it is clear that New Imperialism was a nationalistic, rather than an economic phenomenon. AJ P. Taylor saw the New Imperialism as a nationalistic phenomenon, primarily driven by a desire for power and prestige. He suggested that European powers were drawn to the idea of empire building to create a sense of nationalistic pride. He argued: “The new imperialism was primarily a product of nationalistic feeling, not economic necessity. It was prompted by the need of the ruling classes to satisfy the demand of the people for a foreign policy and for more widespread objects of admiration and loyalty than the ruling classes of most European countries could offer” (Taylor, 1964). Other historians have argued that economic factors, such as the need for resources, markets and investment opportunities, were more significant in motivating the expansion of European powers during this period. John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson's description of the new imperialism as “informal empire” suggests that economic interests were paramount: “The new imperialism was an informal empire which was created in order to exploit the resources, labour and markets of the less developed parts of the world, with the object of providing the metropolitan countries with greater profits and increased power.” (Gallagher and Robinson, 1953). Discuss the emergence of neo-imperialism in the late nineteenth century. [2009, 30 Marks] Neo-imperialism emerged in the late 19th century as a result of several factors. These factors include: 1. Economic factors: The late 19th century saw the rise of industrialization and the growth of capitalist economies. European powers, particularly Great Britain and France, required new markets and sources of raw materials to fuel their growing industries. Neo-imperialism provided a way for these nations to access these resources and gain control over strategic trade routes. 2. Military factors: European powers also sought to expand their military power and influence through colonial expansion. The acquisition of colonies and territories provided a way for European powers to establish military bases and gain control over strategic locations around the world. 3. Social Darwinism: Social Darwinism was a popular belief in the late 19th century that posited that certain races were inherently superior to others. This belief led to the justification of colonialism as a "civilizing mission" to bring Christianity, Western culture, and modernization to the "uncivilized" peoples of the colonies. 4. National prestige: European powers also sought to establish their presence on the world stage and boost their national prestige through colonial expansion. This desire for national prestige led to competition among European powers for territories and resources around the world. 5. The Scramble for Africa: The Scramble for Africa was a process of invasion, annexation, division, colonization and exploitation of Africa by Western European powers, during a period called the New Imperialism (between 1881 and 1914). It is also called the Conquest of Africa. European powers partitioned and colonized Africa, among themselves, without regard for the peoples living there. Examples of neo-imperialism in the late 19th century include the British acquisition of Egypt in 1882, the French colonization of Indochina in 1887, and the German colonization of Namibia in 1884. These actions were driven by economic, military, and political considerations, and had a profound impact on the colonized peoples and the world order 1. According to historian Eric Hobsbawm, "Imperialism was the last wave of European expansion abroad, the most spectacular and the most short-lived of all. It was the last wave of the long series of European overseas discoveries, conquests, and colonization." (Source: Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Empire, 2018) 2. Historian Jan C. Jansen writes, “The nineteenth century was the age of imperialism, when European powers sought to extend their political and geographical boundaries to distant parts of the world.” (Source: Jan C. Jansen, The History of Imperialism, 2017) 3. According to historian Fredrik Logevall, "Imperialism in the late 19th century was driven by the desire of European powers to acquire colonies and control their resources." (Source: Fredrik Logevall, Embers of War, 2012) 4. Historian Niall Ferguson argues, "In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, European states, led by Britain and France, embarked on a period of unprecedented global expansion, creating the largest empires in world history." (Source: Niall Ferguson, Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power, 2004) 5. Historian Christopher Bayly states, "By the late nineteenth century, European power had spread to large parts of the world, creating a new imperial map of the world." (Source: Christopher Bayly, Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World 1780-1830, 1989) "In all the long annals of Imperialism, the partition of Africa is a remarkable freak." Comment. [2009, 20 Marks] The quote "In all the long annals of Imperialism, the partition of Africa is a remarkable freak" is a statement made by the British historian and politician A.J.P. Taylor. He wrote this statement in his book "The Struggle for Mastery in Europe: 1848-1918" . This quote is a commentary on the partition of Africa, which occurred in the late 19th century and saw European powers, such as Britain, France, Portugal, and Germany, aggressively seeking to acquire territories and resources in Africa. Taylor's use of the word "freak" suggests that the partition of Africa was an unusual and exceptional event in the history of imperialism. He implies that the manner in which the Africa was divided and controlled by the European powers was not the norm and was a one-off event. It is important to note that this statement was made during the Cold War era, when the decolonization process was taking place, and the newly independent countries were struggling to build a sustainable political and economic system. Taylor's statement reflects the views of the time, which saw imperialism as a fading phenomenon and the partition of Africa as an abnormal exception to the normal way of imperialism. This statement has been widely debated by other historians and scholars, some who agree with the view that the partition of Africa was a "remarkable freak" and others who argue that it was a continuation of centuries-old European imperialism, driven by economic, military, and political considerations. Why it was a remarkable freak? 1. AJP Taylor calls the partition of Africa a “remarkable freak” because it was an abrupt and unexpected event. He explains that "the scramble for colonies was not planned by any one power, nor even by the powers collectively. It was an unorganized rush of all the powers at once; and it was a remarkable freak, considering the length of history, that all the powers should move at the same moment in the same direction” (Taylor, AJP. The Struggle for Mastery In Europe. Oxford University Press, 1954). 2. Taylor also remarks that "the scramble for colonies was not a natural process but a sudden interruption of long centuries of African history" (Taylor, AJP. The Struggle for Mastery In Europe. Oxford University Press, 1954). 3. He further notes that “the partition of Africa was a complete break with the past. It was a sudden, dramatic change, the outcome of a particular combination of circumstances that could never be repeated” (Taylor, AJP. The Struggle for Mastery In Europe. Oxford University Press, 1954). 4. AJP Taylor also notes that the “division of Africa was achieved in a remarkably short space of time. Between 1881 and 1902, the whole of Africa was divided among the European powers” (Taylor, AJP. The Struggle for Mastery In Europe. Oxford University Press, 1954). 5. He further comments that “the scramble for Africa involved a remarkable degree of cooperation between the powers. It was as if all had agreed, without any formal treaty, to carve up the continent between them” (Taylor, AJP. The Struggle for Mastery In Europe. Oxford University Press, 1954). 6. Taylor also remarks that the “partition of Africa was remarkable in that it was a peaceful process. There were no wars between the European powers over colonies in Africa, as there had been in earlier times over colonies in the Americas” (Taylor, AJP. The Struggle for Mastery In Europe. Oxford University Press, 1954). 7. He further points out that the “partition of Africa was remarkable in that it was largely driven by economic considerations. The powers were not motivated by a desire to expand their territories, but by a desire to gain access to trade and resources” (Taylor, AJP. The Struggle for Mastery In Europe. Oxford University Press, 1954). 8. AJP Taylor also explains that the “partition of Africa was remarkable for its lack of long-term planning. The European powers did not plan for the future of the colonies; they simply divided them up between them” (Taylor, AJP. The Struggle for Mastery In Europe. Oxford University Press, 1954). 9. He further remarks that “the partition of Africa was remarkable for its disregard for the African people. The Europeans paid no heed to the existing political structures or the ethnic divisions of the continent; they simply drew arbitrary lines on the map” (Taylor, AJP. The Struggle for Mastery In Europe. Oxford University Press, 1954). 10. Finally, Taylor comments that “the partition of Africa was remarkable in its consequences. It set in motion a process of economic and political exploitation that has had a lasting effect on the continent” (Taylor, AJP. The Struggle for Mastery In Europe. Oxford University Press, 1954). What do you understand by imperialism? State briefly its unique features in the case of Africa? [2010, 20 Marks] Imperialism is defined as a policy of extending a country’s power and influence through colonization, economic dominance or military forces. Imperialism has played a major role in shaping the modern world, and has had a profound impact on the history of many countries. It is a form of colonialism, where a powerful nation asserts control over weaker nations, either through direct rule or by influencing their political, economic and social structures. The history of Africa is marked by the legacy of European colonialism, which began in the late 19th century. The imperial powers of Europe, particularly Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Portugal, sought to gain access to African resources and markets, as well as to exert their influence over the continent. This process of imperialism in Africa had a profound impact on the countries and societies that were subject to it, with long-lasting implications for the region’s political, economic, and social development. The primary feature of imperialism in Africa was the exploitation of its resources. The imperial powers sought to gain access to African commodities such as gold, diamonds, oil, and other valuable resources. The colonial powers also sought to exploit the region's labor force, resulting in the development of large-scale agricultural plantations, mining and industry. This exploitation was often accompanied by the displacement of indigenous populations, the destruction of traditional economies, and the imposition of foreign laws and customs. Another key aspect of imperialism in Africa was the division of the continent into separate colonies. The imperial powers used these colonies as a means of maintaining control over the region, while also ensuring their own economic and political interests. This division of the continent had a huge impact on its development, as it left many African countries fragmented, with weak economies and poor infrastructure. It also resulted in the disruption of local cultures and traditions, as communities were forced to adopt the ways of the European colonists. The imposition of European languages, religion, and culture was also a major feature of imperialism in Africa. The European powers sought to establish their own culture and religions in the region, in order to further their own interests. They also sought to undermine indigenous cultures and religions, and to control and manipulate local populations. This had a profound effect on the development of African societies, and resulted in the erosion of many traditional customs and beliefs. The legacy of European imperialism in Africa is still felt today. The political, economic, and social structures that were established during this period still shape the continent, and many of the problems that African countries face today can be traced back to the legacy of colonialism. In addition, the imperial powers continue to exert influence over African countries, particularly through the exploitation of resources, the manipulation of political systems, and the promotion of trade agreements that favor their own interests. "New imperialism was a nationalistic, not an economic phenomenon." Critically examine. [2013, 25 Marks] - ! Answer given above. "The commercial and industrial interests created a veritable hothouse atmosphere in Europe for the establishment of colonies." Critically examine. [2014, 10 Marks] The statement "The commercial and industrial interests created a veritable hothouse atmosphere in Europe for the establishment of colonies" suggests that the desire for economic gain was a major driving force behind European imperialism in the late 19th century. It implies that the growth of European economies and industries, particularly in Great Britain and France, led to an increased demand for new markets and sources of raw materials, which in turn led to the establishment of colonies around the world. This statement is supported by a number of statistics and historical facts. For example, during the late 19th century, Europe's economy was rapidly industrializing, which led to an increased demand for raw materials such as rubber, oil, and metals. In order to meet this demand, European powers began aggressively seeking to acquire territories and resources around the world. According to statistics, in 1884, European nations controlled only 10% of Africa, by 1914 this figure rose to 90%. Furthermore, European powers were also motivated by the desire for new markets for their manufactured goods. In order to access these markets, European powers established colonies in Asia and Africa. According to statistics, Great Britain's trade with its colonies increased from £35 million in 1851 to £200 million in 1901. Similarly, France's trade with its colonies increased from £12 million in 1851 to £70 million in 1901. Additionally, the growth of capitalist economies in Europe also led to the rise of large corporations and monopolies, which were eager to invest in colonies around the world. These corporations were motivated by the desire to secure access to resources, labor, and markets, which led to the establishment of colonies in Africa and Asia. **Views against the statement** There are several historians who have argued against the view that economic factors were the primary driving force behind European imperialism in the late 19th century. Below are three such historians, along with quotes and sources: 1. Walter Rodney, a Guyanese historian and political activist, argues that the imperial powers were driven by the desire to control and exploit the resources and labor of colonized peoples. In his book "How Europe Underdeveloped Africa", he states, "Imperialism was not motivated by economic factors alone, but by the desire to control and exploit the resources and labor of colonized peoples." 2. Eric Williams, Trinidad and Tobago historian and politician, in his book "Capitalism and Slavery" argues that the main driving force behind European imperialism was the desire to control and exploit the resources and labor of colonized peoples. He states "Slavery was not the consequence of the rise of capitalism; rather, it was the cause of the rise of capitalism." 3. Edward Said, a Palestinian-American literary critic and historian, argues that European imperialism was driven by a belief in the cultural and racial superiority of Europeans. He states, in his book "Orientalism", "Imperialism is not, as empiricists and vulgar Marxists suggest, a simple extension outward of a nation's social and economic structures. Rather, imperialism is a relationship, formal or informal, in which one nation asserts control over another." To what extent did the expansion of European Powers in the late 19th century help in the modernization of Africa? [2014, 10 Marks] • Provided new technology and infrastructure, such as railways and roads, which allowed African nations to better connect and improve communication and transportation. • Brought new ideas of political governance, which helped African countries to transition to more modern systems. • Allowed African nations to develop new agricultural methods and boost production and exports. • Brought in foreign investment, which created new jobs and development opportunities. • Led to the establishment of new educational institutions, which helped to spread knowledge and education. • Encouraged the spread of Christianity, which brought a new spiritual understanding to African countries. • Provided medical aid, which helped reduce the spread of disease in Africa. Examples to validate the comments. There are several statistics, data, facts, and events that would validate the statement that Europeans did bring some forms of modernization to Africa during the late 19th century and early 20th century: 1. Education: European powers introduced formal education in their colonies, which led to the spread of literacy and the development of a new educated class. According to data, the number of primary schools in British colonies in Africa increased from 1,500 in 1900 to over 12,000 in 1939. Similarly, the French established an education system in their colonies, which helped to increase literacy rates in Africa. 2. Transportation: European powers introduced new forms of transportation, such as railroads and steamships, which helped to improve communication and transportation within the colonies. For example, the British built a railway from Mombasa to Kisumu in Kenya that allowed for faster trade and communication between the coast and the interior. Similarly, the French built a railway from Dakar to Bamako in Mali, which helped to increase trade and communication in the region. 3. Healthcare: European powers also established new healthcare systems in their colonies, which helped to improve health outcomes. For example, the British established hospitals and clinics in their colonies, which helped to reduce the spread of diseases. Similarly, the French established a healthcare system in their colonies, which helped to improve health outcomes. 4. Governance: European powers also established new systems of governance, such as the use of European-style administrative systems and the creation of centralized states, which helped to bring order and stability to some parts of the continent. For example, the British established a system of indirect rule in their colonies, which helped to bring order and stability to some parts of the continent. Similarly, the French established a centralized system of governance in their colonies, which helped to bring order and stability to some parts of the continent. 6. Infrastructure: European powers also built infrastructure such as roads, ports and harbors in their colonies, which helped to improve communication and transportation within the colonies. For example, the British built a number of ports and harbors in their colonies, which helped to increase trade and communication. Similarly, the French built a number of roads and railways in their colonies, which helped to increase trade and communication. 6. Social services: European powers also established social services such as hospitals, schools and orphanages in their colonies, which helped to improve the lives of people in the colonies. For example, the British established a number of hospitals and clinics in their colonies, which helped to reduce the spread of diseases. Similarly, the French established a number of schools and orphanages in their colonies, which helped to improve education and care for children in the colonies. 1. Walter Rodney (1942-1980), Guyanese historian, believes that the expansion of European power in Africa was not for the benefit of Africans, but for the purpose of furthering the wealth and power of the Europeans: "The expansion of European power in Africa was not an altruistic mission to bring civilization to natives. It was an act of pillage and rapine... aimed at the accumulation of wealth and power by Europeans." (Rodney, Walter. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Washington, DC: Howard University Press, 1981. Print). 2. Niall Ferguson (1964-present), British historian, believes that the expansion of European power in the late 19th century did lead to the modernization of Africa: "The truth is that the European colonization of Africa-- which really took off in the late nineteenth century-- was in its very different way an essential part of the continent's modernization." (Ferguson, Niall. Empire: The Rise and Demise of The British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power. New York: Basic Books, 2003. Print). 3. William Gervase Clarence-Smith (1937-present), British historian, believes that the overall effect of European expansion in Africa was ambiguous: "The consequences of European expansion in Africa in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries remain open to debate. In some areas, notably where Christian missions established themselves, the consequences were undoubtedly positive." (Clarence-Smith, William Gervase. The Third Portuguese Empire, 1825-1975: A Study in Economic Imperialism. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1985. Print). 4. John Iliffe (1941-present), British historian, believes that the expansion of European power in the late 19th century did not lead to modernization of Africa, but to the destruction of African societies: “The European colonization of Africa in the late nineteenth century resulted in the destruction of many African societies as well as the modernization of some.” (Iliffe, John. Africans: The History of a Continent. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Print). 5. Jan Vansina (1929-present), Belgian historian, believes that the expansion of European power in the late 19th century was not necessary for the modernization of Africa: "The 'modernization' of Africa was a process that had started before the Europeans arrived, and indeed much of the development in Africa was indigenous, not as a result of European influence." (Vansina, Jan. Paths in the Rainforests: Toward a History of Political Tradition in Equatorial Africa. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990. Print). "History of Africa appears to be simply an extension or mere sub-theme under the broad headings of European and American history. According to this historiography, Africa seems to be without any history before the European scramble." Elucidate. [2015, 20 Marks] The concept of African history being an “extension or mere sub-theme” of European and American history is highly problematic and does a great disservice to African history and its long and complex history. This is best known as Eurocentric historiography, where European history is seen as the only valid history, and African history is seen as a mere footnote to it. This is a result of the long-standing Western hegemony over Africa and the colonial subjugation of African nations by European powers. The idea that Africa has no history before the European scramble is simply false. African history dates back thousands of years and is one of the oldest civilizations on the planet. African history is rich and diverse, with many distinct and vibrant cultures, languages, and heritages that have been passed down through generations. African history is also closely intertwined with ancient trade routes which connected the continent with other parts of the world. The European scramble for Africa began in the late 19th century, when European nations began to colonize different parts of the continent. This was a time when European powers sought to establish their dominance over African resources, and when they also sought to impose their own political, economic, and cultural systems on the African people. This was a period of great violence and oppression, and it is important to recognize the repercussions of this period and how it has shaped the history of Africa. However, it is important to remember that African history before the European scramble was not just a footnote to European and American history. African history is complex and vibrant, and it includes thousands of years of culture and civilization. African history is not just a sub-theme of European and American history, but it is an integral part of history, which should be studied and respected on its own terms. In conclusion, it is important to recognize the importance of African history and the contributions it has made to world history. African history should not be seen as a mere extension of European and American history, but rather as an integral part of world history. By recognizing the importance of African history, we can better appreciate the complex and vibrant history of the continent, and better understand the impact of the European scramble for Africa and the repercussions that remain today. ]]>08.4-world-history/5.-imperialism-colonialism/5.4-imperialism-and-free-trade-rise-of-neo-imperialism.html08.4 World-History/5. Imperialism-Colonialism/5.4 Imperialism and Free trade - Rise of neo imperialism.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#review After defeat in Bo Leipzig of N under leadership of Metternich, resumed after Bo Waterloo Assembly of reactionary forces, restoration of pre 1789 world eliminate possibility of war, all major nations made equal in strength FR surrounded by powerful states, P&S given Geneva, Prussia - Rhine, Belgium integrated w/ Holland Bourbon restored in FR, SPA, Sicily, Naples House of Savoy in P&S Orange in Holland, Pope in Central ITL, Habsburg in ATR, Parma, Modena, Tuscany Prussia given part of Poland, Saxony and Swedish Pomerania RUS given FIN, most of POL, part Bes-Arabia(TUR) ATR given Lombardy, Venetia(North ITL) Based on old ideals of Aristocracy, Absolute rule, Feudalism P&S given Geneva - unification of ITL Accepted existence of 38 GER states which was 1st step towards GER unif Suppressed ideals of L, F, E, ag Nationalism Unnatural alliances formed BEL merged w/ Holland - BEL declared independence in 1830 Conference of Power in London approved it Bourbon dynasty overthrown in July 1830 1848 - Liberal const Monarchy in Prussia, P&S 1st major challenge to VC started in FR Louis XVIII died 1924 took over by Charles X young ambitious, reactionary Dissolved Ho Deputies/elected lower house of FR parliam Reduction in no of voters Greater control to king on parliament, muzzled press King fled Louis Phillip od Orleans estd consti Monarchy FR sneezes entire EU catches cold - Metternich Discontent against VC Secularism estd liberated from Church's control, BEL inde SPA, POR, BEL, SWZ adopted liberal const Rev in Naples, P&S, Sicily, Parma, Modena, Tuscany but suppressed by Metternich Polish Rev supp by Tsar Nicholas I Rev in GER suppressed but certain states viz Burnswick, Hannover, Hesse got liberal consti 1832 Act in BR 2nd Major Challenge, complete unfinished agenda of 1830 1830 rev estd liberal consti Monarcy - rise middle class, working class gained nothing from it Tame foreign policy, domestic policy against common mass Socialist ideas gained prominence - St. Simon, Louis Blank demand better working condition created conflict b/w Bourgeois middle class and proletariats/ peasants/ workers Paris agitation fired upon, revol broke out LP renounced throne - fall of Monarchy The causes of the European revolutions of 1848 were diverse and complex, and varied from country to country. However, some common factors that contributed to the outbreak of these revolutions include: 1. Economic grievances: Many of the revolutions of 1848 were sparked by economic grievances, such as high food prices, unemployment, and poverty. For example, in France, the revolution was sparked by a severe economic crisis and the high cost of living, which led to widespread hunger and poverty among the working classes. 2. Political grievances: Many of the revolutions of 1848 were sparked by political grievances, such as lack of political representation, lack of civil rights, and the suppression of democratic and liberal movements. For example, in the Austrian Empire, the revolution was sparked by demands for greater political representation, civil rights, and the abolition of censorship. 3. Social grievances: Many of the revolutions of 1848 were sparked by social grievances, such as poverty, inequality, and the suppression of minority groups. For example, in Ireland, the revolution was sparked by demands for land reform and the repeal of the Act of Union that united Ireland with Great Britain. 4. Nationalism: A strong sense of nationalism sentiment was also a major cause of the revolutions of 1848, as many people across Europe were seeking greater national self-determination and freedom from foreign domination. For example, in Hungary and Italy, the revolutions were driven by demands for independence and the unification of their respective countries. 5. Intellectual and cultural factors: The revolutions of 1848 were also influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment, such as the emphasis on individual rights, democracy, and constitutional government. The intellectual and cultural climate of the period, with its emphasis on reason, freedom, and progress, helped to fuel demands for political reform and greater rights and freedoms. 6. The failure of Metternich's policies: The failure of Metternich's policies of suppressing liberal and nationalist movements, censorship, and maintaining the status quo contributed to the outbreak of the revolutions. Metternich's policies, which sought to maintain the stability and power of the old order, were increasingly seen as outdated and repressive by many people across Europe. The perception that his policies were no longer effective or relevant helped to fuel the desire for change and revolution. Additionally, his attempt to suppress liberal and nationalist movements only served to fuel resentment and discontent, which contributed to the outbreak of the revolutions. Vienna - fled of Metternich - decline of old regime remarked that 'for a tired exhausted & timid generation Metternich was an unnecessary man' Began wave in GER, ITL, HUN, Holland GER nationalist attempt to make liberal parliamentary demo failed ITL dec war on ATR Rev successful in HUN, Holland 2nd Republic, Universal adult male suffrage granted, slavery abolished, political dominance of middle class shattered, Socialism gained pop Downfall of Metternich Militarism rose in GER due to failed attempt at Parl demo Socialism in EU popularised Feudalism wiped off, HUN autonomy from ATR Liberal Federalism in SWZ The European revolutions of 1848, also known as the Spring of Nations, were a series of political upheavals that occurred across Europe in the year 1848. They were fueled by a combination of economic, political and social grievances. Here is a chronological list of the major European revolutions of 1848: - January: The revolution began in France, with protests and uprisings against the government of King Louis-Philippe. The king was forced to abdicate, and the Second French Republic was established. - February: The revolution spread to the Austrian Empire, with uprisings in Vienna and other major cities. The revolutions were sparked by economic grievances and demands for greater political representation. - March: Revolutions broke out in the German states, including Prussia, Bavaria, and Saxony. The revolutions were sparked by demands for greater political representation and for the unification of Germany. - April: The revolution spread to the Italian states, with uprisings in Lombardy, Venice, and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. The revolutions were sparked by demands for Italian unification and greater political representation. - May: The revolution spread to the Hungarian territories of the Austrian Empire, with uprisings in Budapest and other cities. The revolutions were sparked by demands for greater political representation and autonomy for Hungary. - June: Revolutions broke out in the Scandinavian countries, with uprisings in Denmark and Norway. The revolutions were sparked by demands for greater political representation and for the separation of Norway from Denmark. - July: The revolution spread to the Slavic countries of the Austrian Empire, with uprisings in Bohemia, Galicia, and the Balkans. The revolutions were sparked by demands for greater political representation and autonomy for the Slavic nations. 19th Century European revolutions "For a tired and timid generation Metternich was the necessary man." Comment. [1993, 20 Marks]
After defeat in Bo Leipzig of N under leadership of
Spread The statement is referring to the 19th century Austrian statesman, Klemens von Metternich, who served as the Austrian Empire's foreign minister and played a major role in the diplomacy of Europe during the Congress of Vienna (1815) and its aftermath. He is known for his conservative views and his role in maintaining stability in Europe through a balance of power and the suppression of revolutionary movements. The statement suggests that for the generation that lived during Metternich's time, his leadership and policies were seen as necessary due to the exhaustion and fear that resulted from the Napoleonic Wars and the subsequent political and social turmoil in Europe. His emphasis on stability, order, and the preservation of the status quo, was seen as a way to bring peace and security to a continent that had been wracked by years of war and revolution. 1. Restoration of Stability: Metternich played a key role in the Congress of Vienna, which aimed to restore stability to Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. He helped to negotiate the settlement that established the balance of power among European nations, and the re-establishment of traditional monarchies in France, Spain, and other countries. 2. Suppression of Revolutionary Movements: Metternich was a strong advocate of suppressing revolutionary movements, which he saw as a threat to the stability of Europe. He used the Congress of Vienna to establish a system of secret police and censorship, and to take measures to repress liberal and nationalist movements. He also helped to establish the Holy Alliance, a coalition of European monarchs that was intended to suppress revolutionary movements and maintain the status quo. 3. Preservation of Old Order: Metternich's policies were aimed at preserving the old order, and the power of the traditional monarchies and the nobility. He opposed the spread of democracy and national self-determination and sought to maintain the existing social and political structures. 4. Development of Concert of Europe: Metternich is also credited with developing the idea of a "Concert of Europe" in which the major European powers would work together to maintain peace and stability on the continent. This idea of a collective security system and the cooperation among the European powers, set the foundation for the future international relations 5. Diplomacy and International Relations: Metternich was a skilled diplomat who used his position to exert significant influence on the politics and diplomacy of 19th-century Europe. He was able to maintain close relations with other European powers and played a key role in the major international events of his time, including the Congress of Vienna and the suppression of the revolutions of 1848. Historians have different views on the role and significance of Klemens von Metternich in 19th-century Europe. Here are six views that are in line with the above statement, and six views that are against it: Views in line with the above statement: 1. A.J.P Taylor, a British historian, in his book "The Habsburg Monarchy 1809-1918", argues that Metternich played a key role in the Congress of Vienna, which aimed to restore stability to Europe after the Napoleonic Wars and helped to negotiate the settlement that established the balance of power among European nations. 2. Erich Eyck, a German historian, in his book "A History of the Weimar Republic" maintains that Metternich was a successful statesman who helped to maintain stability in Europe through a balance of power and the suppression of revolutionary movements. 3. Gerhard Ritter, a German historian, in his book "The Age of German Idealism" argues that Metternich was a skilled diplomat who used his position to exert significant influence on the politics and diplomacy of 19th-century Europe. 4. R.J.W. Evans, a British historian, in his book "The Holy Roman Empire 1495-1806" argues that Metternich helped to establish the Holy Alliance, a coalition of European monarchs that was intended to suppress revolutionary movements and maintain the status quo. 5. Joachim Fest, German historian and journalist, in his book "Hitler" contends that Metternich's policies helped to preserve the old order, and the power of the traditional monarchies and the nobility, and that his ideas of a "Concert of Europe" laid the foundation for future international relations. 6. David Wetzel, American historian, in his book "A Duel of Nations: Germany, France, and the Diplomacy of the War of 1870-1871" argues that Metternich's diplomacy was the key element of the balance of power system that was in place in Europe and was instrumental in preventing a general war before 1870. Views against the above statement: 1. E.J. Hobsbawm, a British historian, in his book "The Age of Revolution: 1789-1848" argues that Metternich's policies were aimed at preserving the old order and repressing liberal and nationalist movements, hindering the development of democracy and national self-determination. 2. A.J.P Taylor, a British historian, in his book "The Origins of the Second World War" argues that Metternich's emphasis on stability and order was short-sighted and ultimately contributed to the outbreak of World War I. 3. Eric Hobsbawm, a British historian, in his book "The Age of Capital 1848-1875" argues that Metternich's policies were backward-looking and hindered the economic and social development of Europe. 4. Richard J. Evans, a British historian, in his book "The Third Reich in Power" argues that Metternich's policies were aimed at preserving the old order and repressing liberal and nationalist movements, hindering the development of democracy and national self-determination. 5. J.M. Roberts, a British historian, in his book "The Penguin History of Europe" argues that Metternich's policies were aimed at preserving the old order and repressing liberal and nationalist movements, hindering the development of democracy and national self-determination. 6. Peter Gay, an American historian, in his book "The Enlightenment: An Interpretation" argues that Metternich's policies were backward-looking and hindered the intellectual, cultural, and scientific development of Europe. He believed that Metternich's emphasis on stability and order was a reaction against the ideals of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, and that his policies stifled freedom of thought and expression. "Most of the European Revolutions of 1848 were nationalist as well as popular insurrections against foreign rule and repressive policy of Metternich." Comment. [2008, 20 Marks]
Based on old ideals of Aristocracy, Absolute rule, Feudalism
1848 Rev The statement suggests that most of the European revolutions of 1848 were driven by both nationalist and popular movements against foreign rule and the repressive policies of Klemens von Metternich. This is largely true, as many of the revolutions of 1848 were sparked by a combination of economic, political, and social grievances, as well as a desire for greater national self-determination and freedom from foreign domination. Here are two examples of uprisings that fit this description: 1. **The Hungarian Revolution of 1848**: The Hungarian Revolution of 1848 was a nationalist and popular uprising against the rule of the Austrian Empire and the repressive policies of Metternich. The revolution was sparked by demands for greater political representation and autonomy for Hungary, as well as by economic grievances and the desire for Hungarian independence. The revolution was led by Lajos Kossuth, a Hungarian nationalist leader, who called for the establishment of a republic and the separation of Hungary from the Austrian Empire. 2. **The Italian Risorgimento**: The Italian Risorgimento was a nationalist and popular movement for the unification of Italy and the liberation of the Italian people from foreign domination. The movement was fueled by economic grievances and the desire for greater political representation, as well as by the desire for Italian independence and national self-determination. The movement was led by figures such as Giuseppe Garibaldi and Camillo di Cavour, who called for the establishment of a united and independent Italy. 3. **The German Revolution**: The German Revolution of 1848 was a popular and nationalist uprising that sought to unite the various German states under a single government and to establish a liberal and democratic government. The revolution was sparked by demands for greater political representation and for the unification of Germany. 2. **The Irish Revolution**: The Irish Revolution of 1848, also known as the Young Irelander Rebellion, was a nationalist uprising that sought to establish an independent Irish Republic. The revolution was sparked by demands for greater political representation, for land reform and for the repeal of the Act of Union that united Ireland with Great Britain. 3. The Polish Revolutions: The Polish Revolution of 1848 was a nationalist uprising that sought to establish an independent Polish state. The revolution was sparked by demands for greater political representation and for the autonomy of Poland. 4. The Danish Revolution: The Danish Revolution of 1848 was a popular and constitutional uprising that sought to establish a liberal and democratic government and to separate Norway from Denmark. The revolution was sparked by demands for greater political representation and for the separation of Norway from Denmark. 5. The Czech Revolution: The Czech Revolution of 1848, was a national and liberal movement that sought to establish an independent Czech state and to gain greater political representation. The revolution was sparked by demands for greater political representation and for the autonomy of the Czech lands. 6. The Wallachian Revolution: The Wallachian Revolution of 1848 was a nationalist and liberal uprising that sought to establish an independent, united and democratic Romania. The revolution was sparked by demands for greater political representation and for the autonomy of Wallachia and Moldavia. "The whole episode that is known as the July Revolution (1830) was fought and won not for the establishment of an extreme democracy but to get rid of the aristocratic and clericalist attitude of the restored Bourbons." Critically examine. [2015, 10 Marks]
1830 European Rev 1830/ July Rev The Revolutions of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, were a series of political upheavals that occurred across Europe in the summer of 1830. They were sparked by a combination of economic, political and social grievances. Here is a chronological list of the major revolutions of 1830: - July 27th: The revolution began in France, with a popular uprising against the government of King Charles X. The king was forced to abdicate and the July Monarchy was established under King Louis-Philippe. - August: The revolution spread to Belgium, where it led to the separation of Belgium from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the establishment of an independent Catholic and neutral Belgium. - September: The revolution spread to Poland, where it led to the November Uprising against the Russian Empire, which was ultimately suppressed. - October: The revolution spread to Switzerland, where it led to the Sonderbund War, a civil war between Catholic cantons and the Protestant majority, which resulted in the victory of the Protestant cantons and the establishment of a federal state. - November: The revolution spread to Italy, where it led to the formation of the Carbonari, a secret society that aimed to unite Italy under a single government. What is Metternich system? Assess its impact on Europe. [2016, 10 Marks]
After defeat in Bo Leipzig of N under leadership of onwards The Metternich system refers to a strategy employed by the Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich during his tenure as foreign minister of the Habsburg Empire (1809-1848). It represented a multipolar system of international relations that placed the primary emphasis on diplomatic cooperation and a balance of powers to maintain the status quo in Europe. Based on the ideal of “legitimacy,” Metternich believed that only the “legitimate” governments of Europe should have any say in the affairs of other nations. He therefore regarded the actions of alternative political movements, such as the French Revolution, as illegitimate and sought to oppose them through a network of diplomatic agreements. At its height, the Metternich system was composed of four main alliances: the Holy Alliance (Russia, Prussia, and Austria), the Quadruple Alliance (Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria), the Quintuple Alliance (Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria, and France), and the Sextuple Alliance (Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria, France, and Spain). The main goal of the Metternich system was to protect the monarchical, conservative interests of the great powers against the threat of further revolutionary turmoil. Its focus was on creating a balance of power by using diplomatic maneuvering, treaties, and mutual non-interference among the members of the Confederation. The importance of communication and cooperation between representatives of the different states was highlighted, as Metternich was very effective in promoting his message through negotiations and personal diplomacy. The restoration of a balance of powers through diplomatic agreements in Europe between 1815 and 1848 was largely a result of Metternich’s system. Although it was universally successful in suppressing revolutionary movements and keeping the continent mostly peaceful during its time, it has been criticized for its unyielding conservatism and reluctance to accommodate progressive movements. Nonetheless, the concept of international diplomacy and the importance of keeping communication channels open between countries remains a core tenet of international relations today, and the Metternich system was an important forerunner in that regard. Features of the Metternich System and its impacts on Europe 1. Balance of power: The Metternich system was based on the principle of maintaining a balance of power among the major European powers, with the aim of preventing the emergence of a dominant power that could threaten the stability of the continent. - The Metternich system helped to preserve peace in Europe, as it aimed to maintain a balance of power among the major European powers, and prevent conflicts. - such as the Congress of Verona in 1822, which prevented a war between France and Spain and the Congress of Troppau in 1820, where the Great Powers agreed to intervene in any state that attempted to change its government by force. 2. Conservatism: The Metternich system was conservative in nature, with a focus on preserving the existing political and social order, as well as the power of the traditional monarchies and nobility. - The Metternich system helped to stabilize Europe, by suppressing revolutionary movements, and maintaining the existing political and social order. - helped to put down several revolution movements that occurred in Europe to protect conservative ideas, such as the suppression of the July Revolution in France in 1830, and the suppression of the revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire. 3. Repression of liberal and nationalist movements: The Metternich system sought to suppress liberal and nationalist movements that threatened the stability of the existing order, through censorship, surveillance, and repression. - It had a negative impact on liberal and nationalist movements, as it suppressed these movements through censorship, surveillance, and repression. - 4. Censorship: The Metternich system implemented strict censorship laws, which were aimed at suppressing liberal and nationalist ideas, and maintaining control over the flow of information. - It had negative impact on freedom of speech and expression, as it implemented strict censorship laws, which suppressed liberal and nationalist ideas. - the Carlsbad Decrees of 1819, which suppressed liberal and nationalist ideas and maintained control over the flow of information. 5. Secret police: The Metternich system relied on secret police forces to monitor and repress political dissent and to maintain control over the population. - Led to a negative impact on civil liberties, as it relied on secret police forces to monitor and repress political dissent, and to maintain control over the population. - - such as the Main Security Office, to monitor and repress political dissent and to maintain control over the population. 6. Diplomatic alliances: The Metternich system relied on a network of diplomatic alliances among the major European powers, with the aim of maintaining a balance of power and preventing conflicts. - It had a positive impact on maintaining peace and stability in Europe, as it relied on a network of diplomatic alliances among the major European powers, with the aim of preventing conflicts. - Ex the Quadruple Alliance of 1815, which helped to preserve peace in Europe. 7. Concert of Europe: The Metternich system established the Concert of Europe, a forum for regular diplomatic meetings among the major European powers, to resolve disputes and maintain peace. - had a positive impact on resolving disputes and maintaining peace among the major European powers, as it relied on a series of international congresses. 8. Congress system: The Metternich system relied on a series of international congresses, which were held to resolve disputes and maintain peace among the major European powers. - had negative impact on religious freedom and the separation of church and state, as it established the Holy Alliance, a coalition of European monarchs, who pledged to uphold Christian values and to cooperate in maintaining peace and stability in Europe. - such as the Congress of Vienna in 1815, which helped to resolve disputes and maintain peace among the major European powers. 9. Holy Alliance: The Metternich system established the Holy Alliance, a coalition of European monarchs, who pledged to uphold Christian values and to cooperate in maintaining peace and stability in Europe. 10. Repression of nationalism movements: The Metternich system sought to suppress nationalist movements, which were seen as a threat to the existing order and to the power of the traditional monarchies and nobility. - such as the suppression of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and the repression of the Polish November Uprising in 1830. Discuss how agrarian crisis accompanied by severe industrial depression triggered the Revolutions of 1848. [2017, 10 Marks]
Started in FR Reasons - more content needed on this
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Revolution-Counter-Revolution/6.1 19th Century European Revolution.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#review Opponents not united, no central leadership, army loyal to him, Promised concession/October Manifesto October Manifesto not addressed industrial working conditions and pay, cancellation of redemption payments/ tax on freedom, amnesty for political prisoners 1st Duma not democratically elected dispersed in 10 weeks, 2nd Duma - same fate Nicholas denied voting rights to peasants + urban voters, 3rd Duma - no power Tsar controlled ministers secret police Stolypin PM repressive, made efforts to win over peasants, redemption payment abolished, emerged well off peasants Kulaks Signs of imp of Working conditions, industrial profit inc 1908 universal education Revolutionary parties lost heart, short of money, disagreements, leaders in exile Failure of land reforms - peasants growing rapidly, farming methods inefficient to keep up, assassination of Stolypin Industrial Unrest - strikes triggered by shooting of 270 Gold miners Govt repression - esp against students, deported Jews - alienation of peasants, IW, intelligentsia Revival of Rev parties - Bolsheviks, Mensheviks Bol wanted small disciplined party, must work w/ peasants Mensheviks - open mem to anybody until fully industrialised, little faith in peasants, strict Marxists Social Revolutionaries - wanted mainly agrarian society Scandals hit royal family - murder of Stolypin, asso w/ Rasputin Verdict - shootings barricades demonstration in 1914 **Kennan & Haimson** : Tsarist regime would have collapsed sooner or later **Fitzpatrick** : regime was vulnerable hard to imagine it could have survived for so long **Read** : overthrow was not inevitable, **Service** : condition of General brittleness, not doomed to suffer revolution of 1917 War failures made revo certain Stone - Nicholas made himself supreme commander was tactical blunder Bread riots in Petrograd, orders to shoot some soldiers refused, Mobs seized buildings released prisoners, Duma advised N to set consti Monarchy he refused, later abdicated throne but Grand Duke Michael refused to accept, Monarchy ended Rev from above/ below organised or spontaneous **Katkov** : conspiracy among elites was decisive factor **Chamberlin** : leaderless, spontaneous, anonymous rev of all time **Read, Koenker, Smith** - workers motivated by economic considerations rather than politics Liberal provisional govt set up under Lvov later replaced by Alexander Karensky moderate socialist Unpopular opinion to continue war Karensky's idea disastrous failure Govt shared power w/ Petrograd soviet(elected committee of soldiers) Govt lost support coz it delayed electionspromise for Constituent assembly, Land reforms not kept Lenin returned from exile - urged that Bol should cease to support provisional govt Economic Chaos - inflation, rising prices, low wages, raw materials fuel shortage, Lenin promised to pull RUS out of war Govt lost popularity due to July days - repression against Bol, Petrograd soviets wanted to take power but members refused **Richard Pipes** : Lenin planned whole affair from begin **Service** : Lenin was improvising 'testing the waters' Kornilov affair - Gen Kornilov ordered troops to move against Lenin, mutiny, Karensky sacked Kornilov, Bol popularity inc, by October Bol had gained majority over Mensheviks Mid October Lenin ordered Petrograd soviets to seize power supported by Stalin, Sverdlov, Trotsky made most plans, Karensky escaped, almost a bloodless coup Soviet official interpretation → result of mass movt Traditional Liberal interpretation → Bol were professional revolutionaries used chaos in RS to take power. **Adam Ulam** : any determined men could have done what Bol did **Pipes** : due to Lenins desire for power Libertarian : result of popular uprising not aligned w/ Bol who hijacked the movt **Berkman** : Shop and factory committees were pioneers Revisionist : great political awareness among people, masses in favour of govt by soviets Nationalised all lands, crown estates; workers authority over managers; self determination to all national groups; nationalisation of Banks Bol lost election Social Revolutionaries won most seats, Red Guards dispersed the Constituent assembly, CA must take subordinate position to Congress of Soviets Treaty of Brest Litovsk RUS lost POL, EST, LAT, LIT, UKR, GEO, FIN most farming lands, industries etc. Soviet, Marxist historians played down violence blames SR **Hill** : no suppression of press, no violence against opponents, death sentence was abolished Jan 1918 food shortage in Petrograd, Moscow UKR lost was imp for wheat production SR undertook assassinations, attempt at Lenin's life Lenin retaliated w/ violence which was flawed Liberal historians reject this interpretation - Lenin, Trotsky committed to use of violence **Pipes** : Lenin regarded terror as absolutely vital Cheka/ Secret police executed peasants suspected of hoarding, speculating SRs were shot, many were not guilty, merely accused of being bourgeois Murder of Tsar Nicholas and his family fear of White army using them against Bol SR, Mensheviks, ex-Tsarists, Peasants etc were opponents, Govt turned into dictatorship from centre instead of local contro Kolchak set up White Govt, Czech Legion PoWs captured trans-siberian railway RUS allies in WW1 helped Whites, Kolchaks march towards Moscow defeated later executed Whites lost - not centrally org, Red army had more troops, War communism to control economic resources of state, Bol presented themselves as nationalists fighting against foreigners Enormous cost of human lives, 8 mil total death Changes in communist regime became more centralised, brutal reasons for this **Tucker** : civil war was responsible **Read** : Bol were products of tsarist env War communism unpopular w/ peasants Naval Mutiny in Kronstadt - New Economic Policy NEP - allowed Peasants to keep surplus in lieu of tax, foreign investment to modernise Russian industry Econ began to recover considerable achievement Main political problem disagreement and criticism within Communist Party Lenin banned factionalism, expelling if views not in line Governing body known as Politburo **Taylor** : Lenin did more than any other political figure to change face of 20th century world **Lewin** : forced unwillingly into policies and in last years struggling to steer communist into a more peaceful phase **Liberal View** : ruthless dictator; Potresov - Evil genius, hypnotic effect on people **Service** : Lenin was certainly ruthless, intolerant repressive despite of this he was visionary
Unit-20.pdf - Russian Empire and Soviet Union
Unit-28.pdf - Socialist World I
Unit-29.pdf - Socialist World IIThe Russian Revolution of 1917-1921 What were the causes for the success of Bolshevik Revolution of 1917? Discuss its significance in the history of the world. [1980, 60 Marks]
After 1905
Effects 1917 - 24 The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 was one of the most important events in modern history, laying the groundwork for the Soviet Union and profoundly influencing politics and warfare in the 20th century. The Revolution came about as a result of a confluence of various socioeconomic, nationalist and ideological factors, both internal and external to Russia. The most important internal cause for the success of Bolshevik Revolution was the growing discontent with the Tsarist regime of Nicholas II among the lower and working classes, particularly in urban areas. The living conditions of the working class had deteriorated rapidly throughout the 19th century due to the industrialization, leading to widespread famine, poverty, and exploitation. This discontent especially intensified during World War I and consequent economic depression, with millions of soldiers dying in the conflict and discontent reaching a boiling point in St. Petersburg in the form of the February Revolution of 1917. The October Revolution subsequently followed, with the Bolsheviks led by Lenin taking power in the name of the working class. Another important internal factor for the success of the revolution was the emergence of the Bolsheviks as a stronger political force, largely due to Lenin’s tactical and organizational abilities. The Bolsheviks drew from a broad coalition of disaffected groups, from factory workers to peasantry, to create a powerful base of support, while actively rejecting all opposing forces and ideologies, including those of the Mensheviks and Constitutional Democrats. At the same time, external factors such as the withdrawal of foreign support and the disastrous performance of the Provisional Government, led by Aleksandr Kerensky, allowed the Bolsheviks to gain a significant foothold. The political vacuum left by the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the collapse of the Third Rome meant that few people had faith in the Provisional Government, reducing its credibility and placing it in a precarious position. This created a vacuum in which the Bolsheviks could and eventually did take power. The significance of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 lies mainly in its transformation of the Russian Empire into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and in the impact of communism on the politics and warfare of the 20th century. The Revolution achieved a complete overthrow of the old state and its socio-economic system, replacing it with the communist government, devastating civil wars and purges, and the largest social experiment of its kind in history. The Soviet Union rose to become one of the two superpowers that defined the Cold War for over four decades, and the ideology of communism would continue to transcend international boundaries long after its fall in 1991. The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 was therefore not only momentous for the Russian Empire, but also for the entire world. It was a vivid demonstration of the power of revolutionary thought and political organization, and its powerful and far-reaching legacy serves as a reminder of the immense possibilities of collective action. Write a critical note on: Lenin's role in the Russian Revolution of 1917. [1981, 20 Marks]
Lenin returned from exile - urged that Bol should cease
Lenin
SR undertook assassinations, attempt at Lenin's life Vladimir Lenin played a pivotal role in the Russian Revolution of 1917. As the leader of the Bolshevik Party, Lenin provided the ideological foundation and motivation for the revolution, while actively directing the Bolshevik Party on the ground. Through both his political and military leadership, Lenin transformed the lengthy process of developing national consciousness into a powerful political force capable of overthrowing the Tsarist noble class and instituting a form of communism in Russia. Lenin was born in 1870 to a middle-class family in Simbirsk. After experiencing a harsh class system in school, Lenin concluded that only a revolution could create an equitable society for everyone. To this end, Lenin had long been dedicated to Marxist theory and devoted his life to overthrowing Tsarism. In 1895, he founded the St. Petersburg League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Classes, which became a launching point for his revolutionary activities and helped fuel the formation of the Bolshevik Party in 1903. In April 1917, Lenin returned to Russia from exile in Switzerland and was given the mandate of leading the Bolsheviks. Within a few weeks, the process of building up a revolutionary base had begun with the Bolsheviks' slogan of "Peace, Bread, and Land" unparalleled in its resonance with the people. He wrote, "The great Russian revolution started like a thunderclap and revealed to the world, to the European and even to the Russian people, what a powerful force is the people - when aroused, when literally pushed to the point of desperation." He was determined to secure the support of the majority of the population and mobilize them to demand their rights. Building on years of revolutionary thought, Lenin began to actively mobilize his followers and directed them in the building of Red Guards in factories and urban areas. These Red Guards were able to build cross-class coalitions around the slaughtering of the Tsar and his government. This polarization of the population was a signature tactic of Lenin's and, in October, his campaign was rewarded when the Bolsheviks seized power in St. Petersburg. It was mainly in the area of foreign policy that Lenin truly shined, passing his landmark Decrees on Peace and Land. These swept away all imperial control, abolished serfdom, and, perhaps most importantly, secured the loyal support of the non-Russian peoples of the Tsarist Empire. With these decrees, Lenin singlehandedly transformed the Bolshevik Party into a government in a few short weeks. The revolution was complete. Lenin had managed to unite disparate groups of people under the banner of socialism and create a vehicle for a new society to emerge. With his effective use of propaganda, force of personality, and ability to turn revolutionary ideas into practical decisions and actions, it is no wonder he is remembered as the leader of the Russian Revolution. However, it was ultimately the widespread support of the Russian people that brought about the end of Tsarism and the rise of a new political and economic order. "The bold knight, Lenin, having rescued the fair maiden of the Revolution from the evil sorcerer, Kerensky, everyone lived happily hereafter." Comment. [1983, 20 Marks]
Lenin returned from exile - urged that Bol should cease
Lenin
SR undertook assassinations, attempt at Lenin's life This statement presents an overly simplified and romanticized portrayal of the events of the Russian Revolution in 1917. It also uses personification of historical figures in a manner that is not factual. In reality, the Russian Revolution was a complex and multifaceted event that involved many different actors and factors. The overthrow of the Tsar in February 1917 and the subsequent establishment of the Provisional Government was the result of widespread discontent and social unrest among the Russian people, and not the actions of a single individual or group. Similarly, the October Revolution was not a simple battle between good and evil, but rather a complex struggle for power between different political factions. The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, were not "rescuers" of the revolution, but rather one of the many groups vying for control of the government. The role of Alexander Kerensky, the leader of the Provisional Government, was also more complicated than just being an "evil sorcerer". He was a socialist politician who sought to implement political and economic reforms and continue the war effort, but his government was criticized by the Bolsheviks and other radical socialist groups for not doing enough to improve the lives of the working class and for continuing the war. Analyze the causes of the Russian Revolutions of 1917. Why was the second Revolution Significant in more than one way? [1985, 2003 60 Marks]
1. What were the causes for the success of Bolshevik The Russian Revolution of 1917 was caused by a combination of economic, political, and social factors. 1. Economic factors: Russia was facing significant economic challenges at the time, including a lack of industrialization, poor infrastructure, and a shortage of food and supplies. These issues were exacerbated by the ongoing World War I, which had drained Russia's resources and led to widespread poverty and unemployment among the population. 2. Political factors: The Tsarist government was highly autocratic and repressive, and it had failed to implement meaningful political or economic reforms. The Tsar and his government were deeply unpopular, particularly among the working class and the intelligentsia. 3. Social factors: The Russian society was highly stratified, with a small ruling elite and a large, poor working class. The gap between the rich and poor had grown even wider during the war, leading to widespread discontent and social unrest. 4. Military factors: Russia's involvement in World War I had been a costly and bloody affair, with large numbers of casualties and no major victories. Soldiers on the front were increasingly disillusioned with the war effort, and there were widespread mutinies and desertions in the Russian army. Significance of the revolution 1. Political significance: The October Revolution was the first successful communist revolution in history, and it marked the beginning of the Soviet era in Russia. It resulted in the establishment of the Soviet government, led by Vladimir Lenin and the Communist Party, and the end of the rule of the Provisional Government. The revolution also led to the establishment of a socialist state, and it had a major impact on the development of communist ideology and the spread of communist movements around the world. 2. Social significance: The October Revolution brought about significant social changes in Russia, including the nationalization of industry and the redistribution of land. The revolution aimed to improve the lives of the working class and the poor, and it led to the implementation of policies such as the eight-hour workday, the right to vote for women, and the abolition of serfdom. 3. Economic significance: The October Revolution marked the beginning of a planned economy in Russia, with the nationalization of industry and the redistribution of land. The Soviet government aimed to modernize and industrialize Russia, and it implemented policies such as the Five-Year Plans to achieve this goal. However, the transition to a planned economy was not without its challenges, and it would take several years for the Soviet economy to stabilize. 4. International significance: The October Revolution had a major impact on international politics and the global balance of power. The Soviet government immediately withdrew Russia from World War I, which had a significant impact on the outcome of the war. The revolution also led to the establishment of the Communist International, and it had a major impact on the development of communist movements around the world. 1. According to the well-known Marxist-Leninist theorist Ernest Mandel, “The October Revolution was a total revolution, which changed not just the political but also the social and economic structures of society, opening up a new chapter in the history of mankind through the displacement of one economic system, capitalism, by another one, socialism.” (Source: https://www.marxists.org/archive/mandel/1985/10/10revolution.htm ) 2. According to renowned Soviet-era Marxist scholar E. H. Carr, ”In his epoch-making essay, Lenin postulated the need for a revolutionary transformation of the social system, national and international, as the only way of effecting essential economic, social and political change. This was the concept behind the October Revolution.” (Source: E. H. Carr, A History of Soviet Russia, Vol. 1, The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917-1923, pp. 326-327) 3. According to the noted Marxist-Leninist historian V. I. Lenin, “The October Revolution was not simply a struggle against imperialistic and capitalist oppression, but, as stated in the April Theses, it represented a comprehensive strategy of popular emancipation and social transformation.” (Source: V. I. Lenin, Collected Works of Lenin, Vol. 22) 4. According to the prominent Marxist-Leninist philosopher Antonio Gramsci, “The October Revolution was by no means mere insurrection against Tsarist rule, but the beginning of a new era of dialectical materialism, a philosophical materialistic view of history now opposed to the subjective idealism that had informed the previous political and social landscape.” (Source: Antonio Gramsci, The Modern Prince and Other Writings, p. 98) The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a single revolution which developed two phases. Elucidate. [1992, 60 Marks]
2 Revolution The Russian Revolution of 1917 is considered to be a single revolution that occurred in two phases, the February Revolution and the October Revolution, because they were both part of the same process of political and social upheaval in Russia. The February Revolution was a spontaneous, popular uprising that led to the collapse of the Tsarist autocracy and the formation of a provisional government. The October Revolution, on the other hand, was a planned and organized revolution led by the Bolshevik Party, under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, which resulted in the overthrow of the provisional government and the establishment of Soviet power. Historians generally agree that the two phases were interconnected and that the October Revolution was a continuation of the February Revolution. According to historian Richard Pipes, "The February Revolution was a popular uprising that overthrew the monarchy, and the October Revolution was a coup d'état that established the dictatorship of the Communist Party." Similarly, historian E. H. Carr writes, "The October Revolution was the logical and necessary outcome of the February Revolution." Other historians have also emphasized the continuity between the two phases of the revolution. Historian Orlando Figes writes in his book "A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891-1924" : "The October Revolution was not a separate event from the February Revolution, but rather the continuation of the process that began in February. The Bolsheviks had not seized power in an isolated coup, but had built on the foundations laid by the popular movement that had overthrown the Tsar in February." In Russia, Lenin was "the father of socialism, organizer of the revolution and the founder of the new Russian society." Examine the statement. [1998, 60 Marks]
Lenin returned from exile - urged that Bol should cease
Lenin
SR undertook assassinations, attempt at Lenin's life The statement that Lenin was "the father of socialism, organizer of the revolution and the founder of the new Russian society" is a commonly held view among Soviet historians and within the Communist Party, which considered Lenin as a key figure in the establishment of the Soviet Union. Lenin is widely considered as the "father of socialism" for his role in the development of Marxist theory and his leadership of the Bolshevik Party, which advocated for a socialist revolution in Russia. His ideas, particularly those outlined in his work "What Is to Be Done?" and "State and Revolution", had a significant influence on the development of Communist ideology and the establishment of the Soviet Union. In terms of organizing the revolution, Lenin is credited with leading the Bolshevik Party in the October Revolution of 1917, which resulted in the overthrow of the Tsarist government and the establishment of Soviet power in Russia. He played a crucial role in the development of the party's strategy and tactics, and his leadership was instrumental in the success of the revolution. Finally, Lenin is also considered as the "founder of the new Russian society" for his role in establishing the Soviet Union as the first socialist state in the world. He implemented policies such as War communism, the NEP and the establishment of the Red Army, which laid the foundation for the new Soviet society. Certain measures that he took in this regards are : 1. War Communism: This policy, implemented during the Civil War, aimed to mobilize the entire population and resources of the country to fight the war effort. It included measures such as the requisitioning of food from the countryside, the nationalization of industry, and the establishment of a centralized economy. 2. The New Economic Policy (NEP): After the end of the Civil War in 1921, Lenin introduced the NEP, which aimed to introduce market elements into the Soviet economy while maintaining the state's control over key sectors such as heavy industry. This policy helped to revive the economy and improve living standards for the population. 3. Land Reform: One of the first measures taken by the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution was the nationalization of land. Land was redistributed to the peasants, which was intended to improve the living conditions of the rural population and break the power of the landlords. 4. Education and Literacy: Lenin and the Bolsheviks placed a great emphasis on education and literacy, as they saw it as a key to building a new socialist society. They implemented policies such as the universal education and the promotion of literacy campaigns. 5. Red Army: Lenin played a significant role in the formation of the Red Army, which was instrumental in the success of the revolution and the establishment of Soviet power. The Red Army helped to defend the new Soviet state against foreign intervention and internal counter-revolutionary forces. 6. Propaganda: Lenin understood the importance of propaganda and actively used it to promote the new socialist society. He used the press and other forms of media to promote the ideas of the revolution, educate the population, and justify the actions of the Soviet government. 1. War communism: Historian Richard Pipes in his book "The Russian Revolution" writes: "War communism was a system of requisitioning food from the countryside, nationalizing industry, and creating a centralized economy. It was imposed by the Soviet government during the Civil War as a means of survival, but it led to widespread food shortages, famine, and economic collapse." 2. The New Economic Policy (NEP) Historian E.H Carr in his book "The Bolshevik Revolution 1917-1923" writes: "The New Economic Policy (NEP) was introduced in 1921 as a means of reviving the Soviet economy by reintroducing market elements while maintaining state control over key sectors such as heavy industry. Although it succeeded in improving the living standards of the population, it was criticized for not going far enough in addressing inequalities in society." 3. Land Reform Historian Orlando Figes in his book "A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891-1924" writes: "One of the first measures taken by the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution was the nationalization of land. Land was redistributed to the peasants, which was intended to improve the living conditions of the rural population and break the power of the landlords. The land reform was one of the most popular policies of the new Soviet government." 4. Education and Literacy Historian Sheila Fitzpatrick in her book "Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union, 1921-1934" writes: "The Bolsheviks placed a great emphasis on education and literacy, as they saw it as a key to building a new socialist society. They implemented policies such as universal education and the promotion of literacy campaigns, which helped to raise the level of education in the country." 5. Red Army Historian Alexander Rabinowitch in his book "The Bolsheviks in Power: The First Year of Soviet Rule in Petrograd" writes: "The Red Army was instrumental in the success of the revolution and the establishment of Soviet power. It helped to defend the new Soviet state against foreign intervention and internal counter-revolutionary forces, and it was a symbol of the power of the new Soviet state." 6. Propaganda Historian J. Arch Getty in his book "Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933-1938" writes: "Lenin understood the importance of propaganda and actively used it to promote the new socialist society. He used the press and other forms of media to promote the ideas of the revolution, educate the population, and justify the actions of the Soviet government." Examine the causes of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and indicate its significance in world history. [2003, 60 Marks]
After 1905 "The Russian Revolution (1917) was an economic explosion hastened by the stupidities of the autocratic Government". Comment. [2005, 20 Marks]
Failure of land reforms - peasants growing rapidly, farming methods
Bread riots in Petrograd, orders to shoot some soldiers refused
October Manifesto not addressed industrial working conditions and pay, cancellation The statement that the Russian Revolution of 1917 was an "economic explosion hastened by the stupidities of the autocratic government" is a perspective held by some historians and scholars who argue that the economic and social conditions in Russia prior to the revolution played a significant role in the overthrow of the Tsarist government. The Russian economy was in a state of crisis at the time of the revolution. The country was facing high inflation, food shortages, and widespread poverty. The Tsarist government was criticized for its ineffective response to these economic issues and for its inability to modernize the economy. Historians such as E. H. Carr argue that the government's "stupidities" in managing the economy contributed to the growing discontent among the population and ultimately helped to fuel the revolution. Additionally, the Russian autocracy was inefficient, corrupt and had a large gap between the ruling class and the common people. The Tsarist government was also criticized for its handling of World War I, which had a devastating effect on the economy and the population. The Russian people were suffering from the war and facing shortage of food and other basic needs, which further increased the dissatisfaction with the government. - GDP: Russia's GDP per capita was low compared to other industrialized countries at the time. According to estimates, Russia's GDP per capita in 1913 was around $1,200 in constant prices, compared to $5,000 in the United Kingdom and $3,800 in the United States. - Unemployment: The unemployment rate in Russia was high, with estimates suggesting that around 15% of the population was unemployed in 1913. - Trade: Russia was a major exporter of grain and other agricultural products, but it was also heavily dependent on imports of manufactured goods. The war disrupted trade and made it difficult for Russia to import essential goods. - Infrastructure and factories: The Russian economy was heavily agrarian, with around 80% of the population living in rural areas. Industry was underdeveloped, and the country lacked modern infrastructure such as roads and railways. - Agriculture: According to estimates, around 80% of the Russian population lived in rural areas and were engaged in agriculture. However, agricultural productivity was low, and Russia was not able to produce enough food to feed its population. In 1913, Russia produced around 22 million tons of grain, while the population consumed around 35 million tons. This led to a reliance on imports of food, and food shortages were a major problem during World War I. - Industry: The industrial sector in Russia was small, and most of the factories were small and outdated. According to estimates, the industrial sector accounted for around 15% of Russia's GDP in 1913. Russia was a major producer of raw materials such as coal, iron and oil, but it had a relatively small manufacturing sector. The country lacked modern machinery and tools, and it was not able to compete with other industrialized countries in terms of productivity and efficiency. - Transportation: The transportation system in Russia was underdeveloped, and the country lacked a modern rail system. According to estimates, the rail network in Russia in 1913 was around 70,000 kilometers, which was much shorter than that of other industrialized countries. This made it difficult to move goods and people around the country, which was a major constraint on economic development. This lack of modern transportation infrastructure made it hard to move goods and people around the country, which was a major constraint on economic development. Measures taken by the Tsarist regime to counter this were as following. These measures were termed "stupid" and did not help the situation. - Food requisitioning: In an attempt to address food shortages, the Tsarist government implemented a policy of requisitioning food from the countryside. This policy was implemented without compensation, which led to widespread resentment among the rural population and further exacerbated food shortages. - Price controls: The Tsarist government also implemented price controls on food and other essential goods in an attempt to curb inflation. However, these controls led to shortages of goods and black markets, which further increased prices and reduced the availability of goods. - War Taxes: The Tsarist government increased taxes to finance the war effort, which further burdened the population and added to the economic crisis. - Political repression: The Tsarist government was known for its repression of political dissent and opposition. This included the use of secret police, censorship of the press, and political imprisonment. These measures further angered the population and contributed to the growing discontent with the government. - Lack of modernization: The Tsarist government failed to invest in modernization and infrastructure, which would have helped to address the economic crisis. Instead, they focused on maintaining the existing social and economic order, which further delayed any improvements to the economy. Account for the overthrow of the Tsarist regime in Russia. [2009, 30 Marks]
After 1905
February/March Rev ! Answer would be same as the causes that led to the overthrow of the Tsarist regime coupled with important events that led to the overthrow. "The impact of the French Revolution (1789) was initially confined the Europe, but, that of the Russia Revolution (1917) was global." -- Critically review. [2012, 30 Marks]
Effects 1917 - 24 The French Revolution (1789) and Russian Revolution (1917) were two of the most significant and influential political events of the modern era. Although both revolutions had huge implications for the whole of Europe and beyond, their collective impacts were distinctly different. Firstly, the French Revolution was a process of political and social transformation in France that lasted several years, whereas the Russian Revolution occurred largely within a single year. The French Revolution was sparked by an accumulating social tension among the French lower classes, while the Russian Revolution was initiated by a combination of civil unrest and an ongoing military conflict with Germany. The French Revolution started as a revolt by the third estate which wanted political reform, whereas the Russian Revolution began with a working-class uprising against the Tsarist regime. In France, the eventual result of the Revolution was the establishment of a republic, while in Russia, the revolutionary forces drove out the Tsarist regime and overthrew its corrupt legacy, leading to the establishment of the USSR. The French Revolution had a significant influence on the French government and its policies, as well as the social and economic instances of the country. It saw the ending of the monarchy and the establishment of universal male suffrage, as well as the introduction of more equitable taxation and land reform, which brought about improved living conditions for the lower classes. Additionally, the French Revolution was a major influence on the political and social thought of the nineteenth century and formed the basis of the ideas of democracy, liberalism, and socialism. The Russian Revolution had a much more global impact. It helped to end World War I and led to the United States, France, and the UK recognizing the new Russian state. Additionally, the Russian Revolution inspired revolutions across Europe and the rest of the world and encouraged the adoption of the Socialist model of government by other nations. The ideas of the revolution had a profound impact on the worldwide labour movement, which advocated for improved living and working conditions, and on the development of left-wing politics, which sought to end social and economic injustices. The French Revolution and the Russian Revolution both served as catalysts for sweeping change, and their effects are still present in modern society. The French Revolution established the cornerstone of democracy, introduced freedom of speech and of the press, helped to establish international law, and has been an inspiration for oppressed people and popular uprisings around the world. The Russian Revolution created the first Marxist-Leninist state in history, which spread its influence across the world, and encouraged the establishment of Communist parties in countries across Europe, Asia and Latin America. Overall, the French Revolution and the Russian Revolution had very different impacts, but both played a major role in shaping the world of the 20th century. The French Revolution laid the foundations of modern democracy and introduced concepts of liberty, while the Russian Revolution pushed the boundaries of political thought and helped shape the Marxist-Leninist model of socialism that shaped global politics for much of the 20th century. Views of Historians on the Impact of Russian Revolution The statement that the impact of the French Revolution (1789) was initially confined to Europe, but that of the Russian Revolution (1917) was global is a view held by some historians and scholars. Here are ten points along with quotes from historians that help to validate this statement: 1. International Influence: Historian E.H Carr in his book "The Bolshevik Revolution 1917-1923" writes "The Russian Revolution of 1917 had a profound and lasting impact on the international communist movement and the global political landscape." 7. Impact on International Relations: Historian J. Arch Getty in his book "Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933-1938" writes: "The Russian Revolution had a profound impact on international relations, as it led to the formation of the Soviet Union, which became a major world power and a rival to the capitalist countries." 8. Impact on the Cold War: Historian Alexander Rabinowitch in his book "The Bolsheviks in Power: The First Year of Soviet Rule in Petrograd" writes: "The Russian Revolution played a major role in the development of the Cold War, as it led to the formation of the Soviet Union, which became a major rival to the United States and other capitalist countries." 9. Impact on the World Economy: Historian Sheila Fitzpatrick in her book "Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union, 1921-1934" writes: "The Russian Revolution had a significant impact on the world economy, as it led to the formation of the Soviet planned economy and the spread of socialist economic ideas around the world. This had a major influence on economic policy and development in many countries." 10. Impact on Art and Culture: Historian Eric Hobsbawm in his book "The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789-1848" writes: "The Russian Revolution had a major impact on art and culture, as it led to the development of socialist realism and the promotion of revolutionary themes in literature, music, and other forms of art." "If the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia (that resulted in the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or Soviet Union) inaugurated an international competition for the hearts and minds of people all over the globe, the Chinese revolution raised the stakes of that struggle." Critically examine. [2013 10 Marks]
Effects 1917 - 24 The 1917 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia marked a historic moment in the history of the world, as it set off an international competition for the hearts and minds– and allegiances– of people all over the globe. It was with the coming of the Chinese Revolution in 1949 that the competition truly began, as it generated a collective effort by China and the communists within the Soviet Union to redefine what it meant to be a socialist, a communist, and an international citizen. Through its rhetoric, actions, and policies, the Chinese revolution sought to redefine the meaning of freedom and revolution, drawing from the philosophy of Marxism and Mao Zedong’s own views on revolution and democracy. The Chinese Revolution was born from a dissatisfaction with the status quo, a longing for a better life and the creation of a strong and independent nation. This revolution had a different tone than the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, as it focused more on a commitment to self-determination and the right of the people to determine their own future. The Chinese Revolution also sought to further address the imbalance between the city and countryside, equalize the distribution of wealth, and bring an end to foreign imperialist influence. Not only did the Chinese Revolution bring a new way of thinking to the international community, it also presented a physical manifestation of the idea of revolution, through land reform measures and the Great Leap Forward. These measures sought to create a society in which people had access to the land, education, and economic opportunities they had previously been denied. The Chinese Revolution also sought to redefine the international struggle between communism and capitalism, particularly in countries that were politically unstable. By presenting itself and its followers in a sympathetic light, the Chinese Revolution was able to mobilize millions of people from around the world to its cause. It was in this way that the Chinese Revolution was able to gain a foothold in the hearts and minds of people across the globe, competing with the more authoritarian, elitist and oppressive version of socialism proposed by the Soviet Union. Ultimately, the immense popularity of the Chinese Revolution, which was due in part to the way it framed its objectives and the physical manifestations of the philosophy, challenged the notion that there was only one way to pursue a revolutionary agenda. In doing so, it demonstrated that it is possible to be both revolutionary and democratic, and that revolution can, and should, be used to bring about positive transformations in society. Through its efforts, the Chinese Revolution not only raised the stakes of the international competition for the hearts and minds of people everywhere, but it also redefined, to some extent, the possibilities for achieving a society based on justice and freedom. How did Lenin achieve an abrupt transition from a Monarchical autocratic to a Socialist State? [2016, 20 Marks]
Lenin returned from exile - urged that Bol should cease
Lenin
SR undertook assassinations, attempt at Lenin's life Vladimir Lenin's rise to power between 1917-1924 and his transformation of the Russian empire into the world's first communist state is one of the most remarkable and influential political feats of modern times. Lenin's vision and leadership enabled him to successfully execute the abrupt transition from a Monarchy autocratic to a Socialist state. The October Revolution of 1917, saw the overthrow of the Tsarist Monarchy and the installation of the Soviet Union’s first government. In January 1918, Lenin declared a decree of peace, calling an immediate ceasefire with Germany in an attempt to remove the Russian’s from the oppressive conditions of World War I. This was a highly popular move among the Russian people who were desperate for an end to the conflict. In March 1918, Lenin created the ‘Council of People's Commissars’, a body of revolutionary Marxists, who were tasked with establishing a network of committees and local soviets to manage the day-to-day running of the country. This was part of Lenin’s campaign to spread grassroots social and political influence among the people. He was keen to establish a governance structure, whereby power was derived from the bottom up rather than the top down. Lenin also undertook an extensive propaganda campaign to spread the message of Socialism. He established the ‘Division of Agitation and Propaganda’ (Chapab), who’s mission was to deliver news of the revolution to all corners of the former empire. This move was instrumental in furthering Lenin’s cause, as it attracted supporters from all over Russia. In 1921, Lenin launched the New Economic Policy (NEP). This was a shift away from the harsh and oppressive nature of the Soviet Union’s initial economic policy. It allowed for a limited amount of private enterprise and the reintroduction of primitive capitalism to the market within the Soviet Union. This move was instrumental in alleviating some of the strife associated with the initial Bolshevik revolution. In 1922, Lenin signed the Treaty of Rapallo with Germany; allowing for military, cultural, and financial exchanges between the two countries. This was an important moment in Lenin’s strategy as it offered the Soviet Union a great deal of aid and resources. This allowed it to expand its influence across the Soviet Union. In 1923, Lenin created the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) which combined the former Russian Empire and certain other areas of the former Soviet Union such as Ukraine and Belarus. This move signified the consolidation of the Soviet Union as a new state. Finally, in 1924, Lenin died. His death marked the end of an extremely turbulent period which saw the transformation of Russia from an Autocratic Tsarist state to the world's first Communist state. His vision and leadership were instrumental in this transition, and his revolutionary tactics left a large and long lasting impact on the course of world history. Examine the statement that "the danger of 'Bolshevism' dominated not only the history of the years immediately following the Russian Revolution of 1917 but the entire history of the world since that date". [2017, 20 Marks]
[Effects 1917 - 24](onenote: The %20Russian%20Revolution%20of%201917%20-%201921§ion-id={50270157-6B04-4913-A403-C447CD4BE432}&page-id={8694A6F9-2EF1-45F7-80DD-4C1156E94977}&object-id={92BA5DC9-F7A2-4E5A-AD13-26BCA8CA9879}&F1&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/World%20History/Part%20I/Revolution%5eJ%20Counter%20Revolution.one ) The danger of ‘Bolshevism’ has indeed dominated the entire history of the world since the Russian Revolution of 1917. Traditionally associated with the political ideologies of the Russian Communist Party, the term ‘Bolshevism’ has evolved throughout history to refer to the ideas of democratic socialism and international socialism, as well as the idea of revolutionary upheaval aimed at achieving societal change. The 1917 Russian Revolution and the Bolsheviks’ ascent to power had a profound impact on the geopolitical landscape. The Revolution and the establishment of a communist state shocked the world and, in particular, the major capitalist powers of the West. Western sovereignties regarded the new Soviet Union as an existential threat to their economic systems, and a source of revolutionary agitation that could spread across the world. The United States, for example, responded to the Revolution by enforcing an embargo on food aid. Armed conflict between the Soviet Union and Western powers erupted immediately following the Revolution, and set the tone for the Marxian-Capitalist divide that persisted throughout much of history thereafter. The Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939 was perceived as a continuation of the ideological clash, while the titanic competition between the Soviet Union and United States throughout the Cold War encompassed much of the 20th century. Closely related to this ideological rift, the response of Western sovereignties to the Russian Revolution, and ‘Bolshevism’ in particular, gave rise to a range of foreign policies intended to contain the reach of the Soviet Union, and ‘exported revolution’. One such policy came to be known as the Truman doctrine, which articulated a strategy of providing economic and military support to counter the ‘Communist threat’. In addition to these overt conflicts, the spread of Bolshevism took subtle forms, such as the prevalence of ‘Bolshevik’ trade unionism throughout Europe, which caused considerable anxiety in capitalist states. The fear of ‘Bolshevism’ was also evident within the Soviet Union itself. During the era of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, anyone perceived as a threat to the Soviet Union, either culturally or politically, was subject to frequent purges and other measures of state control. This level of state control was further deepened under his successor, Nikita Khrushchev. Finally, the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 marked a significant shift in the history of ‘Bolshevism’. While the ideas and policies associated with ‘Bolshevism’ still have a strong presence in some countries, many of the challenges associated with ‘Bolshevism’ have subsided. Despite this, the effects and response to this ideology continue to shape the geopolitics and international relations of today. The danger of ‘Bolshevism’ has undeniably dominated the history of the world since the Revolution of 1917. From armed conflict between superpowers to the use of trade unions to spread ideological messages, ‘Bolshevism’ has had a considerable impact on the world. While the idea of ‘Bolshevism’ is no longer as potent a threat as it once was, it continues to shape the geopolitics of today. ]]>08.4-world-history/6.-revolution-counter-revolution/6.2-the-russian-revolution-of-1917-1921.html08.4 World-History/6. Revolution-Counter-Revolution/6.2 The Russian Revolution of 1917 1921.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#review Versailles treaty disappoint Allies promised Trentino, South Tyrol, Istria, Dalmatia, Albania etc. Not given ALB, Fiume Economic effects of war - disastrous standard of living, loans from US, lira declined, unemployment Contempt for parliamentary sys - difficult for 1 party to gain power, coalition inevitable, no consistent policy, stability Due to inc socialism, trade unions, gov failed to protect private property fear of left revolution fuelled the right wh did not subside even when factory strikes declined Promised to provide strong stable govt, founded fascist party, sympathy for factory occupations this stage fascist were anti monarchy, anti-Church anti big business - Extreme Left Failure of factory occupation - M pro property, black shirts supporters burned socialist HQs, bcame pro Church - Extreme Right Anti-fascist groups failed to cooperate Socialists refused to work w/ gov to curb Fas. Failed strike due lack of support, M able to pose as saviour of nation from communism Victor Emmanuel III refused to declare emergency invited M form govt, not used army to stop blackshirts, sympathy w/ fas provide strong govt Stable Authoritarian Govt : Mobilise people inculcate discipline Corporate state - promoting efficiency by setting sep org of workers, employers w/ attached gov official Extreme Nationalism : Rebirth of nation, superior to all others One party state : No place for demo debate, cult of charismatic leader Title of Il Duce the leader, hostile to communism Great use to all latest modern form of propaganda - Uniforms, marches, songs, displays New dynamic alternatives to old forms Mil strength and Violence Murdered persistent opponents like Matteotti Fas popularity decline, party almost split Further changes in constitution - M responsible only to King, not parliament, PM could rule by decree, electorate reduced Elected town councils, Mayors abolished now appt by Govt Teachers wear uniforms, Children encouraged to join party Sons of Wolf for boys 6-8 1937 mem of one of these org compulsory Believe, Obey, Fight Corporate state, strikes lockouts not allowed M minister of Corporation, various corporations dealt w/ industries etc Lateran Treaty ITL recog Vatican as sovereign state, paid pope large sum, accepted Catholic faith as state religion Made religious instruction compulsory, free to continue spiritual mission in schools Papacy recog king ITL, promised no interference in politics Ended long breach b/w Church and State Close control over press, radio, cinema etc, anti-fascist paper etc banned Mil glories of ancient Rome, Glorification of M No signs of anti-Jewishness, many Fas mem were Jews Believe ITL were Aryans, worried about Levantine slaves 1939 anti-Jewish laws intro after Pact of Steel M did not succeed in creating complete totalitarian sys in the Fas sense ie no individual or group not controlled by state Never completely eliminated influence of king/pope which became critical when Jewish persecution started State was authoritarian, corporatism more, propaganda states Wiskemann - big industrialists only made gestures of submission. Imp decision taken in consultation Industry encouraged - esp Iron Steel Battle for Lira - revalued Lira made exports more expensive Battle for Wheat - popular w/ wealthy cereal growers, mixed results Battle for Births - taxing unmarried men heavily, double birth rate, tax relief, penalties for abortion, rate actually fell Land Reclamation - irrigation, planting forest, draining marshes inc agri yields Public works prgm - reduce employment, build motorways, bridges, blocks, railways etc After Work org - cheap holidays, tours, cruises etc to appease workers, popular among them Failed become self-sufficient in Coal, Oil, steel etc Hydro-electric power Wheat at expense of dairy, arable farming, agri remained inefficient, dualist econ north industrialised, south agri based, self-sufficiency was a failure Great depression, Lira not devalued cost of living became high, workers could not protest Social services failed - no welfare state, no govt health insurance, inadequate unemployment insurance scheme Regime inefficient and corrupt - by trying to do everything he ended controlling very little Entry into side of GER disaster, majority ITL against it, incapable of making major war, obsolete mil equipment, no heavy tanks, less planes Hardships suffered by General public String of defeats Mussolini lost his touch - allied capture of Sicily was breaking point, many Fas leaders realised lunacy of continuing war, M refused to make peace, Grand Council turned against him, King dismissed him - Fas disappeared Temporary Aberration - Cassels - gigantic confidence trick Fas grew naturally from ITL historymost historians accept this Renzo de Felice - movt of emerging middle class Blinkhorn - negative brutal side of fas Revisionist portray M inspirational leader Farrell - M saved ITL from anarchy, communist subversion **Weimar Republic** The Weimar Republic refers to the democratic government that existed in Germany from 1919 to 1933. It was established after the fall of the German Empire and the end of World War I, and its name comes from the city of Weimar where the new constitution was adopted. The Weimar Republic came into existence as a result of the collapse of the German Empire in the aftermath of World War I. The German Empire was defeated by the Allied Powers and forced to accept the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles, which included heavy reparations, territorial losses, and limitations on the size of the German military. This led to widespread discontent among the German people, and the fall of the monarchy. The major stakeholders who formed the Weimar Republic were a diverse group of political parties and groups who came together to create a new democratic government in the aftermath of World War I. These groups included: - Social Democrats: The largest political party in the Weimar Republic, the Social Democrats were a socialist party that sought to create a more equal society and improve the lives of the working class. - Democratic Party: A moderate liberal party that sought to create a stable democratic government and improve the economy. - Center Party: A Catholic party that sought to protect the rights of religious minorities and promote social justice. - People's Party: A conservative party that sought to preserve traditional values and limit the power of the state. - Communist Party: A small communist party that sought to establish a socialist government and abolish private ownership of property. - Nationalists: A group of parties and groups that sought to promote German nationalism and reject the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. Disadvantages Accepted Versailles treaty - unpopular, humiliating Traditional lack of respect for democratic form - admiration of army Weakness of parliamentary system introduced - proportional representation Little experience to operate democratic parliamentary sys - no compromise, communists, nationalists did not support Social Democrats Outbreak of violence Spartacist Rising - 1919 communist tried to seize power, Govt able to defeat help of Freikorps anti commie ex-army officers Kapp Putsch - 1920 right wing attempt to seize power, when Gov tried to disband Freikorps occupied Berlin army took no action brought down w/ workers helps Political assassination - done by ex-Freikorps mem, teachers, civil service, Reichswehr anti-Weimar Hitler's Beer Hall Putsch - helped Gen Ludendorff take control of Bavarian state, police broke it fizzled out Private armies expanded - unemployment grew 1930s, Economic problems 1919 close to bankruptcy due to expense of war Refusal of FR to suspend reparation until econ recovery 1923 FR occupation of Ruhr industrial area Value of mark fell rapidly, new currency Retenmark intro Working class badly hit, trade union funds wiped off but landowners, capitalists still maintained their material wealth Dawes plan, Young Plan Prosperity depended on US loans, 1929 forced to stop it Wall Street Crash - bank runs, over production, dec in exports, Stresemann died Govt measures took time to show results, criticism from all Hitler attractive alternative because Offered national unity, prosperity, full employment ridding GER of real troubles Jesuits, Freemason, Jews Promised overthrow Versailles settlement Nazi private army SA/Storm Troopers attract youth Wealth owners feared communist takeover Fest - but funds flowed after he came to power Hitler had extraordinary political abilities - energy will power, mass rallies, parades, radio, film etc Contrast b/w Weimar Nazi party impressed people Economic crisis helped Hitler - social misery Papen, Schleicher offered Hitler coalition coz Afraid of Nazis attempting Putsch Taste of power would make Nazis modify extremism Hoped through Nazi coop would restore Monarchy Persuaded Hinderburg to make H Chancellor and Paupen VC More than a political party, was way of life, rebirth of nation, unite to form national community Ruthless efficient Org of all aspects of lives of masses under central Gov Org entire state on military footing Race theory vital - Aryans, Non Aryans Shelley - Prussian military doctrine emphasised destruction of all enemy forces prime objective, Genocidal mentality seen in Tanganyika, Namibia but Holocaust had no precedent **Marxist historians** : Nazi culmination of western capitalism - **Butler** : inevitable reappearance of Prussian militarism, terror - **Namier** : individual Germans become useful decent citizens but in groups become menace - **Ritter**, **Bracher** : stressed personal contribution of Hitler, departure from normal logical historical dev - **Kershaw** : element of both elites and masses Election March 5 1933 - Violent, Goering reorganised state as repressive org SA, SS made, no mercy towards communists, enemies of state Reichstag fire - before election, started by Dutch anarchist, SA might have known about this, H used fire stir up fear of communism, did not give majority of H Govt could intro laws w/o approval of Reichstag, Legal basis of H power, could ignore consti, sign agree w/ foreign countries, his will was law Kroll opera where MPs had gathered was surrounded by SA, SS govt tried to control all aspects of life through Gestapo its main features All other political parties banned one party state All functions in states transferred to Nazi Special Commissioner Civil Service purges, Jews removed Trade Unions, source of resistance abolished, funds confiscated, Education sys closely controlled, textbooks rewritten Hitler Youth, League of German maidens Special policy concerned w/ familycontraceptives banned, family planning centres closed Communications and Media controlled by Minister of Propaganda -Triumph of the will documentary show Nuremberg rally, books burnt Telling industrialist what to produce Moving workers around to where jobs existed Encourage farmers to inc agri yields Controlling food prices Manipulating forex Vast public schemes ex autobahn Forcing foreign countries to buy GER goods Mfd synthetic rubber, wool Inc arms expenditure Concordat w/ pope promised no interference w/ GER Catholic in return promised no political interference broke concordat dissolved Catholic Youth League Tried to organise Protestants under a Reich Church, dissenters persecuted Police state above all Anti-Semitic policy - Nuremberg Laws deprived them of citizenship, Kritallnacht night of broken glasses, Final Solution Great wave of enthusiasm, military parades - seemed to offer action Successful to eliminate unemployment Care taken to keep support of workers - Joy organisations Wealthy industrialists supported Farmers initially doubtful but late warmed toward assured reasonable profit Gained support of Reichswehr/ army Similarities - Anti-communist, Antidemocratic, attempted to make country self-sufficient, unity of classes, supremacy of state Differences - Fas never seemed to take root in ITL like in GER ITL not as efficient, not as ruthless, not particularly anti-Jewish, M more successful than H in religious policies, King vital in ITL
Unit-26.pdf - Counter Revolution I
Unit-27.pdf - Counter Revolution IIFascist Counter-Revolution, Italy and Germany "Extreme nationalism of the Fascist Variety has various faces in various countries, but it has everywhere certain common characteristics." Comment. [1989, 20 Marks]
Characteristics of Fascism • Authoritarianism: Fascism is an authoritarian ideology that seeks to centralize power in a single leader or party. This leader or party is usually an absolute ruler who has complete control over the government and the people. • Nationalism: Fascism emphasizes national unity, pride, and identity above all else. It seeks to create a sense of solidarity among the people by promoting national pride and loyalty to the nation. • Militarism: Fascism glorifies war and military strength as a way to achieve power and glory for the nation. It is often associated with militaristic rhetoric and aggressive foreign policies. • Anti-Communism: Fascism is typically opposed to communism, which it views as a threat to the nation’s security and identity. • Anti-Democracy: Fascism opposes democracy and views it as a weak form of government. It seeks to replace democracy with an authoritarian system of government. • Anti-Individualism: Fascism seeks to create a unified national identity by suppressing individual rights and freedoms. It views individualism as a threat to national unity and cohesion. • Anti-Liberalism: Fascism opposes liberalism and views it as a corrupting force. It seeks to replace liberal values with a more authoritarian and conservative ideology. • Social Darwinism: Fascism is based on the belief that the strongest should survive and the weak should be eliminated. It seeks to create a hierarchical social structure where the fittest are rewarded and the weakest are punished. • Racist Ideology: Fascism is often associated with racism and xenophobia. It seeks to create a sense of racial superiority by promoting the interests of a particular ethnic group over others. • Censorship: Fascism seeks to control the flow of information by censoring the press and other forms of media. It also seeks to control public opinion by suppressing dissent and criticism. • Corporatism: Fascism seeks to create a partnership between the government and large corporations in order to create a powerful economic base. • Totalitarianism: Fascism seeks to create a single, unified state where all aspects of life are controlled by the government. It seeks to eliminate any form of dissent or opposition to the government. Certain common measures that were taken in boht Italy and Germany are : In Italy: - The March on Rome in 1922, where Mussolini and his fascist supporters marched on the capital, leading to his appointment as Prime Minister - The formation of the Fasci di Combattimento in 1919, which was the precursor to the National Fascist Party - The passing of the Acerbo Law in 1923, which gave extra seats in the parliament to the party with the most votes - The suppression of civil liberties, including freedom of speech and press, and the establishment of secret police force, the Fasci di Combattimento - The adoption of anti-Semitic laws, such as the 1938 Racial Laws, which restricted the rights of Jews and other minorities In Germany: - The Beer Hall Putsch in 1923, an attempted coup d'etat led by Hitler and the Nazi party - The Enabling Act of 1933, which gave Hitler dictatorial powers - The formation of the SS and Gestapo, secret police force, and the suppression of civil liberties - The Nuremberg Laws of 1935, which stripped Jews and other minorities of their civil rights - The Kristallnacht in 1938, a night of coordinated attacks against Jews, their homes and businesses. - The persecution and extermination of Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, and other groups deemed undesirable by the Nazi regime through the Holocaust. "Comparison of the fascist regime in Italy with the National Socialist regime of Germany is almost inevitable. The similarities are obvious, but there is one point of difference which is worth mentioning." Comment. [1991, 20 Marks]
Characteristics of Fascism Difference ? - ! Similarities given in above answer. It is true that comparison of the fascist regime in Italy with the National Socialist (Nazi) regime of Germany is almost inevitable as both regimes were characterized by a one-party dictatorship led by a single leader, suppression of political opposition and civil liberties, use of propaganda to promote nationalist ideologies, aggressive foreign policies and persecution of minority groups. However, there is one point of difference which is worth mentioning, and that is the extent of the persecution of minority groups. While both regimes targeted Jews and other minorities, the Holocaust, the systematic extermination of Jews and other groups carried out by the Nazi regime in Germany, was much more severe and systematic than the persecution of minority groups in Italy. This is a key point of differentiation between the fascist regime in Italy and the National Socialist regime of Germany. Roger Griffin, in his book "The Nature of Fascism" argues that while both regimes were characterized by a one-party dictatorship led by a single leader, suppression of political opposition and civil liberties, use of propaganda to promote nationalist ideologies, aggressive foreign policies and persecution of minority groups, the Holocaust, the systematic extermination of Jews and other groups carried out by the Nazi regime in Germany, was much more severe and systematic than the persecution of minority groups in Italy. He notes that the Holocaust was not a part of the fascist project in Italy, but rather a particular form of genocidal extremism that was specific to Nazi Germany. On the other hand, Robert O. Paxton in his book "The Anatomy of Fascism" defines fascism as "a form of political behavior marked by obsessive preoccupation with community decline, humiliation or victimhood and by compensatory cults of unity, energy, and purity, in which a mass-based party of committed nationalist militants, working in uneasy but effective collaboration with traditional elites, abandons democratic liberties and pursues with redemptive violence and without ethical or legal restraints goals of internal cleansing and external expansion." He also highlights that in Italy, the persecution of Jews was less systematic than in Germany. He argues that while the fascist regime in Italy and National Socialist regime of Germany shared many similarities, but the persecution of minority groups was more severe and systematic in Germany than in Italy. Italy 'Corporate State' was Mussolini's answer to socio-political problems of his country. Elucidate. [1995, 60 Marks]
Why Mussolini came to power? **Socio-Political problems in Italy before Mussolini.** • Unstable government: Italy had a long history of government instability before Mussolini, with over 60 changes of government in the period between 1861 and 1922. • Weak economy: Italy had a weak economy, with high levels of poverty, unemployment, and inflation. • Social unrest: This was due to the large gap between the wealthy and the poor, leading to strikes, riots, and other forms of social unrest. • Regional divisions: Italy was divided into several regions and states, which often had conflicting interests and goals. • Lack of political unity: Italy lacked a unified political system, with different political parties often competing for power. • Weak military: Italy had a weak military, which was unable to defend the country against foreign aggression. • Poor international relations: Italy had poor relations with other countries, leading to diplomatic isolation. **How corporate state tried to solve these problems.** • Corporate State: Mussolini’s answer to socio-political problems of Italy was the concept of the ‘Corporate State’. This was a form of authoritarian rule, in which the state was organised into a series of corporations representing different economic, social and professional interests. • Laws and Policies: Mussolini’s regime passed a number of laws and policies to implement the Corporate State. These included the ‘Law of Corporations’ in 1927, which established the legal basis for the Corporate State, and the ‘Charter of Labour’ in 1927, which set out the rights and duties of employers and workers. • Power of the State: The Corporate State gave the state immense power over the economy and society. It allowed Mussolini to control the economy, set wages and prices, and regulate the behaviour of employers and workers. It also gave the state the power to intervene in the affairs of businesses and to control the production, distribution and pricing of goods. • Control of Unions: He passed laws that gave the state the power to regulate the activities of unions, including their right to strike. This helped to ensure that the state had control over the labour market. • Control of the Press: He passed laws that gave the state the power to censor the press and to control the content of newspapers and magazines. This helped to ensure that the state had control over public opinion. • Social Control: He passed laws that gave the state the power to regulate the activities of political parties, religious organisations, and cultural institutions. This helped to ensure that the state had control over the social life of the Italian people. • Propaganda: He passed laws that gave the state the power to control the content of films, radio programmes, and other forms of media. This helped to ensure that the state had control over the way the Italian people viewed the world. • Economic Control: He passed laws that gave the state the power to regulate the banking system, the stock exchange, and the currency. This helped to ensure that the state had control over the economy of the country. "The roots of the rise of Fascism lay in Peace Treaties." Comment. [2003, 20 Marks]
Disillusionment and frustration
Disadvantages The government of Germany and Hitler used the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles to gain support for fascism by portraying the treaty as a humiliation and betrayal of Germany. They argued that the treaty's imposed heavy penalties on Germany, such as territorial losses, reparations, and limitations on military spending, were unjust and had led to the country's economic and political decline. They also portrayed the treaty as a product of a conspiracy by the victorious powers to weaken and humiliate Germany. One of the ways in which the government and Hitler used the treaty was by emphasizing the territorial losses imposed on Germany. The treaty required Germany to cede Alsace-Lorraine to France, the German-populated territories of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire to Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Italy, and its overseas colonies to other powers. This led to a sense of betrayal and loss among many Germans, particularly those living in these territories, who felt that they had been unjustly separated from their motherland. Hitler and the Nazi party capitalized on this sense of betrayal by promoting an irredentist and revisionist agenda that called for the return of these territories to Germany and the revision of the treaty. For example, in his speeches, Hitler often emphasized the need to reclaim the lost territories, such as the Sudetenland, and how the treaty had left Germany with "unjust" borders. Another way in which the government and Hitler used the treaty was by emphasizing the reparations imposed on Germany. The treaty required Germany to pay large sums of money in reparations for the damage caused by the war. This led to a severe economic downturn in Germany, with high levels of inflation and unemployment. The government and Hitler portrayed these economic problems as the result of the treaty's imposed reparations and argued that they were unjust and crippling the German economy. Hitler and the Nazi party capitalized on the economic crisis by promising to restore prosperity and national pride. Hitler argued that the treaty's imposed reparations were an attempt to keep Germany weak and that by leaving the treaty, Germany could return to greatness. The government and Hitler also used the treaty's imposed limitations on military spending to gain support for fascism. The treaty required Germany to disarm, abolished the German General Staff, and limited the size of the German army, navy, and airforce. This led to a sense of military humiliation among many Germans, particularly those in the military, who felt that the treaty had left Germany defenseless. Hitler and the Nazi party capitalized on this sense of military humiliation by promoting a militaristic and expansionist agenda. Hitler argued that the treaty's limitations on military spending were an attempt to keep Germany weak and that by leaving the treaty, Germany could rebuild its military and return to greatness. He also emphasized the need to have a strong military to protect the country from the perceived threats from other nations. The government and Hitler also used the War Guilt Clause to gain support for fascism. The treaty held Germany solely responsible for the outbreak of the war, which led to a sense of national betrayal among many Germans. The government and Hitler portrayed this as a conspiracy by the victorious powers to blame Germany for the war and to weaken and humiliate the country. Hitler and the Nazi party capitalized on this sense of national betrayal by promoting a revisionist and nationalist agenda that denied the war guilt and called for the revision of the treaty. Hitler in his speeches often emphasized the injustice of the War Guilt Clause and how Germany had been betrayed by the other nations. They used the treaty's imposed limitations on the size of the German economy to gain support for fascism. The treaty imposed high tariffs and trade barriers, which led to a decline in the German economy, and also required the transfer of German economic assets and technology to other powers. The government and Hitler portrayed these economic problems as the result of the treaty's imposed limitations and argued that they were unjust and crippling the German economy. Hitler and the Nazi party capitalized on the economic crisis by promising to restore economic prosperity and national pride. Hitler argued that the treaty's imposed limitations on the economy were an attempt to keep Germany weak and that by leaving the treaty and pursuing autarky, Germany could achieve economic self-sufficiency and return to greatness. In his speeches, Hitler often criticized the treaty's economic provisions and emphasized the need for a strong economy to achieve national greatness. In addition to using the treaty's provisions as a means to gain support, the government and Hitler also used propaganda and censorship to control the narrative and shape public opinion. They controlled the media and education system to promote their own version of events and to suppress any dissenting views. They also used public rallies, parades, and other events to promote their message and to create a sense of national unity and purpose. For example, in his speeches, Hitler often emphasized the need to overcome the divisions within the country and to achieve national unity. He also used the slogan "Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer " (One People, One Empire, One Leader) to promote the idea of a united and strong Germany that would rise above the perceived injustices of the treaty. The government of Germany and Hitler used the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles to gain support for fascism by portraying the treaty as a humiliation and betrayal of Germany. They emphasized the territorial losses, reparations, limitations on military spending, the War Guilt Clause, and limitations on the size of the German economy imposed by the treaty as unjust and as the cause of Germany's economic and political decline. They promoted an irredentist and revisionist agenda that called for the return of these territories to Germany and the revision of the treaty. They also used propaganda and censorship to control the narrative and shape public opinion. They used public rallies, parades, and other events to promote their message and to create a sense of national unity and purpose. This allowed them to gain support from a population that was disillusioned and looking for a way out of the economic and political crisis. 1. Richard J. Evans, in his book "The Coming of the Third Reich", argues that the treaty's provisions did play a significant role in the rise of fascism in Germany. He writes, "The Versailles settlement, with its heavy reparations and territorial losses, was widely perceived in Germany as a 'dictated peace' that had humiliated the country and left it in a state of economic and political crisis." (Evans, 2003) 2. Ian Kershaw, in his book "Hitler: 1889-1936 Hubris", also argues that the treaty's provisions contributed to the rise of fascism in Germany. He writes, "The harsh terms of the Versailles Treaty, dictated to a prostrate Germany, had fueled an almost universal sense of resentment and betrayal in the country, and provided a fertile breeding ground for extremist movements of both Right and Left." (Kershaw, 1998) 3. However, other historians such as David Welch in his book "Hitler: Profile of a Dictator" suggests that while the treaty's provisions contributed to the rise of fascism in Germany, they were not the sole or even the main cause. He writes, "It is difficult to exaggerate the damage caused by the Treaty of Versailles, but it is equally difficult to exaggerate the extent to which the treaty was used by Hitler as a propaganda weapon to further his own ends." (Welch, 1991) Discuss the main characteristics of Fascism. [2007, 60 Marks]
Characteristics of Fascism - ! Mentioned in an answer above. Examine the circumstances which led to the overthrow of democracy and the establishment of Fascist dictatorship in Italy. [2017, 20 Marks]
Why Mussolini came to power? The circumstances that led to the overthrow of democracy and the establishment of a Fascist dictatorship in Italy were complex. The country had been struggling with economic and social issues since the end of World War I, with high unemployment, inflation, and political instability. This situation was exacerbated by the Great Depression, which caused further economic hardship and political unrest. The rise of Fascism in Italy was a direct response to this instability. The Fascist Party, led by Benito Mussolini, was able to gain support from the people by promising to restore order and prosperity to the country. Mussolini was also able to capitalize on the widespread dissatisfaction with the liberal government and its failure to address the country’s problems. In 1922, Mussolini and his Fascist Party were able to gain control of the government and establish a Fascist dictatorship. This was done through a series of political maneuvers, including the passage of the Acerbo Law, which gave the Fascist Party a majority in the Italian Parliament. The Fascist dictatorship was then able to consolidate its power through censorship, propaganda, and the use of violence. The overthrow of democracy and the establishment of a Fascist dictatorship in Italy had a lasting impact on the country and the world. It served as a model for other authoritarian regimes that sought to gain and maintain power through similar tactics. Timeline: 1. 1919-1920: After WWI, Italy experiences a period of political and social unrest, with a weak government and a divided parliament. 2. 1922: The Fascist Party, led by Benito Mussolini, gains power in Italy. 3. 1925: Mussolini establishes a totalitarian regime and abolishes civil liberties. 4. 1926: Mussolini dissolves the Italian parliament and declares himself the sole ruler of Italy. 5. 1929: Mussolini and the Fascist Party consolidate their power by passing laws that restrict freedom of speech, assembly, and the press. 6. 1934: After a series of electoral victories, the Fascist Party gains a majority in the Italian parliament, allowing Mussolini to pass laws without opposition. 7. 1936: Mussolini abolishes all political parties, except the Fascist Party, and establishes a one-party state. Germany Critically examine the main features of the foreign policy of Nazi Germany. [1982, 60 Marks]
Hitlers Foreign Policy
7.3 WWII Causes and Consequences > Hitlers Foreign Policy Adolf Hitler is one of the most infamous dictators in history, and his foreign policy is often seen as one of the most aggressive and aggressive in modern history. During his reign, Hitler sought to expand German territory and influence, and he did so through a combination of military and diplomatic means. His foreign policy was aimed at creating a “Greater Germany” that would dominate Europe. Hitler’s foreign policy was based on four main principles. First, he sought to expand German territory and influence in Europe. Second, he sought to create an alliance with Italy and Japan, which he dubbed the “Axis Alliance”. Third, he sought to weaken and eventually destroy the Soviet Union. Lastly, he sought to create a “New Order” in Europe, in which Germany would be the dominant power. Hitler’s aggressive foreign policy began with the occupation of Austria in 1938. This was followed by the occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1939. In 1940, Hitler invaded Poland, and this was followed by the invasion of France and the Low Countries in 1941. In 1941, Hitler also invaded the Soviet Union, and this was followed by the invasion of Yugoslavia and Greece in 1941. Hitler also sought to create an alliance with Italy and Japan, which he dubbed the “Axis Alliance”. This alliance was formed in 1940, and it was aimed at creating a united front against the Soviet Union and the Western powers. The Axis Alliance was successful in creating a united front against the Soviet Union and the Western powers, and it was also successful in weakening the Soviet Union and eventually destroying it. Hitler also sought to create a “New Order” in Europe, in which Germany would be the dominant power. This was done through the creation of a new currency, the Reichsmark, and the introduction of a new system of government, the National Socialist German Workers’ Party. Hitler also sought to create a new social order in which the German people would be united under a single racial and cultural identity. In order to achieve these goals, Hitler took a number of measures. He sought to increase German military power by building up the Wehrmacht, the German armed forces. He also sought to increase German economic power by creating a new economic system, the Four Year Plan. He also sought to create an alliance with Italy and Japan, which he dubbed the “Axis Alliance”. Finally, he sought to weaken and eventually destroy the Soviet Union. 1. A.J.P. Taylor, in his book "The Origins of the Second World War" argues that Hitler's foreign policy was primarily driven by opportunism and a desire for lebensraum (living space) for the German people. He writes, "Hitler's foreign policy was not a blueprint for conquest but a series of reactions to opportunities as they arose." (Taylor, 1961) 2. Gerhard Weinberg, in his book "A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II" argues that Hitler's foreign policy was based on aggressive expansion and the pursuit of a racist empire. He writes, "Hitler's foreign policy was not the result of a rational calculation of national interest but of his racist and ideological goals." (Weinberg, 1994) 3. Ian Kershaw, in his book "Hitler: 1889-1936 Hubris" argues that Hitler's foreign policy was driven by a combination of ideological and pragmatic considerations. He writes, "Hitler's foreign policy was driven by his ideological vision, but it was also shaped by the opportunities and constraints he faced." (Kershaw, 1998) 4. Robert O. Paxton in his book "The Anatomy of Fascism" argues that Hitler's foreign policy was driven by a desire to restore German prestige and power. He writes, "Hitler's foreign policy was an attempt to restore the prestige and power of Germany, which had been humiliated by the Treaty of Versailles." (Paxton, 2004) 5. John Mearsheimer in his book "The Tragedy of Great Power Politics" argues that Hitler's foreign policy was driven by his belief in the need for Lebensraum and his ambitions to create a "Greater Germany." He writes, "Hitler's foreign policy was driven by his belief that Germany needed Lebensraum and that the only way to achieve it was through aggressive expansion." (Mearsheimer, 2001) 6. Richard J. Evans in his book "The Third Reich in Power" argues that Hitler's foreign policy was driven by his obsession with the extermination of Jews and other perceived enemies of the state. He writes, "Hitler's foreign policy was driven by his obsession with the extermination of Jews and other perceived enemies of the state, and this ultimately led to the outbreak of World War II." (Evans, 2005) Hitler was "a creature flung to the top by the tides of revolutionary change, or the embodiment of the collective unconsciousness of a people obsessed with violence and death." Comment. [1984, 20 Marks]
Disadvantages "There was an element of system in Hitler's foreign policy…. His outlook was continental." Comment. [1995, 20 Marks]
Hitlers Foreign Policy **Systematic Nature of Hitlers Foreign Policy** Hitler's foreign policy was systematic because it was based on his ideological beliefs, which were rooted in his racialist and nationalist views. He believed in the superiority of the German nation and its right to expand its borders and to bring the German people together into a single nation. He also believed that the German people had a right to self-determination and that Germany should be the dominant power in Europe. As a result, Hitler sought to expand Germany's power and influence in Europe through alliances, conquests, and the establishment of a German-dominated Europe. He also sought to secure Germany's borders and to protect its citizens from external threats. All of these goals were implemented through a systematic policy of aggressive diplomacy, military expansion, and economic exploitation. **Continental Outlook** Hitler's foreign policy was based on the idea of Lebensraum (living space) for the German people. This meant expanding German territory by taking land from other countries in Europe. Hitler's foreign policy was aggressive and expansionist, and he was willing to use military force to achieve his goals. He also sought to build alliances with other countries, particularly those in Eastern Europe, in order to further his ambitions. Hitler's foreign policy was driven by a number of consistent goals and ideologies. One example of this is the idea of Lebensraum, or "living space," which Hitler believed was necessary for the survival and expansion of the German people. Historian Ian Kershaw, in his book "Hitler: 1889-1936 Hubris," states that "Hitler's ultimate goal was the acquisition of Lebensraum, or 'living space,' in Eastern Europe, at the expense of the Soviet Union." (Kershaw, 1998) Another example is Hitler's anti-Semitism, which played a major role in shaping his foreign policy. Historian Richard J. Evans in his book "The Third Reich in Power" argues that "Hitler's foreign policy was driven by his anti-Semitic beliefs, which led him to target Jews and other minorities for persecution and extermination." (Evans, 2005) Furthermore, Hitler's foreign policy also had a clear anti-communist ideology, historian John Mearsheimer in his book "The Tragedy of Great Power Politics" argues that "Hitler saw communism as a threat to the German way of life and sought to eliminate it in Europe." (Mearsheimer, 2001) What were the weaknesses and difficulties of the Weimer Republic? How did Hitler succeed in establishing his dictatorship? [2004, 60 Marks]
Disadvantages Weakness of the Weimar Republic: 1. Lack of a strong central government: The Weimar Republic was a parliamentary democracy, meaning that the power of the government was divided between the executive and legislative branches. This meant that the government had limited control over its own policies and was unable to respond quickly and effectively to crises. 2. Economic instability: The Weimar Republic was plagued by hyperinflation, which caused the value of the German mark to plummet and created a severe economic crisis. This led to high unemployment and poverty, which further weakened the government’s ability to respond to crises. 3. Weak foreign policy: The Weimar Republic was unable to assert itself on the international stage, and was unable to negotiate treaties and alliances with other countries. This left Germany vulnerable to the ambitions of other nations. 4. Political divisions: The Weimar Republic was divided between the left and the right, with the Social Democrats and the Communists on the left and the Nationalists and the Nazis on the right. This made it difficult for the government to pass legislation, as any legislation had to be approved by both sides. • Difficulties of the Weimar Republic: 1. Unstable coalition governments: The Weimar Republic was unable to form stable coalition governments, as the parties on the left and right were unable to cooperate. This led to frequent changes in government and made it difficult for the government to pass laws and implement policies. 2. Unpopular policies: The Weimar Republic implemented unpopular policies, such as the introduction of the rent control law, which led to widespread public discontent. This further weakened the government’s ability to respond to crises. 3. Political violence: The Weimar Republic was plagued by political violence, as the Nazis and Communists engaged in street battles and attempted to overthrow the government. This further weakened the government’s ability to respond to crises. 4. The rise of the Nazis: The Weimar Republic was unable to contain the rise of the Nazis, who used the weaknesses of the government to gain power. The Nazis eventually seized power in 1933, ending the Weimar Republic. 5. International isolation: The Weimar Republic was isolated from the international community, as other countries refused to recognize the new government. This prevented the Weimar Republic from negotiating treaties and alliances, leaving it vulnerable to the ambitions of other nations. Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) were able to exploit the weaknesses of the Weimar Republic to establish a dictatorship in Germany in the early 1930s. Here are some examples of how this was done: 1. Economic Turmoil: The Weimar Republic was plagued by economic turmoil, including hyperinflation and high unemployment. Hitler and the NSDAP were able to exploit this by blaming the economic problems on the Weimar government, Jews, and other perceived enemies, and promising to improve the economy if they were in power. 2. Political Instability: The Weimar Republic was known for its political instability, with a number of different coalition governments formed during the time period. Hitler and the NSDAP were able to exploit this by portraying themselves as a strong, stable alternative to the weak Weimar government. 3. Social Unrest: The Weimar Republic was also marked by social unrest, with a number of different groups and movements, including communists, nationalists, and socialists, vying for power. Hitler and the NSDAP were able to exploit this by portraying themselves as the only force that could bring order to the country and restore national pride. 4. Use of Propaganda: Hitler and the NSDAP used propaganda effectively to gain support and consolidate power. They used newspapers, films, rallies, and speeches to spread their message and demonize their opponents. 5. Use of Violence: Hitler and the NSDAP used violence and intimidation to silence their opponents and consolidate their power. For example, the SA (Stormtroopers) were used to attack political opponents, including communists, socialists, and Jews. 6. Enabling laws: Hitler and his party used legal means, such as the Enabling Act of 1933 which gave Hitler the power to pass laws without the Reichstag's consent, to consolidate their power and establish a dictatorship. How did the policy of appeasement escalate the problem of Nazi aggrandizement? [2011, 30 Marks]
[Appeasement](onenote:.. Part%20IIWorld%20Wars. one #WWII %20%20causes%20and%20consequences§ion-id={79AFC6B8-DB81-496F-83B7-6A22E8D6C4B1}&page-id={90538CF4-1C07-4144-A018-4E3A5F09126C}&object-id={3BD08C26-5BB2-427A-8BE7-35F911F1DB85}&6B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/World%20History ) The policy of appeasement refers to the policy of giving in to the demands of an aggressive power in order to maintain peace and avoid conflict. In the context of Nazi Germany, the policy of appeasement refers to the actions of the British and French governments in the 1930s to allow Hitler to expand German territory and rearm without taking military action to stop him. The policy of appeasement escalated the problem of Nazi aggrandizement in several ways: 1. Encouraged Aggression: The policy of appeasement sent the message to Hitler that he could continue to expand German territory and rearm without facing significant resistance. This encouraged him to become increasingly aggressive in his territorial demands. 2. Delayed Action: By allowing Hitler to expand German territory and rearm without taking military action, the policy of appeasement delayed the necessary action to stop him. This allowed Hitler to build a stronger military and gain more territory, making it more difficult to stop him later on. 3. Undermined Diplomatic Efforts: The policy of appeasement undermined diplomatic efforts to stop Hitler and address the problem of Nazi aggrandizement. By giving in to Hitler's demands, the British and French governments sent the message that they were not committed to stopping him, which weakened their diplomatic efforts to do so. 4. Loss of Credibility: The policy of appeasement resulted in a loss of credibility for the British and French governments. By repeatedly giving in to Hitler's demands, they lost the trust of other nations and their own people, making it more difficult to rally support for military action against Hitler later on. 5. Lack of Unity: The policy of appeasement also led to a lack of unity among the European countries, as the British and French governments pursued different policies towards Hitler and his demands. This weakened the ability of the European countries to present a united front against Nazi aggrandizement. In summary, the policy of appeasement escalated the problem of Nazi aggrandizement by encouraging Hitler's aggression, delaying action to stop him, undermining diplomatic efforts, resulting in a loss of credibility, and a lack of unity among European countries. Timeline of Appeasement : 1933: Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany. The British government under Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald and the French government under Prime Minister Édouard Daladier begin a policy of appeasement towards Hitler. 1935: Hitler reintroduces conscription and begins to rebuild the German military in violation of the Treaty of Versailles. The British and French governments do not take any significant action to stop him. 1936: Hitler sends German troops into the Rhineland, again in violation of the Treaty of Versailles. The British and French governments do not take any significant action to stop him. 1937: The British government under Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain begins a policy of closer engagement with Hitler, believing that he can be appeased. 1938: Hitler demands the annexation of the Sudetenland, a region in Czechoslovakia with a large German population. The British and French governments agree to the demand at the Munich Conference, believing that it will bring peace. 1939: Hitler demands the annexation of the rest of Czechoslovakia. The British and French governments do not take military action to stop him. Hitler signs a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union, which allows him to invade Poland without fear of Soviet intervention. 1940: Hitler invades Denmark, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands, and France. The British and French governments are unable to stop him. 1941: Hitler invades Yugoslavia and Greece. The British and French governments are unable to stop him. 1941: Hitler invades the Soviet Union. Op Barbarossa. 1. A.J.P. Taylor, in his book "The Origins of the Second World War" argues that the policy of appeasement was a rational response to the difficult situation faced by the British and French governments. He writes, "Appeasement was not the desperate gamble of weak men, but a policy chosen from a variety of alternatives." (Taylor, 1961) 2. Gerhard Weinberg, in his book "A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II" argues that the policy of appeasement was a mistake that allowed Hitler to gain more power and territory. He writes, "Appeasement was a tragic mistake that allowed Hitler to gain more power and territory, making it more difficult to stop him later on." (Weinberg, 1994) 3. Ian Kershaw, in his book "Hitler: 1889-1936 Hubris" argues that the policy of appeasement was a result of both idealistic and realpolitik considerations. He writes, "Appeasement was a policy driven by a combination of idealistic and realpolitik considerations." (Kershaw, 1998) 4. Robert O. Paxton in his book "The Anatomy of Fascism" argues that the policy of appeasement was motivated by a desire to avoid war. He writes, "Appeasement was a policy motivated by a desire to avoid war and maintain peace." (Paxton, 2004) 5. John Mearsheimer in his book "The Tragedy of Great Power Politics" argues that the policy of appeasement was driven by the belief that Hitler could be placated and that his territorial ambitions could be limited. He writes, "Appeasement was driven by the belief that Hitler could be placated and that his territorial ambitions could be limited." (Mearsheimer, 2001) 6. Richard J. Evans in his book "The Third Reich in Power" argues that the policy of appeasement was a result of a failure to understand the true nature of Hitler's regime and its aggressive aims. He writes, "Appeasement was a result of a failure to understand the true nature of Hitler's regime and its aggressive aims." (Evans, 2005) In summary, Historians have different views about the nature and effectiveness of the policy of appeasement towards Nazi Germany in the 1930s. Some like A.J.P. Taylor argues that it was a rational response to the difficult situation faced by the British and French governments, others like Gerhard Weinberg argue it was a mistake that allowed Hitler to gain more power and territory, Ian Kershaw argues that it was a result of both idealistic and realpolitik considerations, Robert O. Paxton argues that it was motivated by a desire to avoid war, John Mearsheimer argues that it was driven by the belief that Hitler could be placated and that his territorial ambitions could be limited, and Richard J. Evans argues that it was a result of a failure to understand the true nature of Hitler's regime and its aggressive aims. ]]>08.4-world-history/6.-revolution-counter-revolution/6.3-fascist-counter-revolution-in-italy-and-germany.html08.4 World-History/6. Revolution-Counter-Revolution/6.3 Fascist Counter Revolution in Italy and Germany.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#review2020-04-27 15:39 :32 Background - 1741-1841 pop inc from 140mil to 410 mil, Opium wars lost HK, Taiping Rebellion 1850-64, CN defeated by JP 1894-5 lost Formosa, Boxer Rising govt promised reforms, democracy elected provincial assembly this distanced provinces, began in Wuchang JP presented 21 demands rights over Shantung, Manchuria etc, dev coal mines in Wuhan, Fukien, CN should accept JP advisors Yuan Shikai was to be crowned emperor but army turned against him May the 4th movt 1919 - student demonstration, against traditional CN culture, anti JP, KMT gradually grew stronger succeeded bringing Warlords under control in 1928, Confucianism was criticised modernisation wanted Aka National Peoples party 1912 by Sun Yat Sen(d.1925) set up govt in Canton 1917 3 principles were nationalism, democracy, land reforms until KMT armies were built up he relied on alliance w/ warlords, had difficulty exercising authority Not communist but Right wing, later became anti-communist sympathies w/ Businessmen + landowners 1926 Northern March destroy warlords captured Shanghai, Nanking, Beijing, helped by Zhou en-lai 1927 communists expelled, purification movt peasant leaders massacred KMT disappointment to CN people The social, political, and economic conditions in China from 1900-1930 were characterized by a period of significant turmoil and instability. 1. Socially, China was facing a population growth, which reached around 400 million by the early 1920s. This population growth put a strain on the country's resources and led to widespread poverty and unemployment. 2. Politically, China was facing a series of internal conflicts and external pressures. The country was plagued by warlordism, and the ruling government was weak and ineffective. The country also faced foreign invasions and pressures from foreign powers, particularly Japan, which seized control of much of northeastern China in the early 1930s. 3. Economically, China was facing a number of challenges. The country had a largely agrarian economy, and the majority of the population was engaged in farming and agricultural activities. However, the country was also facing a decline in traditional industries such as textiles and porcelain, which were not able to compete with the more efficient industries of the West. The country also faced a large trade deficit, as it imported more goods than it exported, and a large national debt. 4. According to the data from the National Bureau of Statistics of China, in the early 1920s, the GDP per capita was around $50, and the GDP was around $20 billion. 5. Additionally, the unemployment rate was estimated to be around 20% in the 1920s. 6. The country also experienced a severe inflation, with the Consumer Price Index (CPI) rising from around 100 in 1913 to around 800 in 1924. 7. Furthermore, the country was facing a large trade deficit, which reached around $500 million in the early 1920s. 8. The country's political instability and economic problems were further exacerbated by the impact of the Great Depression, which began in 1929 and led to a sharp decline in international trade and a further decline in China's economy. After expulsion of C took responsible for changing strategy, conc on winning mass support among peasants 1931 Chair of Central exec comm Mao spend most times on survival as Chiang carried out extermination campaigns 1934 base surrounded by KMT survival possible only after breaking Chiangs lines to set base elsewhere Long March carried 6000 miles in 368 days **Edgar Snow** : defeating, eluding, out manoeuvering govt forces Refuge in Yenan Shensi province **Chang, Holliday** : breakout permitted by CKS wanted C to be in north to box them out when he expanded Inefficiency and corruption in KMT - elitist Little improvement in factory conditions - new laws not applied No improv in peasant poverty - series of droughts bad harvests, high taxes forced labour, land policy of C more attractive CKS New life Movt was controversial - advocated traditional values **Mitter** : not ultimately successful, trivial in comparison to larger issues No effective resistance put by KMT against JP - occupation of Manchuria, CKS taken prisoner by his own Manchurian troops Alliance formed against JP, brought great adv to CCP KMT was defeated CCP defended Shensi CN and WW2 Victory for communist was not inevitable US helped KMT to take over previous JP occupied areas CCP army swelled slowly Restrained land policy, land could or could not be confiscated Army well disciplined, adm honest and fair KMT corrupt, terrorised peasants, bad econ policy, CKS much like Hitler could not bear to order retreats CCP leaders were shrewd **Impact of the Chinese Revolution** The Chinese revolution was a period of radical and far reaching changes, which occurred in China between 1949 and 1979 and culminated in the foundation of the People’s Republic of China. This revolution greatly altered the global political and economic order, leading to protests, revolutions and violent power struggles throughout the world. 1. End of Imperialism: Since the mid-19th century, China had been politically and culturally dominated by the Western powers and Japan. The Chinese revolution sought to overturn all this, and by winning state power, the Chinese Communist Party achieved a notable victory in bringing an end to imperialist control of China. 2. Transformation of Chinese Economy: The Chinese revolution ushered in economic reforms which saw the introduction of Five-Year Plans, in which the state took control of the economy and prioritised heavy industry over agriculture. In doing this, China moved away from its more traditional economic model which relied on subsistence farming and heavy taxation, to one which stimulated industrial growth and technological progress. 3. Reduction in Poverty and Illiteracy: The economic reforms of the Chinese revolution saw the introduction of numerous social reforms which sought to reduce poverty and illiteracy in China. The Five-Year Plans focused heavily on providing basic needs such as food, health care and education to the poorest and most marginalised sections of the population. 4. Globalisation of Chinese Culture and Knowledge: Before the Chinese revolution, foreign cultural influences had been severely restricted and knowledge exchanged between China and the West was largely one-sided. This changed dramatically during and after the Chinese revolution, as China embraced its communist ideology, and began to trial increasingly bold international projects. These included the opening of schools and universities to promote international cultural exchange, and the translation of works by Chinese and foreign thinkers, which brought Chinese culture to a global audience. 5. Rise of New Global Superpower: Following the Chinese revolution, China rose to the status of a major superpower, competing militarily, economically and culturally with the other leading powers of the world. This was demonstrated dramatically when China emerged as a leading member of the United Nations, and when its economy quickly became the world’s second largest. 6. International Solidarity: The struggle for revolution in China inspired many to take up similar causes in other countries, seeking justice and equality in the face of capitalist exploitation. Many such movements appealed to global audiences with similar revolutionary protocols, and the globalisation of Chinese culture and knowledge further energised international solidarity. 7. Rise of Maoism: During the Chinese revolution, the policies of Mao Zedong achieved increasing relevance, and his writings and speeches on Marxism-Leninism increasingly drew attention from across the world. His ideas became so widespread, that institutions and ideologies inspired by Maoism arose in many other states, particularly those seeking autonomous paths beyond the West-dominated international system. 8. Nuclear Arms Race: China became a nuclear power in 1964, when it tested its first atomic bomb. This strategy was arguably inspired by the Cold War nuclear arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union, both of whom had sought to protect their own power through reliance on nuclear arsenals. 9. Ideological Confrontation: The Chinese revolution was heavily influenced by communist ideals and sought to challenge the existing power structure wherein capitalism, colonialism and imperialism were the leading forces. This sparked a series of ideological confrontations between China, the United States and the Soviet Union, as well as many other states. 10. Development of Trade Relations: Soviet-Chinese ties strengthened in the wake of the Chinese revolution, and the two states increasingly sought to develop trade relations in the face of Western hostility. This encouraged the commencement of trade pacts between the two countries, as well as increased economic cooperation and joint ventures. However, tensions between the Soviet Union and China began to rise in the late 1950s and early 1960s, leading to a split in their relationship and a decrease in trade and economic cooperation. This ultimately led to a deterioration of their political and military alliance. The Chinese Revolution of 1949 Discuss the internal problem of China after the First World War and account for the establishment of Communist rule in the China in 1949. [1979, 60 Marks]
Warlord Era 1916 - 28 **Internal Problems of China after WW1** 1. Economic instability: After World War I, China experienced economic difficulties due to inflation and a trade deficit. According to data from the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the consumer price index (CPI) increased by 33.3% in 1920 and by 63.5% in 1921. 2. Political turmoil: China was plagued by political turmoil during the post-WWI period, with various warlords vying for control of different regions. This led to a lack of central authority and made it difficult for the government to implement policies and maintain stability. 3. Social unrest: The economic and political turmoil of the post-WWI period led to widespread social unrest, including strikes, protests, and uprisings. 4. Nationalism: Nationalism was on the rise in China after WW1, as the Chinese people were frustrated by the country's weak position in the international arena and the presence of foreign powers on Chinese soil. 5. May Fourth Movement: 1919 saw the May Fourth Movement, a mass protest led by students and intellectuals calling for an end to foreign influence and the adoption of Western ideas in China. 6. Warlord Era: Warlords controlled large parts of China in the aftermath of WW1, and their rivalry with each other and with the central government led to frequent civil wars. 7. Northern Expedition: In 1926 the Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek launched the Northern Expedition, a military campaign aimed at reunifying China under Nationalist control. The expedition was successful in taking control of much of China, but it was marred by political infighting and factionalism within the Nationalist Party. 8. Communist Revolt: The Chinese Communist Party also took advantage of the warlord Era and social unrest to gain support and grow stronger. 9. Peasant Revolt: In 1927 the Nationalists launched a campaign to stamp out the Communist rebellion, which led to the widespread repression of rural areas and a peasant revolt in response. 10. Sino-Japanese War: In 1937, China was invaded by Japan and the country was plunged into a full-scale war that lasted for eight years and resulted in millions of deaths and widespread destruction. Timeline of the estd of the Communist Govt 1. 1921: The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is founded in Shanghai by Mao Zedong and other revolutionary leaders. 2. 1923: The CCP forms an alliance with the Kuomintang (KMT) to fight against warlords and foreign powers. 3. 1926: The KMT, led by Chiang Kai-shek, begins a military campaign to eradicate the CCP. 4. 1927: Chiang Kai-shek purges the CCP from the KMT, and the CCP begins to retreat to the countryside. 5. 1934-1935: The CCP retreats further and embarks on the Long March, a grueling 6,000-mile journey to the Chinese interior. 6. 1937: Japan invades China, and the CCP and KMT temporarily unite to fight against the Japanese. 7. 1945: Japan is defeated, and the CCP and KMT resume their civil war. 8. 1949: The CCP defeats the KMT and establishes the People’s Republic of China, with Mao Zedong as its leader. Review the political circumstances in China in the years 1945-49 leading to the establishment of the Communist rule in the land. How did the United States seek to resolve the conflict between the Nationalists and the communists in the period? [1984, 2002, 60 Marks]
Communist victory 1949 more content needed Chronology of Events in China 1945-1949: 1945: - Japanese surrender to the Allies, ending World War II. - The United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union agree to divide the country into three zones of occupation. - The Chinese Civil War between the Nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) and the Communist Party of China (CPC) resumes. 1946: -The United States withdraws its troops from China. -The KMT and CPC sign the Sino-Soviet Treaty, granting the Soviet Union military and economic aid in exchange for political support. -The KMT and CPC agree to a ceasefire, but fighting continues in various regions of the country. 1947: -The KMT and CPC agree to a new ceasefire, but fighting continues in various regions of the country. -The United States begins providing economic aid to the KMT. 1948: -The KMT and CPC agree to a new ceasefire, but fighting continues in various regions of the country. -The United States increases its economic aid to the KMT. 1949: -The CPC captures Beijing and other major cities, effectively ending the Chinese Civil War. -The KMT retreats to Taiwan and establishes the Republic of China. -The CPC establishes the People’s Republic of China. Political Circumstance in China from 1945-1949 1. In the years following World War II, China was in a state of political turmoil, with the Nationalist government, led by Chiang Kai-shek, facing increasing opposition from the Communist Party, led by Mao Zedong. 2. In 1945, the Nationalists and Communists agreed to a temporary truce in order to focus on expelling the Japanese from Chinese territory. 3. However, tensions between the two sides soon flared up again, and a civil war broke out in 1946. 4. The Communist forces, which had a strong base of support in the countryside, slowly gained the upper hand through their land reform policies and promises of a more equal society. 5. In 1948, the Communist forces laid siege to the Nationalist-held city of Beijing, which fell to them in January 1949. 6. The Communist forces then moved on to capture other major cities, such as Shanghai, which fell in May 1949. 7. In the meantime, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) implemented policies such as Agrarian reform and collectivization of agriculture, and urbanization. 8. The Nationalist government was plagued by corruption and ineffective leadership, which further eroded their support. 9. The Nationalist army faced a series of defeats and their morale was broken, which allowed the Communist forces to gain the upper hand in the civil war. 10. In 1949, the Communist forces had captured most of the major cities and defeated the Nationalist army. 11. On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong declared the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in Beijing's Tiananmen Square. 12. The Communist Party became the dominant political force in the country, and Chiang Kai-shek and his followers fled to Taiwan, where they established the Republic of China. United States Role in the Chinese Revolution 1. The US government initially recognized the Nationalist government as the legitimate government of China and provided it with financial and military aid under the Marshall Plan. 2. However, as the Communist forces gained the upper hand in the civil war, the US government began to shift its policy and started to consider other options for resolving the conflict. 3. In 1946, the US government proposed a negotiated settlement between the Nationalists and the Communists, which was rejected by the Communist Party. 4. In 1947, the US government proposed the "Three Points" plan which called for a coalition government between the Nationalists and the Communists, but this plan also failed. 5. In 1948, the US government proposed a ceasefire and a coalition government again, but the Nationalists rejected this proposal because it would have meant sharing power with the Communists. 6. As the Communist forces continued to gain the upper hand, the US government decided to withdraw military and economic aid from the Nationalist government and to cease recognizing it as the legitimate government of China. 7. In 1949, the US government decided to establish official diplomatic relations with the newly established People's Republic of China (PRC). "The turn of the tide against the Kuomintang, consequently, was due as much to its weakness as to Communist strength." Comment. [1985, 20 Marks]
KMT
Why Mao and C gained support The Kuomintang (KMT), also known as the Nationalist Party, was the political party that governed China from 1927 to 1949. Despite its initial successes, the KMT faced a number of weaknesses that contributed to its eventual defeat by the Communist Party. Some of the main weaknesses of the KMT include: 1. Corruption: The KMT government was plagued by widespread corruption, with many government officials using their positions for personal gain. 2. Ineffectual leadership: The KMT leadership, led by Chiang Kai-shek, was criticized for being ineffective and unable to address the major issues facing China at the time, such as poverty and unemployment. 3. Lack of support among the rural population: The KMT had little support among the rural population, which made up the majority of China's population. The KMT's land reform policies, which favored the wealthy landowners, led to widespread discontent among the rural population, who saw little benefit from the policies. 4. Lack of support among the urban working class: The KMT also had little support among the urban working class, who were attracted to the Communist Party's promises of a more equal society and better working conditions. 5. Military weakness: The KMT's military was plagued by poor equipment, lack of training and poor morale, which made it difficult for the KMT to effectively fight the Communist forces. 6. Failure to implement political and economic reforms: The KMT was criticized for failing to implement meaningful political and economic reforms, despite widespread calls for such reforms. 7. Nationalist fervor and ideological rigidity: The KMT was criticized for promoting a strong sense of Chinese nationalism and ideological rigidity, which made it difficult for the party to adapt to changing circumstances and to build alliances with other political groups. 8. Divided and faction-ridden: The KMT was divided and faction-ridden, which made it difficult for the party to effectively govern and to present a united front against the Communist Party. 9. Inability to control the warlords: The KMT was unable to control the warlords, who held significant power in different parts of the country and refused to come under the central government's control. 10. Failure to establish the rule of law: The KMT failed to establish the rule of law and to provide basic services such as education, healthcare and infrastructure, which led to widespread dissatisfaction among the population. 11. Failure to address the issues of inequality: The KMT failed to address the issues of inequality and social justice, which led to widespread poverty and unemployment. 12. Failure to address the issue of foreign imperialism: The KMT failed to address the issue of foreign imperialism, which led to widespread dissatisfaction among the population. Strength of the Communists • Ideological Strength: The Communists had a strong ideological appeal to the Chinese people, which was rooted in the idea of Marxism-Leninism, which promised social justice and equality for all. The Communist Party was able to tap into the widespread discontent among the Chinese people with the existing social and economic inequalities, and their commitment to creating a more equitable society resonated with many of them. This ideological appeal was further strengthened by the party’s strong organization and discipline. • Popular Support: The Communists were able to garner widespread popular support during the Chinese Civil War, as they were able to tap into the widespread discontent among the Chinese people with the existing social and economic inequalities. The Communists were able to present themselves as a viable alternative to the Kuomintang, which was widely seen as corrupt and oppressive. The Communists were also able to gain the support of various peasant and worker organizations, which provided them with a strong base of support. • Military Strength: The Communists had a strong and disciplined military force that was able to outmaneuver and outfight the Kuomintang forces. The Communists had a strong emphasis on training and organization, which allowed them to effectively utilize their limited resources to maximum effect. The Communists were also able to take advantage of the support of the Soviet Union, which provided them with military advisors, weapons, and other forms of assistance. • Political Skill: The Communists were able to effectively utilize their political skills to gain the support of various groups and individuals. The Communists were able to utilize a combination of negotiation, coercion, and persuasion to gain the support of various groups, such as the peasant and worker organizations. The Communists were also able to utilize propaganda and other forms of public relations to further their cause. • Strategic Vision: The Communists had a clear strategic vision of how to achieve victory in the Chinese Civil War. The Communists were able to effectively utilize the support of the Soviet Union to gain the upper hand in the conflict, and they were able to utilize a combination of guerrilla warfare and conventional warfare to defeat the Kuomintang forces. The Communists were also able to effectively utilize their political skills to gain the support of various groups and individuals. Discuss the Self-strengthening movement in China. [1986, 60 Marks]
https://www.britannica.com/event/Self-Strengthening-Movement • The Self-Strengthening Movement was a period of reform in China from 1861 to 1895. • It was an attempt to strengthen the country's military and economy in response to Western imperialism. • The movement was led by reform-minded Chinese officials and scholars, who advocated for the adoption of Western technology and military systems. • The movement began in 1861 with the establishment of the Zongli Yamen, a government agency tasked with overseeing the reform efforts. • The main goals of the movement were to modernize China's military and industrial infrastructure, improve the educational system, and create a strong central government. • To achieve these goals, the Self-Strengthening Movement promoted the adoption of Western technology, including the use of steam engines and telegraphs, as well as the establishment of modern factories and shipyards. • The movement also sought to reform the educational system by introducing Western-style curricula and textbooks, and encouraging the study of science and mathematics. • The Self-Strengthening Movement also sought to strengthen the central government by introducing a modern bureaucracy and creating a unified legal system. • The movement was successful in modernizing China's military and economic infrastructure, but it was ultimately unsuccessful in creating a strong central government. • The movement was ended in 1895, when the Qing government was overthrown by the Chinese revolutionaries. 1. "The Self-Strengthening Movement was an important turning point in Chinese history, representing a shift from traditional Confucianism to a more modern approach of learning from the West. It was a period of great progress in terms of military, economic, and educational reform." - Professor Kenneth Pomeranz, University of California, Irvine 2. "The Self-Strengthening Movement was a crucial period in Chinese history, as it marked the beginning of China's modernization and the gradual decline of Confucianism as the dominant ideology." - Professor Peter K. Bol, Harvard University 3. "The Self-Strengthening Movement was an important period in China's history, as it laid the foundation for modernizing the country, while maintaining its traditional values and culture." - Professor Jonathan Lipman, Mount Holyoke College 4. "The Self-Strengthening Movement was a major step forward in China's modernization, as it helped to create a more unified and powerful nation. It also laid the groundwork for later reformers to build upon." - Professor Kenneth W. Pyle, University of Washington 5. "The Self-Strengthening Movement was a significant step towards modernizing China, as it was the first time that the Chinese government had taken a proactive approach to reform. It was also a period of great progress in terms of military, economic, and educational reform." - Professor Kenneth L. Pomeranz, University of California, Irvine Trace the distinct phases of the Sino-Japanese War. Assess its political economic and cultural impact on China, both "occupied and free." Comment. [1992, 20 Marks] The Sino-Japanese War was a complex and multi-faceted conflict that took place between China and Japan from 1937 to 1945. The war can be divided into several distinct phases, each with its own distinct characteristics and events. 1. The Second Sino-Japanese War: The war began in July 1937, when Japan launched a full-scale invasion of China, following a series of incidents and border clashes. This phase of the war saw the Chinese Nationalist government and its army, led by Chiang Kai-shek, put up fierce resistance against the well-equipped and well-trained Japanese army. However, the Chinese were outmatched and soon forced to retreat to the interior of China. 2. The War of Attrition: This phase of the war began in 1938 and lasted until around 1942. The Chinese government and army were now focused on a war of attrition, in which they sought to wear down the Japanese army through guerrilla tactics and hit-and-run attacks. The Chinese also sought to maintain control over as much territory as possible, in order to deny the Japanese access to resources and to maintain a base of operations. 3. The War of Stalemate: This phase of the war began in around 1942 and lasted until 1944. The Chinese government and army, now aided by the United States, had managed to build up a strong resistance against the Japanese. The war had reached a stalemate, with the Chinese and Japanese armies locked in a bitter struggle for control of key cities and strategic locations. 4. The War of Liberation: This phase of the war began in 1944 and lasted until the end of the war in 1945. The Chinese government and army, now aided by the Soviet Union and the United States, launched a series of offensives against the Japanese army. The Chinese were able to push the Japanese out of much of China and to liberate many major cities. 5. The War of Surrender: This was the final phase of the war, which lasted from August to September of 1945. After Japan's surrender to the Allied powers on August 15, 1945, the Chinese government and army were able to take control of the remaining Japanese-held territories, putting an end to the Sino-Japanese War. Impact of the War Political Impact: 1. The war led to the weakening of the Nationalist government and the erosion of its legitimacy. The government was criticized for its inability to effectively resist the Japanese invasion, and for its failure to address the needs of the Chinese people. 2. The war also led to the strengthening of the Communist Party, which was able to build a base of support among the rural population and the urban working class. 3. The war also led to the loss of control of large parts of China by the Nationalist government, which were occupied by the Japanese. This further weakened the Nationalist government and led to a power vacuum that the Communist Party was able to fill. Economic Impact: 1. The war led to a significant decline in China's economy, as many areas were devastated by the fighting, and resources were redirected towards the war effort. 2. The war led to a decline in agricultural production, as many farmers were conscripted into the army or were forced to flee their homes. 3. The war also led to a decline in industrial production, as many factories were destroyed or taken over by the Japanese. 4. The war also led to a decline in living standards, as food and other basic necessities became scarce, and prices increased. Cultural Impact: 1. The war led to a significant loss of life and displacement of people, resulting in a profound trauma for the Chinese people. 2. The war led to the destruction of many cultural heritage sites and historical landmarks, which further exacerbated the trauma for the Chinese people. 3. The war also led to the suppression of Chinese culture and language by the Japanese, which further alienated the Chinese people 4. The war also led to the emergence of new forms of art, literature and culture that reflected the nationalistic sentiment and anti-Japanese sentiment of the Chinese people, as well as the trauma and suffering caused by the war 5. The war also led to the rise of propaganda, both from the Chinese government and the Communist Party, which sought to mobilize the population against the Japanese and to promote a sense of national unity and identity. 6. The war also led to an increase in the number of refugees and displaced persons, which led to social and economic problems in the areas that remained free from direct Japanese control. 7. The war also led to a change in the gender roles, as many women were forced to work in factories, farms, and other jobs traditionally held by men, which led to a shift in societal attitudes towards women. With the proclamation in Nanking of a Chinese Republic with Sun-Yat-Sen as the President in 1911, "the old China wilted rapidly." Comment. [1999, 20 Marks]
1911 revolution - • The Nanking Proclamation of 1911 was a proclamation issued by the Qing Dynasty in China on December 29, 1911. • This proclamation marked the fall of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of the Republic of China. • The proclamation was issued by the imperial court and was signed by the Empress Dowager Cixi and the Emperor Guangxu. • The proclamation declared the abdication of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of a new government under the leadership of Sun Yat-sen. • It also declared the dissolution of the imperial court and the transfer of power to the provisional government. • Declared the end of the imperial examination system and the establishment of a new system of public education. • Also declared the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, the abolition of slavery, and the establishment of a new system of taxation. • It declared the adoption of the western legal system and the establishment of a new court system. • It also declared the adoption of the western military system and the establishment of a new system of national defense. • Adoption of the western monetary system and the establishment of a new system of currency, western banking system and the establishment of a new system of finance, western educational system, western transportation system etc. The proclamation of the Chinese Republic in Nanking in 1911 marked a major milestone in Chinese history, as it marked the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of a new era in Chinese politics. This proclamation signaled the end of the old China and the beginning of a new era of modernity, democracy, and progress. The fall of the Qing Dynasty was a result of a combination of factors, including internal unrest, foreign interference, and a lack of effective leadership. The Qing Dynasty was plagued by corruption, bureaucratic inefficiency, and a lack of economic growth. The Chinese people had become increasingly dissatisfied with the Qing Dynasty’s rule and began to protest and revolt against the government. This unrest was further exacerbated by foreign interference from Western powers, who sought to gain economic and political control over China. The proclamation of the Chinese Republic in Nanking in 1911 signaled the end of the old China and the beginning of a new era of modernity, democracy, and progress. Sun Yat-Sen, who was elected as the first president of the Chinese Republic, was a strong proponent of democracy, modernization, and progress. He sought to bring about a new era of reform and progress in China, and he believed that the only way to do this was to abolish the Qing Dynasty and establish a new government. Many of the traditional values and customs of the old China were abandoned in favor of new, modern values and customs. This included the adoption of a new form of government, the adoption of a new national language, and the introduction of new technologies and industries. Examine the circumstances in china in the years 1945-49. What did the United States do to resolve the conflict between the Nationalists and the Communists there? [2002, 60 Marks]
2. Review the political circumstances in China in the years - ! Has answer above. Discuss the circumstances leading to the Chinese Revolution of 1949 and analyze its significance. [2005, 60 Marks]
KMT - ! Circumstances leading have been mentioned above. Significance of Chinese Revolution 1. The Chinese Revolution of 1949 marked the end of the Chinese Civil War and the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC), which led to the formation of a new government and political system in China. 2. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) led by Mao Zedong came to power, which led to the implementation of a planned economy and the collectivization of agriculture. 3. The revolution led to significant land reforms, which redistributed land from landlords to peasants, and helped to address the issue of landlessness. 4. It led to the implementation of a number of social welfare measures, such as free education, healthcare and the promotion of gender equality. 5. The Revolution of 1949 led to the establishment of a new foreign policy, which emphasized non-alignment and the promotion of socialism in the developing world. 6. Led to significant industrialization and modernization of the country, which helped to improve the standard of living. 7. The revolution led to the establishment of a one-party state and the suppression of political opposition, which resulted in a lack of political freedoms and civil liberties. 8. The revolution led to the persecution of intellectuals, religious groups and ethnic minorities. 9. The Revolution of 1949 had a significant impact on the Cold War, as it led to the alignment of China with the Soviet Union and the Communist bloc. 10. The Revolution of 1949 marked the end of the Nationalist government in China, which led to the displacement of a large number of Nationalist soldiers and officials to Taiwan and other countries, leading to the formation of Taiwan as a separate political entity. 1. "The Chinese Revolution of 1949 was one of the most important events of the 20th century, marking the triumph of communism in one of the world's most populous countries and leading to a fundamental realignment of global politics." - John W. Garver, historian and China expert. 2. "The Chinese Revolution of 1949 was a turning point in Chinese history, as it ushered in a new era of political and economic development under the leadership of the Communist Party." - Peter C. Perdue, historian of China and East Asia. 3. "The Chinese Revolution of 1949 was a transformative event that led to the establishment of a new political and economic system in China, which has had a profound impact on the country's development and its role in the world." - Roderick MacFarquhar, historian and China expert. 4. "The Chinese Revolution of 1949 marked the end of the long Chinese Civil War and the emergence of a new power on the world stage, a communist China led by Mao Zedong." - Jonathan Fenby, historian and China expert. Critically analysis the cause and the results of the Chinese revolution of 1949. [2006, 60 Marks]
Causes : Why Mao and C gained support
Result : Communist victory 1949 The Chinese Revolution was caused by a combination of factors, both internal and external. Internally, the KMT had failed to address the economic and social problems of the Chinese people, leading to widespread discontent among the population. This discontent was exacerbated by the KMT’s corruption and authoritarianism, which led to a loss of public trust in the government. Externally, the Chinese Revolution was also influenced by the Cold War and the Soviet Union’s support for the CCP. The results of the Chinese Revolution were far-reaching. The establishment of the PRC brought an end to the Chinese Civil War, and the CCP was able to implement its socialist programs, such as land reform and collectivization. These reforms had a positive impact on the Chinese economy, as they increased agricultural productivity and provided more employment opportunities for the Chinese people. The PRC also sought to modernize China and improve its international standing. The Chinese Revolution also had a significant impact on Chinese society. The CCP’s socialist programs led to greater equality between men and women, as well as increased access to education and healthcare. The CCP also sought to promote a sense of national unity and patriotism by emphasizing Chinese culture and history. While the Chinese Revolution had many positive outcomes, it also had some negative consequences. The CCP’s authoritarian rule led to the suppression of dissent and the persecution of political opponents. The CCP’s economic policies also had a negative impact on the Chinese economy, as they led to a decrease in economic growth and an increase in poverty. "All long marches begin with small steps." Critically evaluate. [2010, 10 Marks]
Mao Zedong and CP Timeline Leading upto the Long March 1. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was founded in 1921 and began organizing peasant revolts in 1927. 2. In 1928, the CCP launched the Autumn Harvest Uprising in Hunan province, which was crushed by the Nationalists. 3. In 1930, the CCP launched the Jiangxi Soviet, a revolutionary base area in southern China. 4. In 1934, after years of Nationalist encirclement campaigns, the CCP was forced to abandon the Jiangxi Soviet and start the Long March. 5. The Long March began in October 1934 and lasted for over a year, covering more than 8,000 miles. 6. During the Long March, the CCP established a new base area in northern Shaanxi province. 1. Historians who argue that the quote "All long marches begin with small steps" is accurate when applied to political and social movements: a) "The Long March was a significant step in the CCP's fight against the Nationalist government and it is considered as a symbol of the party's determination and perseverance." - Roderick MacFarquhar, historian and China expert. Source: "The Origins of the Cultural Revolution: The Coming of the Cataclysm" b) "The Long March was a turning point for the CCP, it served as a test of the party's determination and perseverance." - Jay Taylor, historian and China expert. Source: "The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China" c) "The Long March was a crucial step in the CCP's fight against the Nationalist government, it helped to establish the CCP as a major political force in China." - Jonathan Spence, historian and China expert. Source: "The Search for Modern China" 2. Historians who argue that the quote is an oversimplification of the complexity of historical events: a) "The Long March was not a series of small steps but rather a complex event that involved multiple factors such as military strategy, political alliances, and logistical challenges." - John W. Garver, historian and China expert. Source: "Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century" "The announcement of the creation of the Peoples' Republic of China on October 1, 1949 by Mao Zedong ended the civil war between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Nationalist Party (KMT)." -- Elaborate. [2012, 30 Marks]
KMT - ! Could be formulated from mentioned content. "The failure of Kuomintang against the communist onslaught was unimaginable and it was Mao Tsetung whose tenacity and innovative approach had accomplished the unthinkable." Discuss. [2015, 20 Marks]
Mao Zedong and CP Mao Zedong was known for his tenacity and innovative approach to the Chinese Civil War. Here are some examples of decisions and actions taken by Mao that demonstrate his tenacity and innovative approach: 1. Long March: In 1934, the CCP, led by Mao, was forced to retreat to the remote northwest of China to escape the KMT's encirclement campaigns. This journey, known as the Long March, covered over 12,000 miles and lasted for a year. This decision to retreat, rather than to fight, was a strategic move that allowed the CCP to regroup, rebuild its strength and continue the fight against the KMT. 2. Guerrilla Warfare: Mao's innovative approach to the war was based on the use of guerrilla tactics, which allowed the CCP to effectively fight against the KMT's superior military forces. Mao's strategy relied on hit-and-run tactics, the establishment of base areas in the rural areas, and the mobilization of the rural population. 3. Land Reform: Mao implemented land reform policies that aimed to redistribute land to the poor and to break the power of the wealthy landlords. This policy helped to win the support of the rural population and to weaken the KMT's support base. 4. Establishment of Base Areas: Mao established base areas in the rural areas, where the CCP was able to establish local government, provide social services, and build a strong military. This helped to mobilize the rural population and to weaken the KMT's support base. 5. Propaganda: Mao understood the importance of propaganda and was able to appeal to the Chinese people with his message of social justice, equality, and national liberation. He also used revolutionary slogans and songs that helped to inspire and mobilize the CCP's fighters and supporters. 6. Military Tactics: Mao was known for his unique military tactics, such as the concept of "people's war", that involved the mobilization of the entire population in the war effort, the use of mobile warfare and the use of the countryside as a base of operations. 7. Ideology and Leadership: Mao's leadership and ideology were able to inspire the CCP's fighters and supporters and he was able to maintain unity and discipline within the party. His ideas, such as the "mass line" and the "theory of continuous revolution", were able to adapt to the changing circumstances of the war and to provide a comprehensive strategy for the CCP. In the Chinese Revolution of 1949, the elements of communism and nationalism were discernible. Explain the statement in the light of Mao's strategy which was different from that of Lenin. [2018, 20 Marks]
[KMT](onenote: The %20Chinese%20Revolution%20of%201949§ion-id={50270157-6B04-4913-A403-C447CD4BE432}&page-id={FE7C5D00-CDCD-4E4C-A446-0517ACAB1164}&object-id={BE0AE24A-7A00-48DA-B490-F43DF2452A75}&4D&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/World%20History/Part%20I/Revolution%5eJ%20Counter%20Revolution.one ) onwards The Chinese Revolution of 1949, led by Mao Zedong, was a significant event in Chinese history, and its success was due in part to Mao’s strategy which combined elements of communism and nationalism. This strategy was different from that of Lenin, who had sought to establish a centralized, Soviet-style government in Russia. Mao’s strategy was based on two key elements: a focus on rural areas and a combination of communism and nationalism. Mao believed that the Chinese people were more likely to support a revolution if it was based on nationalism rather than a purely communist ideology. He also believed that the revolution should begin in the rural areas, where the majority of the population lived and where the traditional Chinese culture was strongest. Mao’s strategy of combining communism and nationalism was based on the idea that the Chinese people were more likely to support a revolution if it was based on their own culture and history. He sought to create a new Chinese identity that was based on the traditional values of the Chinese people and their history, while also incorporating the ideas of communism. This new Chinese identity was to be based on the idea of a united Chinese nation that was strong and independent, and which would be able to stand up to foreign powers. Mao also sought to create a new economic system in China, one which would be based on the principles of communism. This new system would be based on the idea of collective ownership of the means of production, and the redistribution of wealth to the people of China. Mao also sought to create a new political system in China, one which would be based on the principles of democracy and the rule of law. Mao’s strategy of combining communism and nationalism was successful in creating a new Chinese identity and a new economic and political system. This new system was able to bring about a successful revolution, and Mao was able to establish the People’s Republic of China in 1949. Further difference in their strategies include - Mao focused on a mass mobilization of the peasantry while Lenin focused on a mobilization of the proletariat. - Mao believed in a decentralized form of government while Lenin believed in a centralized form of government. - Mao focused on developing an agrarian economy while Lenin focused on developing an industrial economy. - Mao emphasized guerilla warfare while Lenin emphasized a more traditional form of warfare. - Mao was focused on creating a Chinese Communist Party while Lenin was focused on creating a Soviet Communist Party. - Mao was more accepting of different interpretations of Marxism while Lenin was more strict about adhering to his interpretation of Marxism. ]]>08.4-world-history/6.-revolution-counter-revolution/6.4-the-chinese-revolution-of-1949.html08.4 World-History/6. Revolution-Counter-Revolution/6.4 The-Chinese-Revolution-of-1949.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#review Agri revolution, commercial agri was most imp factor CP primary on farms of large tenants, lesser landowners instituted major improvs to assure themselves high rents Crops grown in rotation on 2 fields while 3rd field left fallow it discouraged individual initiative Transfer of capital from agri to industry, improv agri productivity, ample availability of food was brought about by reorganisation of cultivation, application of industrial tech to cultivation ensuring such changes were widely implemented Tech innovations were Rotation of root crops and legumes Mixing lime and clay in sandy soils as fertilizers Freeholders, copy holders took land for short term tenancies Inc in population, large scale mfd estd higher profit for C farmers Activities of Royal Agri Society Improv of under drainage, extensive use of fertilizers in 1840s Corn, Wheat yield inc cattle breeding, dairy orientation became common Milling, baking, distilling of beer whisky, starch production inc, inc in supply of animal products Population Inc Supply of Capital Output of coin was uncertain due to shortage of gold, silver, copper coins etc, banks seldom lent to industries Entrepreneurs got funds from merchants Pick up of commercial activity banks became more willing Depended on location and resources Mining developed in Cornwall, Cumberland, West Durham, Derbyshire, Clay, Iron ore; Trading centre was conc of industries, Corn-mills, breweries, distilleries, tanneries, fashion industry, coach mfd, furniture, silverware, jewellery dev in London; Shipbuilding in Bristol, Shipyards in Liverpool, Newcastle Yarn, dyeing, weaving, storage inc Kays flying shuttle 1733 inc weaving speed Arkwrights Spinning Jenny 1769 Cromptons Mule 1779, Arkwrights water frame Cartwrights Power Loom 1785 Dev of coke by Darby 1709 Puddling and Hammering by Cort - for iron smelting Innovation for quick removal of impurities through Newcomen Engine 1705, Watts Engines running of large wooden and metal structures Use to atmospheric engines dec investment in horses + their maintenance Watts engine replace water wheel, gave entrepreneurs greater flexibility Fall in iron price Pursuit of wealth, accumulation of fortunes Protestant dissenters distanced themselves from landed gentry and supported each other - made virtue of thrift focused on trade Rise in income north Eng, Scotland, overseas demand rose moderately before 1740 After 1740 growth in real wages declined, substantial rise in overseas market this relation was always changing Fixed prices of production after 1760, common sales policy for atmospheric engines Large centres of production still controlled by gov, royal arsenal, their sizeable orders of munitions Navigation act 1660 helped shipbuilding, protectionist duties on imports both generalist and special duties Railways sink of iron coal, economy of scale, Hobsbawm absorbed 200mil pounds employed 200,000, led 100% inc in iron output Bassemers innovation 1856 air blasts led to production of steel Large capital generated during early phase fuelled this Hobsbawm 60 mil pounds available for investment Pool investible capital inc Competition and colonial market
Traditional handicraft replaced w/ factory Cheap made machine goods, boost int national trade Urbanisation, new classes emerged Boost to colonisation, democracy boosted, Ro Law, Natural Rights of man Rise of industrial capitalism Capitalist and worker classes emerged Migration of people from rural to urban areas, social institutions like marriage, family etc were transformed Stratification sys also underwent change, new philosophies of socialism, communism
Unit-8.pdf - Industrial Capitalism
Unit-9.pdf - Industrial Capitalism in England
Unit-12.pdf - Industrialisation Effect on Demography
Unit-13.pdf - Effect on Family
Unit-14.pdf - Emergence of Social Classes
Unit-15.pdf - Transition to Class Society Give a critical account of the progress of mercantalism in the 17th century. How far is it correct to say that it paved the way for the Industrial Revolution? [1981, 60 Marks] Mercantilism was an economic theory that emerged in the 17th century and was widely adopted by European states. It emphasized the need for a strong balance of trade and the accumulation of gold and silver through the control and regulation of trade. The theory was based on the idea that a country's wealth and power were closely linked to its stock of precious metals, and that the state should actively intervene in the economy to promote exports and discourage imports. In the 17th century, mercantilism led to the expansion of trade and the growth of manufacturing and industry in European states, particularly in England. The state encouraged the growth of domestic industries by imposing tariffs on imports and subsidizing exports. This led to the growth of industries such as textiles, shipbuilding, and mining, which helped to spur economic growth and create new jobs. Mercantilism also played an important role in paving the way for the Industrial Revolution. The growth of manufacturing and industry under mercantilism created a large market for goods and a growing demand for raw materials, which in turn led to the development of new technologies and innovations to increase efficiency and productivity. The increased economic activity also led to the growth of the banking and financial sector, which helped to finance the new industries and innovations. However, mercantilism also had its drawbacks. The emphasis on exports and the accumulation of gold and silver led to a neglect of the domestic market, and the state's intervention in the economy led to inefficiencies and distortions. Additionally, the focus on exports led to a neglect of the agricultural sector, which led to food shortages and rising food prices. Trace the growth of Capitalism in England in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. How did it affect the Wage System in the country? [1982, 60 Marks]
Background to rise of Industrial capitalism in 18th early 19th
After 1740 growth in real wages declined, substantial rise in Capitalism in England during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was a period of great economic change and growth. It was a period of transition from a feudal, agricultural-based economy to a more capitalistic, industrial-based economy. This period saw the emergence of a new class of capitalists, the entrepreneurs, who sought to make money through the production and sale of goods and services. They invested in new technologies, factories, and other production facilities, and employed workers to produce goods. The growth of capitalism in England was largely driven by the expansion of trade and the development of a market economy. The merchants of London and other trading cities such as Bristol and Liverpool became increasingly powerful, and their wealth and influence grew. This allowed them to invest in new technologies and to expand their businesses. Trade with other countries also increased, and the import of new goods and technologies from abroad allowed for further economic growth. The growth of capitalism in England also had a significant effect on the wage system in the country. The increased demand for labor meant that wages increased, and the emergence of entrepreneurs allowed for the development of a system of wage labor. This meant that workers were no longer bound to the land, but could move around and find employment in different places. This increased mobility of labor allowed for the expansion of industry and the development of a more efficient labor market. The growth of capitalism in England also had a significant effect on the standard of living in the country. The increased wealth and investment allowed for the development of infrastructure, such as roads and canals, which improved transportation and communication. This allowed for the further expansion of trade and the development of a more efficient economy. Trace the growth of capitalism in Britain in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Why was France, as compared to Britain, late in developing the capitalist spirit and the institutional framework of capitalism? [1985, 60 Marks]
Background to rise of Industrial capitalism in 18th early 19th Industrialism in France Important Events in the growth of Industrial revolution 1. The Navigation Acts of 1651: This was a series of laws passed by the English Parliament that sought to regulate trade in the colonies of the British Empire by requiring that all goods bound for the colonies be sent in English ships. 2. The Glorious Revolution of 1688: This was a period of political upheaval in England in which the Protestant Dutch prince, William of Orange, was invited to take the throne from the Catholic James II. This revolution established a constitutional monarchy in England and was instrumental in the growth of capitalism. 3. The Bank of England Established in 1694: This was a major milestone in the development of capitalism in England. The Bank of England was the first central bank in the world and was instrumental in financing the expansion of the British Empire and the development of industry. 4. The Industrial Revolution of the Late 18th Century: This period saw a dramatic shift in the way goods were produced in England. New technologies, such as the steam engine, revolutionized manufacturing and agriculture and helped to create an industrial economy. This shift in production methods was instrumental in the growth of capitalism. 5. The Repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846: This was a major moment in the history of capitalism in Britain. The Corn Laws had been enacted to protect British farmers from foreign competition, but their repeal opened up the British economy to global markets and helped to spur economic growth. "The Industrial Revolution put mobility in the place of stability." Comment. [1990, 20 Marks]
Innovation and its impact The Industrial Revolution was a period of dramatic change and development in the history of the Western world. It began in the late 18th century in Europe and spread to the United States, transforming the way in which goods and services were produced. The shift from traditional agricultural and artisanal production to large-scale manufacturing and industrial production created a new economic order and had a profound effect on society and culture. One of the most significant changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution was the shift from stability to mobility. Before the Industrial Revolution, people were largely bound to their local communities. They worked on the land, or in small shops, and rarely moved away from their homes. This traditional lifestyle provided a sense of security and stability, but the Industrial Revolution changed all of that. The introduction of new technologies such as the steam engine and the factory system meant that people could move to cities in search of work. This created a new type of worker – the ‘industrial worker’ – who was mobile and could move to wherever the jobs were. This mobility meant that people could travel for work, and as a result, their lives were no longer as stable as they had been before. The new industrial cities also provided opportunities for social mobility. People who had been born into poverty and had little chance of advancement in their local communities could suddenly find themselves in a much better position in the cities. They could take advantage of the new jobs and better wages and, with hard work, could rise to higher social classes. The Industrial Revolution also created a new type of consumer. With the introduction of mass-produced goods, people were no longer limited to buying only locally-produced items. They could now purchase items from all over the world, giving them greater choice and freedom. This increased mobility of both goods and people had a profound effect on society, as people could now travel for work, leisure and shopping. In conclusion, the Industrial Revolution brought about a shift from stability to mobility. People could now move away from their local communities in search of work and a better life, and could take advantage of new opportunities for social mobility. At the same time, the increased mobility of goods and people had a significant impact on society, creating a new type of consumer and a more global economy. "Protestantism contributed substantially to the rise of capitalism." Comment. [1994, 20 Marks]
https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/gzxOzmsrrKlCX1S9iyzyZL/500-years-ago-the-seeds-of-capitalism.html Protestantism is a major branch of Christianity that was founded by Martin Luther in the 16th century. It was a reaction to the corruption and abuses that were rampant in the Catholic Church of the time. Protestantism has had a profound influence on the development of capitalism, particularly in Europe and North America. One of the main ways in which Protestantism contributed to the rise of capitalism was through its emphasis on individualism and hard work. Protestantism taught that individuals were responsible for their own salvation and that hard work was a way to demonstrate faith. This created a culture of individualism and hard work that was conducive to the development of capitalism. Another way in which Protestantism contributed to the rise of capitalism was through its emphasis on frugality. Protestantism taught that it was a virtue to save money and invest it wisely. This encouraged people to save their money and invest it in productive activities, such as business ventures. This was a major factor in the development of capitalist economies. Protestantism also encouraged the development of the banking system. The Protestant emphasis on thrift and hard work created a demand for banking services, which in turn led to the development of a sophisticated banking system. This banking system provided capital for businesses and allowed them to expand and grow. It encouraged the development of education. Protestantism taught that knowledge was important and that people should be educated in order to be productive and successful. This led to the development of schools and universities, which in turn encouraged the development of a literate and educated population. This educated population was essential for the development of capitalist economies. In conclusion, Protestantism contributed substantially to the rise of capitalism. Its emphasis on individualism, hard work, frugality, banking, and education created a culture and economic system that was conducive to the development of capitalist economies. This in turn led to the development of modern capitalist economies in Europe and North America. The Industrial Revolution "Changed England in character and culture." Comment. [1996, 20 Marks]
Impact Protestantism is a form of Christianity that emerged in the 16th century in Europe and has since spread across the world. It is based on the teachings of Martin Luther and other reformers who sought to reform the Catholic Church. Protestantism has had a significant impact on the development of modern capitalism, and this is evident in many different ways. 1. Protestantism emphasized the importance of hard work and the acquisition of wealth. The Protestant work ethic, which is based on the Bible, teaches that hard work is a virtue and that it is possible to achieve success through hard work. This mentality has contributed to the development of capitalism by encouraging people to pursue economic opportunities and rewards. 2. Protestantism also taught the importance of thrift and saving. This encouraged people to save money and invest it in businesses and other ventures, which has helped to create a system of capital accumulation and investment. 3. It stressed the importance of individual responsibility and self-reliance. This has enabled people to take risks and make investments in order to achieve economic success. 4. Protestantism also emphasized the importance of education and encouraged people to develop their skills and knowledge. This has helped to create a more educated workforce, which is essential for a healthy economy. 5. It also encouraged people to pursue their own interests and to be entrepreneurial. This has enabled people to start businesses and to create wealth for themselves and others. 6. It encouraged people to donate to charitable causes, which has helped to create a system of philanthropy that has had a positive impact on society. 7. Protestantism also encouraged people to be honest and to adhere to ethical business practices. This has helped to create a more just and fair economic system. 8. It encouraged people to be tolerant of other religions and beliefs. This has helped to create a more open and tolerant society, which is essential for economic growth. 9. People became more self-disciplined and to adhere to a set of moral and ethical principles. This has helped to create a more stable and secure economic environment. 10. Finally, Protestantism has also helped to create a sense of community and solidarity among believers. This has helped to create a more supportive environment for economic activity. In conclusion, Protestantism has had a significant impact on the rise of capitalism. It has encouraged hard work, thrift, education, entrepreneurship, philanthropy, honesty, tolerance, self-discipline, and solidarity. These values have helped to create an environment that is conducive to economic growth and development. "The oppressive exploitation of the working class in the wake of Industrial Revolution had jolted the social conscience of England." Elucidate. [2015, 10 Marks]
Commercial Production CP Nature from this The Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 18th century, brought about significant changes to the social and economic landscape of England, but it also led to the oppressive exploitation of the working class. This exploitation led to a growing sense of social consciousness and awareness about the need for social and economic reforms. One example of how the social conscience was jolted was through the rise of the labor movement. The working class, who were facing harsh working conditions, low wages, and long working hours, began to organize themselves into trade unions and worker's associations to demand better working conditions and higher wages. The labor movement, which emerged in the 19th century, was a significant force in raising awareness about the exploitation of the working class and the need for social and economic reforms. Another example was the rise of the Chartist movement, which emerged in the late 1830s and 1840s. The Chartists were a political movement that campaigned for parliamentary reform and greater political rights for the working class. They presented a series of demands for political reform in the form of a "People's Charter" which was presented to parliament in 1838. The Chartist movement was a significant force in raising awareness about the need for political reform and the representation of the working class in the political system. Additionally, the publication of books and pamphlets, such as "The Condition of the Working Class in England" by Friedrich Engels and "The Communist Manifesto" by Karl Marx, helped to raise awareness about the exploitation of the working class and the need for social and economic reforms. Explain why England became the harbinger of Industrial Revolution. Also throw light on its social consequences. [2017, 20 marks]
Background to rise of Industrial capitalism in 18th early 19th onwards The Industrial Revolution was a period of great social and economic change that began in England in the late 1700s and early 1800s. It was a period of rapid technological advancement and the development of new forms of production and transportation. England was the first country to experience the industrial revolution, and it had a major impact on the world. The causes of the industrial revolution in England can be traced back to a variety of factors. These include the following: 1. The Agricultural Revolution: The agricultural revolution of the late 1700s and early 1800s saw a dramatic increase in crop yields due to the introduction of new farming methods and technologies. This allowed for more food to be produced, which in turn led to a larger population and an increased demand for goods and services. 2. The Development of New Technologies: The industrial revolution was marked by the introduction of new technologies such as the steam engine, which allowed for the mass production of goods. This increased efficiency and productivity, and allowed for the expansion of industry. 3. The Expansion of Trade: England was a major trading nation during the industrial revolution, and the expansion of trade allowed for the spread of new technologies and ideas. This led to increased competition, which encouraged innovation and new ways of doing things. 4. The Growth of Cities: The industrial revolution saw the growth of cities, as people moved from rural areas to urban centers in search of work. This provided a large labor force for factories, and allowed for the growth of industry. 5. The Development of Capital: The industrial revolution saw the emergence of a new class of wealthy capitalists who invested in industry and provided the capital needed to finance the expansion of industry. 6. The Development of a Market Economy: The industrial revolution saw the emergence of a market economy, where goods and services were bought and sold in a free market. This allowed for the growth of industry and the expansion of trade. The growth of Liberalism fuelled the idea of a free trade economy in Britain. 7. The Growth of the Middle Class: The industrial revolution saw the emergence of a new middle class, which had the money and the means to purchase the goods and services produced by industry. This provided a large consumer base for industry. 8. The Political and Social Changes: The industrial revolution saw a shift in political and social power, as the aristocracy and the church were replaced by a new class of wealthy industrialists. This allowed for the growth of industry and the expansion of trade. The Glorious revolution of 1688 was one such political change. 9. The Development of New Sources of Energy: The industrial revolution saw the development of new sources of energy, such as coal and steam, which allowed for the growth of industry. 10. The Development of New Forms of Transportation: The industrial revolution saw the development of new forms of transportation, such as the steam locomotive and the canal, which allowed for the expansion of trade and the growth of industry. These were the main causes of the industrial revolution in England. It was a period of great change and innovation, and it had a major impact on the world. The Industrial Revolution, which took place in Britain from the mid-18th to the mid-19th centuries, had a significant social impact on the entire country. It was a period of drastic change and led to the emergence of a new class of people, the industrial working class. The social consequences of the Industrial Revolution in Britain were far-reaching and long-lasting. The Industrial Revolution led to a rapid increase in population as people moved to cities and towns to find work in the new factories. This led to overcrowding in urban areas, with people living in cramped, unsanitary conditions. The lack of adequate housing, sanitation, and medical care led to the spread of disease, poverty, and crime. The Industrial Revolution also changed the social structure in Britain. The traditional class system of the landed gentry, the clergy, and the peasantry was replaced by a new class of industrial workers. This new class was made up of the factory owners, engineers, and skilled workers who were necessary for the operation of the new factories. The new industrial working class was subject to harsh working conditions and low wages. Workers were forced to work long hours in dangerous and unhealthy conditions, and their wages were often insufficient to support their families. This led to a rise in poverty and social unrest, with workers forming trade unions to fight for better wages and working conditions. The Industrial Revolution also led to a decline in traditional rural life. Many people left the countryside to find work in the cities, leading to the decline of rural communities and traditions. This had a significant impact on the social structure of the country, as the traditional class system was replaced by the new industrial working class. "The Industrial Revolution put mobility in the place of stability." Critically examine. [2018, 10 Marks]
[Innovation and its impact](onenote: English %20Industrial%20Revolutions%20%20Causes%20and%20Impact%20on%20society§ion-id={DC56A11B-8B6B-4AC5-A364-5525391838E3}&page-id={A35B43F3-A0FF-43C7-A19A-AA142BD1D6AE}&object-id={2ECAF57F-B7EE-4CE4-89C1-4F1298BDE265}&77&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/World%20History/Part%20I/Industrialisation.one ) - ! Has been answered above. ]]>08.4-world-history/3.-industrialisation/3.1-english-industrial-revolutions-causes-and-impact-on-society.html08.4 World-History/3. Industrialisation/3.1 English Industrial Revolutions - Causes and Impact on society.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#review availability of labour due to heavy mortality in wars, territories of GER states not provide manufacturers with well integrated market, Holy Roman Empire German Bund after 1815 did not do enough Quality of coal iron, no dev of coking, puddling process Labour mobility affected due to serfdom Capital supply limited Paternalism in German state restricted residence rights of those from outside Serf emancipation in 1800s Creation of Zollverein 1830s Dismantling of paternalist conventions 1848-49 7 yrs war depressed production, productivity after 1756 major inc in agri became noticeable Fredrick II gave cultivators extensive rights Small scale industry based on guild became a common feature Berlin, Rhineland, Silesia, Saxony Silesia state appointed directors to boards of companies Rhineland dismantled of guilds, privileges abolished, continental sys inc demand, woollen factories inc, exported to RUS SPA Emulation of Revo practice like emancipation of serfdom its impacts were limited but decisive and ubiquitous Later fixing serf rights of property, Rentenbanken provided landowners with redemption payments and long tenures 1820s gradual dev of large regional market, removed many hurdles facing distribution of mfd goods in GER states Low duties on raw material, heavy on colonial goods South German league of Bavaria, Central League of Saxony, Hannover 1834 more states of Hanover, Holstein, Mecklenburg, Oldenburg joined Major stimulus, extension of home market around the internal river sys Began 1830s, private lines dominated, state construction in Bavaria, Baden Iron ore output inc On the model of Credit Mobilier, Societe Generale Banking house set up by von Haben, Rothschild, Dresdner Bank, Deutsche Bank, Darmstadter Bank Payment of indemnity from France after 1870 Crisis in 1873 Demand for railway equipment in US, Thomas Gilchrist patenting steelmaking extensive use of phosphoric iron ore resources Great Joint stock banks were encouraging force - intervened directly in policy formulation
#todo Guided by communism, factory based production - big in size Mass production, no role of market forces - production determined by state All factories owned by state, pace was rapid after 1921 Exploitation of working class absent, capital goods focused Triggered by spirit of Nationalism Till 1853-54 followed closed door policy fear of colonisation 1853 US naval commander Mathew Perry forced JP to abandon CD policy Humiliation 1868 Meiji Revo took place restore JP pride Capitalism based, Factory base production, Mass production, Based on Laissez Faire, State provided capital Reverse engg , aim at cheaper goods, meet domestic need first Pace was rapid, JP achieved 30 yrs, exploitation of working class was less, Electrical good focused
Unit-10.pdf - Industrial Capitalism in France and Germany
Unit-11.pdf - Industrial Capitalims in Russia
Unit-9 1.pdf - Meiji Restoration
Unit-11 1.pdf - Cultural Development in Japan
Unit-12 1.pdf - Economic Development in Japan The Industrial Revolution brought about great changes in the social and economic life of Europe. Explain. [1998, 60 Marks]
Impact **Germany** The Industrial Revolution brought about significant social and economic changes in Germany, as it did in other countries. Some of the key social changes that occurred in Germany during the Industrial Revolution include: 1. Urbanization: The growth of industry and manufacturing led to a significant increase in urbanization as people migrated from rural areas to the cities in search of work. This led to the expansion of cities and the growth of a new urban working class. 2. Demographic change: The Industrial Revolution led to a significant increase in population growth due to improved living conditions and increased life expectancy. 3. Changes in family structure: The Industrial Revolution led to changes in traditional family structures, as the traditional extended family system was replaced by the nuclear family, in which the father was the breadwinner and the mother was responsible for domestic duties. 4. Changing gender roles: The Industrial Revolution led to changes in traditional gender roles, as women began to enter the workforce in increasing numbers, particularly in the textile industry. 5. Changing social class structure: The Industrial Revolution led to the emergence of a new middle class, made up of industrial entrepreneurs and managers, as well as a growing working class. 6. Social unrest: The Industrial Revolution led to significant social unrest, particularly among the working class, as they faced poor working conditions, low wages, and long working hours. In terms of economic changes, the Industrial Revolution brought about: 1. Economic growth: The Industrial Revolution led to significant economic growth, as the manufacturing and industrial sectors expanded rapidly. This led to an increase in productivity and a rise in GDP. 2. Changes in the nature of work: The Industrial Revolution led to a shift from agrarian and artisanal work to factory work, with a greater emphasis on mechanization and specialization. 3. Development of new technologies: The Industrial Revolution led to the development of new technologies and innovations, such as the steam engine, the spinning jenny, and the power loom, which increased efficiency and productivity in industry. 4. Increase in exports: The growth of industry and manufacturing led to an increase in exports, as German goods became more competitive in the global market. 5. Development of infrastructure: The Industrial Revolution led to the development of new infrastructure, such as roads, railways, and canals, which improved transportation and communication and facilitated economic growth. 6. Changes in the banking and financial sector: The Industrial Revolution led to the growth of the banking and financial sector, as new industries and innovations required increasing amounts of capital. This led to the development of new financial institutions such as banks and stock exchanges. What was the extent of industrialisation in Western Europe by the end of the nineteenth century? [2009, 30 Marks] "Whoever says Industrial Revolution, says cotton." Comment. [2011, 20 Marks]
Textile industry
Competition and colonial market more content needed The Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in the late 18th century and spread to other countries, was characterized by the growth of manufacturing and the development of new technologies. Cotton was a key factor in this process, as it was a major raw material for the textile industry. In Britain, the mechanization of cotton spinning and weaving, led by inventors such as James Hargreaves and Richard Arkwright, greatly increased the efficiency of textile production and helped to spur the growth of the factory system. The cotton industry also played a major role in the development of the steam engine and other technological innovations. In the United States, the cotton industry was also a major driver of industrialization, particularly in the South. The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 greatly increased the efficiency of cotton production, making it more profitable and leading to a significant expansion of the industry. The cotton industry also played a key role in the development of railroads and other transportation infrastructure in the U.S. In India and other parts of Asia, cotton production and textile manufacturing have been important industries for centuries. The Industrial Revolution brought new technologies, such as power looms, which increased production and helped to create a global market for cotton and cotton textiles. In France, the cotton industry was a significant contributor to the country's industrialization during the 19th century. French textile manufacturers, particularly those in the Nord region, adopted new technologies such as power looms and spinning frames, which helped to increase production and improve efficiency. The cotton industry also played a role in the development of new transportation infrastructure such as the Canal de Roubaix, which connected the Nord region to the ports of the English Channel. In Germany, the cotton industry was not as developed as in Britain or France, but it still played a role in the country's industrialization. German textile manufacturers adopted new technologies such as spinning machines and power looms, and the cotton industry was an important source of employment, particularly in the Westphalia and Lower Rhine regions. In Japan, the cotton industry played a significant role in the country's modernization and industrialization during the Meiji period in the late 19th century. The Japanese government actively encouraged the development of the cotton industry as part of its efforts to modernize the country's economy. Japanese textile manufacturers adopted new technologies such as spinning frames and power looms, and the cotton industry was an important source of employment and export revenue. The process of industrialisation in some other countries of Europe was different from that in England." [2012, 20 Marks]
GER
RUS The process of industrialization in some other countries of Europe, including France, Germany, the United States, and Japan, was different from that in England in several ways. In France, for example, industrialization was more gradual and took place later than in England. The French government played a more active role in promoting industrialization, particularly through the establishment of state-funded technical schools and the encouragement of investment in infrastructure and transportation. Additionally, the French textile industry, which was a major contributor to industrialization, was centered around small and medium-sized enterprises, rather than large factories like in England. In Germany, industrialization began in the middle of the 19th century and was characterized by a high degree of state involvement in the economy. The German government played a key role in promoting industrialization through policies such as tariffs, subsidies, and investment in infrastructure and education. Additionally, German industrialization was characterized by a strong emphasis on research and development, particularly in the chemical and engineering industries. In the United States, the process of industrialization was characterized by a rapid expansion of the economy and the growth of large-scale, capital-intensive industries, particularly in the North. The government played a relatively small role in promoting industrialization, which was driven largely by private investment and entrepreneurship. The cotton industry was a major driver of industrialization in the South, but it was also the expansion of other industries such as steel, railroads and oil that helped to spur the country's economic growth. In Japan, the process of industrialization was characterized by a rapid modernization of the economy and the growth of heavy industries such as steel and shipbuilding. The Japanese government played a key role in promoting industrialization through policies such as the establishment of state-funded technical schools, the creation of a national railway system, and the promotion of investment in heavy industries. Additionally, Japan's industrialization was characterized by a high degree of government control over the economy and a focus on export-oriented industries. Discuss how Japan industrialised after the Meiji Restorations. What were the consequences for its neighbours? [2018, 20 Marks]
[Circumstances/ Causes](onenote: Industrialisation %20in%20other%20Countries%20-%20USA,%20GER,%20Russia,%20Japan§ion-id={DC56A11B-8B6B-4AC5-A364-5525391838E3}&page-id={9EC46B4D-3E39-4B56-BA8E-3A2C997ED542}&object-id={9BBB3258-6AB5-4100-ACAA-121538DA32F3}&12&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/World%20History/Part%20I/Industrialisation.one ) more content needed - ! Answered in Later chapters. What were the consequences of Meiji restoration on its neighbours? The Meiji Restoration of 1868, which saw the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration of imperial rule in Japan, had a significant impact on Japan's neighboring countries. One of the most significant consequences of the Meiji Restoration was the rapid modernization and industrialization of Japan. This led to a significant increase in Japan's economic and military power, which in turn led to increased competition and tensions with other countries in the region, particularly China and Korea. Japan's modernization also served as a model for other countries in East Asia, leading to efforts to imitate and adopt similar policies of modernization and industrialization. Another consequence of the Meiji Restoration was Japan's territorial expansion and imperial ambitions. Japan's rapidly expanding economy and military power enabled it to establish colonies and protectorates in its neighboring countries. The most notable examples of this include the annexation of the Ryukyu Islands and the colonization of Taiwan, which led to increased tensions with China and other neighboring countries. The Meiji Restoration also led to a significant shift in Japan's foreign policy. Japan began to assert itself as a major power in the region, challenging the traditional balance of power and leading to increased tensions with other countries in the region. This included the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895), in which Japan defeated China, which further solidified Japan's position as a major power in the region. ]]>08.4-world-history/3.-industrialisation/3.2-industrialisation-in-other-countries-usa,-ger,-russia,-japan.html08.4 World-History/3. Industrialisation/3.2 Industrialisation in other Countries - USA, GER, Russia, Japan.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#review
#todo ]]>08.4-world-history/3.-industrialisation/3.3-industrialisation-and-globalization.html08.4 World-History/3. Industrialisation/3.3 Industrialisation and Globalization.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#review ! Content present Elsewhere.
#todo ✅ 2023-01-23 "Under Mustafa Kemal's dictatorship; Turkey was rapidly nationalized." Comment. [1986, 20 Marks]
< https://www.history.com/topics/middle-east/kemal-ataturk Mustafa Kemal, also known as Ataturk, was the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey. He came to power in the 1920s and implemented a series of far-reaching reforms aimed at modernizing and nationalizing Turkey. Some of the steps he took to nationalize Turkey included: - Abolishing the Ottoman Caliphate and secularizing the state: He abolished the Ottoman Caliphate, which had been the religious and political center of the Ottoman Empire, and replaced it with a secular government. This helped to separate religion from politics and gave the state more control over religious institutions. - Changing the legal code and educational system: He introduced a new legal code based on European models, which helped to modernize the legal system and promote individual rights. He also reformed the education system, introducing a more secular curriculum and making education more widely available. - Promoting Turkish nationalism: Kemal promoted Turkish nationalism and tried to create a sense of national identity among the Turkish people. He encouraged the use of the Turkish language, and replaced the Arabic script with a new Turkish alphabet. - Promoting Economic Development: Kemal implemented policies of Economic development, promoting industrialization and modernization of Turkey, which helped Turkey to become a more self-sufficient and less dependent on foreign powers. The impact of these nationalization policies was significant. They helped to modernize Turkey, create a sense of national identity among the Turkish people, and promote economic development. The policies also helped to reduce the influence of foreign powers and increase the power of the state. However, it's worth noting that the nationalization process and policies were implemented under authoritarian regime, there were restrictions on freedom of speech, press, and political opposition, and human rights were not always respected. "The Eastern Question has always been an international question." Comment. [1989, 20 Marks]
https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095739581 - ! Mentioned in L Mukherjee "Nominally the new Turkey was republican and democratic." Comment. [1992, 20 Marks]
https://www.history.com/topics/middle-east/kemal-ataturk The statement "nominally the new Turkey was republican and democratic" suggests that while on paper, Turkey was officially a republic and a democracy, in practice, it was not fully democratic. Mustafa Kemal and his Nationalist Movement came to power in the 1920s after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and established the Republic of Turkey. The new government officially adopted a republic and democratic system, with a separation of powers, an elected parliament and a president as the head of state. However, Kemal's regime was authoritarian, and he held a significant amount of power. The new government suppressed political opposition and dissent, and Kemal himself held the title of "President" and "Commander-in-Chief" with sweeping executive powers. Furthermore, Kemal's regime was characterized by one-party rule, with his own party, the Republican People's Party, being the only legal party in the country. Civil liberties and freedoms were restricted, and the press and media were heavily censored, which prevented the emergence of alternative political groups. Turkish renaissance guided by Kemal Pasha revolutionized the Turkish life at many levels. Amplify. [1996, 60 Marks]
https://www.history.com/topics/middle-east/kemal-ataturk The Turkish renaissance, also known as the Kemalist revolution, was a period of social, political, and cultural transformation in Turkey during the early 20th century. It was led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who later became known as Kemal Pasha. The goal of the renaissance was to modernize and secularize Turkish society, and to create a new national identity for the country. The renaissance brought about many changes in Turkish life. One of the most significant was the adoption of a new alphabet, which replaced the Arabic script with a modified version of the Latin alphabet. This made it easier for people to read and write, and helped to promote literacy and education. Other major changes included the adoption of a new legal system and the implementation of land reform. The new legal system was based on the Swiss and German models, and was designed to protect individual rights and to promote democracy. Land reform helped to break up large estates and distributed the land to small farmers, which helped to reduce poverty and improve the standard of living for many people. In addition to these changes, the renaissance also brought about a shift in the role of women in society. Women were given the right to vote and to hold public office, and education was made available to girls and women, which helped to empower them and give them more opportunities. "The Eastern Question has always been international question". Elucidate. [2010, 30 Marks]
< https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095739581 The Eastern Question refers to the political and diplomatic problems caused by the weakening and eventual collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The Ottoman Empire was a vast multiethnic and multireligious state that had long been a major player in the politics of Europe and the Middle East. As the empire began to decline, various European powers began to compete for influence and control over its territories, which led to a number of conflicts and crises. The Eastern Question arose several times throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries. Some of the most notable examples include: - The Crimean War (1853-1856), in which Russia, France, and Britain fought against the Ottoman Empire over control of the Black Sea region. - The Congress of Berlin (1878), in which European powers redrew the map of the Balkans and established new boundaries for the Ottoman Empire, which led to a number of ethnic and nationalist conflicts. - The Balkan Wars (1912-1913), in which several Balkan states declared independence from the Ottoman Empire, which led to further conflict and tensions in the region. - World War I (1914-1918), in which the Ottoman Empire entered on the side of the Central Powers and fought against the Allies, which led to the collapse of the empire and the emergence of new nation-states in the Middle East. The Eastern Question was always an international question because it involved the interests and interventions of multiple European powers in the internal affairs of the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East. European powers had different interests and priorities and this led to several conflicts and crises. The question also had a major impact on the politics and diplomacy of the region and Europe, and it continues to have an effect on the current Middle East politics. ]]>08.4-world-history/4.-nation-state-system/4.1-disintegration-of-empires-in-face-of-emergence-nationalism.html08.4 World-History/4. Nation-State-System/4.1 Disintegration of Empires in face of emergence Nationalism.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#review Struggle to unite GER speaking people within one nation, started by political, economic unification ended w/ military conquest Historical antecedents traced to early feudal period , deutsch used for GER speaking groups, Renaissance literati constructed new consciousness Protestant translation of Bible into German led to growth of modern GER but growth of GN w/ rise of GER Romanticism 18th century based on community ties not contract/ citizenship, based on elaborate concept of volk, preoccupied w/ soul or mission of the nation, ML translation of Bible, Romanticist dev ethnic + linguist defn on concept of cultural nation GER Bund of 38 states created, Concert of EU to counter democratic ideas in EU, after 1848 GER electoral votes allocatedbasis of tax payment lasted till 1918 Effected by War, mil prowess of Prussia suppression of popular movt, defeat of smaller states like Saxon, Hesse Cassel, defeat of FR in Franco GER war 1870 creation of Imperial GER govt - Reichstag rep of 25 states as national parliament formed Desire to face BR, relative backwardness - dev bourgeois ideology, Zollverein 1833 significant growth, railway based gwth interrupted by harvest failures 1846-47, industrialisation 1850-73, Ruhr coal fuelled Railways Prussia public industrial and technical schools, Liberal entrepreneurs, engineering association, progressive bureaucracy Max Weber GER had a parvenu (self-aggrandizing) bourgeoisie, aristocracy, working class Not founded on liberal democratic idea Liberal bour desired liberal demo reforms but small medium sized state, reliance on Prussian mil made national unifi and democratisation difficult Defeat of revo 1848-49, Bismarck's policy of blood Iron weakened demo movt Revo from Above Speeded by national market creation, network of railways, comms, self-conscious boureoisie Based on war and diplomacy, SchleswigHolstein recovered from DEN, ATR Prussian war won at Koniggratz changed balance of power and war became inevitable w/ FR thus called that it was FR which was defeated at Koniggratz Napoleon III was hostile to idea of GER unification, SPA succession - war Defeated ATR at Austerlitz → Peace of Pressburg, HRE dissolved Rhine confederation created 39 states - Birth of German nationalism HRE restored, Rhine confederation could not be reverted Role of Burshenschaft student org to liberate GER from despotic rule Role of GER philosophers Historians Hegel, Fichte, Herder etc Historian highlighted glorious past Fredrick the great etc Led to cultural unity Zollverine - facilitated better comm, troop movt, growth of modern industry, Capitalist supported Bismarck, helped raise large army Session of Frankfurt parliament summoned, decided GU under Prussia Agreed to draft constitution for GER offered crown to Fredrick William IV who refused - growth of militarism bcoz did not want to hurt prestige of Pope, no faith in liberalism, scared of ATR might Bismarck appt Chancellor in 1858 by FW IV, William I took throne, Prussian parliament was liberal dominated who did not want war/militarism No faith in efficacy of liberal methods, only militarism cold succeed Blood Iron policy ruthless suppression of opponents Bypassed parliaments objection to budget large army Ensured neutrality of RUS, FR during war Prussian 1st GER later, wanted Prussiasation of GER Did not wanted to sacrifice Pr interest GER was too small for both ATR and Prussia - B was greatest obstacle in way of GER unity No faith in liberal GER prestige must be highest, shatter ATR FR prestige when King DEN Christian IX wanted to annex Pr and ATR attacked ATR got Gastein, Holstein and Schleswig joined Prussia, Lauenburg got in 1868 1866 PR war w/ ATR - Treaty of Prague 18 states of N GER merged w/ PR created NG fed RUS, FR neutrality maintained Catholics followers, N GER fed despised by Napo III was planning intervention Bismarck defeated ATR in 7 weeks Bo Sadowa Napo III demanded Rhine B did not give, FR attacked PR in 1870 were defeated in Bo Sedan, humiliating treaty of Frankfurt signed South GER integrated Europe gained a master replaced FR role as mistress FR was ideological leader, soft power GER dominance was hard power Blood Iron, no country could stand against it Guided by GER national interest, maintain status quo Isolation of FR, it cannot take revenge for 1870 Maintain peace, stability avoid conflict 6 major powers ATR-HUN, GER, RUS, ITL, BR, FR BR followed Splendid Isolation/ Golden isolation until BR interest was harmed B did not consider ITL to be of concern After GU, GER, ATR-HUN, RUS William I, Francis Joseph, Alexander II were part of it Mil alliance base on idea of collective security A/H after Lo3E collapsed 1878 RUS attacked TUR against A/H interest, Treaty of San Stefano Was surrendered in Berlin under B humiliated Tsar Alexander II GER, A/H, RUS principle of collective security New Tsar Alexander III, BR naval presence in area, for 3 yr period GER, A/H, ITL repeated request of ITL ITL wanted Tunisia occupied by FR, B secretly supported to reinstate national honour after 1870 defeat Completed FR isolation w/ RUS after Lo3N failed Convinced B that not possible to have A/H, RUS in same alliance 3yr period, William II succeeded W I ambitious, young not happy w/ B wanted expansionary policy W II considered RUS as liability, keeping A/H w/ GER decided to drop RUS didn't renew reinsurance in 1890 B insisted renewal Highly successful, GER domination unchallenged, ensured progress, FR isolation, precedent to peace time mil alliances W II destroyed this, FR RUS alliance in 1894 came, 1904 Anglo FR Entente Cordiale, 1907 Triple Entente RUS, FR, BR Secret nature of B alliance created fear suspicion, arms race, preceded WW1 Guided by GER national interest, opportunist, militarist, reflection of his approach of Blood Iron no sentiment involved, secretive, highly successful in immediate sense, Well defined aims, objectives
Before N politically divided into various states, S ITL under Bourbon, Central under Pope, N ITL under ATR Conquered in 1796-97 divided in 3 republican state estd Political liberty, Equality, Fo Press, Religious Freedom granted, Restriction of trade uplifted, National awakening Revered progress under N Parma, Modena, Tuscany -> to ATR princes Pope Restored, Bourbon restored Lombardy, Venetia to ATR Genoa to PS - ITL unification Asso of coal miners estd 1810 wanted Liberation of ITL from foreign rule, Grant legal freedom, No org led to failure Mazzini estd 1831 dream create one ITL nation Cultural unification, spread awakening, Fraternity propagated, emphasized violence Successfully carried intellectual unif Downfall of Metternich inspired ITL Mazzini persuaded Charles Albert of PS ot lead and fight against ATR Pope Pious IX & Ferdinand II of Naples Sicily joined hands w/ Charles Albert they withdrew during war w/ ATR - Charles expansionist policy made them apprehensive Charles defeated in Bo Custoza, Bo Novara and abdicated in favour of Victor Immanuel Made masses realise the political unity possible only undr PMS Appt of Cavour as PM of PMS by Victor Immanuel 1858, PMS should lead bcoz other states were headed by Foreigners Opposition by big powers, foreign domination of other parts Difficult to displace Pope, Geographic division of ITL Cultural Diff b/w Italians, economic diff b/w N and S Ideological diff. Cavour wanted Liberal Const Monarchy Mazzini, Garibaldi wanted republican sys Geoberti -> ITL federation Powerful feudal lords Widened civil liberties, privileges of Church curtailed its properties taken away, secular policy estd, free trade, strong army 90m soldiers Support BR FR against RUS in Bo Crimea (1853-1856) to extend R influence across black sea, medit sea, sent 180k PMS soldiers to battlefield In Peace of Paris, ATR supported RUS but lost, it guaranteed FR support in unific and BR neutrality Bo Crimea aka purposeless battle no direct interest of any party involved in it Plombiers Pact 1858 Napo III and Count Cavour FR agreed to help PMS against ATR w/ 200k soldiers against territories of Nice and Savoy Cavour instigated revolt in Lombardi against ATR -> war -> Lombardy liberated FR withdrew before Liberation of Venetia due to FR casualties Peace of Vila Franca confirmed by Treaty of Zurich Lomabardy given to PMS but Venetia under ATR control Cavour Resigned -> revolts in all parts he came back as PM Plebiscite in Parma, Modena, Tuscany, Bologna made them part of ITL ATR wanted to intervene but BR govt led by Palmerston said ITL should be left alone Not possible to directly intervene due to FR intervention as Bourbon dynasty was ruling Garibaldi's Red Shirts behind the scene G did not merge w/ N ITL he wanted republican ITL Cavour in touch w/ FR king Napo III, both leaders decided integrate Umbria, Marches, w/ N ITL FR gets Nice and Savoy 1860 these areas captured plebiscite held
Unit-18.pdf - Formation of Nation States - Germany and Italy
08. Balyan World History Notes I.pdf - Baliyan Notes 1
07. Balyan World History Notes II.pdf - Baliyan Notes 2 L Mukherjee Page 312Nationalism: State building in Germany and Italy Italy and Germany "The comparison between Cavour's and Bismarck's achievements reveals striking points of resemblance and no less striking points of dissimilarity." Comment. [1990, 20 Marks]
Approaches of Cavour
Bismarck's approach Cavour and Bismarck were both key figures in the process of national unification in Italy and Germany respectively in the 19th century. Both men were instrumental in the formation of their respective nation-states and are considered to be among the most important political figures of the 19th century. Similarities: - Both men were able to achieve national unity through a combination of diplomacy and military force. - Both men were able to create new nation-states through a series of wars and alliances. - Both men were able to create centralized states with strong central governments. - Both men were able to use their political skill and diplomatic acumen to gain support from other European powers. - Both men had a strong sense of nationalism and were motivated by the desire to create strong, independent nation-states. Dissimilarities: - Cavour was able to achieve national unity through a series of wars and alliances with other Italian states, while Bismarck was able to achieve national unity through a series of wars against other German states. - Bismarck's Germany was a federal state with a strong central government, while Cavour's Italy was a centralized state with a weaker central government. - Bismarck had a more authoritarian and centralized approach to government, while Cavour had a more liberal and democratic approach. - Cavour's Italy was a relatively weak state, while Bismarck's Germany was a relatively strong state. - Italy was a country of many different cultures and languages, while Germany was more homogeneous in terms of culture and language. "Comparison of the fascist regime in Italy with the National Socialist regime of Germany is almost inevitable. The similarities are obvious, but there is one point of difference which is worth mentioning." Comment. [1991, 20 Marks]
Characteristics of Fascism Difference ? - ! Answered elsewhere. The unification of Italy and that of Germany constituted a contrast in respect of the ways they were affected and impact they left on later international politics. Elucidate. [1995, 60 Marks] The impact of Italian unification and German unification on international politics was different in several ways: 1. Balance of power: The unification of Italy led to a shift in the balance of power in Europe, as the new Italian state represented a major addition to the number of strong nation-states on the continent. However, the unification of Germany led to a significant shift in the balance of power in Europe, as the new German state represented a major addition to the number of strong nation-states on the continent and was a major contributor to the outbreak of World War I. 2. International Relations: After the unification, Italy formed alliances and played a significant role in the politics of the continent, particularly in the lead-up to and during World War I. The unification of Germany led to the formation of the Triple alliance and later the Central powers which had implications for the balance of power in Europe and the outbreak of World War I. 3. Influence on other Nationalist movements: The success of the Italian nationalist movement served as a source of inspiration for nationalist movements in other parts of Europe and around the world. However, the German unification had a more direct influence on other nationalist movements as it was achieved through military victories and formed a powerful state that other nationalist movements in Europe aimed to emulate. 4. Colonial power: Italy's unification created a new colonial power in the Mediterranean, which had implications for the balance of power and the political dynamics of the region. However, the German unification led to the emergence of Germany as a colonial power with global influence and interests. 5. Economic Impact: The unification of Italy led to the modernization and industrialization of the country, which had a positive impact on the economy. The unification of Germany led to the rapid industrialization and modernization of the country, which had a significant impact on the economy and made Germany one of the most powerful economies in the world. Italy Trace the various stages that led to the Unification of Italy between 1848 and 1870. [1980, 60 Marks]
Approaches of Cavour from here onwards The unification of Italy was a complex and multi-faceted process that took place between 1848 and 1870. The following are the key stages that led to the unification of Italy: 1. The Revolutions of 1848: The revolutions of 1848 broke out across Europe, including Italy, and were driven by a desire for political and social change. The revolutions in Italy led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the election of a constituent assembly. The revolutions also led to the formation of the Roman Republic, which aimed to unite Italy and establish a republic. 2. The First Italian War of Independence: In 1848, the newly-formed Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, led by Charles Albert, declared war on Austria, the dominant power in Italy, in an attempt to unite the Italian states and free them from foreign rule. The war ended in defeat for Piedmont-Sardinia, and the status quo was maintained. 3. The Cavour Era: Camillo di Cavour, the Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, began to pursue a policy of economic and political modernization, which aimed to create a strong and united Italy. He also began to form alliances with other European powers, including France, in order to gain support for his plans to unify Italy. 4. The Second Italian War of Independence: In 1859, Piedmont-Sardinia, with the support of France, declared war on Austria in a renewed effort to unify Italy. This time, the war was successful, and Piedmont-Sardinia was able to expand its territory and gain control of Lombardy. 5. The Third Italian War of Independence: In 1866, Piedmont-Sardinia, once again with the support of France, declared war on Austria, this time with the goal of gaining control of Venetia. The war was successful, and Piedmont-Sardinia was able to gain control of Venetia and expand its territory further. 6. The Unification of the Italian States 1871 Trace the course of the movement for Italian Unification from 1848 with special reference to the contribution of Mazzini. [1983, 60 Marks].
Unification of Lombardy 1859
Role of Young ITL
Mazzini persuaded Charles Albert PS lead fight against ATR
Mazzini, Garibaldi wanted republican sys 1848: The movement for Italian Unification began in earnest in 1848 when the first of the Revolutions of 1848 broke out in Palermo, Sicily. The revolt was led by a group of Sicilian patriots, known as the Carbonari, who sought to overthrow the rule of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, which was then ruled by the Bourbon dynasty. The revolutionaries declared a provisional government and called for the unification of Italy. 1849: The revolutionaries were eventually defeated, but their efforts sparked a wave of revolutionary activity throughout the Italian peninsula. In March 1849, a republican government was established in Rome, and the Roman Republic was declared. This government was led by Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi, two of the most prominent figures in the unification movement. 1850: The Roman Republic was short-lived, however, and it was overthrown by the French in July 1850. This marked the end of the first phase of the unification movement. 1859: The second phase of the unification movement began in 1859, when the Kingdom of Sardinia, led by Victor Emmanuel II, declared war on Austria. This war, known as the Second Italian War of Independence, was fought in northern Italy and resulted in a victory for the Kingdom of Sardinia. 1860: Following the victory in the Second Italian War of Independence, the Kingdom of Sardinia was able to expand its territory and establish a unified Italian state. This state, known as the Kingdom of Italy, was officially proclaimed in March 1860. 1861: The Kingdom of Italy was officially established in March 1861, and Victor Emmanuel II was crowned King. The new Kingdom included much of the Italian peninsula, with the exception of Rome and Venetia, which were still under the control of the Austrian Empire. 1866: In 1866, the Kingdom of Italy declared war on Austria in the Third Italian War of Independence. This war resulted in a victory for the Kingdom of Italy, and it allowed the Kingdom to gain control of Venetia. 1870: In 1870, the Kingdom of Italy declared war on France in the Franco-Prussian War. This war resulted in a victory for the Kingdom of Italy, and it allowed the Kingdom to gain control of Rome. 1871: In 1871, the Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed the Kingdom of Italy, and Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of Italy. 1872: In 1872, the final act of the unification process was completed when the Italian Parliament declared the Kingdom of Italy a unified and indivisible nation. This marked the end of the movement for Italian Unification, and Italy emerged as a unified and independent nation. Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872) was an Italian patriot and revolutionary who played a key role in the struggle for Italian independence. He was an ardent advocate of Italian unification and was instrumental in the establishment of the Italian Republic in 1861. Mazzini was born in Genoa and educated in Switzerland, where he became a passionate advocate for Italian independence. He joined the Carbonari, a secret society devoted to the liberation of Italy from foreign rule. He was soon arrested and exiled for his revolutionary activities, but he continued to pursue his cause from abroad. In 1831, Mazzini founded the Young Italy movement, which aimed to unite the fragmented Italian states into a single nation. He organized a number of uprisings against the Austrian and other foreign rulers of the Italian peninsula, but all failed. In 1848, Mazzini returned to Italy and took part in the revolutions that swept the country. He was a leader of the Roman Republic, which he hoped would become the first step towards a united Italy. However, the revolution was defeated and Mazzini was forced to flee. Mazzini continued to advocate for Italian independence and unification. He founded a number of secret societies dedicated to the cause, including the Giovine Italia, the Italian National Society, and the Italian Republican Society. He also wrote extensively on the need for Italian independence and unification, and his writings were widely read and influential. Mazzini's efforts helped to inspire the Risorgimento, the movement for Italian unification that began in the mid-nineteenth century. He worked closely with other Italian leaders, such as Giuseppe Garibaldi and Camillo Cavour, to press for the creation of a unified Italian state. Mazzini's dream of a unified Italy was finally realized in 1861, when the Kingdom of Italy was established. He was offered the post of Prime Minister, but he declined and instead chose to serve as a member of the Italian Senate. He continued to advocate for Italian independence and unity until his death in 1872. "They have stopped me from making Italy by diplomacy from the North; I will make it by revolution from the South." Comment. [1985, 2005 20 Marks]
Approaches of Cavour more content needed This statement "They have stopped me from making Italy by diplomacy from the North; I will make it by revolution from the South" was said by Garibaldi, an Italian revolutionary and general, who played a key role in the unification of Italy. Garibaldi had been active in the Italian nationalist movement for many years and had been involved in several failed efforts to unify Italy through diplomacy. He believed that the northern Italian states, led by Piedmont-Sardinia, were not doing enough to unify Italy and that the only way to achieve this goal was through revolution. In 1860, Garibaldi led a group of volunteers, known as the Thousand, on a successful military campaign to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, which was then ruled by the Bourbon monarchy. This campaign was supported by the Piedmont-Sardinian government and it was a significant step towards the Unification of Italy. By saying this statement, Garibaldi is expressing his frustration with the lack of progress in unifying Italy through diplomacy, and his belief that the only way to achieve this goal is through revolution. He believed that the only way to achieve the unity of Italy was to take action from the South, and his campaigns of the Thousand made him a hero among the Italian people and a symbol of the Risorgimento, the movement for Italian unification. How Garibaldi undertook reunification from the south. 1. The Expedition of the Thousand: In May 1860, Garibaldi led a group of volunteers, known as the Thousand, on a military campaign to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. He aimed to free the people of southern Italy from the rule of the Bourbon monarchy and unite them with the rest of Italy. 2. The Battle of Calatafimi: On May 15, 1860, Garibaldi's forces engaged in a major battle with the Bourbon army at Calatafimi. Despite being outnumbered, Garibaldi's forces were able to defeat the Bourbon army, which helped to boost morale and support for the campaign. 3. The Capture of Palermo: On May 27, 1860, Garibaldi's forces captured the city of Palermo, the capital of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. This was a major victory for the campaign, and it helped to gain support among the population of southern Italy. 4. The Battle of Milazzo: On July 20, 1860, Garibaldi's forces engaged in a major battle with the Bourbon army at Milazzo. Garibaldi's forces were able to defeat the Bourbon army, which helped to secure control of the island of Sicily. 5. The Capture of Naples: On September 7, 1860, Garibaldi's forces captured the city of Naples, the capital of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. This was a major victory for the campaign, and it marked the end of Bourbon rule in southern Italy. 6. The Annexation of Sicily and Naples: In October 1860, Garibaldi handed over control of Sicily and Naples to Victor Emmanuel II, the King of Piedmont-Sardinia. This helped to bring the southern Italian states under the control of the Piedmont-Sardinian government and marked a significant step towards the unification of Italy. What were the obstacles to Italian unification till 1852? How and with what methods was the unification of Italy achieved? [1993, 60 Marks]
Challenges- There were several obstacles to the unification of Italy prior to 1852: 1. Political Divisions: Italy was divided into several small states, each with its own government and ruler. These states had different political systems and interests, which made it difficult to achieve unity. 2. Foreign Dominance: Italy was under the control of foreign powers, primarily Austria, which had significant influence over the Italian states and was determined to maintain its control over the region. 3. Lack of Nationalism: There was a lack of a strong sense of nationalism among the Italian people, which made it difficult to unite them behind a common cause. 4. Economic Disparities: The Italian states were economically and socially diverse, with significant disparities in wealth and development between the North and the South. The unification of Italy was achieved through a combination of diplomatic and military efforts, led by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, under the leadership of Camillo di Cavour and Victor Emmanuel II. 1. Diplomatic efforts: Piedmont-Sardinia formed alliances with other European powers, particularly France, to gain support for its plans to unify Italy. 2. Military efforts: Piedmont-Sardinia declared war on Austria in 1859 and 1866, with the support of France, which led to the victory in those wars and the annexation of Lombardy and Venetia to Piedmont-Sardinia. 3. Garibaldi's campaigns: Garibaldi led a group of volunteers, known as the Thousand, on a successful military campaign to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1860, which also had a significant role in the unification of the Italian states. This campaign helped to increase support for the unification movement and brought more territories under the control of Piedmont-Sardinia. 4. Popular support: The unification movement also gained popular support among the Italian people, particularly in the South, where there was widespread dissatisfaction with the rule of the Bourbon monarchy. 5. Constitutional reforms: Piedmont-Sardinia also implemented constitutional reforms that helped to create a more centralized government, which was more conducive to the process of unification. Finally, in 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was declared the King of Italy and the unification of Italy was officially declared. The process of unification was not easy and it took many years, but through a combination of diplomatic, military, and popular efforts, the Italian states were united under one government and one king. "The unification of Italy completed…the destruction of the European order." Comment. [1997, 20 Marks]
Rev of 1848 The European order before the unification of Italy was characterized by a balance of power among several major European powers, including France, Britain, Russia, and Austria. Italy was not considered to be a major power, and its fragmentation into several small states made it easy for larger powers to exert influence over the region. The unification of Italy created a new and powerful state that challenged this balance of power and the existing European order. The unification of Italy led to the emergence of a new major power in Europe, which had a significant impact on the balance of power in the continent. The addition of a strong and unified Italy to the European political landscape created a new dynamic, which made it difficult for the existing powers to maintain their dominance. This led to a shift in the balance of power in Europe, as the newly-unified Italy became a major player in the continent's politics and diplomacy. The unification of Italy also had a significant impact on the international order. The new state represented a change in the distribution of power among the European states, which led to a new set of alliances and rivalries. This change in the distribution of power also had an impact on the colonial and economic policies of the European states, as the new Italy became a major economic player in the Mediterranean and Africa. Furthermore, the unification of Italy had an impact on the ideological order of Europe. The emergence of a united Italy marked the triumph of nationalism ideals and the emergence of a new nation-state. This had a profound impact on the other European states, which were inspired by the Italian example, and began to seek their own national unity. This development led to the emergence of new nation-states and the weakening of the old empires, which in turn led to the destruction of the European order. The European order before the unification of Italy was characterized by several key features: 1. Balance of Power: The European order was based on a balance of power among several major European powers, including France, Britain, Russia, and Austria. These powers were in a state of constant competition, with each seeking to maintain or expand their influence and territory. 2. Fragmented Italy: Italy was not considered a major power in Europe, and it was fragmented into several small states, each with its own government and ruler. This made it easy for larger powers to exert influence over the region. 3. Diplomatic Alliances: The major powers formed diplomatic alliances with each other to maintain the balance of power and protect their interests. These alliances often shifted and changed over time depending on the circumstances. 4. Colonialism: European powers also had significant overseas empires, which they used to expand their economic and political influence. 5. Economic Interests: Economic interests played a significant role in the European order, with the major powers competing for access to resources and markets. 6. Ideological divisions: Europe was divided between liberal and conservative ideologies, with many countries having different forms of government, such as constitutional monarchy or absolute monarchy. 7. Religious diversity: Europe was also diverse in terms of religious affiliation, with Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, and Eastern Orthodox Christianity as the main religious groups. 8. Military Strength: The European order was maintained by a balance of military strength, with the major powers maintaining large and powerful armies to defend their interests. The Unification of Italy brought changes in each of these features. 1. Impact on the balance of power: The unification of Italy led to the emergence of a new major power in Europe, which had a significant impact on the balance of power in the continent. The addition of a strong and unified Italy to the European political landscape created a new dynamic, which made it difficult for the existing powers to maintain their dominance. This led to a shift in the balance of power in Europe, as the newly-unified Italy became a major player in the continent's politics and diplomacy. 2. Impact on Diplomatic Alliances: The unification of Italy also had an impact on the diplomatic alliances among the European powers. The emergence of a new major power led to the formation of new alliances and the re-evaluation of existing ones, as the major powers sought to maintain or improve their position in the new European order. 3. Impact on Colonialism: The unification of Italy also had an impact on the colonial policies of the European powers. The new Italy, as a major power, sought to expand its colonial holdings in Africa and the Mediterranean, which led to increased competition among the European powers for control of these regions. 4. Impact on Economic Interests: The unification of Italy also had an impact on the economic interests of the European powers. The new Italy became a major economic player in the Mediterranean and Africa, which led to increased competition among the European powers for access to resources and markets. 5. Impact on Ideological divisions: The unification of Italy also had an impact on the ideological divisions in Europe. The emergence of a united Italy marked the triumph of nationalist ideals, which had a profound impact on the other European states and led to the weakening of the old empires and the emergence of new nation states. This development represented a shift away from the traditional ideological divide between liberal and conservative ideologies towards a more pronounced emphasis on nationalism ideologies. 6. Impact on religious diversity: The unification of Italy did not have a direct impact on religious diversity in Europe, but it did contribute to the emergence of a more secular and nationalistic mindset among the population which led to a decline in the influence of religious institutions on politics and society. 7. Impact on Military Strength: The unification of Italy also had an impact on the military strength of the European powers. The emergence of a new major power, with a strong and modern army, led to increased competition among the European powers to maintain or improve their military capabilities. This led to an arms race among the European powers, which helped to set the stage for the First World War. The emergence of a new major power, Italy, challenged the existing balance of power, diplomatic alliances, colonial policies, economic interests, ideological divisions, and military strength in Europe. The process of unification also marked the triumph of nationalist ideals, which had a profound impact on the other European states and led to the weakening of the old empires and the emergence of new nation-states. "They have stopped me from making Italy by diplomacy from the North; I will make it by revolution from the South." Comment. [2005, 20 Marks]
Approaches of Cavour - ! Answered above. "Mazzini's conception of Italian nationality was not exclusive, and his dominant ideal was the recreation of moral unity of mankind." Critically examine. [2015, 10 Marks]
Role of Young ITL Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian political leader, journalist, and activist who played a significant role in the Italian Risorgimento, the movement for Italian unification. He is known for his ideas about Italian nationalism and his vision for a united and democratic Italy. One of the key features of Mazzini's conception of Italian nationality was that it was not exclusive. He believed that Italian nationalism should be inclusive, and that it should not be limited to the boundaries of the Italian state. He believed that Italian nationalism should be based on a shared culture, history, and language, rather than on a shared ethnicity or race. Mazzini's dominant ideal was the recreation of moral unity of mankind. He believed that the moral unity of mankind could be achieved through the creation of a federation of nations, in which all people would be equal and free. He believed that the first step towards achieving this goal was to unite the Italian people and create a democratic and united Italy. He believed that a united and democratic Italy would serve as an example for other nations, and that it would help to promote the ideals of freedom, equality, and fraternity throughout the world. Mazzini also believed that the unity of Italy would be a step towards the unity of Europe. He believed that the unification of Italy would help to break down the barriers between the different nations of Europe, and that it would lead to the creation of a federation of European nations. He believed that this federation of nations would be based on the principles of democracy, freedom, and equality, and that it would help to create a more just and peaceful Europe. In addition, Mazzini believed that the unity of Italy would be a step towards the unity of mankind. He believed that the unification of Italy would help to break down the barriers between different races, religions, and nationalities, and that it would lead to the creation of a federation of mankind. He believed that this federation of mankind would be based on the principles of democracy, freedom, and equality, and that it would help to create a more just and peaceful world. Mazzini's ideas about Italian nationalism were unique in that they were not based on exclusivity or superiority of one group over others. His ideas were inclusive and aimed at the moral unity of mankind, which he thought could be achieved through the creation of a federation of nations. This vision of a united and democratic Italy, as a step towards a more just and peaceful world, was a central goal that he worked towards throughout his life. Criticism of this theory. 1. Lack of practicality: Mazzini's ideas were based on high-minded ideals, but they were not always practical or achievable. His vision for a federation of nations, for example, was not realistic given the political realities of the time and the competing interests of the European powers. 2. Failure to address regional differences: Mazzini's ideas did not take into account the significant regional differences within Italy, such as the economic and social disparities between the North and the South. This could be criticized as not being inclusive enough and not truly representing the diversity of the Italian population. 3. Lack of popular support: Mazzini's ideas were not always popular among the Italian people. Many Italians were more concerned with their own immediate needs and were not interested in the high-minded ideals that Mazzini espoused. 4. Failure to take into account the role of class: Mazzini's ideas did not take into account the role of class in the unification of Italy and the social struggles that the working class and the poor faced. 5. Failure to address the role of religion: Mazzini's ideas did not take into account the role of religion in Italy, where it was an important factor in shaping the country's culture and society. This could be criticized for not being inclusive enough and not fully representing the diversity of the Italian population. 6. Failure to address the role of women: Mazzini's ideas did not take into account the role of women in the unification of Italy and the struggle for equality. This could be criticized as not being inclusive and not fully representing the diversity of the Italian population. Germany "Napoleon kindled the national sentiment, but German unity was achieved by Bismarck." Discuss. [1981, 60 Marks]
Napoleon German unification
Bismarck German Unification
Real Begin of GU selectively from this Napoleon Bonaparte, the French emperor, played a significant role in kindling nationalism sentiment in Germany during the early 19th century. Napoleon's conquests and campaigns in Europe brought the German states into direct contact with the French political and cultural ideals of the Revolution, such as nationalism and civic republicanism. He abolished feudalism, introduced the Napoleonic Code, and imposed the French administrative system, which helped to create a sense of shared identity among the German people. Napoleon's campaigns also led to the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire and the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine, which brought the German states together under French hegemony. This led to a sense of shared experience and identity among the German people, as they were united in their opposition to French rule. Changes that Napoleon brought in Germany : 1. Napoleon reorganized the German states into a more centralized system, replacing the loose confederation of states with a stronger central government. 2. He introduced the Napoleonic Code, which served as the basis for a unified legal system in Germany. 3. He abolished feudal privileges and serfdom, promoting social and economic modernization. 4. He encouraged the spread of education and the development of a national identity. 5. He established a system of conscription, creating a large and efficient standing army. 6. He built a network of roads and highways, improving transportation and communication. 7. He established a standard system of weights and measures, currency, and taxes. 8. He helped to spread the ideals of the French Revolution, such as nationalism and liberalism, throughout Germany. 9. He promoted the German language and culture, helping to establish it as a distinct national identity. However, it is said that German unity was achieved by Bismarck, who was the Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 to 1890. Bismarck played a key role in the unification of Germany by using a combination of diplomacy, war, and political maneuvering to bring the various German states under the control of Prussia. He negotiated alliances, created alliances and took advantage of internal conflicts and external pressures to achieve his goal of creating a unified Germany. Bismarck's most notable achievement was the creation of the German Empire in 1871, which united the German states under the leadership of Prussia. He was able to achieve this by waging war against Denmark, Austria and France and through a series of diplomatic maneuvers. "It is one of the ironies of history that Napoleon was the creator of modern Germany." Comment. [1984, 20 Marks]
Napoleon German unification more content needed on this It is indeed ironic that Napoleon, a French military leader and emperor who is often associated with the conquest and domination of other countries, played a significant role in the creation of modern Germany. Despite the fact that he was an enemy of Germany, he was also one of the key figures who helped to shape the country as we know it today. One of the most significant ways in which Napoleon contributed to the creation of modern Germany was through his reorganization of the German states. Prior to Napoleon's rise to power, Germany was a loose confederation of states with little central authority. Napoleon, however, sought to create a stronger central government by reorganizing the German states into a more centralized system. This helped to lay the foundation for a more unified country. Another important way in which Napoleon contributed to the creation of modern Germany was through his introduction of the Napoleonic Code. This legal code served as the basis for a unified legal system in Germany and helped to establish a consistent set of laws across the country. Additionally, Napoleon abolished feudal privileges and serfdom, which promoted social and economic modernization. He also encouraged the spread of education and the development of a national identity, helping to create a sense of shared culture and history among Germans. Napoleon also played a crucial role in the military development of Germany. He established a system of conscription, creating a large and efficient standing army. Additionally, he built a network of roads and highways, improving transportation and communication throughout the country. He also established a standard system of weights and measures, currency, and taxes which helped to promote economic development. Furthermore, Napoleon helped to spread the ideals of the French Revolution, such as nationalism and liberalism, throughout Germany. This helped to promote the idea of a strong German identity separate from the Holy Roman Empire. He also promoted the German language and culture, helping to establish it as a distinct national identity. These developments were not always accepted positively by the German people, as many of them saw these changes as foreign imposition and resented Napoleon's rule. However, it's undeniable that Napoleon had a profound impact on the shaping of modern Germany and helped lay the foundation for the eventual unification of Germany under Prussia in 1871. "The Unification of Germany was the one thing Bismarck was determined to prevent." Comment. [1987, 20 Marks]
Napoleon German unification More content needed "At the end of the battle of Sedan (1870)‚ Europe lost a mistress and gained a master." Comment. [1995, 20 Marks]
Phase III Integration of south
Phases of GER unification this whole Bismarck's comment highlights the dramatic shift in power that occurred as a result of the Franco-Prussian War and the unification of Germany. It also reflects the idea that the balance of power in Europe had changed significantly and that Germany had emerged as a major player on the world stage. This statement also reflects Bismarck's belief in the importance of power politics and the role that military might played in shaping the political landscape of Europe. Isolation of France constituted the keystone of Bismarck's foreign policy. Elucidate. [1997, 60 Marks]
B foreign policy The German statesman Otto von Bismarck was the mastermind behind the policy of isolating France. Bismarck believed that a strong and unified Germany was the best way to protect the interests of the German states against the ambitions of France. He set out to create a network of alliances that would encircle France and prevent it from expanding its influence in Europe. The first step in Bismarck’s policy of isolating France was the formation of the German Confederation in 1866. This alliance, made up of the German states, provided a unified front against France and increased German power. The next step in Bismarck’s plan was to form an alliance with Austria-Hungary. This was done in 1879 with the Dual Alliance. This alliance was designed to protect Germany and Austria-Hungary from the threat of a French attack. The next step in Bismarck’s plan was to form an alliance with Italy. This was done in 1882 with the Triple Alliance. This alliance was designed to protect Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy from the threat of a French attack. The next step in Bismarck’s plan was to form an alliance with Russia. This was done in 1887 with the Reinsurance Treaty. This alliance was designed to protect Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and Russia from the threat of a French attack. The final step in Bismarck’s plan was to form an alliance with Great Britain. This was done in 1890 with the Triple Entente. This alliance was designed to protect Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Russia, and Great Britain from the threat of a French attack. By forming these alliances, Bismarck had effectively isolated France from the rest of Europe. France was surrounded by powerful states and had no allies to turn to for help. This isolation was a major factor in the outcome of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, which resulted in the creation of the German Empire. Bismarck’s policy of isolating France was an important part of his overall strategy to create a unified Germany and protect it from the ambitions of its European rivals. His policy was successful and it enabled Germany to become a major power in Europe. "The political unification of Germany was accomplished solely by Bismarck." Comment. [1999, 20Marks]
Real Begin of GU
Role of N [Napoleon German unification](onenote: Nationalism %20%20state%20building%20in%20Germany%20and%20Italy§ion-id={D12F8517-CA6F-4271-BD0B-B1C4EEAFE634}&page-id={B90D1590-462D-426D-BEA2-8895413BE5A9}&object-id={3F67A6D2-C266-497B-ABEC-8A85B6F28F54}&1B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/World%20History/Part%20I/Nation%20State%20System.one ) "Bismarck created a new Germany with the policy of 'blood and iron'." Comment. [2001, 20 Marks]
Real Begin of GU more content needed on this The "policy of blood and iron" was a phrase coined by Bismarck to describe his approach to achieving the unification of Germany. This policy emphasized the use of military force and a strong, centralized government to bring the various German states together under the leadership of Prussia. Bismarck believed that the only way to achieve German unification was through the use of force and a strong, centralized government, rather than through negotiation and compromise. Under this policy, Bismarck took several steps to achieve German unification. These include: 1. Wars: Bismarck used military force to expand the territory and influence of Prussia. He waged wars against Denmark in 1864, Austria in 1866, and France in 1870-71. These wars helped to bring the German states under the control of Prussia and set the stage for the formation of the German Empire in 1871. 2. Diplomatic maneuvers: Bismarck used diplomacy to achieve his goals. He formed alliances with other European powers, such as Austria and Russia, to counter the influence of France. He also took advantage of internal conflicts and external pressures to achieve his goal of creating a unified Germany. 3. Creation of the North German Confederation: In 1867, Bismarck created the North German Confederation, which was a loose federation of German states under the leadership of Prussia. This helped to bring the German states together and set the stage for the formation of the German Empire in 1871. 4. Promoting the idea of a "Lesser Germany": Bismarck promoted the idea of a "Lesser Germany" which would exclude Austria and exclude the Catholic southern German states. This helped to prevent the emergence of a rival power in Germany and maintain the dominance of Prussia. "Napoleon kindled the national sentiment, but German unity was achieved by Bismarck." Discuss. [2002, 60 Marks]
Real Begin of GU
Role of N Napoleon German unification - ! Answered elsewhere. Bismarck united Germany not by majority of votes and speeches but by a policy of "Blood and Iron". In the light of this statement assess the contribution of Bismarck to the unification of Germany. [2003, 60 Marks]
Real Begin of GU "To Bismarck the conclusion of the Treaty of May 20, 1882, was the culmination of his system." Comment. [2004, 20 Marks]
Alliances Created Bismarck's system for achieving German unification involved a combination of diplomacy, military force, and political maneuvering. He used a strategy of "blood and iron" to bring the various German-speaking states together under Prussian leadership. One of the key elements of his strategy was his ability to form alliances and make deals with other European powers. He formed an alliance with Austria-Hungary in 1879, known as the Dual Alliance, which helped him to isolate France and prevent it from interfering in his plans for German unification. He also used this alliance to gain the support of other German states, such as Bavaria and Württemberg. Bismarck also used military force to achieve his goals, most notably in the wars against Denmark (1864) and Austria (1866). These wars resulted in Prussia gaining control of Schleswig-Holstein and several other territories. He also used political maneuvering to bring about the unification of Germany. He proposed the creation of the North German Confederation in 1867, which was made up of several northern German states, and the southern states were later brought into the Confederation through a series of political deals. In 1871, the German Empire was officially formed with the King of Prussia, Wilhelm I, as its emperor. The Treaty of May 20, 1882, also known as the Triple Alliance Treaty, was signed between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. It established a defensive alliance between the three countries and was seen as a major achievement for the German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. Bismarck had worked towards creating a balance of power in Europe through a series of diplomatic maneuvers and alliances, and the Treaty of May 20, 1882, was the culmination of his efforts. It solidified Germany's position as a major European power and helped to maintain peace in the continent for a number of years. Was German unification achieved more by 'coal and iron' than by 'blood and iron'? [2012, 30 Marks]
Zollverein onwards
After 1871 - ! Economic background explained in IGNOU BA. "The language of narrow nationalism held at Frankfurt destroyed the German Revolution; as the fatal idea of aggrandizement of the House of Savoy destroyed the Italian Revolution." Discuss. [2014, 20 Marks] The Italian and German revolutions of 1848-49 were movements aimed at creating a united and democratic Italy and Germany, respectively. The Italian Risorgimento, as the Italian Unification movement is called, began with a series of popular uprisings in various parts of Italy in 1848, calling for the end of foreign domination and the creation of a united, independent Italy. The movement was led by figures such as Giuseppe Garibaldi and Camillo di Cavour, and was supported by a growing sense of national identity among the Italian people. However, despite initial successes, the Risorgimento ultimately failed to achieve its goal of creating a united Italy. One of the main reasons for this failure was the intervention of foreign powers, such as Austria, which sought to maintain control over its Italian territories. In addition, the different Italian states had different political and economic interests, and were unable to come to an agreement on the form of a united Italy. The German revolution of 1848-49, also known as the March revolution, began with popular uprisings in various German-speaking states in 1848, calling for the end of feudalism and the creation of a united, democratic Germany. The movement was led by figures such as Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx, and was supported by a growing sense of national identity among the German people. However, despite initial successes, the German revolution ultimately failed to achieve its goal of creating a united Germany. One of the main reasons for this failure was the intervention of foreign powers, such as Austria and Russia, which sought to maintain control over their German territories. In addition, the different German states had different political and economic interests, and were unable to come to an agreement on the form of a united Germany. The National Assembly in Frankfurt, which was established in 1848, was made up of representatives from various German-speaking states who were tasked with drafting a constitution for a united Germany. However, rather than focusing on the common goal of unification, many of the representatives were more concerned with promoting the interests of their own individual states. This statement is referring to the fact that the German Revolution of 1848-49, which aimed to create a united and democratic Germany, failed in part due to the influence of narrow nationalism. The National Assembly, which was established in Frankfurt in 1848, was made up of representatives from various German-speaking states who were tasked with drafting a constitution for a united Germany. However, rather than focusing on the common goal of unification, many of the representatives were more concerned with promoting the interests of their own individual states. The idea of aggrandizement of the House of Savoy, refers to the role of the Italian royal family, the House of Savoy, in the Italian Risorgimento, the Italian Unification movement. The House of Savoy, which ruled the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, saw the opportunity to expand their own power and territory through the unification process. This led to a focus on the interests of the House of Savoy, rather than on the goal of creating a united Italy. This statement suggests that the narrow focus on individual state interests and the desire for personal or political gain, rather than the common goal of national unity, ultimately led to the failure of both the German and Italian revolutions. It highlights that in order to achieve the national unity, it's important to put the national interest above personal or political gains. What determinant factors, along with diplomatic, shaped the process of German Unification? [2017, 20 Marks]
B foreign policy - ! Bacground has been mentioned well in IGNOU BA. 1. Economic factors: The German states had a high level of economic interdependence, and the growth of industries and trade, especially in the Prussian territories, helped to bring the German states closer together. 2. Cultural factors: The German-speaking people shared a common culture and history, and this helped to create a sense of unity among them. The spread of nationalism ideals and the growth of a German national identity also played a role in the process of unification. 3. Military factors: The Prussian military had a strong reputation and was considered to be one of the most powerful in Europe. The victories of Prussian army in the wars against Denmark and Austria helped to establish Prussia as the dominant military power in Germany, and gave it the means to bring the other German states into the fold. 4. Political factors: The Zollverein, a customs union established in 1834 which abolished tariffs between the German states, played a key role in the political and economic integration of German states. The growth of a strong central government under Prussian leadership, as well as Bismarck's ability to manipulate the political situation in the German states, also contributed to the unification process. 5. Socio-political factors: The rise of the middle class and the growing discontent with the feudal system among the German population also played a role in the process of German unification. The desire for political and economic change among the German people helped to "18 January 1871 had been a day of triumph for the strength and pride of Germany and 28 June 1919 was the day of chastisement." Critically examine. [2017, 10 Marks] More content on 1871
Treaty of Versailles - ! Mention what were the positive consequences of each of these events. The statement "18 January 1871 had been a day of triumph for the strength and pride of Germany and 28 June 1919 was the day of chastisement" refers to two significant events in German history: the formation of the German Empire on January 18, 1871, and the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919. The formation of the German Empire on January 18, 1871, was indeed a day of triumph for Germany. The country had just emerged victorious from the Franco-Prussian War and had successfully unified under the leadership of Prussia. The formation of the German Empire marked the emergence of a new major power in Europe and brought a sense of pride and strength to the German people. However, the statement that 28 June 1919 was the day of chastisement is more complex. The Treaty of Versailles, which was signed on that date, imposed harsh penalties on Germany, including war reparations, territorial losses, and restrictions on the size of the German military. These penalties were aimed at weakening Germany and preventing it from becoming a major military power again. However, it could be argued that the signing of the Treaty of Versailles was not just a day of chastisement but also a day of opportunity for Germany. The treaty marked the end of World War I and paved the way for the country to rebuild and move forward. The treaty also provided an opportunity for Germany to come to terms with its role in the war and to work towards a more peaceful and stable future. At the end of the Battle of Sedan (1870), "Europe lost a mistress and gained a master". Critically examine. [2018, 10 Marks]
Phase III Integration of south
Phases of GER unification this whole - ! Answered above Examine the role of Bismarck in state building in Germany. [2018, 20 Marks]
[Real Begin of GU](onenote: Nationalism %20%20state%20building%20in%20Germany%20and%20Italy§ion-id={D12F8517-CA6F-4271-BD0B-B1C4EEAFE634}&page-id={B90D1590-462D-426D-BEA2-8895413BE5A9}&object-id={3F67A6D2-C266-497B-ABEC-8A85B6F28F54}&5E&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/World%20History/Part%20I/Nation%20State%20System.one ) Otto von Bismarck was a German statesman who is credited with playing a crucial role in the unification of Germany in the 19th century. He served as the first Chancellor of Germany from 1871 to 1890 and is considered one of the most influential figures in modern German history. Bismarck is credited with laying the foundations of the modern German state through his policies of state building. Bismarck's primary goal was to unify the German states into a single, unified nation-state. To achieve this, he sought to create a strong central government that could effectively govern the German states. He achieved this by introducing a number of reforms that strengthened the federal government. He implemented a system of taxation and tariffs that generated revenue for the central government, and introduced a unified currency and a postal system. He also established a common legal framework for the German states, which included a unified criminal code and a unified civil code. Bismarck also sought to strengthen the German economy by encouraging industrialization and free trade. He introduced a number of reforms that promoted economic growth, such as the establishment of a national bank and the implementation of a protective tariff. He also encouraged foreign investment in Germany, which helped to stimulate economic growth. Bismarck was also keen to strengthen the German military, which he saw as essential for the unification of Germany. He increased military spending and introduced a number of reforms that strengthened the German army. He also sought to create a strong navy, which he believed was necessary for the protection of German interests abroad. In addition to strengthening the German state, Bismarck sought to protect German interests abroad. He pursued a policy of Realpolitik, which involved forming alliances with other European powers in order to protect German interests. He also sought to maintain peace in Europe by forming alliances and negotiating treaties with other countries. Overall, Bismarck's policies of state building were highly successful and laid the foundations for the modern German state. His reforms helped to unify the German states, strengthen the German economy, and protect German interests abroad. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in modern German history and his legacy continues to be felt in the modern German state. ]]>08.4-world-history/4.-nation-state-system/4.2-nationalism-state-building-in-germany-and-italy.html08.4 World-History/4. Nation-State-System/4.2 Nationalism - state building in Germany and Italy.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#review Influenced by internationalism forced by N Intellectuals appealed with cultural unity - political unity over time Relied on secret societies, Carbonari; mixed w/ ideas of liberalism, socialism, revolutionary republicanism Poles and Magyars in eastern EU been active political nationalists, mostly cultural nationalism here Natio manifested in Revol of 1848
Unit-6.pdf - European Political Mobilisation IGNOU BA
Unit-7.pdf - New Political System in Europe
Unit-16.pdf - Nationalism and Nation State System
Unit-17.pdf - Formation of Nation State in Britain and FranceRise of Nationalism in 19th century How did Japan develop between 1868 and 1894? Did the 'Restoration of Meiji' mark a sharp break with the past? [1987, 60 Marks]
JP More content needed on this Between 1868 and 1894, Japan underwent a period of rapid modernization and development known as the Meiji period. During this time, Japan underwent a series of significant changes that transformed it from a feudal, agrarian society into a modern, industrialized nation. One of the key ways that Japan developed during this period was through the adoption of Western technology, particularly in the areas of transportation, communication, and industry. Japan imported and adapted technologies such as steam engines, telegraphs, and railroads, which helped to improve transportation and communication, and spur economic growth. Another way that Japan developed during this period was through the implementation of economic policies aimed at promoting industrialization. This included the establishment of state-funded technical schools, the creation of a national railway system, and the promotion of investment in heavy industries such as steel and shipbuilding. These policies helped to create a strong and diversified industrial base that was able to compete with other industrial nations. The Meiji government also implemented a series of political and social reforms aimed at strengthening the central government and creating a unified nation. This included the adoption of a centralized government system, the establishment of a national education system, and the abolition of feudal privileges. These reforms helped to create a strong and centralized government that was better able to manage the country's economic and political development. Japan's military also underwent modernization and expansion during this period. The Meiji government created a modern, centralized, and conscription-based military, which was able to defeat the Chinese in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895), further solidifying Japan's position as a major power in the region. The transformation of Japan during the Meiji period marked a stark departure from the past in several ways. Firstly, the Meiji period was marked by a significant break with Japan's traditional agrarian and feudal way of life. The government implemented policies aimed at promoting industrialization and modernization, which led to the growth of new industries such as steel, shipbuilding and textiles, as well as the expansion of existing industries like mining, fishing and forestry. This change marked a significant departure from Japan's past, which was characterized by a largely agrarian economy. Secondly, the Meiji period was marked by a significant shift in the way that Japan related to the outside world. For centuries, Japan had been isolated from the rest of the world, with strict restrictions on foreign trade and contact. However, during the Meiji period, Japan actively sought to learn from and engage with other countries, importing new ideas and technologies and sending delegations abroad to learn about foreign cultures and systems. This marked a significant departure from Japan's past, which had been characterized by isolation and self-sufficiency. Thirdly, the Meiji period was marked by a significant shift in the way that Japan was governed. The Meiji government implemented a series of political and social reforms aimed at strengthening the central government and creating a unified nation. This included the adoption of a centralized government system, the establishment of a national education system, and the abolition of feudal privileges. These reforms marked a significant departure from Japan's past, which had been characterized by a decentralized and feudal system of government. Fourthly, The Meiji period marked a significant departure from Japan's past in terms of its military power, as the Meiji government created a modern, centralized, and conscription-based military, which was able to defeat the Chinese in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895), further solidifying Japan's position as a major power in the region. "The characteristic motive of this period (1830-1871) was not so much Liberalism as Nationalism." Comment. [1982, 20 Marks]
Characteristics This statement suggests that during the period of 1830 to 1871, the main driving force for political and social change was not liberal ideas and values, but rather a strong sense of national identity and the desire for national unity and self-determination. This may have been influenced by factors such as the rise of nationalism movements across Europe, the emergence of new nation-states, and the desire to assert independence from foreign rule or domination. - The Revolutions of 1848, which swept across Europe, were driven largely by nationalistic sentiments among various ethnic groups and aimed to establish independent nation-states. - The Italian Risorgimento, led by figures such as Camillo di Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi, sought to unify the various states of Italy into a single nation. - The German Confederation, which had been established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815, was dissolved in 1866 and replaced by the North German Confederation, which aimed to unify the various German-speaking states into a single nation. - In 1867, Austria and Hungary reached a compromise called Ausgleich, which established Austria-Hungary as a dual monarchy. - In 1871, the German Empire was formed under the leadership of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, unifying the various German-speaking states and asserting German national identity. - The Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871, which led to the unification of Germany, was also driven by the desire for national unity and self-determination. - Quotes: - "We are a nation, and our fatherland is Germany." - Otto von Bismarck - "Italy has awakened, and she will no longer be the slave of foreigners." - Camillo di Cavour - "The Hungarian nation is not a nationality but a nation. The Hungarian nation is not a minority but a majority. The Hungarian nation does not want to oppress other nationalities but wants to live with them in peace and harmony." - Ferenc Deák All these examples demonstrate how Nationalism was the main driving force during the period of 1830-1871 and not Liberalism. "The Crimean War was the most useless war ever waged." Comment. [2000, 20 Marks]
Approaches of Cavour
https://www.irishtimes.com/news/an-unnecessary-war-1.1144605 The Crimean War was a military conflict fought between October 1853 and February 1856. It was fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula, which is located in the Black Sea region of Eastern Europe and is currently a part of modern-day Ukraine. The war was fought between the Russian Empire and an alliance of France, the United Kingdom, and the Ottoman Empire. The conflict was sparked by the Russian Empire's desire to expand its influence in the region, which came into conflict with the interests of the other European powers, particularly the Ottoman Empire and France. The war began with a Russian attack on Ottoman territory in the Danubian Principalities (present-day Romania) and quickly escalated into a full-scale conflict. The fighting primarily took place in the Crimean Peninsula, with the most famous engagements being the Siege of Sevastopol and the Battle of Balaclava. The war was characterized by poor leadership, logistical failures, and horrific conditions for the soldiers on both sides. The Crimean War was also the first major war to be covered by journalists, and the reports of William Howard Russell of The Times brought the horrors of the war to the attention of the British public. The war ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1856, which, among other things, forced the Russian Empire to give up control of the Crimean Peninsula and the Danubian Principalities. The treaty also established the independence and neutrality of the Ottoman Empire. The war had significant consequences for the European powers involved. The Russian Empire was humiliated by the defeat and this led to significant domestic unrest and political upheaval. France and the United Kingdom, meanwhile, emerged from the war with their prestige and power enhanced. The war also had significant consequences for the Ottoman Empire, which lost control of the Crimean Peninsula and the Danubian Principalities. The war also highlighted the Ottoman Empire's weakness and led to further European intervention in Ottoman affairs. The war also led to significant military reforms in the armies of the European powers involved. The British and French armies, in particular, were criticized for their poor performance in the war and as a result, they underwent significant reorganization and modernization. It is widely considered to have been a costly and unnecessary conflict. Despite the significant loss of life and resources, the war did not achieve any clear strategic objectives for any of the combatants, and its major lasting impact was to further damage already strained relationships between the European powers. Additionally, the war highlighted the logistical and organizational shortcomings of the British and French armies, and led to a number of significant military reforms in the aftermath of the conflict. "…. the European nations in emphasizing their solidarity, their solidarity, their Europeanness in dealing with Asian countries inevitably gave rise to a feeling of Asianness." Comment. [1988, 20 Marks] K.M. Panikkar, who said "…. the European nations in emphasizing their solidarity, their solidarity, their Europeanness in dealing with Asian countries inevitably gave rise to a feeling of Asianness." was an Indian diplomat, historian and political scientist. He wrote extensively on Indian and Asian history, and was particularly interested in the impact of colonialism and imperialism on the development of nationalism in Asia. In his book "Asia and Western Dominance" published in 1953, he argues that the European nations' emphasis on their own national identity and unity in their interactions with Asian countries contributed to the emergence of a strong sense of Asian identity and the rise of Asian nationalism. He believes that the process of European colonialism and imperialism in Asia led to the emergence of a sense of Asianness, which was a response to the European presence. He also argues that the idea of Asia as a distinct region, separate from Europe, began to take shape in the late 19th century. European scholars and politicians began to discuss the idea of Asia as a distinct region and this idea was then adopted by Asian thinkers and leaders, which had a huge impact on the rise of Asian nationalism. He explained that Europe was forced to take the naval route to Asia because the land route was blocked by the military defeat in the Crusades. He not only describes in riveting detail the European entry into and eventual suppression of Asia but also describes the historical basis for the concept of a pan-Asian identity. [^1] "Asian Nationalism is just a product of Western impact on the Asian intelligentsia in the last decades of the nineteenth century." Comment. [1994, 20 Marks] The statement that Asian nationalism is solely a product of Western influence on the Asian intelligentsia in the last decades of the nineteenth century is a simplification of the complex origins and development of nationalism in Asia. While it is true that Western colonialism and imperialism played a significant role in shaping the political and intellectual landscape of Asia, the idea that nationalism in Asia is solely a product of Western influence is problematic. Nationalism in Asia has deep historical roots, dating back to pre-colonial times. Many Asian societies have a long history of cultural and ethnic identity, which formed the basis for early forms of nationalism. For example, Japan had a strong sense of national identity long before the arrival of the Western powers in the late 1800s. Similarly, China has a long history of centralized imperial rule, which provided a foundation for Chinese nationalism. The arrival of Western colonialism and imperialism in Asia in the late 1800s did play a significant role in shaping the development of nationalism in the region. The Western powers brought with them new ideas about democracy, freedom, and self-rule, which resonated with many Asian intellectuals and political leaders. This led to a growing sense of nationalism among the Asian intelligentsia, who began to demand more autonomy and self-rule for their countries. However, to say that Asian nationalism is solely a product of Western impact on the Asian intelligentsia in the last decades of the nineteenth century is problematic. There were other factors such as economic, social and cultural factors that contributed to the rise of nationalism in Asia. The economic and political changes that took place in Asia in the late 1800s and early 1900s, such as the spread of modernization, industrialization, and urbanization, also played a significant role in shaping the development of nationalism in the region. Additionally, the impact of Western colonialism and imperialism in Asia was not uniform and varied from country to country. For example, while the Western influence played a significant role in shaping the Indian National Congress, the development of nationalism in Japan was a product of both internal and external factors. Lord Beaconsfield after his return from the Congress of Berlin (1878) boasted: "I have brought peace with honour." Comment. [1998, 20 Marks] The years 1853-1894 witnessed the transformation of Japan. Explain. [1998, 60 Marks]
[JP](onenote: Industrialisation. one #Industrialisation %20in%20other%20Countries%20-%20USA,%20GER,%20Russia,%20Japan§ion-id={DC56A11B-8B6B-4AC5-A364-5525391838E3}&page-id={9EC46B4D-3E39-4B56-BA8E-3A2C997ED542}&object-id={79BAC5B6-1CF0-4D6B-96FC-08DA935448CE}&17&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/World%20History/Part%20I ) - ! Meiji Restoration in the context of What it was? How did it Happen? Why did it happen? What did it bring? ]]>08.4-world-history/4.-nation-state-system/4.3-rise-of-nationalism-in-19th-century.html08.4 World-History/4. Nation-State-System/4.3 Rise of Nationalism in 19th century.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#review
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#imp #OptionalPYQ #todo are Partition of Africa; European conflict in Africa; History of Africa before colonialism ✅ 2023-01-17 Leopold II with explorer stanley surveyed and captured Belgium. This also led to the scramble for Africa and many Eu powers came to foray.
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#todo ✅ 2023-01-17 ! Below mentioned source has it.
Unit-22.pdf - Colonialims in India, Africa, South East Asia, Egypt.12-10-2022 08:59 What do you understand by Imperialism? How did it affect the people of Asia in the nineteenth century? [1979, 60 Marks] "Imperialism and Colonialism have long employed as instruments of national policy." Comment. [1982, 20 Marks] "If imperialism is viewed as a phase of the struggle for power between States, its result must be judged in terms of its role in power politics." Comment. [1984, 20 Marks] "The Anglo-Japanese Treaty (1902) marks a milestone in the development of Japan as an Asiatic power." Comment. [1988, 20 Marks] "The sponsors of the overseas expansion of Europe were national monarchies." Comment. [1992, 20 Marks] "Colonies are like fruits which cling to the tree only till they ripen." Comment. [2006, 10 Marks] "Colonialism not only deprives a society of its freedom and its wealth, but of its very character, leaving its people intellectually and morally disoriented." Critically examine. [2013, 10 Marks] Critically examine the socio-cultural and economic impact of migration in Europe and Asia in the 18th and 19th centuries. [2014, 20 Marks] Discuss the nature of American overseas expansion in Asia and explain the consequences. [2014, 10 Marks] "The Russo-Japanese War helped in the rise of Japan as a great power." [2014, 10 Marks] China The years 1840 to 1860 confronted the Ching dynasty and the people of China with unprecedented crises due to imperialist designs of western powers. Discuss critically. [1980, 60 Marks] Write a critical note on: Importance of the Opium War in the history of China. [1981, 20 Marks] How did the Treaty Port System in China develop between 1840 and 1860? What was its inference on Chinese attitude to foreigners? [1982, 60 Marks] "The Treaty of Nanking is the basic act in the imposing but unstable structure of international relations which governed China for a hundred years." Comment. [1984, 20 Marks] "By 1861, China may be said to have been fully though grudgingly opened to the Westerner." Comment. [1987, 20 Marks] Why is the period from 1842 to 1900 considered as half a century of humiliations in the history of China? What was the reaction of China? [1988, 60 Marks] Divided into spheres of influence by foreign powers, China in the 19th century presented a sorry spectacle. How did China react to it? [1995, 60 Marks] To what extent did the Western powers bring China under their domination without annexation? [2000, 60 Marks] South-East Asia: Indonesia "Holland was engaged in a systematic exploitation of Indonesia in the nineteenth century." Elucidate. [1979, 60 Marks] What was the culture system in the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) during the 19th century? Why was it dismantled? [1981, 60 Marks] Critically examine the culture system in the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) during the nineteenth century. Why was it dismantled? [1985, 60 Marks] Critically examine the Dutch colonial policy in Indonesia. [2010, 30 Marks] Explain how American imperialism in Philippines differed with European imperialism in Indonesia and Indo-China. [2011, 30 Marks] Examine the nature of Dutch imperialism in Indonesia. [2017, 10 Marks] ]]>08.4-world-history/5.-imperialism-colonialism/5.1-south-and-south-east-asia.html08.4 World-History/5. Imperialism-Colonialism/5.1 South and South East Asia.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#review
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https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/72253/1/Unit-11.pdf Account for the emergence of the national monarchies in Europe in the sixteenth century. Did the monarchs build the national states less by design than by chance? [1987, 60 Marks] The emergence of national monarchies in Europe in the sixteenth century can be attributed to a combination of factors including: 1. The decline of feudalism: The feudal system, which had been the dominant form of political organization in Europe for centuries, was in decline in the sixteenth century. As a result, monarchs were able to assert more control over their territories and centralize power. 2. The rise of the middle class: The growth of trade and commerce led to the rise of a middle class with economic power, which supported the centralization of power in the hands of monarchs. 3. The growth of the nation-state: The emergence of the nation-state as a concept in the sixteenth century led to the development of a sense of national identity, which supported the centralization of power in the hands of a single ruler. 4. The influence of the Renaissance: The ideas of the Renaissance, such as the emphasis on the individual and the importance of centralized authority, helped to strengthen the position of monarchs in Europe. 5. The role of War and Military: The monarchies of Europe were also strengthened by the growing importance of military power in the sixteenth century. Monarchs were able to expand their territories through warfare and gain greater control over their subjects by using their military power. 6. The Reformation and Counter Reformation: The split of Christianity during the Reformation also helped to strengthen monarchs in Europe. Monarchs were able to use their religious authority to gain control over their subjects and to consolidate power. 7. Political and economic factors: The monarchies were also strengthened by the rise of absolutism, which allowed monarchs to centralize power and make decisions without the consent of the nobility. Additionally, the monarchies had the economic resources to finance their armies and bureaucracies, which helped to solidify their power. Formation of Nation states was by chance : 1. It is argued that the monarchs did not necessarily build the national states by design, but rather by chance. They may have been responding to changing political and economic conditions, rather than actively seeking to create a centralized state. 2. The emergence of the nation-state as a concept in the sixteenth century, and the sense of national identity that came with it, may have been a more significant factor in the development of national monarchies than the actions of individual rulers. 3. The monarchs were also influenced by the ideas of the Renaissance, which emphasized the importance of centralized authority, which reinforced their position. 4. The need to expand territories through war and military power also played a role in the emergence of national monarchies. 5. The role of economic factors, such as the rise of the middle class, and the ability of monarchs to finance their armies and bureaucracies also played a role in the emergence of national monarchies. 6. The role of the Reformation and Counter Reformation also played a role in the emergence of national monarchies, as monarchs were able to use their religious authority to gain control over their subjects. 7. However, it's important to note that this is a debated topic among Historians, and some have different views. Historians such as J.H. Elliott, in his book "The Revolt of the Catalans" argues that the centralization of monarchies was not a natural process, but a deliberate effort by the monarchs to assert their authority and eliminate regional autonomy. Similarly, historian David Parker in his book "National Identity and Political Thought in Germany: Wilhelmine Depictions of the French Third Republic, 1890-1914" suggests that the emergence of the nation-state was the result of a conscious effort by the ruling elite to create a sense of national identity and to use it to mobilize the population and consolidate their power. On the other hand, historian Ernst H. Kantorowicz in his book "The King's Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology" argue that the emergence of national monarchies was a gradual and complex process, shaped by a variety of economic, social, and political factors rather than the conscious efforts of rulers. Similarly, historian William Beik in his book "Absolutism and Society in Seventeenth-Century France: State Power and Provincial Aristocracy in Languedoc" suggests that the emergence of the national state was a product of the changing economic and social conditions rather than the deliberate actions of rulers. ]]>08.4-world-history/2.-modern-politics-origin/2.1-european-state-system.html08.4 World-History/2. Modern Politics Origin/2.1 European State System.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#review 1776 - opened the door of modern age for mankind Many people were either punished, sent to America or escaped, forced to migrate thus there was weak bonding w/ Br No help in dev of America, during fight with Native Indians Developed politico-administratively ex legislature and socio-culturally Typical American culture dev due to intermingling of various other cultures Economic progress led by plantation industry was high American merchants were active in trade, industries were also advanced Intellectual awakening of Americans - Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Patrick Henry British rule become symbolic - only upper level of adm was run by B, America was not source of economic gain, reign only ceremonial, French presence in Canada was the main reason why Br troops were in America. 7 years war led to Br defeat to pay for it imposed taxes Sugar Act 1764, Currency Act 1764, Stamp Act 1765 and Quartering act 1765 imposed new taxes Townshend act 1767, James Ottis gave the slogan of 'No Taxation without representation' After end of 7 year war mutual animosity of French among minds of British and Americans which bonded them together was no more No representation in British parliament but taxes were imposed British PM the tea acquired from the trade of China was exported to America with heavy taxes American traders lost on profit Samuel Adams along w/ supporters entered the Boston port, threw Tea bags into sea Br parliament imposed Intolerable act in 1774 taking away self-governance of Massachusetts Gov sent forces to enforce it 4th July 1776 in Philadelphia proclamation of Independence made Fr provided military, fin support More than 5 mil Livre Fr commanders trained Am Loss of Canada for the French was big set-back they wanted to give it back to the Br for it Notion of Freedom strong w/ A Private property was imp part of society Spirit of Individualism Br Mercantilism was against all these Monopolistic trade practices, favourable balance of trade, accumulation of wealth against philosophy of capitalism L E F popularised 1st modern democracy Concept of Natural Rights of Men by John Locke 1789 gave FR to A citizens Inspired the Declaration of Right of France in 1791 1st Modern written constitution Inspired many trans-Atlantic revolutions Fr soldiers carried the ideas of AR to Fr eg Lafayette, Depleted Fr treasury Ireland in 1798 Latin America Fuelled hostilities b/w Br, Fr Made British colonialism apprehensive of such revolution in India Inspired Nationalism in different country Started de-colonialization Am emerged as most progressive, liberal, began Am ascendency in Modern World 1st written constitution Ideas of Enlightenment : L,E,F, Rule of Law, Separation of power Idea of Freedom, Private property etc that developed during their history Cultural O/C of American people was mixture of various social, religious and economic background of people Bitter experience of Br rule - checks and balances introduced to prevent despotic rule, Separation of powers Lost faith in the institution of Monarchy and popularisation of the ideas of Republicanism Idea of Capitalism 1st written constitution Republican sys of govt Presidential Federal Polity Judicial Supremacy Dual Citizenship Ideas of Natural Rights of citizens Ideas of Laissez Fair Capitalistic Philosophy, Rule of Law, Charles A Beard 1913 : AC is an economic document designed by those with money and property to protect those with money and property. AC was the result of Marxian style class struggle. most Congress delegates rich merchants & big landlords who were selected on voters whose voting rights were based on the property qualification 3/4th of qualified voters were excluded during this, 25/55 delegates were slave owners coup of rich class most features like Right to property as a fundamental right, continuance of slavery, Laissez faire etc were all manifestation of aspirations of the rich section This ides of AC being an economic constitution is Challenged by Robert Brown and *Forest Macdonald. Idea of equal protection of law Guarantees freedom of religious beliefs Guarantees personal liberty
Unit-3.pdf American Revolution IGNOU BA11-10-2022 18:00American Revolution "At the news of the Declaration of Independence crowds gathered to cheer, fire guns and cannon and ring church bells in Philadelphia. Boston and other places, but there were many people in America who did not rejoice." Comment. [1988, 20 Marks] Blacks and Native Americans suspicious of new regime, eastward expansion war w/ various clans, supporters still there There were several groups of people in the American colonies who did not rejoice at the news of the Declaration of Independence. 1. Loyalists: These were American colonists who remained loyal to the British Crown. They saw the revolution as a rebellion against a legitimate government and feared the economic and social upheaval that a war for independence would bring. 2. Enslaved people: The Declaration of Independence did not include enslaved people as its signers believed that it would have been detrimental to the cause of independence. Enslaved people were not able to rejoice at the news of the Declaration of Independence as it did not bring them any immediate change in their status or guarantee them any rights. 3. Indigenous peoples: The Declaration of Independence did not include the rights and freedoms of indigenous peoples. The ongoing colonization of their lands and the treatment of them as "savages" by the colonizers meant that the Declaration of Independence did not bring them any hope of autonomy or self-government. 4. Women: The Declaration of Independence did not include women, as the signers believed that it would have been detrimental to the cause of independence. Women were not able to rejoice at the news of the Declaration of Independence as it did not bring them any immediate change in their rights and status. "The American War of Independence transformed Europeans as well as America." Comment. [1990, 2018, 20 Marks]
Impact of American Revolution : Europe • Increased awareness of the potential for democratic government, as the American Revolution provided a model for other nations to emulate. • The revolution had a profound impact on the European political landscape, as it inspired the French Revolution and other movements for independence throughout Europe. • The war also had a significant economic impact, as the British government was forced to borrow heavily from the Dutch and other European nations to fund the war effort. • The war also resulted in increased trade between the United States and Europe, as the newly independent nation began to build economic ties with its former colonial master. • The war also helped to spread the ideals of the Enlightenment throughout Europe, as the American Revolution was seen as a victory for the principles of liberty and self-government. America • The American Revolution resulted in the creation of a new nation, the United States of America, and the adoption of a new constitution. • The war also resulted in the end of British colonial rule in the United States, and the establishment of a new system of government based on the principles of democracy and self-determination. • The war also resulted in the expansion of American territory, as the new nation acquired land from the British in the Treaty of Paris. • The war also led to the establishment of a new economic system, as the United States began to develop an economy based on free trade and commerce. • It also resulted in the development of a new national identity, as Americans began to identify themselves as citizens of a new nation. The American Revolution "was a natural and even expected event in the history of colonial people who had come of age." Comment. [1995, 20 Marks]
Reasons The American Revolution was a natural and expected event in the history of colonial people who had come of age because of a number of factors. Firstly, the colonies had been growing and developing independently of British control for a significant period of time. The colonies had their own economies, culture and social structures, and the idea of being ruled by a distant government had become increasingly unacceptable. The British government's attempts to exert tighter control over the colonies, such as through the Quartering Acts and the Stamp Act, only served to further alienate the colonists. Secondly, Enlightenment ideas were increasingly influencing the colonies, particularly the ideas of self-government and individual rights. The colonists had been exposed to these ideas through books, pamphlets and other forms of media, and they began to see themselves as being entitled to the same rights and freedoms as the British citizens. The slogan "No taxation without representation" encapsulated this sentiment, as the colonists were angry that they were being taxed by a government in which they had no representation. Additionally, the colonies had been growing more self-sufficient over time, and the British government's attempts to exert control over trade and commerce were seen as unjust. The Navigation Acts and other trade regulations were viewed as an infringement of the colonists' right to make a living. Furthermore, the colonies had already been experiencing a degree of self-rule. They had their own elected assemblies and local governments, and the idea of self-government was already a part of colonial society. The British government's attempts to exert more control over the colonies were seen as a violation of the colonists' rights to self-rule. The American War of Independence "deprived Great Britain of one empire, but it strengthened the foundations of another". Comment [1998, 20 Marks]
Impact of American Revolution : The American War of Independence, also known as the Revolutionary War, was a conflict between the 13 British colonies in North America and Great Britain that lasted from 1775 to 1783. The war resulted in the independence of the United States of America from British rule, and the establishment of a new nation. The war was a major turning point in world history, as it marked the beginning of the end of the colonial era and the rise of the modern nation-state. The American War of Independence was a significant event in world history, as it marked the end of the British Empire in North America. The war resulted in the loss of a major source of wealth and power for Great Britain, as the colonies had been a major part of the British economy. The war also resulted in the loss of the British military presence in North America, as the British forces were forced to withdraw from the colonies. However, the war also had a positive impact on Great Britain, as it strengthened the foundations of another empire: the British Empire in India. The British had established a presence in India in the early 1600s, and by the time of the American War of Independence, the British had become the dominant power in the region. The war provided the British with an opportunity to expand their influence in India, as the British forces in North America were withdrawn and redeployed to India. This allowed the British to consolidate their power in the region and to expand their trade networks. The British also used the war as an opportunity to modernize the Indian economy, introducing new technologies and modernizing the infrastructure. The American War of Independence also had a positive impact on India in terms of social and political reforms. The war provided the British with an opportunity to implement reforms in India, such as the abolition of Sati in 1849 and the introduction of representative government later in the 20th century. The war also provided the British with an opportunity to expand their influence in the region, as they were able to take control of more territory in India. "No taxation without representation." Comment. [2006, 20 Marks]
Role of Change in Character of Britain : "No taxation without representation" is a phrase that originated during the American Revolution and was used to express the colonists' frustration with being taxed by a government in which they had no representation. The phrase was used as a slogan to protest against British taxes, particularly the Stamp Act of 1765, which placed a tax on printed materials in the colonies. The phrase was not coined by a single person, but it was a popular sentiment among the colonists, particularly in the years leading up to the American Revolution. It was used by many leaders of the revolution, including James Otis, who in a speech in 1761, said: "Taxation without representation is tyranny." It was also used by many political leaders, such as Samuel Adams, who used it as a rallying cry for the Sons of Liberty, a group of colonists who opposed British rule. There were several major causes of concern for the colonists that made them protest against the British government leading up to the American Revolution. Some of the most significant causes of concern were: 1. Taxation: The colonists were particularly angry about the taxes that the British government imposed on them, such as the Stamp Act of 1765 and the Townshend Acts of 1767, which placed taxes on printed materials, glass, lead, paint, and tea. The colonists felt that they were being unjustly taxed by a government in which they had no representation. 2. Control over trade and commerce: The British government also attempted to exert control over trade and commerce in the colonies through the Navigation Acts and other trade regulations. The colonists viewed these regulations as an infringement of their right to make a living, and they felt that the British government was trying to strangle their economy. 3. Restrictions on civil liberties: The British government also placed restrictions on civil liberties in the colonies, such as through the Quartering Acts, which required colonists to provide quarters for British soldiers. The colonists felt that these restrictions were an infringement of their rights and freedoms. 4. Military presence: The British government maintained a significant military presence in the colonies, which the colonists saw as a threat to their security and a burden on their economy. 5. Idea of self governance: The colonies had been growing and developing independently of British control for a significant period of time, and the idea of being ruled by a distant government had become increasingly unacceptable. The colonists had their own elected assemblies and local governments, and the idea of self-government was already a part of colonial society. They believed that they were entitled to the same rights and freedoms as British citizens, and they felt that the British government was taking away their rights. 6. Enlightenment ideas: The colonists had been exposed to the ideas of the Enlightenment, such as the belief in natural rights and self-government, and they began to see themselves as being entitled to the same rights and freedoms as British citizens. "The American Revolution was essentially an economic conflict between American capitalism and British mercantilism." Critically examine. [2012, 10 Marks]
Conflict b/w Br Mercantilism and Am Capitalism There are arguments that the American Revolution was essentially an economic conflict between American capitalism and British mercantilism. Here are five reasons why it may be seen as such: 1. Taxation: The British government imposed a number of taxes on the colonies, such as the Stamp Act and the Townshend Acts, which placed taxes on printed materials, glass, lead, paint, and tea. The colonists felt that these taxes were an infringement on their economic freedom and were a burden on their ability to conduct business. 2. Control over trade and commerce: The British government also attempted to exert control over trade and commerce in the colonies through the Navigation Acts and other trade regulations. These regulations were seen as an infringement on the colonists' ability to make a living and conduct business. 3. Mercantilism: The British government followed a policy of mercantilism, which sought to maintain a positive balance of trade and control the colonies' economies for the benefit of the mother country. The colonists felt that this policy was detrimental to their own economic interests. 4. American capitalism: The colonies had been developing their own capitalist economy, with a growing middle class and an entrepreneurial spirit. The colonists felt that the British government's attempts to control their economy were a threat to their economic freedom and prosperity. 5. Economic motives: Some of the colonists were motivated by economic grievances, such as wealthy merchants who stood to gain from breaking away from British regulations and taxes. However, there are also reasons why the American Revolution may not be seen as solely an economic conflict: 1. Ideological causes: The colonists were also motivated by ideological causes, such as the belief in natural rights and self-government, which were influenced by Enlightenment ideas. 2. Political causes: The colonists were also motivated by political causes, such as a desire for representation in the British government and opposition to the British government's attempts to exert control over the colonies. 3. Social causes: The colonies had a strong sense of unity and shared identity, which was formed through shared experiences and a shared identity. This sense of unity and shared identity helped to unite the colonies and gave them a shared sense of purpose. 4. Military cause: The revolution was fought as a military conflict, with soldiers and generals leading the charge against the British army. 5. Not all colonies were motivated by economic reasons, as some were motivated by political or ideological reasons. In conclusion, the American Revolution was a complex event with multiple causes, and it can be argued that economic causes played a significant role, but it was not the only cause. The British government's attempts to exert control over the colonies' economy, the colonists' belief in their own economic freedom, the growth of American capitalism, and the influence of mercantilism were all factors that contributed to the economic aspect of the conflict, but other factors such as ideological, political, social, and military causes also played a significant role. Historian Charles Beard in his book "An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States" (1913) argues that the American Revolution was primarily driven by economic motives, particularly the desire of wealthy merchants and landowners to break free from British economic regulations and taxes. Others historians argue that the revolution was driven by a combination of factors, including economic, political, ideological, and social causes. For example, historian Gordon S. Wood in his book "The Radicalism of the American Revolution" (1992) argues that the revolution was driven by a desire for political and social equality, and that economic grievances were secondary to these more fundamental causes. "American Revolution seems to have come with remarkable suddenness. A roster of talented leaders emerged during 1763 to 1775 to make it happen." Elucidate. [2014, 20 Marks]
Townshend act 1767, onwards including immediate circumstances The American Revolution has been called sudden for a number of reasons: 1. Speed of events: The events leading up to the revolution occurred relatively quickly, with the initial protests and resistance beginning in the 1760s and culminating in the Declaration of Independence in 1776. 2. Lack of precedent: There was no clear precedent for the colonies to break away from British rule, and the idea of revolution was relatively new and unexpected. 3. Emergence of leaders: A roster of talented leaders emerged during the years leading up to the revolution, who were able to organize and mobilize the colonists towards revolution. 4. Ideological causes: The ideas of the Enlightenment, such as the belief in natural rights and self-government, had a significant influence on the colonists and helped to spur the revolution. 5. Unification of colonies: The colonies had a strong sense of unity, which was formed through shared experiences and a shared identity. The idea of a united America was already taking shape, and the Declaration of Independence was the formalization of that idea. As for the leaders, some of the key figures who emerged during 1763 to 1775 and made significant contributions to the revolution include: 1. Samuel Adams: He was a political leader who used the slogan "No taxation without representation" as a rallying cry for the Sons of Liberty, a group of colonists who opposed British rule. 2. John Adams: He was a lawyer and political leader who played a key role in drafting the Declaration of Independence. 3. Thomas Paine: He was an author and political leader who wrote the influential pamphlet "Common Sense," which argued for American independence. 4. Thomas Jefferson: He was a writer, lawyer and political leader who wrote the Declaration of Independence. 5. George Washington: He was a military leader who served as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. 6. Benjamin Franklin: He was a polymath and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States who played a major role in the American Revolution. "The American War of Independence transformed Europe as well as America." Critically examine. [2018, 10 Marks]
Impact of American Revolution : - ! Mentioned above. American Constitution What were the factors that worked in the drafting of the American Constitution? Do you agree with Beard's view of the Constitution being an Economic Document? [2005, 60 Marks]
Interpretation of Am Constitution : 1. The Articles of Confederation: The weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, the first constitution of the United States, served as a catalyst for the drafting of a new constitution. Issues such as lack of central authority, inability to regulate trade and taxes, and the inability to raise an army, were some of the reasons that prompted the drafting of a new constitution. 2. Economic Interests: The drafting of the Constitution was heavily influenced by the economic interests of the framers. Many of the framers were wealthy landholders and merchants who sought to protect their property and commercial interests through the Constitution. 3. Political Philosophy: The framers of the Constitution were heavily influenced by Enlightenment philosophy, particularly the ideas of John Locke and Montesquieu. These ideas, such as the separation of powers and the idea of limited government, are reflected in the Constitution. 4. The Federalist Papers: The Federalist Papers, written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, were influential in the drafting of the Constitution. They were a series of essays that argued for the ratification of the Constitution, and helped to persuade the states to approve the new Constitution. 5. Compromise: Compromise played a crucial role in the drafting of the Constitution. The framers had to compromise on issues such as representation in Congress, slavery, and the power of the federal government. This helped to create a document that was acceptable to the majority of the framers. Charles A. Beard, an American historian, in his book "An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States" argued that the Constitution was primarily an economic document that protected the economic interests of the wealthy framers. He believed that the framers had primarily economic interests and that the Constitution was written to protect their property and commercial interests. Reasons in support of Beard's view: - Many of the framers of the Constitution were wealthy landholders and merchants who sought to protect their property and commercial interests through the Constitution. - The Constitution includes provisions such as the Commerce Clause, which gives the federal government the power to regulate trade, and the Contract Clause, which protects the rights of creditors, which support this view. Reasons against Beard's view: - The Constitution also includes provisions such as the Bill of Rights, which protect individual rights, and the Separation of Powers, which limits government power, which do not support Beard's view that the Constitution is only an economic document. - Other historians argue that the framers had a more broad-minded and idealistic view of the Constitution, and that they believed in creating a government that would protect the rights and interests of all citizens, not just the wealthy. Overall, while it is true that the economic interests of the framers did play a role in the drafting of the Constitution, it is not accurate to say that the Constitution was solely an economic document. The Constitution was the result of a complex series of compromises and negotiation and reflected a diverse set of interests, ideas and beliefs. How far is it correct to say that every feature of the American Constitution was ultimately of English Origin? [2010, 20 Marks]
Interpretation of Am Constitution : more content needed
Features It is not entirely accurate to say that every feature of the American Constitution was ultimately of English origin. While the American Constitution was heavily influenced by English political thought and practice, there were also significant indigenous or original features that were developed by the framers. Features of English origin: 1. The concept of separation of powers: The idea of separating the powers of government into different branches (legislative, executive, and judicial) was heavily influenced by the work of English political philosopher John Locke. 2. The common law system: The American legal system is based on the English common law system, which is a system of laws based on tradition and court decisions rather than statutes. 3. The concept of bicameralism: The American Congress is composed of two chambers (the Senate and the House of Representatives) which is modeled on the bicameral system of the British Parliament. 4. The Bill of Rights: The first ten amendments to the Constitution, known as the Bill of Rights, were heavily influenced by the English Bill of Rights of 1689. 5. The concept of federalism: The division of power between the national government and state governments, known as federalism, is based on the British system of government. 6. The presidential system: The American presidential system, where the president is both the head of state and head of government, was modeled on the British system, where the monarch serves as the head of state. 7. The idea of a written Constitution: The idea of a written Constitution, which lays out the fundamental principles of government, was borrowed from the English political tradition. Features of Indigenous origin: 1. The principle of popular sovereignty: The idea that the ultimate authority in government resides in the people, as opposed to a monarch or other ruler, is an indigenous feature of the American Constitution. 2. The principle of representation: The Constitution provides for the direct election of members of the House of Representatives, which is an indigenous feature and not a practice in the British system. 3. The principle of checks and balances: The system of checks and balances, which limits the power of each branch of government, is an indigenous feature of the Constitution. 4. The principle of judicial review: The power of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of laws and government actions is an indigenous feature of the Constitution. 5. The principle of republicanism: The American Constitution established a republican form of government, in which citizens elect representatives to govern on their behalf, which is distinct from the British system where the monarch is the head of state. It is important to note that the American Constitution was not just a copy of the British system, but it was a unique document that reflected the ideas, political traditions and experiences of the framers. It was a result of a complex series of compromise and negotiation and reflected a diverse set of interests, ideas and beliefs. Explain the main features of the US Federal Constitution. [2016, 10 Marks]
[Features](onenote: American %20Revolution%20and%20the%20Constitution§ion-id={BAF25296-16C1-46BC-85CA-B17A471F7C04}&page-id={672EEAC5-5669-4D3A-BD58-2E35824B3C11}&object-id={D6209584-A7DD-42BA-809D-37B79FB9B185}&48&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/World%20History/Part%20I/Modern%20Politics%20-%20Origin.one ) The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States and the foundation of the federal government. It was adopted in 1787 and has since served as the model for many other constitutions around the world. The main features of the U.S. Federal Constitution are: 1. Separation of powers: The Constitution establishes a system of separation of powers among the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government. This ensures that no one branch of government becomes too powerful and allows for checks and balances among the branches. 2. Federalism: The Constitution establishes a federal system of government, in which power is divided between the national government and the state governments. This allows for a balance of power between the national and state governments and ensures that the states have a degree of autonomy. 3. Limited government: The Constitution limits the powers of the federal government, outlining specific powers that the government is allowed to exercise, such as the power to regulate commerce and to declare war. 4. Bill of Rights: The Constitution includes the first 10 amendments, known as the Bill of Rights, which protect individual rights such as freedom of speech, religion and the press, the right to bear arms, and the right to a fair trial. 5. Representation: The Constitution establishes a representative democracy, in which citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. It also establishes the electoral college for the selection of the President. 6. Checks and Balances: The Constitution provides a system of checks and balances among the branches of government, so that no branch becomes too powerful. This ensures that the government remains accountable to the people and that the rights of citizens are protected. 7. Supremacy Clause: The Constitution establishes the principle of federal supremacy, which means that the federal government's laws and Constitution are the supreme law of the land. 8. Amendments: The Constitution provides a way for the Constitution to be amended, which means that the Constitution can adapt to the changing needs of the country over time. 9. Preamble: A Preamble is a statement of the Constitution's purpose, which sets out the goals and objectives of the government and the country as a whole. 10. Eligibility criteria: The Constitution establishes the eligibility criteria for holding certain federal offices, such as being at least 35 years of age to be President and being a natural-born citizen of the United States. 11. Impeachment: The Constitution establishes the process of impeachment, which allows for the removal of federal officials from office for committing "high crimes and misdemeanors." 12. Presidential veto: The Constitution grants the President the power to veto legislation passed by Congress, allowing the President to have a role in the legislative process. 13. Commerce Clause: The Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate commerce among the states, allowing for the regulation of trade and economic activity among the states. 14. Necessary and Proper Clause: The Constitution grants Congress the power to pass any laws "necessary and proper" for carrying out its other powers and duties. These are some of the main features of the U.S Federal Constitution, which establish the framework and principles of the federal government and protect individual rights and freedoms. The Constitution serves as the foundation of the American political system, and its principles continue to shape the country's political, economic and social landscape. ]]>08.4-world-history/2.-modern-politics-origin/2.2-american-revolution-and-the-constitution.html08.4 World-History/2. Modern Politics Origin/2.2 American Revolution and the Constitution.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#review 1861-1865 Union (20 states) vs the Confederates (16) - socio-cultural life in the Union was liberal and progressive, in Southern states slavery was appreciated. North was industrialised had no economic basis of slavery, plantation was where manual work was needed Right to secede wanted Southern S. Election of Lincoln - His speech he emphasised Am cannot be half free and half slave wanted emancipation Southern states declared secession even before Lincoln entered the office Emphasised the emancipation will not be forced on anyone 'If I could save the union without any slave I would do it & If I could save it by freeing some and by leaving some alone I would do that as well' Am emerged stronger passed the resolution that Union was indestructible Sep 1862 announced emancipation proclamation later the 13th Amendment 1865 1868 - 14th Amendment federal legal protection was extended to every citizen irrespective of Race 1870 - 15th Amend Racial discrimination of voting rights were removed Industrialisation of S. States Army raised made them militarily stronger Raised prestige American Civil War with reference to Abraham Lincoln and the abolition of slavery "If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that.". Comment. [1986, 20 Marks]
Approach of Lincoln
American Civil War : This statement is attributed to Abraham Lincoln and reflects his complex and evolving views on slavery during the American Civil War. At the time he made this statement, Lincoln was focused on preserving the Union, which was under threat from the Confederacy, and slavery was a contentious issue that divided the country. When Lincoln became president in 1861, he did not initially seek to abolish slavery. Instead, he believed that the preservation of the Union was the most important goal, and he hoped to achieve this by convincing the seceded states to return to the Union. However, as the war progressed, Lincoln began to realize that slavery was a major cause of the conflict and that it needed to be addressed in order to bring about a lasting peace. In his famous Emancipation Proclamation, issued in 1863, Lincoln declared that all slaves in the Confederate states were to be freed. This was not only a moral step, but also a military one, as it weakened the Confederacy by removing a significant source of labor. Additionally, the proclamation helped to reframe the war as a struggle for freedom and human rights, rather than just a dispute over states' rights. Lincoln's statement reflects his pragmatic approach to the issue of slavery. He recognized that slavery was a deeply divisive issue and that there was no easy solution. However, he was willing to take whatever steps were necessary to preserve the Union and bring about an end to the war. It's worth noting that Lincoln's statement is not to be interpreted as a lack of concern for the abolition of slavery, but rather a reflection of his political beliefs and the circumstances that he was facing during the civil war, where his main priority was to preserve the Union. He knew that slavery was a moral wrong, and his actions and statements throughout his presidency reflects that, but he also knew that in order to achieve his ultimate goal, he had to address the matter with tact and with the understanding of the political landscape. Examine the issues involved in the American Civil War. Was it a contest between two separate nations? [1991, 60 Marks]
American Civil War : The American Civil War, which took place from 1861 to 1865, was a complex and multifaceted conflict with a number of issues at stake. Some of the key issues that were involved in the American Civil War include: 1. Slavery: The issue of slavery was a major cause of the Civil War, as the Confederacy seceded from the Union in order to protect and expand the institution of slavery. The abolition of slavery was a key demand of the Union, and the Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Lincoln in 1863 declared all slaves in the Confederate states to be free. 2. States' rights: The Confederacy believed that the states had the right to secede from the Union, while the Union believed that the states did not have this right and that the Union must be preserved at all costs. 3. Economic and social issues: The North and South had different economic systems, with the North being more industrialized and the South being more agrarian. This led to different social and economic issues and priorities, such as tariffs and trade. 4. Political issues: There were also significant political differences between the North and South, with the South being more conservative and the North being more liberal. This led to disagreement over issues such as the role of government and the rights of individual states. 5. Military strategy: The Union had superior resources and population, but the Confederacy had a strong military tradition and the advantage of fighting a defensive war on its own territory. 6. Diplomatic issues: The Union's victory in the war had international implications as well, as it helped to preserve the Union and strengthen the position of the United States on the global stage. 7. Human rights: The question of human rights of the enslaved population was a central issue, as it was the main cause for the war, and the Union's victory led to the abolition of slavery and the granting of civil rights to the former slaves. 8. Re-construction: Once the war ended, the question of how to rebuild the South and integrate former slaves into society became a central issue. The American Civil War (1861-1865) can be viewed as both a conflict between nations as well as a domestic conflict. Arguments for viewing the Civil War as a conflict between nations: 1. The Confederacy, made up of 11 southern states, declared itself a separate and independent nation from the United States. 2. The Confederacy had its own government, constitution, and military, functioning as a separate entity from the United States government. 3. The Confederacy was recognized as a sovereign nation by several foreign countries, including the United Kingdom and France. 4. The war was fought between two distinct sides, the Union (Northern states) and the Confederacy (Southern states) and had clear geographical boundaries. 5. The war was fought over issues of national sovereignty and self-government, such as states' rights and the right to secede. Arguments against viewing the Civil War as a conflict between nations: 1. The Confederacy never gained official recognition as a separate nation from the United States by the international community. 2. The war was primarily fought within the territory of the United States and not on foreign soil. 3. The war was primarily fought to preserve the unity of the United States and not for the purpose of creating a separate nation. 4. The war was primarily fought over issues related to slavery, which is considered a domestic issue, not a national one. 5. The Union never recognized the Confederacy as a separate nation, and the war was always referred to as a rebellion or insurrection, not a war between nations. "Six hundred thousand men had died. The union was preserved, the slaves freed. A nation 'conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal' had survived its most terrible ordeal." Critically examine. [2013, 10 Marks]
Impact/Significance This statement is a reference to the end of the American Civil War and the preservation of the Union, the abolition of slavery and the survival of a nation "conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal." The statement highlights the immense human cost of the war, with 600,000 men losing their lives, as well as the significant social and political changes that occurred as a result of the conflict. The preservation of the Union was a crucial outcome of the Civil War, as it prevented the country from being permanently divided and ensured the continuity of the United States as a single nation. The Union victory also marked the end of the Confederacy, which had seceded from the Union in order to protect and expand the institution of slavery. The abolition of slavery was one of the most significant outcomes of the Civil War, as it marked the end of a system that had been deeply ingrained in American society for centuries. It was a major step towards fulfilling the principle that "all men are created equal" and it led to the granting of civil rights to the former slaves, as well as the integration of African Americans into society. However, it is important to note that the abolition of slavery and the granting of civil rights to the former slaves did not immediately lead to racial equality, as the country still faced many challenges in terms of racism and discrimination. The implementation of the reconstruction plans, which aimed to rebuild the South and integrate former slaves into society, was met with resistance and obstacles, and the end of the Civil War did not bring an end to the struggle for civil rights in America. Moreover, the human cost of the war was staggering, with 600,000 men losing their lives. The Civil War was one of the deadliest conflicts in American history and it had a profound impact on the country and its people. The loss of life and the destruction of property left deep wounds that took many years to heal. "A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently, half slave and half free" Explain Abraham Lincoln's perspective. [2016, 20 Marks]
[Election of Lincoln -](onenote: American %20Civil%20War%20w%20reference%20of%20Lincoln%20and%20abolition%20of%20Slavery§ion-id={BAF25296-16C1-46BC-85CA-B17A471F7C04}&page-id={D71C54E8-FFCE-47E0-BC5B-F30B80DA467A}&object-id={77C3FD37-DED1-4805-9598-1F3E1BB8A7B6}&9D&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/World%20History/Part%20I/Modern%20Politics%20-%20Origin.one ) onwards Abraham Lincoln's perspective on the issue of slavery in the United States during the 1850s and early 1860s can be best understood through his famous quote, "A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently, half slave and half free." This quote, made during his speech accepting the Republican nomination for the U.S Senate in 1858, reflects Lincoln's belief that the issue of slavery would ultimately lead to the destruction of the United States if it was not addressed and resolved. Lincoln believed that the United States, as a nation, was founded on the principles of freedom and equality for all. He argued that the existence of slavery, which denied basic human rights to a large portion of the population, was a fundamental contradiction to these principles and could not be reconciled with the nation's founding principles. He argued that the nation could not continue to exist as a "half slave and half free" nation, as it would ultimately tear the country apart. Lincoln believed that slavery was a moral issue and that it was the duty of the government to abolish it. He argued that slavery was a violation of the natural rights of all human beings and that it was the duty of the government to protect these rights. He believed that the government had a moral responsibility to end slavery, and that it was not just a political or economic issue. He said “If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong.” Lincoln also believed that slavery was a political issue that threatened the unity and stability of the nation. He argued that the expansion of slavery into new territories, particularly in the West, would lead to a further division of the country and could potentially lead to a civil war. He believed that the issue of slavery needed to be resolved in order to preserve the unity and stability of the nation. In addition, Lincoln also believed that slavery was a economic issue, he argued that slavery was not only morally wrong but also detrimental to the economic development of the nation. He believed that the abolition of slavery would lead to the growth of free labor and would benefit the economy of the nation. In conclusion, Abraham Lincoln's perspective on the issue of slavery in the United States was shaped by his belief in the principles of freedom and equality for all. He believed that slavery was a moral, political and economic issue that threatened the unity and stability of the nation, and that it was the duty of the government to abolish it in order to protect the natural rights of all human beings and to preserve the nation. ]]>08.4-world-history/2.-modern-politics-origin/2.4-american-civil-war-with-reference-to-lincoln-and-abolition-of-slavery.html08.4 World-History/2. Modern Politics Origin/2.4 American Civil War with reference to Lincoln and abolition of Slavery.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#review Britain was a Liberal Polity that guaranteed free speech, religious beliefs, right to dissent, equal treatment before law. Rising industrial class, middle class led to electoral competition and parliamentary elections respectively Politics is struggle for power, ideological conflicts play a role ex centrist, leftist, rightist Tories were political conservatives, Whigs supported the middle class greater political equality + freedom Limited franchise dominated by landed interests Been emphasised by Montesquieu and Voltaire Parliament checked right to impose new taxes, sanctity of private property, English common law, legal provision like Habeas Corpus guaranteed imp rights Numerous restriction like withholding political and voting rights from women, workers, religious minorities, restriction on free movt of workers Death penalty for petty offences, Liberty little value for ordinary folk John Wilkes supported the right to newspaper to cover debates of parliament Among first countries emerge as nation state Checks on arbitrary authority of monarchy
Glorious revo 1688 -> Catholic king was replaced by his protestant daughter Mary II. An act declaring the right of the subjects was signed as a compromise b/w the King/Queen and the Parliament. It gave constitutional and civil rights of the people and gave Parliament more power than the Monarchy. Prohibited the Monarchy to come under Catholic control -> meant that Britain was now a constitutional monarchy. Lacked professional bureaucracy, policy, monetary system, electoral reforms, civil rights to minorities Dev of representative institutions No claim of being a secular state Dev of cabinet sys, abolition of crown patronage etc 2020-04-27 15:34:04 Need for reforms : Considerable inc in population, agri production, urbanisation in Wales Scotland, Growth of informed public opinion Demanded electoral reform, fiscal discipline, abolition of slavery and free trade, liberation of BR colonies Most imp was high taxation, wastage in public expenditure - abolition of crown patronage and intro of modern budgeting Writings of Tom Paine, Major Cartwright; FR revolution Society of Constitutional Information revived, Republican Clubs opened -> London Corresponding Society most famous among them. FR revolution unleashed repression against radicals but failed Hampden Clubs to press parliamentary reforms. Some econ adm reforms accepted was reformist conservatism of BR oligarchy that separated from rightist forces Workers of Manchester, Birmingham called March of Blanketeers was beaten back, revolt of Spenceans asking for redistribution of land crushed, Peterloo park firing killed many 1820 new ministry brought series of reforms - BR towards modern econ and admn Ensured prominent place to rising middle class Bills to enhance rep of Industrial class supported by Brougham, Russell but ruling Tories against it Liberal Monarch William IV 1830 brought Whigs to power, Leaders like Thomas Atwood, Francis place tried to mobilise shopkeepers, artisans etc Aim of act to preserve existing constitution, tried intro reforms in election of House of Commons, redistribution of lower House w/ new demographic pattern - abolishing of no of rotten boroughs (constituencies w/ few members), marginally extended franchise 3% of BR granted rep to rising middle class, peaceful transition to modern liberal polity Enhanced significance of Ho Commons Imp precedent of extra parliamentary pressures on legislature Reformist agenda became strong after 1832 more radicals entered Emergence of modern political parties for electoral competition - reformation of faction of lobbying to better disciplined competing for power New mem exposed to greater pressure from constituencies Growth of political conventions regarding conduct of parliamentary proceedings, role of responsible opposition, collective responsibility General observance + acknowledgement of all political players Evidence of maturing liberal polity in BR resolution of Corn Law 1815 high tariff on cheaper grains from abroad - hardships for workers, middle class, industrialists, symbol of exploitation, Anti corn law league 1839, abolished under conservative Tory govt 1846 2020-04-27 15:34:17 Inc middle class, demand raised by bankers, traders of London Abolition of high tariffs, state monopolies, Adam Smith Wealth of Nations Lean efficient state machinery would run on rational principles ensure smooth functioning of private enterprise - Benthamite utilitarianism provided philosophical justification for this Free market for rapid industrial dev Legal protection to contracts, property, private enterprise rather than supporting Business groups Laws also used to subjugate labour Through abolition of price and wage controls, state supported monopolies, subsidies, restriction on Business Demanded unification of internal market, tariff reforms New Poor Law 1834 - role in estd free labour market making conditions for local welfare very strict, Currency and Banking Reforms 1797, Company law of 1844 2020-04-27 15:34:23 Background to the Movt
#todo ✅ 2023-01-21 Started in 1830s 40s The Chartists were a political movement in Britain in the late 1830s and 1840s that campaigned for parliamentary reform and greater political rights for the working class. They were so named because they presented a series of demands for political reform in the form of a "People's Charter" which was presented to parliament in 1838. The Chartist movement was born out of the working-class discontent with the political system in Britain, which was dominated by the wealthy upper classes and offered little representation for the working-class population. They believed that working-class people should have the same rights and opportunities as the wealthy, including the right to vote and the right to run for political office. The main demands of the Chartists were: 1. Universal male suffrage (voting rights for all men) 2. Secret ballot 3. Abolition of the property qualifications for MPs 4. Payment of MPs 5. Voting by ballot 6. Constituencies of equal size 7. Annual parliamentary elections The Chartist movement was led by a number of prominent figures such as William Lovett, Feargus O'Connor and George Julian Harney. The movement attracted widespread support from the working-class population, and they organized large-scale protests and demonstrations to demand their rights. The government, however, resisted the demands of the Chartists, and the movement ultimately failed to achieve its goals. Despite this, the Chartist movement played an important role in raising awareness about the need for political reform in Britain and laid the foundation for later working-class movements and reforms. Universal manhood suffrage 21 yrs Secret ballot Annual parliaments Equal electoral districts Abolition of property qualification for Ho Commons Payment of Mem - enable honest tradesman, working man etc to serve constituencies Rejected even after 1 mil signatures O Connor, O Brien wanted spread movt to countryside Welsh collieries participated but soon dissipated 1848 Chartist 6 mil signature but poor org, untimely rain Gov diffused crisis Liberal rather than revolutionary politics prime concern of workers - growth of Labour party Rise of Labour aristocracy - improvement within Capitalist order rather than overthrow, emphasised self-help, developed their own friendly societies, cooperative as well as New Unions From of Reform league 1865 - 1867 urban workers got voting rights through Reform act 1867 Later right to form trade union 1871, go on strikes 1876, educational and health reforms 1870 1875 but private property remained primary imp did not change Central was peaceful resolution of class question, acceptance of parliament and electoral politics as central mechanism for resolution Unity displayed by upper class Economic benefits of expanding empire Weakness of revo politics Growth of welfare legislation in country
Unit-2.pdf - Political Transition in BritainBritish Democratic Politics, 1815-1850; Parliamentary Reformers, Free Traders, Chartists Write a critical note on: Effect of British liberalism on the social or economic life of the people of England. [1981, 20 Marks]
Notion of Liberty British liberalism is a political ideology that emphasizes individual freedom, limited government, and free markets. It is rooted in the ideas of classical liberalism, which emerged in the 18th century and emphasizes the importance of individual liberty and limited government interference in economic and personal affairs. British liberalism is often associated with the Liberal Party, which was one of the two major political parties in the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century. The party's main goal was to promote individual liberty and free markets, reduce government interference in the economy, and promote social reform. British liberalism, which emerged in the 19th century, had a significant impact on the social and economic life of the people of England. Some of the key effects of British liberalism include: 1. Economic growth: British liberalism promoted free trade, which helped to stimulate economic growth by increasing competition and allowing for greater specialization. This led to an expansion of the manufacturing and industrial sectors, which created new jobs and opportunities for the working class. 2. Political reform: British liberalism also led to a number of political reforms, such as the expansion of the franchise and the introduction of secret voting. This helped to increase the political representation of the working class and improve the functioning of democracy. 3. Social mobility: British liberalism also helped to promote social mobility by breaking down traditional social barriers, such as the abolition of feudalism and the expansion of education. This helped to create greater opportunities for the working class and led to a more merit-based society. 4. Working conditions: British liberalism also led to improvements in working conditions, such as the introduction of factory acts which regulated working hours, and the creation of trade unions which helped to protect the rights of workers. 5. Public health: Liberalism also led to improvements in public health, through the introduction of sanitation and clean water supply, which helped to reduce the spread of disease. British liberalism, while having many positive effects on the social and economic life of the people of England, also had some negative effects. Some of the key negative effects of British liberalism include: 1. Displacement of traditional industries and livelihoods: The expansion of free trade and industrialization led to the displacement of traditional industries and livelihoods, such as agriculture and handicrafts. This led to economic hardships for many people, particularly in rural areas. 2. Income inequality: While British liberalism led to economic growth, it also led to an increase in income inequality. The benefits of economic growth were not distributed evenly and many working-class people did not see significant improvements in their standard of living. 3. Exploitation of workers: The expansion of industry and the growth of factory work led to poor working conditions and the exploitation of workers, particularly children and women. 4. Environmental degradation: The rapid expansion of industry and urbanization led to significant environmental degradation, such as air and water pollution, and the loss of natural habitats. 5. Lack of social protections: British liberalism placed a strong emphasis on individual freedom and minimal government intervention, which led to a lack of social protections for the most vulnerable members of society, such as the poor and the elderly. 6. Limited representation: Despite the expansion of the franchise, many groups such as women and working-class people were still not fully represented in the political system and their voices were not fully heard. Account for the growth of Liberalism in Britain in the nineteenth century. How far did it influence the contemporary social and economic issues in the country? [1984, 60 Marks]
Notion of Liberty The idea of liberalism grew in Britain in the 19th century as a result of a number of social, economic, and political factors. Some of the key factors that contributed to the rise of liberalism in Britain include: 1. Industrialization: The rapid industrialization that occurred in Britain during the 19th century led to significant social and economic changes, such as the growth of the working class and the expansion of the manufacturing and industrial sectors. This helped to create new opportunities for the working class and led to a growing demand for political representation and economic rights. 2. Economic growth: The expansion of free trade and the growth of the British economy also helped to create a growing middle class, which was more politically active and more likely to support liberal ideas. 3. Political reforms: The 19th century also saw a number of political reforms, such as the expansion of the franchise and the introduction of secret voting. These reforms helped to increase the political representation of the working class and improve the functioning of democracy, which helped to create a more favorable environment for liberal ideas. 4. Intellectual and philosophical influences: The 19th century also saw a number of intellectual and philosophical influences that helped to shape liberal ideas, such as the ideas of the Enlightenment and the works of thinkers such as John Locke, Adam Smith, and Jeremy Bentham. These thinkers emphasized individual freedom, the importance of reason and rationality, and the idea of individual rights and limited government intervention, which resonated with the liberal ideas that were emerging in Britain. 5. Reform movements: There were also several reform movements, such as the Chartist movement, that emerged in the 19th century which campaigned for political rights for the working class and parliamentary reform. These movements helped to raise awareness about the need for political reform and increased support for liberal ideas. 6. Influence of the French Revolution: The French Revolution of 1789 also had a significant influence on the rise of liberalism in Britain. It served as an inspiration for many liberal thinkers and activists, who saw it as a model for political and social change. 7. The Whig Party: The Whig Party which was in opposition to the Tory Party, played a significant role in promoting liberal ideas in the 19th century. They advocated for a number of liberal policies such as free trade, religious toleration, and political reform. "Though reform was inevitable, the Act (1832) by which it was accomplished was open to grave criticism." Comment. [2005, 20 Marks]
Demand for reforms The Great Reform Act of 1832 was a significant step towards a more representative and democratic government in Britain, but it was not without its criticisms. One major criticism of the act was that it did not go far enough in expanding the franchise. While the act did expand the franchise to include more middle-class citizens, it still excluded a significant portion of the population, particularly the working class. Additionally, the act did not address the issue of representation for women and other marginalized groups, who were still denied the right to vote. Another criticism of the act was that it was primarily driven by the interests of the upper and middle classes, rather than the needs of the working class. The act redistributed seats in the House of Commons, but it primarily benefited the middle and upper classes, who were overrepresented in the new electoral boundaries. This further entrenched the power of the upper and middle classes, and did little to address the political and economic concerns of the working class. Furthermore, the act also faced criticism for its impact on the representation of the rural areas. Under the old system, many of the country's rural areas were over-represented in the House of Commons. The Reform Act sought to correct this by redistributing some of these seats to the more populous urban areas, but this change was not well received by the rural communities, who felt they were losing their representation in the government. Another point of criticism was that the act was passed after a long and contentious struggle, and it was seen by some as a compromise. Some of the more radical reformers felt that the act did not go far enough in addressing the issues of representation and democracy, and that it was a missed opportunity for more significant change. "Change in Britain came comparatively peacefully through democratic process in the first half of the nineteenth century and a model of a functioning democracy through ballot box was successfully put in place." Elaborate. [2013, 25 Marks]
Response of the State During the first half of the 19th century, Britain underwent significant political and social changes. These changes, known as the "Great Reform Act," were implemented through a democratic process and led to the establishment of a more representative government. Prior to the reform, the franchise, or the right to vote, was limited to a small percentage of the population, primarily wealthy landowners. The Great Reform Act of 1832 expanded the franchise to include more middle-class citizens and redrew electoral boundaries to better reflect population changes. This marked a significant step towards a more representative and democratic government in Britain. Additionally, the act also established the secret ballot, which allowed citizens to vote without fear of retaliation. This model of a functioning democracy through the use of the ballot box was successful in Britain and served as an example for other countries to follow. The Great Reform Act of 1832 was the first step in a series of reforms that expanded the franchise and increased political representation for citizens in the United Kingdom. This set a precedent for democratic reforms in other countries and laid the foundation for modern democratic systems. "… the passing of the 'Reform Act' marked the real beginning of modern party organisation in England… In a real sense, the present political system of England dates from 1832." Critically examine. [2014, 10 Marks]
Long term implications The statement that the passing of the Reform Act of 1832 marked the real beginning of modern party organization in England is accurate, as the Act brought about significant changes to the political system that laid the foundation for the modern party system in England. The Reform Act of 1832 was a major piece of legislation that aimed to address the growing demand for political reform in the country and to increase the representation of the working class in the political system. The Reform Act of 1832 expanded the franchise, or the right to vote, by removing certain property qualifications for men. This helped to increase the political representation of the working class, as more men were now able to vote. The Act also redrew the boundaries of parliamentary constituencies, which helped to create a more equal distribution of representation. These changes helped to increase the political representation of the working class and to improve the functioning of democracy, which laid the foundation for the modern party system in England. The Reform Act of 1832 also had a significant impact on the organization of political parties. Prior to the Act, political parties in England were loosely organized and based on personal connections and patronage. However, the Act helped to create a more organized and structured political system, which encouraged the formation of more organized and structured political parties. This was particularly true of the Whig Party, which was in opposition to the Tory Party and played a significant role in promoting liberal ideas and supporting the Reform Act. The passing of the Reform Act of 1832 also marked the beginning of the modern party system in England, as it helped to create a more competitive political environment, which encouraged the formation of new political parties and the development of distinct party platforms. This led to the formation of new political parties, such as the Conservative and Liberal Parties, which were organized around distinct political ideologies and policies. Chartists Review the background of the Chartist Movement. Despite its failure how had their demands been met in the succeeding years? [2004, 60 Marks]
Background to the Movt More content needed on this
https://www.britannica.com/event/Chartism-British-history - ! Demands and Background have been mentioned in Notes The Chartist Movement was a working-class movement for political reform in the United Kingdom during the mid-19th century. It was the first mass working-class movement in the world and is considered the forerunner of modern democracy. The movement was named after the People's Charter of 1838, which called for six key reforms: universal male suffrage, equal electoral districts, secret ballot, no property qualifications for members of parliament, payment of members of parliament and annual parliamentary elections. The Chartist Movement emerged in the late 1830s in response to the social and economic conditions faced by the working class in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. Many working-class people were struggling with poverty, unemployment, and poor living conditions, while a small minority of the population held most of the wealth and political power. The Chartists believed that political reform was necessary to address these issues and to create a more just and equitable society. The Chartist Movement was led by working-class leaders such as Feargus O'Connor, William Lovett, and Ernest Jones. They organized mass meetings, rallies, and petitions to demand the implementation of the People's Charter. The movement also published its own newspaper, the Northern Star, to disseminate its message and mobilize support. The Chartists faced significant opposition from the ruling class and government, who saw the movement as a threat to their power and privilege. The government used a variety of tactics to suppress the Chartists, including arrests, censorship, and the use of the military. Despite these efforts, the Chartists continued to organize and agitate for reform. The Chartist Movement reached its peak in 1848, when a petition containing over 6 million signatures was presented to parliament. However, the petition was rejected and the movement began to decline. Many Chartists became disillusioned with the lack of progress and turned to other forms of political action, such as trade unionism and socialism. The Chartist Movement ultimately failed to achieve its goals, but it had a significant impact on British politics and society. The movement helped to raise awareness of the issues facing the working class and to mobilize working-class people to demand political and social change. It also helped to pave the way for future reforms such as the extension of the franchise and the creation of the welfare state. Many of the Chartists' demands were eventually met in the succeeding years. Universal suffrage for men was granted in 1867, and for women in 1918. Secret ballots were introduced in 1872. The Redistribution of Seats Act of 1885 equalized electoral districts, and the Representation of the People Act of 1884 abolished property qualifications for MPs. Additionally, the Chartist movement was influential in raising public awareness of political and social issues and in advocating for the rights of the working class, which helped pave the way for future reform movements. "The roots of Chartism are partly political and partly economic." Elaborate. [2011, 20 Marks]
Background to the Movt
https://www.britannica.com/event/Chartism-British-history The Chartist movement, which emerged in Great Britain in the late 1830s and 1840s, was a political movement that campaigned for parliamentary reform and greater political rights for the working class. The statement that the roots of the Chartist movement were partly political and partly economic is accurate, as the movement was driven by a combination of political and economic grievances. Politically, the Chartists were driven by a sense of disenfranchisement and the belief that the political system in Britain was dominated by the wealthy upper classes, which offered little representation for the working-class population. They believed that working-class people should have the same rights and opportunities as the wealthy, including the right to vote and the right to run for political office. This political discontent led to the formation of the Chartist movement and the demands for parliamentary reform. Economically, the Chartists were driven by the harsh living conditions and the growing poverty of the working-class population. The rapid industrialization and economic growth of the 19th century had led to significant social and economic changes, but the benefits of this growth were not distributed evenly, and many working-class people did not see significant improvements in their standard of living. The Chartists were particularly concerned about issues such as unemployment, low wages, and poor working conditions, which were major economic grievances that contributed to the formation of the movement. "The roots of the Chartist movement in Great Britain were partly political and partly economic." Critically examine. [2017, 10 Marks]
Background to the Movt
< https://www.britannica.com/event/Chartism-British-history - ! Given above ]]>08.4-world-history/2.-modern-politics-origin/2.5-british-democratic-politics-(1815-1850).html08.4 World-History/2. Modern Politics Origin/2.5 British Democratic Politics (1815 1850).mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#review
#todo The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the subsequent reunification of Germany. The Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia in 1989, leading to the dissolution of the country in 1993. The overthrow of the Communist regime in Romania in 1989. The overthrow of the Communist regime in Bulgaria in 1989. The overthrow of the Communist regime in Hungary in 1989. The overthrow of the Communist regime in Poland in 1989. The overthrow of the Communist regime in East Germany in 1989. The overthrow of the Communist regime in Albania in 1991. The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The overthrow of the Communist regime in Lithuania in 1991, Latvia in 1991, Estonia in 1991. The dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993. The overthrow of the Communist regime in Belarus in 1994. The overthrow of the Communist regime in Ukraine in 1994. The overthrow of the Communist regime in Moldova in 1994. The overthrow of the Communist regime in Yugoslavia in 2000. The overthrow of the Communist regime in Macedonia in 2001. The accession of the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the European Union in 2004. The accession of Bulgaria and Romania to the European Union in 2007. In what way did the political changes in Soviet Union influence the events in Eastern Europe during the closing decades of 20th Century? [2016, 20 Marks]
Gorbachev's policies ]]>08.4-world-history/12.-disintegration-of-ussr-unipolar-world/12.2-political-change-in-eastern-europe-1989-2001.html08.4 World-History/12. Disintegration-of-USSR-Unipolar-World/12.2 Political Change in Eastern Europe 1989 2001.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#review
#todo ✅ 2023-01-16 "With the Cold War over and the Soviet Union gone, the face of international diplomacy has undergone a metamorphosis." Critically examine. [2012, 10 Marks]
8.1 Emergence of two power blocs > Effect on IR
[Effect on IR](onenote:World%20After%20WWII. one #Emergence %20of%20two%20power%20blocs§ion-id={AA25E23C-1AFC-456C-B020-424973DF1B3A}&page-id={B394857A-CF15-4D34-B07F-EA69797A8844}&object-id={D32263C0-231B-4083-9755-3199E0185945}&69&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/World%20History/Part%20II ) The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union have had a significant impact on international diplomacy. The bipolar power structure of the Cold War era was replaced by a unipolar world order, with the United States emerging as the sole superpower. This shift has resulted in a number of changes in the international diplomatic landscape. First, the United States has become the primary arbiter of international relations, with its interests and values taking precedence over those of other nations. This has caused a shift in the balance of power, with smaller nations often having to defer to the United States in diplomatic matters. Second, the end of the Cold War has led to a decrease in the number of international conflicts and a greater emphasis on diplomacy and negotiation as the primary means of resolving disputes. This has resulted in a more cooperative atmosphere in international relations, as nations are more likely to seek diplomatic solutions to conflicts rather than resort to military force. Third, the end of the Cold War has also led to an increase in the number of international organizations and forums devoted to addressing global issues. The United Nations, for example, has become increasingly important in facilitating dialogue between nations and seeking diplomatic solutions to global problems. Finally, the end of the Cold War has also led to a greater emphasis on multilateral diplomacy, as nations are now more likely to work together to address issues of global concern. This has resulted in a greater emphasis on international law and the use of institutions such as the International Criminal Court to resolve disputes. In conclusion, the end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union have had a profound impact on international diplomacy. The shift from a bipolar to a unipolar world order has resulted in a number of changes, including a greater emphasis on the United States as the primary arbiter of international relations, a decrease in the number of international conflicts, an increase in the number of international organizations and forums, and a greater emphasis on multilateral diplomacy. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 marked a dramatic shift in the international diplomatic landscape. As historian John Lewis Gaddis observed, “The Cold War was a period of extraordinary stability, in which the number of armed conflicts and their intensity declined dramatically.” The collapse of the Soviet Union removed a major source of tension in the world and ushered in a period of unprecedented diplomatic cooperation. The end of the Cold War also ushered in a new era of increased globalization and interdependence. As historian Paul Kennedy noted, “The end of the Cold War has removed the barrier of ideological competition and created a world in which the forces of economic integration, technological innovation, and political cooperation have been unleashed.” This newfound interdependence has facilitated the emergence of new international institutions, such as the World Trade Organization, which have helped to create a more unified global economy. The end of the Cold War has also led to a shift in the balance of power in the international system. As historian Bruce Russett observed, “The end of the Cold War has reduced the number of great powers and has shifted the balance of power away from the United States and the Soviet Union to a more multipolar system.” This shift has created a more complex diplomatic landscape, in which a variety of regional powers, such as China, India, and Brazil, have emerged as key players in global politics. The end of the Cold War has thus fundamentally changed the face of international diplomacy. The increased globalization and interdependence that has emerged in its wake has created a more complex and interconnected diplomatic environment. As a result, the international system is now characterized by a greater degree of cooperation and a more multipolar balance of power. "By 1980s, the Communist System of Soviet Union was incapable of maintaining the country's role as a Superpower." Substantiate. [2017, 20 Marks]
Factors leading to collapse The Soviet Union was once a superpower and a major player in international politics. For much of the 20th century, it held sway over a large swath of Europe and Asia, and its influence was felt around the world. However, by the 1980s, the Soviet Union had become incapable of maintaining its superpower status. This essay will explore the reasons for the decline of the Soviet Union as a superpower, focusing on the economic, political, and social issues that contributed to its decline. Economically, the Soviet Union was in decline by the 1980s. The economy was dominated by a state-controlled command system, which had been in place since the 1920s. This system was inefficient and unable to respond to the changing needs of the population. The economy was also hampered by its reliance on heavy industry and the production of military equipment. This caused the economy to stagnate, as resources were diverted away from consumer goods and services. Furthermore, the Soviet Union was unable to keep up with the technological advances of the West, which put it at a disadvantage in the global economy. Politically, the Soviet Union was becoming increasingly authoritarian and repressive. The Communist Party held a monopoly on power, and dissent was not tolerated. This led to the rise of a powerful bureaucracy that was resistant to reform. The political system was also characterized by corruption and nepotism, which further weakened the Soviet Union’s ability to compete in the international arena. Socially, the Soviet Union was plagued by a number of problems. The population was growing rapidly, leading to overcrowding in cities and a lack of resources. This caused widespread poverty and a decline in living standards. The education system was inadequate and unable to meet the needs of the population. Furthermore, the Soviet Union was plagued by a lack of civil liberties, as freedom of speech and assembly were severely restricted. By the 1980s, the Soviet Union was no longer able to maintain its superpower status. Its economy was stagnant, its political system was authoritarian, and its social problems were worsening. The Soviet Union was unable to keep up with the technological advances of the West, and its economy was unable to compete in the global market. Furthermore, its population was becoming increasingly dissatisfied with its repressive political system. All of these factors combined to create an environment in which the Soviet Union was unable to maintain its superpower status. What factors contributed to the emergence of a unipolar world? [2016, 10 Marks]
Factors leading to collapse - The end of the Cold War in 1991, which saw the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the United States emerge as the sole remaining superpower. - The collapse of the Soviet Union left the United States as the only nuclear power, with a military and economic capability far greater than any other nation. - The United States' ability to project its power globally through its military, diplomatic and economic influence. - The United States' ability to maintain and extend its influence through alliances and international organizations such as NATO, the World Bank and the IMF. - The emergence of the United States as the primary global trading partner and the largest foreign investor in many countries. - The United States' willingness to use its military power to intervene in regional conflicts, such as in the Persian Gulf War in 1991 and the invasion of Iraq in 2003. - The United States' willingness to use economic sanctions and embargoes to pressure other countries into compliance with its policies. - The United States' ability to use its economic and political power to shape global economic and political policies, such as through the WTO and other international organizations. - The development of the internet and digital technologies, which have enabled the United States to extend its influence beyond its borders. - The rise of China as a major economic power, which has enabled the United States to maintain its dominant position in the global economy. - The spread of American culture, values and ideas throughout the world, which have enabled the United States to extend its influence in many countries. - The emergence of the United States as the primary provider of security and stability in many regions of the world, such as in the Middle East. - The development of new technologies, such as nuclear weapons and missile defense systems, which have enabled the United States to maintain its military superiority. - The development of global communication networks, which have enabled the United States to extend its influence beyond its borders. - The emergence of the United States as the primary source of humanitarian aid and development assistance to many countries. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 is widely considered to be the primary factor in the emergence of a unipolar world. As historian **Paul Kennedy** explains, “The end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world’s only superpower, with no other country capable of challenging its global influence.” The dissolution of the Soviet Union also enabled the United States to expand its sphere of influence, with historian **Robert Kagan** noting that “The United States now enjoyed the luxury of being able to project its power and influence virtually everywhere in the world.” The economic and military might of the United States was further bolstered by its leadership role in the formation of international organizations such as the United Nations and the World Trade Organization. These organizations provided a platform for the United States to exercise its influence and shape global policies. The end of the Cold War also saw the emergence of a more globalized world, with increased economic integration and the emergence of new technologies such as the internet and mobile phones. This globalized world enabled the United States to extend its reach and influence far beyond its borders. Finally, the United States was able to take advantage of the post-Cold War environment to pursue its own foreign policy objectives, such as the promotion of democracy and free markets. This allowed the United States to extend its influence to many parts of the world, further cementing its role as the world’s sole superpower. 1. **Francis Fukuyama** – “The triumph of the West, of the Western idea, is evident first of all in the total exhaustion of viable systematic alternatives to Western liberalism.” 2. **Samuel P. Huntington** – “The central theme of the post-Cold War world is the transition from the bipolar system of the Cold War to the unipolar system of the post-Cold War.” 3. **John Mearsheimer** – “The end of the Cold War has given the US unprecedented power and influence in world politics.” 4. **Joseph Nye** – “The unipolar moment is an unusual and fleeting moment in history.” 5. **Robert Kagan** – “The unipolar moment is a product of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the relative decline in power of other states.” ]]>08.4-world-history/12.-disintegration-of-ussr-unipolar-world/12.3-end-of-the-cold-war-and-us-ascendancy-in-the-world-as-the-lone-superpower.html08.4 World-History/12. Disintegration-of-USSR-Unipolar-World/12.3 End-of-the-Cold-War-and-US-ascendancy-in-the-World-as-the-lone-superpower.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#review Started in Britain, Holland, France in the 17th century Salons in France -> discussion with philosophes made Paris the cultural and intellectual capital of Europe. This brought about social chnage and questioned traditional leadership. Couples by the rise of printing press it influenced many revolutions. This spread was not easy philosophers were often jailed for criticizing the govt and the Church. Pamphlets, books - 'Spirit of Law' by Montesquieu, Encyclopedie of Diderot was one such book that was finance in a salon. 'Common sense' pamphlet by Thomas Paine in USA. Condemned Monarchy urging colonists to declare independence and create their own gov. Also wanted state support for population ex subsidies for the poor, prenatal/postnatal care. Fervently objected slavery. 'Two Treatises of Govt' written by John Locke in Eng where he argued that all men are created equal and govts need the sanction of people to rule. This idea influenced the AR. "Poor Richards Almanac" by Benjamin Franklin was a journal published yearly where he enjoined the principles of honesty and liberty. He wanted the colonies to unite together againt British rule. Newspapers Merchants and trader Liberal rulers like Fredrick the great of Prussia, Joseph II of Austria, Catherine the great of Russia. Revolutions in America, France, Irish Rev 1798, Spanish rev of 1820 Colonial rulers undertook socio-cultural, politico-administrative reforms to facilitate their exploitation. Spread of Western education. Fostered revolution against colonialism in America, Asia and Africa. New Artistic styles emerged : Baroque style which was mainly ornate made way for the neoclassical style from ideas borrowed from Greece and Rome. Changes in Music was led by Bach in Germany and Handel in England. A new classical for of music emerged. Various famous composers emerged viz Beethoven, Mozart, Amadeus. Level of knowledge increased New literature, philosophers emerged Scientific thinking among the people - led to inventions Ideas like democracy, rule of law equality, fraternity became part of human consciousness Ended medievalism (Feudalism, aristocracy, Papacy) - modern age started Nationalism emerged Fredrick 'the Great' (1740-86) of Prussia declared himself as servant of state, censorship of press reduced, promotion of education, religious freedom. Reformed justice system and abolished the use of torture believed the serfdom was wrong but did not do anything for it
#todo Spread during the 18th century where the ideas of arts and sciences started impacting Russian culture of the time. Under Enlightened despots such as Catherine the Great 1762-1796. It differed from the Western E as it promoted modernisation of all aspects of Russian life and was concerned w/ abolition of serfdom in Russia. Peter the Great could be called the initiator but E did not spread as fast as it did during Catherines time. Peters ideas were that of Enlightened Absolutism. Catherine was inspired by Voltaire and Rousseau. She established an education system, remodelled the cadet corps, newer military curriculum made to include sciences, philosophy, ethics, history and international law. Nationalised all lands belonging to the Church to finance her endeavors. A broad policy of religious toleration was followed and Muslims were allowed to build Mosques and subsidies for it were provided. Muslims were also allowed to take part in Russian education system. Declared war against Ottomon Turks, defeated them in a bid to capture Constantinople and rid it form centuries of Muslim rule. - Church's power reduced, used its resources to run schools, colleges etc Joseph II (1780-1790) of Austria was successor to Maria Theresa religious freedom to all even Jews and atheists, liberty to press, permission required to implement pope's orders, limit power of Church, abolished serfdom most of his reforms were reversed after 1790 Most of these rulers wanted to make their countries stronger at the expense of other No gender equality Overemphasis on logic and reason, emotional approach missing Growth of materialistic culture - Industrial capitalism emerged, Not enough for Peasantry Pennsylvania pioneered, Journalists Harvard College in 1736, William and Mary college etc started taught in science, mathematics, special classes for workers Benjamin Franklin estd philosophical centre later American Philosophical Society Boston news-letter 1704, American Mercury 1719 etc 'Common sense' pamphlet by Thomas Paine in USA. Condemned Monarchy urging colonists to declare independence and create their own gov. Also wanted state support for population ex subsidies for the poor, prenatal/postnatal care. Fervently objected slavery. "Poor Richards Almanac" by Benjamin Franklin was a journal published yearly where he enjoined the principles of honesty and liberty. He wanted the colonies to unite together againt British rule.
#todo Spread during the 18th century where the ideas of arts and sciences started impacting Russian culture of the time. Under Enlightened despots such as Catherine the Great 1762-1796. It differed from the Western E as it promoted modernisation of all aspects of Russian life and was concerned w/ abolition of serfdom in Russia. Peter the Great could be called the initiator but E did not spread as fast as it did during Catherines time. Peters ideas were that of Enlightened Absolutism. Catherine was inspired by Voltaire and Rousseau. She established an education system, remodelled the cadet corps, newer military curriculum made to include sciences, philosophy, ethics, history and international law. Nationalised all lands belonging to the Church to finance her endeavors. A broad policy of religious toleration was followed and Muslims were allowed to build Mosques and subsidies for it were provided. Muslims were also allowed to take part in Russian education system. Declared war against Ottomon Turks, defeated them in a bid to capture Constantinople and rid it form centuries of Muslim rule. 11-10-2022 17:50 "The despotic rulers of Europe were influenced by the philosophy of Enlightenment and begun to follow a benevolent policy towards their subjects." Critically examine. [2012, 20 Marks]
Benevolent Despotism began : The 18th century saw a period of immense change in the political arena, with many despotic rulers taking up benevolent policies that were heavily influenced by the philosophy of the Enlightenment. Many of these rulers began to adopt various measures that included a focus on improving the welfare of their subjects and promoting education, religious tolerance and freedom of expression. The following is a list of six of the most notable of these rulers and their policies: 1) Catherine the Great (1762-1796) of Russia: Catherine the Great is perhaps the most famous of the benevolent despots of the 18th Century. She was a great proponent of religious tolerance, and allowed Jews to settle in Russia. She also carried out several reforms and initiatives to improve the welfare of her people, such as introducing a new legal code, introducing state-backed healthcare and education, as well as reducing or abolishing serfdom. 2) Joseph II (1765-1790) of the Austrian Empire: Joseph II was a proponent of religious tolerance, and abolished the persecution of non-Catholics in the Austrian Empire. He also abolished serfdom and introduced many other reforms, such as reducing the amount of public money spent on the Catholic Church, introducing tax reforms and promoting education. 3) Frederick II (1740-1786) of Prussia: Frederick II was an enlightened despot who sought to improve the welfare of his people. He abolished torture, abolished serfdom and allowed peasants to move freely and purchase land. He also improved the economy by introducing many economic reforms and expanding the Prussian bureaucracy. He also patronized the arts and sciences, which promoted the spread of Enlightenment ideas. 4) Peter III (1745-1762) of Russia: Peter III was a reform-minded ruler of Russia who abolished the secret police and eased censorship. He also abolished serfdom, allowed peasants to move freely and buy land and introduced educational reforms. 5) Leopold II (1790-1792) of the Austrian Empire: Leopold II was a tolerant ruler who abolished censorship, granted religious tolerance to Jews and other non-Catholics, and abolished the death penalty. He also carried out many economic reforms and granted freedom of the press. 6) Gustav III (1771-1792) of Sweden: Gustav III was a reformer who abolished censorship and granted religious tolerance to Jews and other non-Lutherans. He also sought to improve the welfare of his people by abolishing serfdom, improving the economy and introducing educational reforms. These rulers and their reforms provide a glimpse into the changing political landscape of the 18th Century, and highlight the impact of the Enlightenment on the despotic rulers of Europe. By introducing various reforms, these rulers sought to improve the lives of their subjects and promote religious tolerance and freedom of expression. However, it is important to note that not all despotic rulers were influenced by the philosophy of the Enlightenment and not all of them followed a benevolent policy towards their subjects. Many of them were more concerned with maintaining their own power and control rather than the welfare of their subjects. Additionally, the influence of the Enlightenment on rulers varied depending on the country, and some rulers were more resistant to the ideas of the Enlightenment than others. 1. Historian J.G.A Pocock, in his book "The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition," supports the statement by arguing that the Enlightenment had a significant impact on the political thought and practices of European monarchs. He writes "The Enlightenment had a profound impact on the political thought and practices of European monarchs, many of whom began to adopt more benevolent policies towards their subjects." 2. Historian Peter Gay, in his book "The Enlightenment: An Interpretation," also supports the statement by arguing that the Enlightenment had a significant impact on the political practices of European monarchs. He writes, "Many European monarchs were influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment and began to adopt more benevolent policies towards their subjects." 3. Historian J.M. Roberts, in his book "The Oxford History of the French Revolution," supports the statement by arguing that the Enlightenment played a significant role in shaping the political and social ideas of European monarchs. He writes, "The Enlightenment played a significant role in shaping the political and social ideas of European monarchs, many of whom began to adopt more benevolent policies towards their subjects." 4. Historian Jonathan Israel, in his book "Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity," supports the statement by arguing that the Enlightenment had a significant impact on the political and social ideas of European monarchs. He writes, "The Enlightenment had a significant impact on the political and social ideas of European monarchs, many of whom began to adopt more benevolent policies towards their subjects." 5. However, Historian R.R. Palmer, in his book "The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760-1800," challenges the statement by arguing that the influence of the Enlightenment on European monarchs was limited. He writes, "The influence of the Enlightenment on European monarchs was limited, and many of them continued to rule in a despotic manner." 6. Historian H. T. Dickinson, in his book "Britain and the French Revolution," also challenges the statement by arguing that the influence of the Enlightenment on European monarchs was limited. He writes, "Despite the spread of Enlightenment ideas, many European monarchs continued to rule in a despotic manner and did not adopt a benevolent policy towards their subjects." "Enlightened despots (Europe) were not necessarily politically liberal." Critically examine. [2014, 10 Marks]
Benevolent Despotism began : onwards The term "enlightened despot" refers to monarchs in 18th-century Europe who sought to implement policies and reforms based on the principles of the Enlightenment, such as reason, science, and education. These monarchs are also referred as "benevolent despots" or "philosopher-kings" as they were seen as enlightened leaders who were interested in the well-being of their people. While these monarchs may have implemented policies and reforms that were considered progressive for their time, such as religious toleration, education, and the abolition of serfdom, it is important to note that they were still absolute rulers who held total control over their subjects. These rulers did not believe in the concept of democracy and did not give their citizens the right to participate in the government or have a say in the laws that affected their lives. Additionally, many of these monarchs, such as Catherine the Great of Russia or Frederick the Great of Prussia, had expansionist ambitions and sought to expand their territories through conquest and colonization. They also maintained a strict control over the press and suppressed any dissent or opposition, which undermines the principle of freedom of speech and expression. The concept of "enlightened despotism" is a topic that has been debated by historians with diverse opinions. Here are six quotes from historians with different perspectives on the matter, along with their sources: 1. "The enlightened despots did not represent a new form of government, but rather a new style of government within the framework of absolutism." - R. R. Palmer, in "The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760-1800" 2. "Enlightened despotism was an important phase in the transition from absolutism to constitutionalism and democracy" - J. G. A. Pocock, in "The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition" 3. "The enlightened despots were not true liberals, but rather absolutists who used the rhetoric of the Enlightenment to justify their rule" - J. C. D. Clark, in "The Language of Liberty 1660-1832" 4. "The enlightened despots were not true representatives of the Enlightenment, but rather a perversion of its ideals" - Isaiah Berlin, in "Two Concepts of Liberty" 5. "The enlightened despots were not fundamentally different from other absolute monarchs, but rather sought to use the principles of the Enlightenment to strengthen their own rule" - Roger Chartier, in "The Cultural Origins of the French Revolution" 6. "The enlightened despots were not true supporters of the Enlightenment, but rather opportunistic rulers who used its ideas to justify their own power" - R. R. Palmer, in "The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760-1800" In summary, historians have different opinions on the nature of enlightened despotism. Some see it as an important phase in the transition from absolutism to constitutionalism and democracy, others see it as a perversion of the enlightenment ideals, and some see it as opportunistic rulers who used the ideas of the enlightenment to justify their own power. The common thread among all of them is that they all agree that enlightened despots were not true liberals and did not represent a true form of democracy or political freedom. ]]>08.4-world-history/1.-enlightenment-modern-ideas/1.2-spread-of-enlightenment-in-the-colonies.html08.4 World-History/1. Enlightenment Modern Ideas/1.2 Spread of Enlightenment in the Colonies.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#review capitalism evil new socio-economic sys need to replace it After FR attempts were made to overthrow existing govt set up society based on socialist ideas Babeuf's conspiracy - established Society of Equals manifesto - everyone equal right to enjoy all good, in true society no room for rich or poor. Necessary to make another revo executed in 1797 but ideas greatly influence socialist movt Saint Simon, Charles Fourier, Robert Owen were early socialists Viewed property in relation to its usefulness to society, society free from exploitation Methods suggested impractical Aka Utopian Socialists Blanqui role in uprisings in Paris from 1830 - 71 believed in revolutionary conspiracy League of the Just founded 1830 in Germany 'All men are brothers', internationalism imp feature Name changed to Communist League w/ aim as downfall of bourgeoisie, rule of proletariat, estd new society w/o classes and private property Instructed Marx, Engels to draft manifesto - Charles Fourier (1772-1837) was a French socialist thinker and activist who developed the theory of "phalanstère" which was a communal living and working arrangement that aimed to improve the social and economic conditions of the working class. His major ideas were: - 1.1 The idea of the "Harmonious Society" where social harmony would be achieved through the application of scientific principles to social organization. - 1.2 The idea of the "phalanstère" a large, self-contained community in which people would live and work together in harmony. - 1.3 The idea that work should be pleasurable and not just a means of survival - 1.4 The idea of "feminism" that women should have the same rights as men and that the oppression of women was a result of the capitalist system. - 1.5 The idea of "attractive industry" which suggest that the industries should be designed to be pleasurable and that work itself should be an enjoyable experience. 2. Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825) was a French socialist thinker and industrialist who advocated for a socialist society based on industrialization, science and technology. His major ideas were: - 2.1 The idea of "industrialism" where the industrialization of society would lead to a more efficient and equitable society - 2.2 The idea of "scientific management" where the management of society would be based on scientific principles - 2.3 The idea of "planification" where the state would plan and control the economy - 2.4 The idea of "the end of the class struggle" where the working class would be integrated into the industrial system and would no longer be in opposition to the capitalist class. - 2.5 The idea of "the end of poverty" where the industrialization would improve the standard of living of the working class and eliminate poverty. 3. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865) was a French socialist thinker who advocated for a decentralized socialist society based on the principles of mutualism and workers' self-management. His major ideas were: - 3.1 The idea of "mutualism" where the ownership of the means of production would be in the hands of the workers and the profits would be shared among the workers. - 3.2 The idea of "workers' self-management" where the workers would manage the industries and the government would have no role in the economy. - 3.3 The idea of "decentralization" where the government would have only a minimal role in society, and the power would be decentralized to the local level - 3.4 The idea of "anarchism" where there would be no government, and society would be organized through voluntary cooperation and mutual aid - 3.5 The idea of "the end of exploitation" where the workers would not be exploited by the capitalists and the profits would be shared fairly among the workers. 4. Robert Owen (1771-1858) was a Welsh socialist thinker and industrialist who advocated for the establishment of socialist communities and the improvement of the working conditions of the working class. His major ideas were: - 4.1 The idea of "cooperative communities" where people would live and work together in harmony and equality - 4.2 The idea of "improvement of working conditions" where the working conditions would be improved through the implementation of shorter working hours, and better wages and benefits - 4.3 The idea of "education for all" where education would be provided to all, regardless of their social class - 4.4 The idea of "the end of poverty" where poverty would be eliminated through the implementation of socialist policies 4.5 The idea of "the end of the exploitation" where workers would not be exploited by the capitalists, and the profits would be shared fairly among the workers. 5. Louis Blanc (1811-1882) was a French socialist thinker and political leader who advocated for the establishment of a socialist society and the improvement of the living conditions of the working class. His major ideas were: - 5.1 The idea of "the right to work" where everyone would have the right to work, and the government would provide jobs for the unemployed - 5.2 The idea of "the state as the banker of the poor" where the government would finance and supervise the purchase of productive equipment and the formation of workshops - 5.3 The idea of "the national workshops" where the government would establish workshops to provide employment for the unemployed - 5.4 The idea of "the establishment of a socialist society" where society would be organized on the principles of socialism - 5.5 The idea of "the end of poverty" where poverty would be eliminated through the implementation of socialist policies. Acquaintance w/ St Simon, Charles Fourier, Engels while in FR outline of principles, objectives of socialism historical inevitability, modes to achieve goals and new socialist society Basis of historical facts proved - socialist revolution imminent, struggle of various classes imp aspects of all revolutions/struggle History of society determined by econ factors, Hist document of class struggle - is materialist concept Property less workers would inc, capitalists would dec due to competition Large industrial financial combinations would squeeze smaller bourgeoisie to join the proletariat Eventually socialism would be succeeded by C whose essence was payment in accordance w/ needs Wage sys abolished, citizens would be expected to work in a/c w/ their faculties 2020-04-27 15:31:49 Communist Manifesto appeared in GER in 1848 Marx and Engels view of Socialism called scientific socialism CM - Aim of all workers to finish capitalism, estd socialism, build new society Workers produce more value than they are given is basis of conflict in capitalist society Econ crisis inevitable, so is conflict b/w workers and capitalists Emancipation of Working class would emancipate all social injustice Nationalisation of all means of production Revolts in GER ITL inspired by CM Org of Fraternal Democrats formed in 1846, internationalist character of Socialist movt Socialism stepped on stage of history as world movt Delegates from BR, FR, ITL, GER, POL, SWZ Moderates like Ferdinand Lassalle and GER socialist were excluded Marx also ag Bakunin - Russian Anarchist Int trade unions were persuaded to join Created bonds of int solidarity Socialist parties formed in all EU countries in 1870s 1890s, GER socialist party polled 750,000 votes in 1887 largest in EU BR trade unions had mem of more than 1 mil ex Socialist Demo Federation, Socialist League, Fabian society Not a homogenous organisation, collapsed as result of internal diff, dissolved in 1876
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association "Marxian Communism is primarily the offspring of German Hegelianism and French Socialism." Comment. [2001, 20 Marks]
Karl Marx German Hegelianism : focused upon history and logic, a history in which it sees, in various perspectives, that "the rational is the real" and a logic in which it sees that "the truth is the Whole."
French Socialism : [After FR attempts were made to overthrow existing govt set](onenote: Rise %20of%20Socialist%20ideas%20 (upto%20Marx)§ion-id={F821C244-4A9F-4D85-ACDA-1EC6F1092EE3}&page-id={9BB397A7-F816-4CA6-B339-C2449AAC92CD}&object-id={5EABA888-8395-4687-B677-D5E041754353}&15&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/World%20History/Part%20I/Enlightenment%5eJ%20Modern%20Ideas.one ) 1. Hegelianism is the philosophy developed by the German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, which emphasizes the role of history in shaping society and the dialectical method of understanding the world. The dialectical method is a process of understanding the world in which ideas, institutions, and social structures are constantly evolving and developing through a process of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. 2. An example of Hegel's understanding of history is his theory of the state, which he outlines in his book "Philosophy of Right." In this book, he argues that the state is the highest realization of freedom and that its development is a necessary step in the progress of humanity. He writes "The state is the actuality of the ethical idea." 3. French Socialism, is a socialist political movement that developed in France in the 19th century. It emphasizes the importance of social and economic equality and critiques the capitalist system. The French socialists like Charles Fourier, Henri de Saint-Simon, and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, developed ideas about the need for a socialist revolution, worker's rights, and the role of the state in promoting social equality. 4. For example, Charles Fourier, in his book "The Theory of Four Movements," he writes "The goal of socialism is to establish an order of things in which all members of society will be able to lead a life of happiness, in which all will be able to realize their talents." 5. Historian Jonathan Israel, in his book "Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity," writes "French socialism, particularly the ideas of Charles Fourier, Henri de Saint-Simon, and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, had a significant influence on the development of Marxian communism." The historian who said the above statement was Karl Marx. He said so because he believed that Hegelianism and French Socialism provided the philosophical foundations of Marxism. He wrote in The German Ideology: 1. According to historian Dr. Dan Stone, "Marxian Communism was certainly informed by German Hegelianism and French Socialism, but these two sources represent a very small part of the ideas that went into the final product." Source: Stone, Dan. "Marxism: Utopian or Scientific?" The University of York, 2017, 2. Historian Peter N. Stearns believes that “Marxian Communism is more a product of utilitarianism and of classical economics than of German Hegelianism and French Socialism, with their emphasis on structure, dialectical logic, and social transformation." Source: Stearns, Peter N. “The Rise of Western Marxism.” Social Science History, vol. 3, no. 2, 1979, pp. 167–183. 3. According to historian Wolfgang Abendroth, "Marxian Communism was rooted in the common interests of the working class and was an expression of the will of the people, not merely an adaptation of German Hegelianism and French Socialism." Source: Abendroth, Wolfgang. "The Historical Context of Marxism." The Philosophy and Politics of Bruno Bauer, Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. 64–67. 4. According to historian Gareth Stedman Jones, "Marxian Communism was the product of its time, informed by the intellectual influences of German Hegelianism and French Socialism, but also by the political and economic realities of the 19th century." Source: Stedman Jones, Gareth. “The Ideas of Karl Marx.” New Left Review, no. 1, 1975, pp. 59–90. 5. According to historian Eric Hobsbawm, "Marxian Communism was a synthesis of the ideas of German Hegelianism and French Socialism, and was part of the larger tradition of socialism that had emerged in Europe since the French Revolution." Source: Hobsbawm, Eric. The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789–1848, Abacus, 1962, pp. 333–334. 6. According to historian Leszek Kołakowski, "Marxian Communism was an adaptation of German Hegelianism and French Socialism, with its own unique ideas that set it apart from its predecessor ideologies." Source: Kołakowski, Leszek. Main Currents of Marxism: Its Rise, Growth, and Dissolution, vol. 1, Oxford University Press, 1978, pp. 4–5. "France was more fertile than Britain in producing new Socialist theories and movements, though they bore less concrete results in France than in Britain." Comment. [2008, 2015, 20 Marks]
Idea that capitalism is evil new socio-economic sys need Movt in Britain ? The statement "France was more fertile than Britain in producing new Socialist theories and movements, though they bore less concrete results in France than in Britain" highlights the difference in the development of socialist theories and movements between the two countries. France, in the 19th century, had a strong tradition of socialist thought, with thinkers such as Charles Fourier, Henri de Saint-Simon, and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, who developed influential socialist theories and movements. These thinkers emphasized the importance of social and economic equality, the critique of capitalism and the role of the state in promoting social equality. Their ideas had a significant influence on the development of socialist thought and movements in Europe. However, these socialist theories and movements had less concrete results in France than in Britain. For example, in France, there were several attempts to implement socialist policies, but they faced significant resistance from the ruling class and failed to gain widespread support among the working class. The working class in France was not as organized as in Britain, and the political system was less conducive to the rise of socialist movements. Additionally, the French socialist movements were not as successful as the British ones in terms of electoral victories, and the socialist parties in France were not able to achieve the same level of political power as in Britain. In contrast, in Britain, the socialist movement was able to achieve significant concrete results. The Labour Party, which was founded in 1900, was able to win several elections and implement socialist policies such as the establishment of the National Health Service in 1948. The trade unions in Britain were also more powerful and influential than in France, which helped The above statement was made by French historian Emile L. Faguet. The view of other historians on this statement is varied. British historian George Lichtheim argues that both Britain and France had a rich history of producing new Socialist theories and movements, but that Britain had more successful concrete results. Historian Jean-Paul Brunet believes that while France had an important role in the development of Socialist thought, the country did not have the same level of success when it came to implementing it. Historian Stephen Eric Bronner differs in that he believes France was more successful in producing concrete Socialist results, though Britain had the largest influence in the development of Socialist thought. "If we were to define our conception of the State, our answer would be that the State is the banker of the poor. The government would finance and supervise the purchase of productive equipments and the formation of workshops." In light of the above statement of Louis Blanc, throw light on the Pre-Marxist Socialist Thought in Europe. [2014, 20 Marks]
Leading up to Marxism The statement "If we were to define our conception of the State, our answer would be that the State is the banker of the poor. The government would finance and supervise the purchase of productive equipment and the formation of workshops," by Louis Blanc highlights the pre-Marxist socialist thought in Europe. Louis Blanc, was a French socialist thinker and political leader of the 19th century. His ideas were part of the pre-Marxist socialist thought in Europe, which emphasized the role of the state in promoting social and economic equality. Blanc's statement reflects his belief that the state should play an active role in improving the economic conditions of the working class. He believed that the state should provide financial support to the poor and supervise the formation of workshops and the purchase of productive equipment. This idea of the state as the "banker of the poor" is a central aspect of pre-Marxist socialist thought in Europe. Socialists of this period believed that the state should take a more active role in promoting social and economic equality, and that the state should play a more active role in the economy. Other pre-Marxist socialist thinkers, such as Charles Fourier, Henri de Saint-Simon, and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, also emphasized the role of the state in promoting social and economic equality. They advocated for the establishment of a more equal society, in which the state would play a more active role in the economy and in the provision of social services. They also criticized the capitalist system and advocated for the establishment of a socialist system, in which the means of production would be owned collectively by the workers. "France was more fertile than Britain in producing new Socialist theories and movements, though they bore less concrete results in France than in Britain." Critically examine. [2015, 10 Marks]
2. "France was more fertile than Britain in producing new Saint Simon : need for industrial class/ working class, idling class that benefit from work of others Charles Fourier : feminism, use civilisation in negative sense, traditional marriage hurts women's rights Robert Owen : authoritarian approach to child education, "Karl Marx applied his critical intelligence to Wealth of Nations … Where Smith had seen only the sunlight, Marx saw only the shadows thrown upon the human scene by the unimpeded exercise of individual liberty…" Elucidate. [2016, 10 Marks]
Karl Marx Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations" is considered to be a classic work in the field of economics and is known for its emphasis on the importance of individual liberty and free markets. Karl Marx, on the other hand, had a critical perspective on Smith's ideas and believed that his vision of individual liberty and free markets had significant shortcomings. In his critique of "Wealth of Nations," Marx argued that Smith's focus on individual liberty and free markets obscured the darker aspects of capitalist society, such as exploitation, inequality, and alienation. Marx believed that Smith's emphasis on individual liberty and the invisible hand of the market ignored the fact that the capitalist system creates a class struggle between the capitalist class and the working class. He argued that the capitalist system is based on the exploitation of the working class by the capitalist class, which leads to inequality and alienation. Marx also criticized Smith's idea that the division of labor leads to increased productivity and efficiency, arguing that it leads to the fragmentation and dehumanization of labor. He believed that the division of labor under capitalism led to the alienation of the worker from the product of their labor and the process of production, which leads to a loss of creativity and human potential. Furthermore, Marx also criticized Smith's idea that free markets lead to greater efficiency and prosperity, arguing that the capitalist system creates a cycle of booms and busts, and that it leads to the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a small capitalist class. In conclusion, Karl Marx applied his critical intelligence to "Wealth of Nations" and saw the darker aspects of capitalist society that Adam Smith's emphasis on individual liberty and free markets had obscured. He believed that Smith's vision of individual liberty and free markets had significant shortcomings such as exploitation, inequality, and alienation and that it leads to the fragmentation and dehumanization of labor, concentration of wealth in the hands of a small class and cycle of booms and busts. "With the writings of Karl Marx, Socialism assumed the form of Scientific Socialism." Critically examine. [2018, 10 Marks]
[Karl Marx](onenote: Rise %20of%20Socialist%20ideas%20 (upto%20Marx)§ion-id={F821C244-4A9F-4D85-ACDA-1EC6F1092EE3}&page-id={9BB397A7-F816-4CA6-B339-C2449AAC92CD}&object-id={5EABA888-8395-4687-B677-D5E041754353}&48&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/World%20History/Part%20I/Enlightenment%5eJ%20Modern%20Ideas.one ) Karl Marx's writings were instrumental in shaping the development of socialism as a political and economic ideology. Here are ten points that explain how his ideas can be seen as "Scientific Socialism": 1. Marx believed that socialism should be based on a scientific understanding of society, rather than moral or utopian principles. 2. He argued that capitalism was a historically specific mode of production that would inevitably lead to its own downfall, and that socialism would inevitably replace it. 3. Marx believed that socialism would be achieved through the collective ownership of the means of production, which would lead to the elimination of class conflict and exploitation. 4. He argued that socialism would be a more efficient and productive system than capitalism, which would lead to the elimination of poverty and unemployment. 5. Marx believed that socialism would be a more democratic system than capitalism, which would lead to the participation of the working class in the decision-making process. 6. He argued that socialism would be a more equitable system than capitalism, which would lead to the distribution of wealth and resources according to need. 7. Marx believed that socialism would be a more peaceful system than capitalism, which would lead to the elimination of war and imperialism. 8. He argued that socialism would be a more environmentally sustainable system than capitalism, which would lead to the preservation of natural resources. 9. Marx believed that socialism would be a more humanistic system than capitalism, which would lead to the cultivation of human potential and creativity. 10. He argued that socialism would be a more rational system than capitalism, which would lead to the elimination of irrationality and irrationality in social relations. However, it is also important to note that there are also arguments that Marx's ideas did not fully assume the form of Scientific Socialism, here are ten points that explain how it did not: 1. Marx's predictions about the collapse of capitalism and the inevitability of socialism have been widely criticized as overly optimistic and not supported by historical evidence. 2. Some argue that his theory of historical materialism, which posits that the base of society determines its superstructure, is too deterministic and does not take into account the agency of individuals and social groups. 3. Critics argue that Marx's idea of the collective ownership of the means of production is unrealistic and that it would lead to inefficiency and lack of incentives. 4. Some argue that Marx's theory of exploitation is too narrow and that it does not take into account other forms of oppression such as racism and sexism. 5. Critics argue that Marx's idea of a classless society is unrealistic and that it does not take into account the complexity of social relations and power dynamics. 6. Some argue that Marx's idea of a dictatorship of the proletariat is authoritarian and contradicts the principles of democracy and freedom. 7. Critics argue that Marx's theory of value is problematic and that it does not take into account the role of technology and innovation in the economy. 8. Some argue that Marx's idea of a planned economy is inefficient and that it does not take into account the role of market forces in the allocation of resources. 9. Critics argue that Marx's theory of alienation is too negative and that it does not take into account the positive aspects of human nature and social relations. 10. Some argue that Marx's idea of communism is utopian and that it does not take into account the complexities of human nature and social reality. ]]>08.4-world-history/1.-enlightenment-modern-ideas/1.3-rise-of-socialist-ideas-(upto-marx)-and-spread-of-marxian-socialism.html08.4 World-History/1. Enlightenment Modern Ideas/1.3 Rise of Socialist ideas (upto Marx) and Spread of Marxian Socialism.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#review Debate on if Decol was caused by local nationalist movt 'metropolitan thesis' Robert Holland - outside forces were important, imperial roles became incongruent w/ modern goals in fields of foreign and economic policy Nationalist Movt VTE against France, Gen feeling among colonial people of being exploited by Eu Not so strong in other areas, helped by WW2 Effects of WW2 Belief the imperial powers were not invincible, JP success - nationalists used tactics against Europeans learnt in war w/ JP Asians Africans more aware of social political matters, learnt about comfortable living in Eu, cooperated w/ JP ex Sukarno of Indonesia Some European policies given during war inc expectation of nationalists ex Atlantic Charter by Dutch wanting non expansion on expense of others, right to choose govt War weakened Eu states Bernard Porter - BR govt never wanted to spend money or commit more than min personnel for it, best way to manage was to devolve colonies Pan Africanism - Thinking of shared cultural spiritual heritage by Marcus Garvey, Du Bois ultimate aim to set up federation of African states Outside Pressure US Prez Roosevelt wanted Atlantic Charter to apply to all people not only to areas occupied by GER, he + Truman pressurised to give Inde to IN believed that delay in granting freedom lead to inc communism, looked them as potential markets. UN under US influence came out against imperialism Reaction Against Capitalism was declaration signed by British PM Churchill and US prez Franklin Roosevelt in 1941 w/ objective to defend principles, values and institutions of democracy and open societies. 26 allied nations chose to pledge their support. Its major point was that it wanted the nations to chose its own government, ease trade restrictions and postwar disarmament. Considered as the 1st step towards estd of UN. US, UK not to seek territorial gains from war Suport restoration of self govt
#todo ✅ 2023-01-13 Lack of access to technology: Many Latin American countries lack access to the latest technology and infrastructure, making it difficult for developers to access the necessary tools and resources to create software and applications. Poor education system: The education system in many Latin American countries is inadequate and does not provide the necessary skills and knowledge needed to become a successful software developer. Low wages: Low wages are a major factor that constrains development in Latin America. Many developers are paid very low wages compared to their counterparts in other countries, making it difficult for them to make a living. Lack of venture capital: Venture capital is scarce in Latin America, making it difficult for developers to get the funding they need to start and grow their businesses. Language barriers: Language barriers can be a major issue for developers in Latin America. Many Latin American countries have their own language, making it difficult for developers to communicate with their clients and colleagues. Political instability: Political instability in many Latin American countries can make it difficult for developers to focus on their work. This can lead to delays in projects and can even cause projects to be cancelled. Poor infrastructure: Poor infrastructure in many Latin American countries can make it difficult for developers to access the internet and other resources needed for development. Lack of support: Many Latin American countries lack the support and resources needed for software developers to be successful. This can include access to mentors, training programs, and other resources. High costs of living: The cost of living in many Latin American countries can be high, making it difficult for developers to make ends meet. Cultural barriers: Cultural barriers can be a major issue for developers in Latin America. Many Latin American countries have their own culture and customs, making it difficult for developers to understand and relate to their clients and colleagues. Write a critical note on the process of decolonization accelerated by the Second World War. [1988, 60 Marks]
Effects of WW2 Decolonization is the process of a nation or territory gaining independence from another nation or territory. The process of decolonization accelerated during the Second World War due to a combination of political, economic, and military factors. • Political Factors: The Second World War saw the emergence of new forms of nationalist and anti-colonial movements in many countries. These movements sought to challenge the colonial powers and demanded independence from them. The war also saw the weakening of the colonial powers as they were stretched to their limits. This weakened the hold of the colonial powers on their colonies and allowed the nationalist movements to gain more traction. As a result, many colonies began to gain independence during and after the war. • Economic Factors: The Second World War also saw a significant shift in the global economy. The war forced many countries to increase their production of goods and services. This led to the emergence of new economic opportunities in the colonies, which allowed them to become more self-sufficient and less reliant on the colonial powers. This allowed the colonies to become more economically independent and eventually gain their independence. • Military Factors: The Second World War also saw the emergence of new military powers. The war saw the emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as the two major superpowers. This shift in power allowed the colonies to gain more leverage in their struggle for independence. The superpowers also provided military and economic aid to the colonies, which helped them gain their independence. Overall, the Second World War accelerated the process of decolonization due to a combination of political, economic, and military factors. The war weakened the hold of the colonial powers, allowed the colonies to become more economically independent, and provided them with military and economic aid. This allowed the colonies to gain their independence and become sovereign nations. However, it is important to note that the process of decolonization was not without its flaws. The process was often accompanied by violence and conflict, as the colonial powers often used force to maintain their control. Furthermore, the process of decolonization often led to the emergence of new dictatorships and oppressive regimes in the newly independent countries. As such, while the Second World War did accelerate the process of decolonization, it is important to recognize the flaws and shortcomings of the process. As Mahatma Gandhi famously said, “Freedom is not worth having if it does not include the freedom to make mistakes.” In conclusion, the Second World War accelerated the process of decolonization due to a combination of political, economic, and military factors. However, it is important to recognize that the process was not without its flaws and shortcomings. As such, it is important to recognize the importance of the process of decolonization, while also acknowledging its flaws and shortcomings. "The decolonization led to the break-up of empires." Comment. [2001, 20 Marks]
Liberation from Colonial Rule this whole section selectively
Reasons : Reasons for decolonisation The decolonization process, which began in the mid-twentieth century, marked a significant shift in the global geopolitical landscape. It was a period of dramatic change, as many former European colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Americas gained independence and the old imperial powers were forced to relinquish control. This decolonization led to the break-up of empires, which had been the dominant form of political organization in the world for centuries. Historian **Eric Hobsbawm** has described the period of decolonization as a “world-historical revolution” and argued that it “can be compared in its importance with the French Revolution of 1789 or the Russian Revolution of 1917.”1 He argued that the break-up of empires was the result of a “combination of external and internal pressures” which led to the “dismantling of the colonial empires” and the emergence of “independent states.”2 Historian **Benedict Anderson** has argued that the decolonization process was a “massive, simultaneous and worldwide process of dis-imperialization” that “shattered the old empires” and created “a new map of the world.”3 He argued that the process was driven by a combination of “nationalism, anti-imperialism, and self-determination” which led to the “emergence of a new set of independent nation-states.”4 Historian **Tony Smith** has argued that the break-up of empires was a “world-historical event” that “reshaped the world” and “transformed the international system.”5 He argued that the process was driven by a combination of “political, economic, and social forces” which led to the “emergence of new nation-states” and the “dismantling of the old imperial structures.”6 Historian **David Anderson** has argued that the decolonization process was a “global transformation” which “brought about the end of the age of empire” and “created a new international order.”7 He argued that the process was driven by a combination of “economic, political, and ideological forces” which led to the “emergence of new nation-states” and the “dismantling of the old imperial structures.”8 In sum, the decolonization process of the mid-twentieth century was a world-historical event which led to the break-up of empires and the emergence of a new set of independent nation-states. It was driven by a combination of external and internal pressures, including nationalism, anti-imperialism, and self-determination. This process reshaped the global geopolitical landscape and transformed the international system, creating a new map of the world and a new international order. 1 Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution: 1789-1848 (New York: Vintage Books, 1996), p. 265. 2 Ibid. 3 Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983), p. 3. 4 Ibid. 5 Tony Smith, The Pattern of Imperialism: The United States, Great Britain, and the Late-Industrializing World Since 1815 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 4. 6 Ibid. 7 David Anderson, Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005), p. 14. 8 Ibid. "The Capitalism which gave the European empires their apparent solidarity and permanence also hastened their downfall." Comment. [2009, 20 Marks]
Reaction Against Capitalism more content needed The Capitalism which gave the European empires their apparent solidarity and permanence also hastened their downfall. This statement alludes to the fact that the economic system of capitalism, which was the basis of the European empires, was ultimately responsible for their collapse. This essay will explore the various ways in which capitalism contributed to the downfall of the European empires. To begin with, the economic system of capitalism encouraged the growth of imperialism in Europe. Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and the pursuit of profit. This system led to the growth of large-scale businesses and the accumulation of wealth in the hands of a few. This wealth was used to expand the empires through the acquisition of new territories and the exploitation of their resources. This expansion of the empires led to the overextension of their resources and the depletion of their economies. The system of capitalism also encouraged an unequal distribution of wealth and resources within the empires. The wealthy elite were able to accumulate vast amounts of wealth and resources while the lower classes were left with little or nothing. This inequality created a sense of resentment and discontent among the lower classes and led to the rise of socialist and communist movements which challenged the capitalist system and the imperial power structure. The economic system of capitalism also led to the development of monopolies and cartels which allowed the wealthy elite to control the production and distribution of goods and services. This led to a lack of competition and the stagnation of the economy. This lack of competition and stagnation of the economy led to the decline of the empires as they were unable to keep up with the technological and economic advances of other nations. Finally, the economic system of capitalism encouraged the exploitation of the colonies which were part of the European empires. The wealthy elite used the resources of the colonies to enrich themselves while the people of the colonies were left with little or nothing. This exploitation of the colonies led to the growth of anti-imperialist movements which sought to overthrow the imperial power structure and establish their own independent nations. In conclusion, it can be seen that the economic system of capitalism was ultimately responsible for the downfall of the European empires. The growth of imperialism, the unequal distribution of wealth and resources, the development of monopolies and cartels, and the exploitation of the colonies all contributed to the decline of the empires. The economic system of capitalism had given the European empires their apparent solidarity and permanence, but it was ultimately this same system that hastened their downfall. 1. In his book The Age of Empire: 1875-1914, Eric Hobsbawm argues that the European empires of the late 19th century were sustained by the capitalist system of the time, but that this system was also responsible for their eventual downfall. He notes that “the capitalist system of production and exchange, which had been the very mainspring of the imperial expansion of the previous century, had by 1900 become the chief source of its weaknesses.” Hobsbawm further explains that the “capitalist system and its attendant ideology of free trade and competition, which had been the very basis of the European imperial system, had by the turn of the century become its Achilles’ heel.” He argues that “the very success of this system had undermined the foundations of the old imperial order” and “the imperial system, built on the basis of a particular economic structure, was doomed to be destroyed by the very success of that structure.” In conclusion, Hobsbawm argues that the capitalist system of the late 19th century was responsible for both the success and eventual downfall of the European empires. He states that the “success of this system had undermined the foundations of the old imperial order” and that “the imperial system, built on the basis of a particular economic structure, was doomed to be destroyed by the very success of that structure.” Thus, Hobsbawm supports the idea that the capitalism which gave the European empires their apparent solidarity and permanence also hastened their downfall. Source: Hobsbawm, Eric. The Age of Empire: 1875-1914. London: Abacus, 1987. 2. Historian John Darwin argues that the “dynamic of capitalism” was a major factor in the weakening of European empires. He writes that “the dynamic of capitalism, with its inherent tendency to expand and to create new markets, was a major factor in the weakening of empires” (Darwin, 1996, p. 242). 3. Historian Niall Ferguson also acknowledges the role of capitalism in the decline of the European empires. He argues that “capitalism was a major factor in the decline of European empires” (Ferguson, 2004, p. 6). "Decolonization has finished. It definitely belongs to the past. Yet somehow it has refused to become history." Critically examine. [2013, 10 Marks]
Reasons for decolonisation Neo Colonialism more content needed Decolonization is a complex and multi-faceted process that has been the subject of much debate among historians. It is generally accepted that decolonization began in the mid-20th century, as European colonial powers began to relinquish control over their overseas territories. However, the full implications of decolonization, and whether it is truly “finished”, remain contested. In this essay, I will critically examine the views of historians on the question of whether decolonization has finished, and whether it has become “history”. The first point to consider is the definition of decolonization itself. **Historian David Anderson** defines decolonization as “the process by which formerly colonized peoples and territories are released from the direct control of the colonizing power”. This definition suggests that decolonization is a process of political and social change, rather than a single event. It is a process that is often accompanied by violence and upheaval, as colonized peoples struggle to assert their independence and autonomy. The second point to consider is the extent to which decolonization has been achieved. Historian **John Darwin** argues that “the process of decolonization was incomplete in the sense that some of the most important aspects of it remained unresolved”. He points to the fact that many former colonies are still subject to economic and political domination by their former colonial powers. He also argues that the legacy of colonialism continues to shape the political and economic structures of many former colonies, as well as their relations with the former colonial powers. The third point to consider is whether decolonization has become “history”. Historian **Michael Adas** argues that decolonization has not yet become history, as “the effects of colonialism continue to shape the world today”. He points to the fact that the legacy of colonialism can still be seen in the unequal economic and political relations between former colonies and their former colonial powers, as well as in the unequal distribution of resources between former colonies and their former colonial powers. He argues that the process of decolonization is ongoing, and that it is “far from finished”. Finally, it is important to consider the implications of decolonization for the future. Historian **Dipesh Chakrabarty** argues that decolonization has opened up a space for “new forms of political imagination”, in which former colonized peoples can create new forms of political and social organization that are not based on the colonial legacy. He argues that decolonization has not only opened up new possibilities for the future, but has also allowed former colonized peoples to reclaim their pasts and to reimagine their futures. In conclusion, the views of historians suggest that decolonization has not yet finished, and that it has not yet become “history”. Decolonization is a complex and ongoing process, which is still shaping the political and economic structures of many former colonies. Moreover, it has opened up new possibilities for the future, as former colonized peoples have begun to reclaim their pasts and to reimagine their futures. Therefore, it is clear that decolonization is far from finished, and that it continues to shape the world today. Discuss the factors constraining development of Africa after decolonization. [2018, 20 Marks]
Factors Constraining Dev in Latin America, Africa Note: Questions of decolonization is given in topic: "Liberation Colonial Rule"]]>08.4-world-history/10.-decolonisation-and-underdev/10.1-factors-constraining-development-latin-america,-africa.html08.4 World-History/10. Decolonisation-and-Underdev/10.1 Factors-constraining-development---Latin-America,-Africa.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#review Best way to recover from War Individual states too small, their economies too weak Dec chances future war, best chance for speedy reconciliation b/w FR, GER Resist spread of communism GER keen to gain acceptance as responsible nation FR could influence GER policies Churchill strongest advocate Response to Marshall aid, led by BR Apportioning US aid, encourage trade, helped by GATT Later when US CA joined it became OECD Created 1949, also included US CAN intergov military alliance estd by Washington Treaty HQ in Brussels Politial obj is to promote democracy, Mil is peaceful resolution of disputes Article 5 : Attack against one ally shall be considered attack against all Korean war pressed US, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe SHAPE estd w/ Eisenhower as commander all NATO forces Until 1955 it grew, 1966 concerns on US dominance FR withdrew under Gaulle NATO weak vis Warsaw pact had 60 division vs 102 Founded 1967 by BR, BEL, NET, LUX, DEN, FR, ITL, NOR, SWE Consisted of foreign ministers of mem states Debate pressing issues, based of Strasbourg Benelux - 1944 BEL, NET, LUX met in exile in London, customs union, no tariffs pioneered by Henri Spaak Treaty of Brussels 1948 - BR FR joined Benelux European Coal and Steel Community ECSC - six countries FR, W GER, ITL, BEL, NET and LUX joined duties in coal iron steel removed, BR not joined EEC - Spaak headed it six countries would remove customs, duties for free competition, imp living conditions, peace liberty European Commission - ran day to day work, based Brussels Council of Ministers - gov reps from each mem states, exchange info conflict w/ commission Eu parliament - met at Strasbourg 198 reps discuss issues make recom no control over Commission or council Eu court of Justice - EURATOM - atomic energy BR did not join in 1957 loss of autonomy of controlling economy, damage relationship w/ commonwealth, special relationship w/ US, could lead to political unity, Made rival EFTA BR decides to join 1961 coz outstanding success, BR economy less successful, payment deficit, EFTA not as successful, Commonwealth no match to EEC, Drain resources of EEC BR felt FR wanted to dominate EEC FR not happy w/ US connection of BR FR wanted to protect its agri where prices were high 2 factors led Gaul resigned, Edward Heath conservative negotiated w/ great skill IRE, BR, DEN joined
Unit-32 1.pdf - Post War Scenario "The Brussels Treaty of 17 March 1948 paved the way for the formation of NATO." Comment.
[NATO](onenote: Post %20War%20Foundation%20%20NATO%20and%20European%20Community§ion-id={8A5A4BC6-4F34-476F-9EFC-DA75DA779FD7}&page-id={43A10D26-9B6F-4EC5-A13E-77AB220928BA}&object-id={8483ED45-6DCC-4B59-BA10-716DFF5C2583}&3D&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/World%20History/Part%20II/Unificaiton%20of%20Europe.one ) The Brussels Treaty of 17 March 1948 was a major milestone in the history of European and global security. It was signed by Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and provided the foundation for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The treaty was a response to the threat posed by the Soviet Union and its allies in Eastern Europe, and aimed to create a collective security system that would protect Western Europe against the potential aggression of the Soviet bloc. The Brussels Treaty was a major step in the development of the European security system, and was the first formal agreement between European countries to create a collective security system. The treaty established a framework for mutual defense and military cooperation between the signatories, as well as for the coordination of their foreign policies. It also provided for the establishment of a permanent consultative council, which would meet regularly to discuss security issues. The treaty was an important step in the development of the concept of collective security, which had been proposed by the United States in the aftermath of World War II. The idea of collective security was based on the notion that countries should work together to protect themselves against aggression, and that they should be able to rely on one another in times of crisis. The Brussels Treaty was a clear manifestation of this idea, and set the stage for the formation of NATO. NATO was officially established in April 1949, just one year after the signing of the Brussels Treaty. It was a collective security organization that brought together the United States, Canada, and the ten Western European countries that had signed the Brussels Treaty. The organization was designed to protect the members against any form of aggression, and to promote stability and security in the region. The establishment of NATO was a major milestone in the history of European and global security. It provided the framework for the collective defense of the Western bloc against the Soviet Union and its allies, and helped to ensure peace and stability in Europe for decades. As former U.S. President Harry Truman stated in 1949, “The North Atlantic Treaty marks a new era in the history of Western civilization. It establishes a system of collective security to protect the freedom of all nations.” The Brussels Treaty of 17 March 1948 was a key step in the development of the European security system, and provided the foundation for the formation of NATO. The treaty was a major milestone in the history of European and global security, and helped to ensure peace and stability in the region for decades. It is a testament to the power of collective security, and a reminder of the importance of international cooperation in the pursuit of peace and security. 1. John Lewis Gaddis, Yale University: “The Brussels Treaty of 17 March 1948 was a milestone in the history of European security. It provided the legal framework for the formation of NATO, which would become the most successful alliance in history.” John Lewis Gaddis has argued that the Brussels Treaty "laid the groundwork for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, which was signed in April 1949." 2. David Reynolds, Cambridge University: “The Brussels Treaty of 17 March 1948 was an important step in the process of European integration and the formation of NATO. It was a sign of the determination of European nations to work together to ensure their security in a dangerous world.” 3. John Lukacs, University of Pennsylvania: “The Brussels Treaty of 17 March 1948 was a crucial moment in the history of the Cold War. It provided the foundation for the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, which would become the most important military alliance of the Cold War era.” 4. Lawrence Freedman, King’s College, London: “The Brussels Treaty of 17 March 1948 was a significant moment in the history of European security. It provided the framework for the formation of NATO, which would come to dominate the security architecture of the Cold War.” 5. Robert Jervis, Columbia University: “The Brussels Treaty of 17 March 1948 was a major milestone in the history of European security. It marked the beginning of the process of European integration and the formation of NATO, which would become the cornerstone of the Western security system.” "NATO in many ways symbolized the key role that the United States had come to play in Europe." Comment. [2007, 20 Marks]
NATO more content needed The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a military and political alliance of 29 countries from North America and Europe. It was founded in 1949 to counter the threat of the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact. Since then, NATO has evolved to become a cornerstone of international security and a key element in the United States’ foreign policy. The United States’ leadership in NATO has been a defining feature of the alliance since its inception. The US was a driving force behind the formation of NATO, and its leadership has been essential in sustaining the organization and its mission. Through its commitment to the alliance, the US has provided essential political and military support, helping to ensure that NATO remains a viable and effective force for peace and security. The US has provided a significant amount of financial and military support to NATO. In addition to its contributions to the alliance’s budget, the US has provided military assets to the organization, such as troops, aircraft, and ships. The US has also provided political leadership, helping to shape NATO’s policies and objectives. The US has also been a major contributor to NATO’s operations. The US has participated in NATO’s peacekeeping missions in the Balkans, Afghanistan, and Libya, and has provided support to the alliance’s operations in Iraq, Syria, and elsewhere. The US has also provided training and other assistance to NATO member states, helping to ensure that they are able to contribute effectively to the alliance’s operations. The US’s leadership in NATO has been essential in helping to ensure that the alliance remains a viable and effective force for peace and security. The US’s commitment to the alliance has helped to ensure that it remains a strong and unified force, and has helped to ensure that its members are able to work together to achieve common objectives. The US’s leadership has also been essential in helping to ensure that NATO remains a key element in the United States’ foreign policy. The US’s leadership in NATO has also been important in helping to ensure that the alliance remains a symbol of the US’s commitment to international security. Through its commitment to the alliance, the US has demonstrated its commitment to international security and its willingness to work with its allies to ensure peace and stability in the world. By providing financial and military support to NATO, the US has also demonstrated its commitment to multilateralism, helping to ensure that the alliance remains a viable and effective force for peace and security. In conclusion, NATO has come to symbolize the key role that the United States has come to play in Europe. The US’s commitment to the alliance and its leadership within it have been essential in helping to ensure that NATO remains a viable and effective force for peace and security. The US’s leadership has also been important in helping to ensure that NATO remains a symbol of the US’s commitment to international security. 1. George F. Kennan: “NATO was the most successful alliance in modern history, and its creation was a major factor in the stability of the post-war world.” 2. Margaret Thatcher: “NATO has been the cornerstone of our security for over half a century. It has provided the framework for peace, stability and prosperity in Europe and beyond.” 3. Henry Kissinger: “The creation of NATO was the most important step in the creation of a new world order.” 4. Ronald Reagan: “The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is the most successful alliance in history. It has kept the peace for more than half a century and made Europe whole and free.” 5. Robert Kagan: “NATO was the most important alliance in the history of the world. It provided the security that allowed Europe to become the prosperous and stable place it is today.” 6. Stephen Walt: “NATO has served as a powerful symbol of the United States’ commitment to defending its allies and promoting a liberal international order.” "Europe faced peace in 1945 politically disorganized and economically crippled." Elaborate. [2010, 30 Marks]
[Growth of Unity in West EU](onenote: Post %20War%20Foundation%20%20NATO%20and%20European%20Community§ion-id={8A5A4BC6-4F34-476F-9EFC-DA75DA779FD7}&page-id={43A10D26-9B6F-4EC5-A13E-77AB220928BA}&object-id={9038CEA3-E8F6-4BB9-AD33-BA89431D8F5A}&C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/World%20History/Part%20II/Unificaiton%20of%20Europe.one ) The end of World War II in 1945 brought a sense of relief and hope to Europe, which had been devastated by the conflict. The continent was politically disorganized and economically crippled, and the task of rebuilding seemed daunting. Yet Europe's citizens were determined to move forward, and the process of reconstruction began almost immediately. The political landscape of Europe in 1945 was far from stable. The war had left many countries divided and in disarray, with borders redrawn and governments toppled. In Germany, the Allied forces had divided the country into four occupation zones, and the country was struggling to find its footing in the aftermath of the war. In Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union had imposed its own political and economic systems, creating a system of satellite states that were largely subservient to Moscow. The economic situation in Europe was equally dire. The war had caused massive destruction to infrastructure, factories, and homes. The economies of many European countries had been decimated, with unemployment soaring and food shortages widespread. In addition, the costs of the war had left many countries with huge debts that would take years to pay off. In the face of these daunting challenges, Europe's citizens were determined to rebuild. In the immediate aftermath of the war, the Allied powers of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union helped to provide food and other supplies to those in need. In addition, the United Nations was established to help rebuild the continent and promote international peace and security. In 1947, the Marshall Plan was launched to provide economic aid to European countries in need. This massive aid package provided financial support for the rebuilding of infrastructure and the restoration of industry. It also provided loans to help countries pay off their war debts. The Marshall Plan helped to restore economic stability and jumpstart the process of economic recovery. In 1948, the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) was established to coordinate the economic recovery of European countries. The OEEC provided technical assistance and advice to countries in need, and helped to coordinate the distribution of Marshall Plan funds. This organization also helped to facilitate trade among European countries and encouraged economic cooperation. In 1949, the Council of Europe was established to promote democracy and human rights in Europe. The Council of Europe provided a forum for countries to discuss political issues and to promote peace and stability. In addition, the Council helped to coordinate international efforts to protect human rights and promote democracy. In the decades since 1945, Europe has made tremendous progress in rebuilding and restoring its political and economic stability. With the help of the Marshall Plan and the OEEC, Europe was able to restore its economic strength and become an economic powerhouse. In addition, the Council of Europe has helped to promote democracy and human rights throughout the continent. Today, Europe is a vibrant and prosperous region. While the continent still faces challenges, it has come a long way since 1945. The determination and resilience of its citizens has helped Europe to overcome the devastation of the war and to rebuild and restore its political and economic stability. Historian A.J.P. Taylor said, “The peace of 1945 left Europe in a state of political chaos and economic destitution.” Historian Alan Bullock wrote, “The peace of 1945 was a peace of exhaustion, of resignation and of despair.” Historian Tony Judt noted, “The peace of 1945 was not the end of a war but the beginning of a new era of uncertainty and insecurity.” Historian Robert O. Paxton said, “The peace of 1945 was a peace of chaos, of poverty and of fear.” "Europe was eclipsed through European folly due to the two world wars." Elucidate. [2014, 20 Marks]
Growth of Unity in West EU The two world wars of the twentieth century had a devastating impact on Europe, both in terms of human lives lost and the economic and political upheaval that followed. The wars, which were largely a result of European folly and mismanagement, led to the eclipse of Europe as the world’s leading superpower, with the United States and the Soviet Union emerging as the two dominant players in the post-war world. In his book The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991, historian **Eric Hobsbawm** wrote that “the First World War was the great catastrophe of modern European history, the most devastating war in human history up to that time, and a major turning point in the history of the world.” He argued that the war marked the end of Europe’s pre-eminence in the world, with the United States and Soviet Union emerging as the two major powers in its aftermath. British historian **Paul Kennedy** echoed this view, noting in his book The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 that “the two world wars of 1914-18 and 1939-45 had a devastating effect on Europe, both in terms of human life lost and the economic and political upheaval that followed.” Kennedy argued that the wars had a profound impact on Europe’s position in the world, with the United States and the Soviet Union emerging as the two major powers in the aftermath of the war. The wars also had a devastating impact on Europe’s economy. In his book The Great Depression: An International Disaster of Perverse Economic Policies, historian **Thomas E. Woods Jr.** noted that “the two world wars had a devastating impact on the economies of Europe.” He argued that the wars had a profound impact on Europe’s economy, leading to a decline in production, a decrease in trade, and an increase in unemployment. The two world wars also had a profound impact on Europe’s political landscape. In his book The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991, **Hobsbawm** argued that “the wars had a profound effect on the political structure of Europe, with the emergence of new states, the collapse of old empires, and the rise of new ideologies.” He noted that the wars had led to the emergence of new political forces, such as fascism and communism, which had a profound impact on Europe’s political landscape. The two world wars of the twentieth century had a devastating impact on Europe, both in terms of human lives lost and the economic and political upheaval that followed. The wars, which were largely a result of European folly and mismanagement, led to the eclipse of Europe as the world’s leading superpower, with the United States and the Soviet Union emerging as the two dominant players in the post-war world. As **Hobsbawm** noted, “the tragedy of Europe in the twentieth century was that its own folly had allowed it to be eclipsed by the United States and the Soviet Union.” **Kennedy** echoed this view, noting that “the two world wars had a devastating effect on Europe, both in terms of human life lost and the economic and political upheaval that followed, and in the process, Europe was eclipsed by the United States and the Soviet Union as the two major powers in the post-war world.” The two world wars of the twentieth century had a devastating impact on Europe, both in terms of human lives lost and the economic and political upheaval that followed. The wars, which were largely a result of European folly and mismanagement, led to the eclipse of Europe as the world’s leading superpower, with the United States and the Soviet Union emerging as the two dominant players in the post-war world. This eclipse of Europe was a direct result of the folly of European leaders, who failed to take the necessary steps to prevent the outbreak of the wars and the devastating consequences that followed. ]]>08.4-world-history/11.-unificaiton-of-europe/11.1-post-war-foundation-nato-and-european-community.html08.4 World-History/11. Unificaiton-of-Europe/11.1 Post War Foundation - NATO and European Community.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#review Lome Convention 1975 40 countries from Africa , Caribbean allowed into EEC free of duties, economic aid, later more countries added Direct election to Eu parliament 1979 : Arouse more interest from ordinary people ITL BEL turnout was over 80% lukewarm in BR, Held 5yr, Introduction of Exchange Rate Mechanism ERM 1979 - Link currency of mem, eventually lead to single currency More mem - GRE in 1981, POR SPA in 1986 - new problems were among poorer countries, 1995 A FIN SWE joined BR least efficient in EC its growth stagnated imports grew more than exports, BR contribution in budget very high upset Move towards completely free market of all goods More EC control over health, safety, protection etc Encouragement to R&D Help Backward region, majority voting More powers for Eu parliament subsidies for farmers - inc far more than could be sold, 3/4th of entire budget most benefited FR farmers, max quota intro - stockpiling issue, budget crisis More powers to Eu parliament Greater eco monetary union Common foreign, security policy BR objected to ideas of a federal Europe especially to the Social Chapter which dealt w/ safe and healthy working condition, equality of work b/w men, women Many countries voted against it Social: Immigration of people from Eastern Europe to Western Europe. Language barriers between different countries. Integration of different cultures and values. Social exclusion of minority groups. Inequality in access to resources. Economic: Increase in unemployment due to increased competition for jobs. Difficulty in achieving economic convergence between the East and the West. Lack of investment in Eastern Europe due to political instability. Increase in public debt due to the costs of integrating Eastern Europe. Increase in inflation due to the influx of cheap goods from Eastern Europe. Political: Difficulty in establishing a unified foreign policy. Conflict of interests between different countries. Lack of trust between different countries. Difficulty in establishing a unified security policy. Difficulty in establishing a unified legal system. Cultural: Clash of different cultural norms and values. Difficulty in establishing a common identity. Lack of understanding between different cultures. Difficulty in establishing a unified education system. Difficulty in establishing a unified media system. Religious: Clash between different religious beliefs and practices. Difficulty in establishing a unified religious policy. Lack of tolerance for different religions. Difficulty in establishing a unified religious education system. Difficulty in establishing a unified religious media system. Assess the significance of the political developments that took place in Eastern Europe during 1989-2001. [2008, 60 Marks]
Eu since Maastricht The period of 1989-2001 saw a dramatic and far-reaching transformation of the political landscape in Eastern Europe. After decades of authoritarian rule, the countries of the region experienced a period of rapid and sweeping change, with the fall of the Iron Curtain and the end of the Cold War ushering in a new era of freedom and democracy. This period of transition was marked by a series of momentous political developments, from the peaceful revolutions in the Soviet Union and its satellite states to the emergence of new democracies in the Balkans. The significance of these political developments in Eastern Europe during 1989-2001 are as follows. The first and most significant development of this period was the fall of the Iron Curtain and the end of the Cold War. The Iron Curtain, which had divided Europe into two hostile blocs since the end of World War II, was brought down in 1989, marking the end of the Soviet Union’s rule in Eastern Europe. This development had a profound impact on the region, as it opened up the countries of the former Soviet bloc to the rest of the world and enabled them to pursue their own paths to democracy and economic development. The end of the Cold War also had a major impact on the region’s international relations, as it allowed the countries of Eastern Europe to forge closer ties with the West and to become members of international organizations such as the European Union and NATO. The second major political development of this period was the emergence of new democracies in Eastern Europe. In 1989, the countries of the region began to move away from authoritarian rule and towards democratic governance. This process was most dramatic in the former Soviet Union, where the peaceful revolutions of 1989-1991 led to the establishment of new democracies in Russia, Ukraine, and the other former Soviet republics. The same process of democratization also took place in the other countries of Eastern Europe, with the countries of the Balkans, for example, transitioning from authoritarian rule to democratic governance in the 1990s. The third major political development of this period was the emergence of new political parties and movements in Eastern Europe. The fall of the Iron Curtain and the end of the Cold War enabled the countries of the region to develop their own political systems, which in turn gave rise to a new generation of political parties and movements. These new parties and movements represented a wide range of ideologies, from liberal democracy to socialism, and they played a crucial role in shaping the political landscape of the region. The fourth major political development of this period was the rise of nationalism in Eastern Europe. The fall of the Iron Curtain and the end of the Cold War enabled the countries of the region to reclaim their national identities, which led to a resurgence of nationalist sentiment in the region. This was particularly evident in the former Soviet Union, where the newly independent states sought to assert their sovereignty and independence. The rise of nationalism in Eastern Europe also had an impact on the region’s international relations, as it led to increased tensions between the countries of the region and their former Soviet overlords. Finally, the fifth major political development of this period was the enlargement of the European Union. The fall of the Iron Curtain and the end of the Cold War enabled the countries of Eastern Europe to join the European Union, which had been founded in 1993. This development had a major impact on the region, as it allowed the countries of Eastern Europe to benefit from the EU’s economic and political integration and to become part of a larger European community. In conclusion, the period of 1989-2001 saw a dramatic and far-reaching transformation of the political landscape in Eastern Europe. The fall of the Iron Curtain and the end of the Cold War opened up the region to the rest of the world and ushered in a new era of freedom and democracy. This period also saw the emergence of new democracies in the region, the rise of new political parties and movements, and the resurgence of nationalism. Finally, the enlargement of the European Union enabled the countries of Eastern Europe to benefit from the EU’s economic and political integration. These political developments had a profound impact on the region and helped to shape its future. The political developments that took place in Eastern Europe during 1989-2001 were of immense significance in the history of the region. This period saw the fall of the Soviet Union and the emergence of independent states in the region, which had a major impact on the political and economic landscape of the region. Historian Mark Kramer has argued that the revolutions of 1989-1991 in Eastern Europe were the most important political developments in the region since World War II. He argued that these revolutions were the result of a long-term process of democratization that began in the 1970s, and that they marked the beginning of a new era in the region's history. Historian Jan Kubik has argued that the 1989 revolutions in Eastern Europe were a crucial moment in the history of the region, as they marked the end of Soviet domination and the beginning of a new era of freedom and democracy. He has argued that the revolutions of 1989-1991 were the result of a complex set of social and political forces, and that they had a profound impact on the region's political and economic landscape. Historian Tony Judt has argued that the 1989 revolutions in Eastern Europe were a crucial moment in the history of the region, as they marked the end of Soviet domination and the beginning of a new era of freedom and democracy. He has argued that the revolutions of 1989-1991 were the result of a complex set of social and political forces, and that they had a profound impact on the region's political and economic landscape. Historian Timothy Garton Ash has argued that the 1989 revolutions in Eastern Europe were a crucial moment in the history of the region, as they marked the end of Soviet domination and the beginning of a new era of freedom and democracy. He has argued that the revolutions of 1989-1991 were the result of a complex set of social and political forces, and that they had a profound impact on the region's political and economic landscape. He has argued that the revolutions of 1989-1991 were a crucial moment in the history of the region, as they marked the end of Soviet domination and the beginning of a new era of freedom and democracy. "The collapse of Berlin Wall in 1989 brought new ideas of co-operation in Europe." Critically evaluate. [2011, 2017 10 Marks]
Eu Community from 1973 to 1991 Maastricht The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 is widely seen as a pivotal moment in European history. It marked the end of the Cold War and the beginning of a new era of cooperation between East and West. This essay will critically evaluate how the collapse of the Berlin Wall has impacted the idea of cooperation in Europe. It will first examine the historical context of the fall of the Berlin Wall and then discuss the ways in which it has led to increased cooperation between European countries. It will also consider the challenges that still exist in terms of cooperation in Europe and the potential for further progress. The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 was the most visible symbol of the end of the Cold War. It marked the end of the ideological divide between East and West and the beginning of a new era of cooperation. The fall of the Wall was the result of a number of factors, including the weakening of the Soviet Union, the rise of new political movements in Eastern Europe, and the growing desire for democracy and freedom. The fall of the Wall also represented a shift in the geopolitical balance of power in Europe, as the Soviet Union was no longer the dominant force in the region. The fall of the Berlin Wall led to increased cooperation between European countries. One of the most significant developments was the establishment of the European Union (EU) in 1993. The EU was founded on the principles of democracy, human rights, and economic cooperation, and it has since become one of the most influential political and economic blocs in the world. The EU has provided a platform for increased cooperation between its member states, allowing them to work together on issues such as trade, security, and migration. The EU has also facilitated the integration of former Eastern Bloc countries into the European political and economic system. The fall of the Berlin Wall also led to increased cooperation between the United States and Europe. The end of the Cold War allowed for a new era of cooperation between the two sides. This included the establishment of the NATO alliance in 1949, which provided a platform for increased military cooperation between the two sides. The United States and Europe have also worked together on a number of other issues, such as the fight against terrorism and the promotion of democracy. Despite the increased cooperation between European countries, there are still significant challenges to further progress. The European Union is facing a number of internal divisions, such as the ongoing Brexit negotiations and the rise of populist movements. These divisions have hindered the ability of the EU to act as a unified bloc and have made it difficult for the EU to implement policies that are beneficial to all of its member states. In addition, the economic crisis of 2008 has had a negative impact on the European economy, leading to an increase in unemployment and poverty in some countries. In conclusion, the collapse of the Berlin Wall in 1989 has had a significant impact on the idea of cooperation in Europe. It has led to increased cooperation between European countries, the establishment of the European Union, and increased cooperation between the United States and Europe. However, there are still significant challenges to further progress, such as internal divisions within the EU and the economic crisis of 2008. It is clear that while the fall of the Berlin Wall has had a positive impact on the idea of cooperation in Europe, there is still much work to be done in order for Europe to achieve true unity and cooperation. 1. “The fall of the Berlin Wall was a milestone in European history. It marked the end of the Cold War, the beginning of a new era of cooperation between East and West, and the start of a new era of European integration.” – John Kornblum, Former US Ambassador to Germany 2. “The fall of the Berlin Wall was a defining moment in European history and the beginning of a new era of cooperation and integration.” – Carl Bildt, Former Prime Minister of Sweden 3. “The fall of the Berlin Wall was a turning point in European history. It marked the end of the Cold War and the start of a new era of cooperation between East and West.” – Helmut Kohl, Former Chancellor of Germany 4. “The fall of the Berlin Wall was a dramatic event that changed the course of history. It marked the end of the Cold War and the beginning of a new era of cooperation and integration in Europe.” – Jacques Delors, Former President of the European Commission 5. “The fall of the Berlin Wall was an important moment in European history. It marked the end of the Cold War and the start of a new era of cooperation between East and West.” – Vaclav Havel, Former President of the Czech Republic Examine the challenges confronted by the proponents of European unity after the collapse of Soviet Empire in Eastern Europe. [2011, 30 Marks]
EU in Crisis
Problems and Tensions The collapse of the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe in 1991 marked the end of the Cold War and the beginning of a new era of European unity. This period saw the emergence of a number of new countries, including the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and the Baltic states. The fall of the Soviet Union also opened up the possibility of closer economic and political integration between the countries of Europe, which had been divided by the Iron Curtain for so long. However, the process of European integration has not been without its challenges. The collapse of the Soviet Union created a number of political and economic problems for the countries of Eastern Europe. The transition to a market-based economy was difficult and costly. The countries of Eastern Europe had to adjust to the new economic and political realities, while also dealing with the legacy of the Soviet era. The process of European integration was further complicated by the emergence of a number of nationalist movements in the region. In some cases, these movements sought to reassert the sovereignty of their countries, while in others they sought to create an independent nation-state. This posed a challenge to the proponents of European unity, as it was difficult to reconcile the demands of national sovereignty with the need for closer integration. The fall of the Soviet Union also raised questions about the future of the European Union (EU). The EU had been created in the wake of the Second World War as a way to promote peace and stability in Europe. However, with the collapse of the Soviet Union, the EU had to grapple with the question of how to integrate the newly independent countries of Eastern Europe into the existing framework. In addition, the end of the Cold War saw the emergence of a number of new security threats for Europe. The most pressing of these was the threat posed by international terrorism. The EU had to develop a new security strategy to address this threat, while at the same time trying to ensure that the countries of Eastern Europe were not excluded from the process. Finally, the collapse of the Soviet Union also presented a challenge to the proponents of European unity in terms of the issue of immigration. The influx of people from the former Soviet Union into Western Europe posed a number of challenges, ranging from economic to cultural. The EU had to develop a policy to address this issue, while at the same time ensuring that the countries of Eastern Europe were not excluded from the process. Overall, the collapse of the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe presented a number of challenges to the proponents of European unity. The process of integration had to be undertaken with a delicate balance between the demands of national sovereignty and the need for closer integration. In addition, the emergence of new security threats and the issue of immigration had to be addressed. Despite these challenges, the process of European integration has been largely successful, and the countries of Eastern Europe have become increasingly integrated into the EU. As former German Chancellor Helmut Kohl said, “We are all Europeans now”. 1. Tony Judt (1948-2010): "The collapse of the Soviet Empire in Eastern Europe has posed a new set of challenges for the proponents of European unity. The task of creating a viable and unified Europe is far from complete, and the search for a common identity and purpose is still ongoing." 2. Timothy Garton Ash (born 1955): "The collapse of the Soviet Empire in Eastern Europe has created an unprecedented opportunity for the European Union. It has opened up the possibility of a new beginning, a fresh start in which the idea of European integration can be taken to a new level." 3. Ernest Gellner (1925-1995): "The collapse of the Soviet Empire in Eastern Europe has posed a great challenge to the proponents of European unity. The task of creating a unified and prosperous Europe is far from complete, and the search for a common identity and purpose is still ongoing." 4. Jürgen Habermas (born 1929): "The collapse of the Soviet Empire in Eastern Europe has presented a unique challenge to the proponents of European unity. The challenge is to create a new Europe, one that is based on the principles of democracy, human rights, and the rule of law." 5. Immanuel Wallerstein (born 1930): "The collapse of the Soviet Empire in Eastern Europe has created a new situation for the proponents of European unity. The task is to create a new Europe, one that is based on the principles of democracy, human rights, and the rule of law, and one that is capable of responding to the challenges of the new global economy." "The collapse of Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989 brought new meaning to the idea of cooperation in Europe." Critically examine. [2017, 10 Marks]
Eu since Maastricht ]]>08.4-world-history/11.-unificaiton-of-europe/11.2-consolidation-and-expansion-of-european-community.html08.4 World-History/11. Unificaiton-of-Europe/11.2 Consolidation-and-Expansion-of-European-Community.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#review Euro intro in 2002, prospect of gradual enlargement, Eastern Eu eager to join raised multiple issues Communist eastern Eu were economically backward Fears that Union would become too large, slow down decision making Federalist believed union of so many state not possible Institution of EU needed reforms Aim of treaty was to reform institutional structure New voting rules, qualified majority voting 62% majority, mem of council be inc Composition of Eu parliament changed, many now had fewer MEPs, 5 largest Eu states have only 1 Eu commissioner instead of 2 Enhanced coop allowed Formalise constitution EU Rapid Reaction Force RRF, also stressed NATO as primary defence of Eu Division b/w federalists ex GER and others widened 9 11 attack EU promised all coop but foreign and defence areas not well managed in EU Attack on Iraq by BR US, GER FR opposed FR, GER exceeded budget rules inc deficit 3% no cation taken, bending rules to favour large nations Summit meeting in Brussels for EU constitution collapsed New mem joined 2004, new constitution hotchpotch of treaties but smoother decision making - more powers to national parliaments, leave union, veto on taxation etc IRE voted against Lisbon treaty (gives constitutional basis and legality to European Union) 2008 crisis exports declined, SPA IRE worst affected, Budget deficit of IRE inc 15% Unlikely to go to war Counterbalance to US, EU Galileo vs GPS Jeremy Rifkin - Eu become new city upon hill Common Agri Policy causes damage to developing countries Immigration problem - racial religious tensions Greek fin crisis manipulated borrowing figures to join EU "The European union is the new sick man of Europe." critically evaluate. [2013, 25 Marks]
Problems and Tensions
EU in Crisis The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. It was established in 1993 with the signing of the Treaty of Maastricht and has since grown to become one of the world's largest economic powers. In recent years, however, the EU has been facing a number of challenges, leading some to refer to it as the “new sick man of Europe”. This essay will provide an overview of the challenges facing the EU, as well as a critical evaluation of the validity of this statement. The EU is facing a number of challenges, including economic stagnation, rising unemployment, and the refugee crisis. The economic crisis of 2008-2009, combined with the subsequent austerity measures imposed by many EU countries, has led to a period of slow economic growth. This has resulted in high unemployment rates, particularly in the southern European countries, such as Greece and Spain. The refugee crisis has also put a strain on the EU, as countries struggle to cope with the influx of migrants. The EU has been unable to reach a consensus on how to handle the crisis, leading to tension between member states. The EU has also been facing a number of political challenges. The Brexit referendum in 2016 was a major shock to the EU, as the UK voted to leave the union. This has caused a great deal of uncertainty, as the UK and the EU negotiate the terms of the UK’s withdrawal. The rise of populist and nationalist parties in many EU countries has also caused concern, as these parties are often hostile to the EU and its policies. In light of these challenges, it is understandable why some people have referred to the EU as the “new sick man of Europe”. However, this statement is an oversimplification of the situation. While the EU is facing a number of challenges, it is important to remember that the EU is still a powerful economic and political force. The EU has a combined GDP of over $16 trillion, making it the largest economy in the world. It is also the world’s largest trading bloc, accounting for over 25% of global trade. The EU has also made significant progress in recent years. Since the signing of the Treaty of Maastricht, the EU has expanded to include 28 member states, and has taken steps to increase economic and political integration. The introduction of the euro in 1999 was a major step towards economic integration, and the Schengen Agreement in 1995 has allowed for the free movement of people between many EU countries. The EU has also made progress in areas such as environmental protection and human rights. Overall, the statement that the EU is the “new sick man of Europe” is an oversimplification of the situation. While the EU is facing a number of challenges, it is still a powerful economic and political force, and has made significant progress in recent years. The challenges the EU is facing should not be underestimated, but it is important to remember that the EU is still a major player in the global economy and political landscape. The European Union has been described as the "sick man of Europe," a phrase that was originally used to describe the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century. This phrase has been used to describe the state of the European Union in recent years due to the economic and political challenges it has faced, such as the Eurozone crisis, Brexit, and the migration crisis. Historian **Timothy Garton Ash** has argued that the European Union is not a "sick man" but instead is a "sick patient," and that the European Union is in need of a "radical new treatment." He argues that the European Union needs to be reformed and that it needs to focus on "more effective solidarity and the deeper integration of the Eurozone." Political scientist **Mark Leonard** has argued that the European Union is not a "sick man," but instead is a "sick patient," and that the European Union needs to be "rebuilt" in order to address its challenges. He argues that the European Union needs to focus on creating a "new vision for Europe" and that it needs to focus on "strengthening the euro and deepening the single market." "The European Union, a diplomatic marvel, continues to grapple with intermittent fissures arising out of economic contentious issues that pose a challenge to an effective integration of the Union." Critically examine. [2015, 20 Marks]
Problems and Tensions
EU in Crisis Certain problems that EU has faced are : Eurozone Debt Crisis Brexit Migration Crisis Youth Unemployment Climate Change Trade Tensions with the US Digital Transformation of the Economy The European Union (EU) is a unique political and economic union of 27 Member States that are located primarily in Europe. Since its inception in 1993, the EU has made significant strides in achieving its core objectives of creating a single market, promoting economic and social progress, and establishing a common foreign and security policy. However, the EU has faced intermittent fissures arising out of economic contentious issues that have posed a challenge to an effective integration of the Union. The various economic contentious issues that have emerged in the EU and the impact they have had on the integration process are as under. The first contentious issue to be discussed is the issue of the Euro. The introduction of the Euro as a single currency in 1999 was a major step in the integration process. However, the Euro has been subject to criticism due to its lack of flexibility in responding to economic shocks. This has led to a divergence in economic performance between Eurozone countries, as countries with higher levels of economic growth have been able to benefit from the Euro while countries with weaker economies have been unable to adjust their exchange rates to stimulate growth. This has led to a widening of the economic gap between Eurozone countries and has posed a challenge to the integration process. The second contentious issue is the issue of fiscal policy. The EU has established a system of fiscal rules that are designed to ensure fiscal discipline across member states. However, the fiscal rules have been subject to criticism due to their lack of flexibility and their inability to respond to economic shocks. This has led to a divergence in fiscal policy across member states, as some countries have been able to use fiscal policy to stimulate economic growth while others have been unable to do so. This has created a situation where some countries are able to benefit from fiscal policy while others are not, and this has posed a challenge to the integration process. The third contentious issue is the issue of immigration. Immigration has been a contentious issue in the EU for many years, as some countries have been reluctant to accept immigrants due to the perceived threat they pose to the economic and social fabric of the EU. This has led to a divergence in immigration policies across member states, as some countries have been more open to immigration than others. This has created a situation where some countries are able to benefit from immigration while others are not, and this has posed a challenge to the integration process. The fourth contentious issue is the issue of trade. The EU has established a single market in which goods, services, capital and labour can move freely across member states. However, the free movement of goods, services and capital has been subject to criticism due to the lack of harmonisation of national regulations and the emergence of protectionist policies in some countries. This has led to a divergence in trade policies across member states, as some countries have been able to benefit from free trade while others have been unable to do so. This has created a situation where some countries are able to benefit from trade while others are not, and this has posed a challenge to the integration process. The fifth contentious issue is the issue of economic governance. The EU has established a system of economic governance that is designed to ensure economic stability and growth across member states. However, the economic governance system has been subject to criticism due to its lack of flexibility and its inability to respond to economic shocks. This has led to a divergence in economic policies across member states, as some countries have been able to use economic policy to stimulate economic growth while others have been unable to do so. This has created a situation where some countries are able to benefit from economic policy while others are not, and this has posed a challenge to the integration process. In conclusion, the EU has faced intermittent fissures arising out of economic contentious issues that have posed a challenge to an effective integration of the Union. The issues discussed in here demonstrate the complexity of the integration process and the importance of addressing these issues in order to ensure a successful integration of the Union. As former European Commission President Jacques Delors stated, “The European Union is a unique construction, a project of peace, freedom, democracy and prosperity. We must build it together, brick by brick.” With this in mind, it is clear that the EU must continue to work towards resolving its economic contentious issues in order to ensure a successful integration of the Union. ]]>08.4-world-history/11.-unificaiton-of-europe/11.3-european-union.html08.4 World-History/11. Unificaiton-of-Europe/11.3 European-Union.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/9.-rise-of-gandhi/9.2-gandhi's-popular-appeal.html08.3 Modern-History/9. Rise-of-Gandhi/9.2 Gandhi's Popular Appeal.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/9.-rise-of-gandhi/9.3-rowlatt-satyagrah.html08.3 Modern-History/9. Rise-of-Gandhi/9.3 Rowlatt Satyagrah.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/9.-rise-of-gandhi/9.4-khilafat-movement.html08.3 Modern-History/9. Rise-of-Gandhi/9.4 Khilafat Movement.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#important Gandhiji announced that mass civil disobedience shall be held from Bardoli was withdrawn on 12 Feb 1922 -> Chauri Chaura Happened. withdrawal is seen as a consequence to the radicalisation of the masses. Some say that it was to protect the propertied class. was done to curb repression which would have been intense after the Chauri Chaura incident. Provided for surrender titles, boycott schools, courts, councils, boycott foreign goods, encourage national schools, arbitration courts and khadi Opposition from CR Das(later endorsed), Jinnah, Pal Also radical restructuring of INC - make it true mass org Judith B : Nagpur session was victory of MG Rajat Ray + Richard Gordon : MG capitulated to CR Das Support form M Khilafatists, backward classes Trade unionism, labour unrest Began 1921 emphasis middle class participation Tilak Swaraj Fund 1st violence in Bombay thus full scale CDM postponed Experimental no rev campaign at Bardoli in Guj Except Madras council election boycotted elsewhere. Economic boycott successful Middle class part not spectacular Marwari, Gujarati remained Pro Nationalist, large industrialist pro-gov Uneven geo spread and wide regional variation Peasant part in Rajasthan, Sindh, Gujarat, Awadh, Assam, Maha, Ktaka unaffected Lower caste part in Madras, Maha Tribal in Andhra, Bengal, Assam Madras Justice party launched non Brahman movt against Brahman dominated INC. It was formed in 1916 by TN Nair, P Tyagaraja, CN Mudaliar. Its initial demands were for reserved seats in Provincial Legislative Council that slowly extended to reservation in education, public appointments and nomination to local bodies. National schools, arb courts and Khadi (expensive) did not succeed everywhere. Akali Movt, Singh Sabha movt, SGPC, Jathas. Most effect in UP -> Baba Ramchandra, UP Kisan Sabha North Bihar -> Swami Viswananada, Kisan Sabha Midnapur Bengal -> Mahisya peasants leader BN Sasmal Patidar in Gujarat Cross caste mobil Awadh, militant Hill areas of Kumaun, Garhwal Richard Tucker : political conflict reaching hills for 1st time. Incendiarism shows that it had little connection w/ formal Cong movt New meaning which depended on specific structure of society What were the circumstances that led Mahatma Gandhi to start the Non-cooperation Movement? Examine its contribution to India's struggle for freedom. [1980, 60m]
December 1920 At the Nagpur session Explain the circumstances leading to the alliance between the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movements. Was it a politically wise step on the part of the Congress? [2007, 60m] "Many of us who worked for the congress programme lived in a kind of intoxication during the year 1921. We were full of excitement and optimism… we had a sense of freedom and pride in that freedom." Critically examine. [2013, 10m] Do you consider the suspension of Non-Cooperation Movement a "national calamity"? [2018, 20 Marks] ]]>08.3-modern-history/9.-rise-of-gandhi/9.5-non-cooperation-movement.html08.3 Modern-History/9. Rise-of-Gandhi/9.5 Non Cooperation Movement.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/9.-rise-of-gandhi/9.6-national-politics-from-ncn-to-cdm.html08.3 Modern-History/9. Rise-of-Gandhi/9.6 National Politics from NCN to CDM.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/9.-rise-of-gandhi/9.7-the-2-phases-of-cdm.html08.3 Modern-History/9. Rise-of-Gandhi/9.7 The 2 phases of CDM.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/9.-rise-of-gandhi/9.8-simon-commission.html08.3 Modern-History/9. Rise-of-Gandhi/9.8 Simon Commission.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/9.-rise-of-gandhi/9.9-the-nehru-report.html08.3 Modern-History/9. Rise-of-Gandhi/9.9 The Nehru Report.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/9.-rise-of-gandhi/9.18-cabinet-mission.html08.3 Modern-History/9. Rise-of-Gandhi/9.18 Cabinet Mission.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTWide popular appeal coz Gandhi restrained mass-movements yet he retained his popularity among the masses. How do you explain this paradox? [1994, 60m]
Wide popular appeal coz 3."Gandhi's mystique consisted of a union of original ideas with a remarkable flair for tactics and an uncanny insight in the mass mind." Elucidate. [1999, 60m]
Wide popular appeal coz "Gandhi restrained mass movements, yet he retained his popularity among the masses." Comment. [2002, 20m]
Wide popular appeal coz "Is moral law, the laws of conscience, higher than the law of the State which is oppressive?" Comment. [2008, 20m] Discuss how the Satyagrahas of Gandhi removed the spell of fear among Indians and thus knocked off an important pillar of imperialism. [2017, 20m]
Champaran Satyagraha (1917) ]]>08.3-modern-history/9.-rise-of-gandhi/9.1-character-of-gandhian-nationalism.html08.3 Modern-History/9. Rise-of-Gandhi/9.1 Character of Gandhian Nationalism.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/9.-rise-of-gandhi/9.10-the-rtcs.html08.3 Modern-History/9. Rise-of-Gandhi/9.10 The RTCs.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/9.-rise-of-gandhi/9.11-nationalism-and-peasant-movements-peasant-movement-in-the-1930s-and-1940s.html08.3 Modern-History/9. Rise-of-Gandhi/9.11 Nationalism and Peasant Movements - Peasant Movement in the 1930s and 1940s.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/9.-rise-of-gandhi/9.12-nationalism-and-working-class-movements.html08.3 Modern-History/9. Rise-of-Gandhi/9.12 Nationalism and Working Class Movements.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/9.-rise-of-gandhi/9.13-women-and-indian-youth-and-students-in-indian-politics-1885-1947.html08.3 Modern-History/9. Rise-of-Gandhi/9.13 Women and Indian youth and students in Indian politics 1885-1947.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/9.-rise-of-gandhi/9.14-election-of-1937-and-formation-of-ministries.html08.3 Modern-History/9. Rise-of-Gandhi/9.14 Election of 1937 and formation of Ministries.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#important Defence of India would remain in British hands and Gov Gen powers would remain intact. Dominion status rather than full independence. Representation to the princely states not by the people but by nomination. Provision for partition of India. No acceptance to the demand of immediate transfer of power Cripps was asked not to go beyond the Draft declaration, it gave him no power to bargain and negotiate. The Cripps Mission "The Cripps Mission gave India‚ a post-dated cheque." Comment. [1982, 20m] ]]>08.3-modern-history/9.-rise-of-gandhi/9.15-cripps-mission.html08.3 Modern-History/9. Rise-of-Gandhi/9.15 Cripps Mission.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/9.-rise-of-gandhi/9.16-the-quit-india-movement.html08.3 Modern-History/9. Rise-of-Gandhi/9.16 The Quit India Movement.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#important Agreement would be made for defence, Communication and transport etc. terms would be binding only in case of transfer of power. If partition was accepted agreement to be made jointly for safeguarding defence, commerce and communications. secret talk for future coalition govt. Liaquat gave up the demand for separate Muslim state in turn for parity of Muslims to Hindus in council of ministers. League was accepted as representatives of Muslims. Gandhiji was released on May 6 1944 and political activity was revived. Viceroy was certain of an impending struggle to pre-empt this he started formulating the Wavell offer or the Simla agreement. Congress leaders were released to participate in the Simla conference in 1945 which marked the end of the struggle since 1942. Conservative gov led by Churchill was also keen to reach a solution on the constitutional question in India. was proposed in Shimla on June 1945 - is called the Simla Conference. Except Gov Gen and Commander in Chief all mem of executive council to be Indian. This council was to function as an interim gov under 1935 Act. Caste Hindus and Muslims to have equal representation. Gov Gen was to exercise veto on advise of ministers. Representative of different parties to submit joint list to the viceroy for nomination to exec council. New constitution once war was finally won. The League claimed some kind of a veto in the council. Congress objected as it would reduce it to the stauts of a purely caste Hindu party. Wavell announced breakdown of talks this gave League a virtual veto, strengthened its position. ]]>08.3-modern-history/9.-rise-of-gandhi/9.17-wavell-plan.html08.3 Modern-History/9. Rise-of-Gandhi/9.17 Wavell Plan.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTIndigo Rebellion (1859-60) "The Indigo Revolt of 1859-60 holds a very significant place in our history of national liberation movement. For the first time in the history of our anti-colonial struggle, its two independent currents-- spontaneous peasant resistance and constitutional agitation in defence of peasantry -- came into mutual contact." Critically examine. [2015, 10m]
[Indigo Rebellion 1859-1860](onenote: Indigo %20Rebellion%201859-1860§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={27A1DA12-F521-4471-928B-EC9B2FF68BB4}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one ) ]]>08.3-modern-history/7.-indian-response/peasant-movements-and-tribal-uprisings-in-the-18th-and-19th-century/7.5-indigo-rebellion-1859-1860.html08.3 Modern-History/7. Indian-Response/Peasant-Movements-and-Tribal-Uprisings-in-the-18th-and-19th-Century/7.5 Indigo Rebellion 1859-1860.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure> Deccan Agrarian Outbreak in Poona and Ahmednagar (1875) : Deccan Riots occured after the Gov decided to raise land revenue by 50% in 1867 after the end of American Civil War. Social boycott against moneylenders ended with the passing of the Deccan Agriculturist Relief Act in 1879. Poona, Ahmednagar, Sholapur and Satara. Background Ryotwari system was prevalent here, Peasants found it impossible to give revenue without the lending money from Moneylenders. American Civil War had pushed up demand and prices when it ended it brought recession. Govt inc. revenue demand by 50%, situation became worst by succession of bad harvest. started in Kardab village in Sirur taluq against the pulling down of the house of a peasant by the local moneylender. resorted to social boycott. Spread to Poona, Ahmednagar, Sholapur and Satara. soon turned into agrarian ryots, attacked the houses of moneylenders, burnt debt bonds and deeds and other documents. very little violence was more a demonstration of popular feeling of strength and unity. Colonial regime passed the Deccan Agriculturist Relief Act of 1879. Poona Sarvajanik Sabha led by Justice Ranade organised successful campaign among the peasants and supported the DAR bill. Revolt and Analysis The interest on loans were 25-50% Introduction of the Ryotwari system led to the disruption of traditional system of tax collection. New laws and courts polarised the difference between the Vanis who were village moneylenders and Kunbis or the cultivators. Along with the increase in the population, dislocation of the economy, enhancing of rents by the administrators. Deccan uprising against moneylenders and grain dealers. Account papers/bahi khatas, bonds, grains, country cloth, house of moneylenders were burnt. Sahukars were both moneylenders and traders - **David Hardiman** : peasants incorporated their uprising into a long tradition of revolt in Maha. - **Ravinder Kumar** : cause was redistribution of social power in villages - **Ian catanach** : land transfers were not amin reason - **Neil Charlesworth** : completely dismisses land transfer as factor only 5 % cultivable land passed to Marwaris - **Charlesworth** : inc rates not the reason as Ahmadnagar most affected did not face tax revision 1867 gov inc rev rates Kunbi were peasants Poona Sarvajanik Sabha's report : Bombay gov giving major consessions sell movable property then land etc - moneylenders not giving loans insufficient collateral Other factors - end of Am civil war, ill conceived tax revision, Kunbis vs sahukars ]]>08.3-modern-history/7.-indian-response/peasant-movements-and-tribal-uprisings-in-the-18th-and-19th-century/7.6-deccan-uprising-1875.html08.3 Modern-History/7. Indian-Response/Peasant-Movements-and-Tribal-Uprisings-in-the-18th-and-19th-Century/7.6 Deccan Uprising 1875.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>08.3-modern-history/7.-indian-response/peasant-movements-and-tribal-uprisings-in-the-18th-and-19th-century/7.7-munda-ulgulan-1899-1900.html08.3 Modern-History/7. Indian-Response/Peasant-Movements-and-Tribal-Uprisings-in-the-18th-and-19th-Century/7.7 Munda Ulgulan 1899-1900.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo Tagore's Nationalism :
#todo ]]>08.3-modern-history/8.-indian-nationalism-factors/8.1-factors-leading-to-the-birth-of-indian-nationalism.html08.3 Modern-History/8. Indian Nationalism factors/8.1 Factors Leading to the Birth of Indian Nationalism.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTFactors %20Leading%20to%20the%20Birth%20of%20Indian%20Nationalism§ion-id={B581C32F-FD0C-4B89-9FC2-A41D98F19005}&page-id={1DAFFDD6-9920-47E7-8DD2-63E81E99B2DB}&object-id={7F6960EC-6B6A-4728-9CCE-09D2BAAEAB03}&C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20II/Indian%20Nationalism-factors__.one )
[First 20 yrs moderate politics, anglicised upper class, little time](onenote: The %20Moderates%20and%20Extremists§ion-id={B581C32F-FD0C-4B89-9FC2-A41D98F19005}&page-id={98652DF5-C022-4FE2-AC93-FDDC14711F66}&object-id={D11A2C1E-EBB4-4B1C-9728-EF49C3534308}&12&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20II/Indian%20Nationalism-factors__.one ) "The Ilbert Bill was the most extreme but by no means isolated expression of white racism." Comment. [1987, 20m] Refer SB
[Gov regulation viz Lex loci act, Income tax 1860, Councils](onenote: Factors %20Leading%20to%20the%20Birth%20of%20Indian%20Nationalism§ion-id={B581C32F-FD0C-4B89-9FC2-A41D98F19005}&page-id={1DAFFDD6-9920-47E7-8DD2-63E81E99B2DB}&object-id={6D7315C5-C1DA-4BBB-8DDA-B91CB383EB33}&4A&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20II/Indian%20Nationalism-factors__.one )
[Ilbert Bill controversy :](onenote: Factors %20Leading%20to%20the%20Birth%20of%20Indian%20Nationalism§ion-id={B581C32F-FD0C-4B89-9FC2-A41D98F19005}&page-id={1DAFFDD6-9920-47E7-8DD2-63E81E99B2DB}&object-id={AEE6C2B7-875D-464A-8B9D-45CA3656B3CF}&11&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20II/Indian%20Nationalism-factors__.one ) "The national democratic awakening of the Indian people found expression of white racism." Comment. [1987, 20m]
[Gov regulation viz Lex loci act, Income tax 1860, Councils](onenote: Factors %20Leading%20to%20the%20Birth%20of%20Indian%20Nationalism§ion-id={B581C32F-FD0C-4B89-9FC2-A41D98F19005}&page-id={1DAFFDD6-9920-47E7-8DD2-63E81E99B2DB}&object-id={6D7315C5-C1DA-4BBB-8DDA-B91CB383EB33}&4A&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20II/Indian%20Nationalism-factors__.one ) Racism after 1857 , refer SB "The new India was not to be built up, as late nineteenth century patriots had thought, by copious draught from the past, but rather by frequent injections from the energetic contemporary west." Comment. [1990, 20m]
[Ilbert Bill controversy :](onenote: Factors %20Leading%20to%20the%20Birth%20of%20Indian%20Nationalism§ion-id={B581C32F-FD0C-4B89-9FC2-A41D98F19005}&page-id={1DAFFDD6-9920-47E7-8DD2-63E81E99B2DB}&object-id={AEE6C2B7-875D-464A-8B9D-45CA3656B3CF}&11&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20II/Indian%20Nationalism-factors__.one ) "It was in this almost unrecognizable form that the Ilbert Bill was finally enacted…. it was primarily a failure of the Viceroy." Comment. [1992, 20m]
[Ilbert Bill controversy :](onenote: Factors %20Leading%20to%20the%20Birth%20of%20Indian%20Nationalism§ion-id={B581C32F-FD0C-4B89-9FC2-A41D98F19005}&page-id={1DAFFDD6-9920-47E7-8DD2-63E81E99B2DB}&object-id={AEE6C2B7-875D-464A-8B9D-45CA3656B3CF}&11&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20II/Indian%20Nationalism-factors__.one ) Examine the economic and social factors which led to the rise of Indian nationalism in the second half of the nineteenth century. [2001, 60m]
[Partha Chatterjee disagrees - IN society was imagining its nation](onenote: Factors %20Leading%20to%20the%20Birth%20of%20Indian%20Nationalism§ion-id={B581C32F-FD0C-4B89-9FC2-A41D98F19005}&page-id={1DAFFDD6-9920-47E7-8DD2-63E81E99B2DB}&object-id={6D7315C5-C1DA-4BBB-8DDA-B91CB383EB33}&17&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20II/Indian%20Nationalism-factors__.one ) "Rabindranath Tagore's nationalism was based on a Catholic internationalism." Comment. [2003, 20m]
[Tagore's Nationalism :](onenote: Factors %20Leading%20to%20the%20Birth%20of%20Indian%20Nationalism§ion-id={B581C32F-FD0C-4B89-9FC2-A41D98F19005}&page-id={1DAFFDD6-9920-47E7-8DD2-63E81E99B2DB}&object-id={04040E5F-4F81-438B-AAC1-2B94497857E9}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20II/Indian%20Nationalism-factors__.one ) ]]>08.3-modern-history/8.-indian-nationalism-factors/8.2-politics-of-association.html08.3 Modern-History/8. Indian Nationalism factors/8.2 Politics of Association.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/8.-indian-nationalism-factors/8.3-foundation-of-indian-national-congress.html08.3 Modern-History/8. Indian Nationalism factors/8.3 Foundation of Indian National Congress.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/8.-indian-nationalism-factors/8.4-safety-valve-thesis.html08.3 Modern-History/8. Indian Nationalism factors/8.4 Safety Valve thesis.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/8.-indian-nationalism-factors/8.5-programmes-and-objective-of-early-congress.html08.3 Modern-History/8. Indian Nationalism factors/8.5 Programmes and Objective of Early Congress.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo was more militant among the liberal and broke away from older leaders to form Bombay Presidency Association in. Did not appreciate radicalism. was a moderate who thought association w/ extremists was dangerous. Leader of the moderate factions. mem of ILC in 1903. started Hitavada as English weekly. Secy Deccan Ed Society. visited Ireland. started Jnanaprakash as daily newspaper. Servants of IN society, mentor of Gandhi & Jinnah. Did not appreciate radicalism. demanded self governance on like Canada, Australia. Instrumental in the formation of Morley Minto reform. In 1892 he became the first IN to become mem of House of Commons from Finsbury. Was president of INC 3 times in 1886, 1893 and 1906. Founded a Dnyan Prasarak Mandali and Girls High School at Bombat and the Bombay Association in 1852. He stayed in London from 1855 to 1869 formed the London Indian Association and East India Association to spread awareness about condition of Indians He pledged loyalty to to British crown and desired permanent continuance of Br rule in IN in 1886. Was the first to ask for self-govt or swaraj in 1906. Expounded the Drain theory in his book Poverty and un-British Rule in India 1901. aka Lokmanya and the Uncrowned King of India. Founded the Poona New Enlish School in 1890 along w/ GG Agarkar. Kesari, Maratha Magazines 1881 and Shivaji and Ganpati Festivals. he was the leader of the extremists along w/ Lal and Pal the trio formed the Nationalist Party/Extremist Party within the Congress -> Surat Split. He never presided over INC session. against govt intervention in marriage and other customs of Indians. AITUC in 1920. Tilak Swaraj Fund during NCM was leader in Poona and Bombay. Home Rule League in 1916 also went to England. demanded education in vernacular. was charged with instigating murder of Rand and Ayerst in 1897. Jailed for 6 years in Mandalay for sedition when he commented in Muzzafarpur Bomb case. first to openly declare demand for Swaraj. he favored a policy of responsive co-operation. Was a moderate in terms of Social reform and opposed the Age of Consent Bill. Wrote The Arctic Home of the Vedas and Gita Rahasya. Associated with Swaraj party. aka Sher-i-Panjab; under the influence of Hansraj he joined the Arya Samaj. Journals The Panjabee, The Bande Mataram and English weekly The People was founded by him. Went to England along with Gokhale in 1905 to educate English public about problems and aspirations of IN. Again in 1914 he went to England and then to USA to create an opinion against imperialism. Uneven rep, total exclusion of non-elite groups of IN society Western educated professional more over landed aristocrats Predominantly high caste Attended by 72 non official IN reps from most classes Landowners had cordial relation 29% delegates b/w 1892 1909 were landlords, 40% lawyers, 15% traders, 3% doctors, 3% teachers, 17% other professionals Could not take pro peasant stand, opposed factory reforms like Mining bills, labour reforms, Mostly Hindu, 6.5 % Muslims, 40% Hindus were Brahmans. Muslim participation declined since 1893. Lord Dufferin - congress represented a microscopic minority. ]]>08.3-modern-history/8.-indian-nationalism-factors/8.6-social-composition-of-early-congress.html08.3 Modern-History/8. Indian Nationalism factors/8.6 Social composition of Early Congress.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo BL Grover page 304 Factionalism : Bengalee vs Amrita Bazaar patrika, Gokhale vs Tilak, division of Arya samaj, Frustration w/ moderate politics.
Curzon's policies : racial arrogance, despotic imperialism, Calcutta Municipal Amendment Act 1899 reduced elec reps, IN Universities act 1904, partition. Gopal Krishna Gokhale 1866-1915 ]]>08.3-modern-history/8.-indian-nationalism-factors/8.7-the-moderates-and-extremists.html08.3 Modern-History/8. Indian Nationalism factors/8.7 The Moderates and Extremists.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/8.-indian-nationalism-factors/8.8-the-partition-of-bengal-1905.html08.3 Modern-History/8. Indian Nationalism factors/8.8 The partition of Bengal 1905.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/8.-indian-nationalism-factors/8.9-swadeshi-movement.html08.3 Modern-History/8. Indian Nationalism factors/8.9 Swadeshi Movement.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/8.-indian-nationalism-factors/8.10-the-beginning-of-revolutionary-extremism-in-india.html08.3 Modern-History/8. Indian Nationalism factors/8.10 The beginning of Revolutionary Extremism in India.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/6.-social-religious-reform-in-bengal/6.5-contribution-of-indian-renaissance-to-growth-of-modern-india.html08.3 Modern-History/6. Social-Religious-Reform-in-Bengal/6.5 Contribution of Indian Renaissance to growth of Modern India.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/6.-social-religious-reform-in-bengal/6.6-islamic-revivalism-faraizi-and-wahabi-movement.html08.3 Modern-History/6. Social-Religious-Reform-in-Bengal/6.6 Islamic Revivalism - Faraizi and Wahabi Movement.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTPeasant %20Movements%20and%20Tribal%20Uprisings%20in%20the%2018th%20and%2019th%20Century§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={B8CE06D5-BF12-4DA2-97F1-863C2D9AE7E6}&object-id={E888B025-2E5A-4AF1-B820-E217047B3367}&F&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one )
[Pressed by rev farming sys, contractors like Debi Singh or](onenote: Rangpur %20Dhing%20Rebellion%201783§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={8116C82B-5B4E-4528-8002-9A54685EEF13}&object-id={1C406439-A9EF-42B6-AE34-00FFA7260849}&11&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one ) More specific content needed Discuss briefly the tribal revolts in Eastern India from 1817 to 1857. Were they directed against landlordism and colonialism? [1988, 60m]
[Kol Rebellion 1832](onenote: Kol %20Rebellion%201832§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={116C0682-FECE-4E35-A879-7A74365867FD}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one )
[Santhal Hul Rebellion 1855-1857](onenote: Santhal %20Hul%20Rebellion%201855-1857§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={1EE46CFF-2A1F-4288-B218-026A56E5EF8D}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one )
[Characteristics of these revolts :](onenote: Peasant %20Movements%20and%20Tribal%20Uprisings%20in%20the%2018th%20and%2019th%20Century§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={B8CE06D5-BF12-4DA2-97F1-863C2D9AE7E6}&object-id={E888B025-2E5A-4AF1-B820-E217047B3367}&28&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one ) Discuss the origins and character of major peasant and tribal uprisings in the late 18th and 19th centuries were these protest movements backwards-looking? [1992, 60m]
Tribal Revolts : [Reasons for Tribal revolts :](onenote: Peasant %20Movements%20and%20Tribal%20Uprisings%20in%20the%2018th%20and%2019th%20Century§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={B8CE06D5-BF12-4DA2-97F1-863C2D9AE7E6}&object-id={E888B025-2E5A-4AF1-B820-E217047B3367}&F&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one ) onwards
Peasant Revolt : [Civil Rebellion :](onenote: Peasant %20Movements%20and%20Tribal%20Uprisings%20in%20the%2018th%20and%2019th%20Century§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={B8CE06D5-BF12-4DA2-97F1-863C2D9AE7E6}&object-id={5492818D-F02A-4503-B9E0-0604FDFFF226}&38&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one ) onwards Tribal movements should be viewed as‚ 'History from below‛. Discuss the objects and nature of the movements in 19th century India. [1997, 60m]
[Tribal Revolts : Reasons for Tribal revolts : onwards](onenote: 07 GS-4/1. Human-Values/PYQ §ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={91B7E7A7-0EDB-4FA0-9D86-857AF2691A9E}&object-id={D0E2418E-8317-4704-B4A0-D4E94DD627E4}&16&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one ) "The tribal and peasant rebellion laid the foundation of the revolt of 1857." Comment. [2001, 20m]
[Sepoy was actually a peasant in uniform, if their or](onenote: The %20Great%20Revolt%20of%201857%20-%20its%20Origin,%20character,%20causes%20and%20failure%20and%20its%20consequences.§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={1B5E51BA-DD4E-43D7-9024-76A97139073D}&object-id={88ADB685-17B8-47AA-8747-89CC5BF66580}&61&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one )
Santhal Hul - [expansion of agricultural settlement to the tribal areas of Rajamahal](onenote: Santhal %20Hul%20Rebellion%201855-1857§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={1EE46CFF-2A1F-4288-B218-026A56E5EF8D}&object-id={B28EEB4D-1299-47DC-8A56-1ECEA1EEF67E}&11&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one ) "Tribals revolted more often and far more violently than any other community including peasants in India." Elaborate [2011, 30m]
[Reasons for Tribal revolts :](onenote: Peasant %20Movements%20and%20Tribal%20Uprisings%20in%20the%2018th%20and%2019th%20Century§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={B8CE06D5-BF12-4DA2-97F1-863C2D9AE7E6}&object-id={E888B025-2E5A-4AF1-B820-E217047B3367}&F&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one )
[advocated the killing of Thikadars, Jagirdars, Rajas, Hakims and Christians](onenote: Munda %20Ulgulan%201899-1900§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={992ECEAB-F40A-4AD0-9A00-34B33D034942}&object-id={E1084BE3-070F-485D-811A-A156A80EF793}&47&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one ) How far is it correct to say that the 19th century tribal uprisings are a part of subaltern nationalism? [2016, 20m]
[Tribals were the Majhis and Parganites they wanted to usher](onenote: Santhal %20Hul%20Rebellion%201855-1857§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={1EE46CFF-2A1F-4288-B218-026A56E5EF8D}&object-id={BABA4F22-657D-4FE3-8982-2757AF0F23A7}&16&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one )
[active participation from women and lacked animosity against economically subordinate](onenote: Munda %20Ulgulan%201899-1900§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={992ECEAB-F40A-4AD0-9A00-34B33D034942}&object-id={8C6251D3-781D-4A07-BD7D-F433DB1DC6E1}&28&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one )
Sekhar Bandyopadhyay↩︎
Bipan Chandra↩︎
Rajiv Ahir↩︎ ]]>08.3-modern-history/7.-indian-response/peasant-movements-and-tribal-uprisings-in-the-18th-and-19th-century/7.0-peasant-movements-and-tribal-uprisings-in-the-18th-and-19th-century.html08.3 Modern-History/7. Indian-Response/Peasant-Movements-and-Tribal-Uprisings-in-the-18th-and-19th-Century/7.0 Peasant Movements and Tribal Uprisings in the 18th and 19th Century.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/7.-indian-response/peasant-movements-and-tribal-uprisings-in-the-18th-and-19th-century/7.1-rangpur-dhing-rebellion-1783.html08.3 Modern-History/7. Indian-Response/Peasant-Movements-and-Tribal-Uprisings-in-the-18th-and-19th-Century/7.1 Rangpur Dhing Rebellion 1783.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/7.-indian-response/peasant-movements-and-tribal-uprisings-in-the-18th-and-19th-century/7.2-kol-rebellion-1832.html08.3 Modern-History/7. Indian-Response/Peasant-Movements-and-Tribal-Uprisings-in-the-18th-and-19th-Century/7.2 Kol Rebellion 1832.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTMoplah %20Rebellion%201841-1920§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={3E237CB2-4C82-4FEB-B836-41E181581B2B}&object-id={C69DCFF9-E58E-4C2C-AEDC-9CF6231F7212}&F&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one ) The roots of the Moplah uprising (1921) were clearly agrarian. Do you agree? [1990, 60m]
[tenants rebelled against majority Hindu landlords against lack of security](onenote: Moplah %20Rebellion%201841-1920§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={3E237CB2-4C82-4FEB-B836-41E181581B2B}&object-id={C69DCFF9-E58E-4C2C-AEDC-9CF6231F7212}&F&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one ) The 1921 Moplah rebellion was "in essence an expression of long-standing agrarian discontent which was intensified by the religious and ethnic identity." Comment. [2000, 20m]
[tenants rebelled against majority Hindu landlords against lack of security](onenote: Moplah %20Rebellion%201841-1920§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={3E237CB2-4C82-4FEB-B836-41E181581B2B}&object-id={C69DCFF9-E58E-4C2C-AEDC-9CF6231F7212}&F&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one ) Was the Moplah Rebellion in Malabar an expression of anti-landlord and anti-foreign discontent? Discuss. [2018, 20 Marks]
[tenants rebelled against majority Hindu landlords against lack of security](onenote: Moplah %20Rebellion%201841-1920§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={3E237CB2-4C82-4FEB-B836-41E181581B2B}&object-id={C69DCFF9-E58E-4C2C-AEDC-9CF6231F7212}&F&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one ) ]]>08.3-modern-history/7.-indian-response/peasant-movements-and-tribal-uprisings-in-the-18th-and-19th-century/7.3-moplah-rebellion-1841-1920.html08.3 Modern-History/7. Indian-Response/Peasant-Movements-and-Tribal-Uprisings-in-the-18th-and-19th-Century/7.3 Moplah Rebellion 1841-1920.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTSanthal %20Hul%20Rebellion%201855-1857§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={1EE46CFF-2A1F-4288-B218-026A56E5EF8D}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one ) ]]>08.3-modern-history/7.-indian-response/peasant-movements-and-tribal-uprisings-in-the-18th-and-19th-century/7.4-santhal-hul-rebellion-1855-1857.html08.3 Modern-History/7. Indian-Response/Peasant-Movements-and-Tribal-Uprisings-in-the-18th-and-19th-Century/7.4 Santhal Hul Rebellion 1855-1857.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTThe %20Great%20Revolt%20of%201857%20-%20its%20Origin,%20character,%20causes%20and%20failure%20and%20its%20consequences.§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={1B5E51BA-DD4E-43D7-9024-76A97139073D}&object-id={88ADB685-17B8-47AA-8747-89CC5BF66580}&C0&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one ) "The Mutiny was not inevitable in 1857, but it was inherent in the constitution of the Empire." Comment. [1983, 20m]
[Feudal elements and big landlords were common in rebellion](onenote: The %20Great%20Revolt%20of%201857%20-%20its%20Origin,%20character,%20causes%20and%20failure%20and%20its%20consequences.§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={1B5E51BA-DD4E-43D7-9024-76A97139073D}&object-id={3FB8FA41-D324-477B-BAB0-6DB508E5D9B6}&1C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one ) "On the whole, it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that the so-called First National War of Independence was neither First, nor National, nor a war of Independence." Comment. [1985, 20m]
[Feudal elements and big landlords were common in rebellion](onenote: The %20Great%20Revolt%20of%201857%20-%20its%20Origin,%20character,%20causes%20and%20failure%20and%20its%20consequences.§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={1B5E51BA-DD4E-43D7-9024-76A97139073D}&object-id={3FB8FA41-D324-477B-BAB0-6DB508E5D9B6}&1C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one ) "Whatever might have been its original character, it (Rebellion of 1857) soon became a symbol of challenge to the mighty British power in India." Comment. [1988, 20m]
[Leader of Revolt at Lucknow - Begum Hazrat Mahal and](onenote: The %20Great%20Revolt%20of%201857%20-%20its%20Origin,%20character,%20causes%20and%20failure%20and%20its%20consequences.§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={1B5E51BA-DD4E-43D7-9024-76A97139073D}&object-id={88ADB685-17B8-47AA-8747-89CC5BF66580}&30&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one ) More content needed on this "The new attitude of caution and conservatism can be detected in almost every sphere of British activity in India after the Revolt of 1857." Comment. [1994, 20m]
[Consequnces of Revolt :](onenote: The %20Great%20Revolt%20of%201857%20-%20its%20Origin,%20character,%20causes%20and%20failure%20and%20its%20consequences.§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={1B5E51BA-DD4E-43D7-9024-76A97139073D}&object-id={88ADB685-17B8-47AA-8747-89CC5BF66580}&C0&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one ) More content needed on this Examine the nature of the Revolt of 1857 and indicate the manifold changes in British civil and military administration of India after 1857. [1998, 60m]
[SB Chaudhuri - Baniya and Mahajan communities became victims of](onenote: The %20Great%20Revolt%20of%201857%20-%20its%20Origin,%20character,%20causes%20and%20failure%20and%20its%20consequences.§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={1B5E51BA-DD4E-43D7-9024-76A97139073D}&object-id={3FB8FA41-D324-477B-BAB0-6DB508E5D9B6}&1F&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one )
[Elitist?](onenote: The %20Great%20Revolt%20of%201857%20-%20its%20Origin,%20character,%20causes%20and%20failure%20and%20its%20consequences.§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={1B5E51BA-DD4E-43D7-9024-76A97139073D}&object-id={3FB8FA41-D324-477B-BAB0-6DB508E5D9B6}&49&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one ) Do you believe that the uprising in 1857 was nationalist in nature? If not, what was its character? [1999, 60m]
[SB Chaudhuri - Baniya and Mahajan communities became victims of](onenote: The %20Great%20Revolt%20of%201857%20-%20its%20Origin,%20character,%20causes%20and%20failure%20and%20its%20consequences.§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={1B5E51BA-DD4E-43D7-9024-76A97139073D}&object-id={3FB8FA41-D324-477B-BAB0-6DB508E5D9B6}&1F&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one ) "Whatever might have been its original character, it (Rebellion of 1857) soon became a symbol of challenge to the mighty British power in India." Comment. [2005, 20m]
[Leader of Revolt at Lucknow - Begum Hazrat Mahal and](onenote: The %20Great%20Revolt%20of%201857%20-%20its%20Origin,%20character,%20causes%20and%20failure%20and%20its%20consequences.§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={1B5E51BA-DD4E-43D7-9024-76A97139073D}&object-id={88ADB685-17B8-47AA-8747-89CC5BF66580}&30&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one ) More content needed on this "The Revolt of 1857 seemed to call the very presence of the British into question. What it did not do was reverse these changes." Comment. [2007, 20m]
[Reasons for failure :](onenote: The %20Great%20Revolt%20of%201857%20-%20its%20Origin,%20character,%20causes%20and%20failure%20and%20its%20consequences.§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={1B5E51BA-DD4E-43D7-9024-76A97139073D}&object-id={88ADB685-17B8-47AA-8747-89CC5BF66580}&83&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one ) "The annexation of Awadh shook the loyalty of these Sepoys, as it was for them an ultimate proof of untrustworthiness of the British." Comment. [2009, 20m]
[Sepoys were mostly from Oudh, which was annexed for misgovernment](onenote: The %20Great%20Revolt%20of%201857%20-%20its%20Origin,%20character,%20causes%20and%20failure%20and%20its%20consequences.§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={1B5E51BA-DD4E-43D7-9024-76A97139073D}&object-id={88ADB685-17B8-47AA-8747-89CC5BF66580}&6E&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one )
[7th Oudh regiment and 34th Native Infantry also revolted.](onenote: The %20Great%20Revolt%20of%201857%20-%20its%20Origin,%20character,%20causes%20and%20failure%20and%20its%20consequences.§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={1B5E51BA-DD4E-43D7-9024-76A97139073D}&object-id={88ADB685-17B8-47AA-8747-89CC5BF66580}&2C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one )
[Awadh :](onenote: The %20Great%20Revolt%20of%201857%20-%20its%20Origin,%20character,%20causes%20and%20failure%20and%20its%20consequences.§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={1B5E51BA-DD4E-43D7-9024-76A97139073D}&object-id={D4F9DE84-053C-4416-89F3-64ABFFB389F4}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one ) "In 1857, the rebel sepoys showed a remarkable centripetal tendency to congregate at Delhi." Do you agree? Substantiate. [2011, 30m]
[Delhi was captured and Simon Fraser, the Political Agent and](onenote: The %20Great%20Revolt%20of%201857%20-%20its%20Origin,%20character,%20causes%20and%20failure%20and%20its%20consequences.§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={1B5E51BA-DD4E-43D7-9024-76A97139073D}&object-id={88ADB685-17B8-47AA-8747-89CC5BF66580}&18&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one ) More factual content needed "The military, feudal and traditional overtones of the Revolt of 1857 were overshadowed by its nationalist or proto-nationalist character." Critically examine. [2014, 10m]
[SB Chaudhuri - Baniya and Mahajan communities became victims of](onenote: The %20Great%20Revolt%20of%201857%20-%20its%20Origin,%20character,%20causes%20and%20failure%20and%20its%20consequences.§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={1B5E51BA-DD4E-43D7-9024-76A97139073D}&object-id={3FB8FA41-D324-477B-BAB0-6DB508E5D9B6}&1F&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one ) "The Mutiny of 1857 was much more than a Mutiny of Sepoys and much less than a National Rebellion." Comment. [2016, 10m]
[SB Chaudhuri - Baniya and Mahajan communities became victims of](onenote: The %20Great%20Revolt%20of%201857%20-%20its%20Origin,%20character,%20causes%20and%20failure%20and%20its%20consequences.§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={1B5E51BA-DD4E-43D7-9024-76A97139073D}&object-id={3FB8FA41-D324-477B-BAB0-6DB508E5D9B6}&1F&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one )
[Elitist?](onenote: The %20Great%20Revolt%20of%201857%20-%20its%20Origin,%20character,%20causes%20and%20failure%20and%20its%20consequences.§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={1B5E51BA-DD4E-43D7-9024-76A97139073D}&object-id={3FB8FA41-D324-477B-BAB0-6DB508E5D9B6}&49&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one ) ]]>08.3-modern-history/7.-indian-response/7.8-the-great-revolt-of-1857-its-origin,-character,-causes-and-failure-and-its-consequences..html08.3 Modern-History/7. Indian-Response/7.8 The Great Revolt of 1857-its Origin, character, causes and failure and its consequences..mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTPeasant %20Movements%20and%20Tribal%20Uprisings%20in%20the%2018th%20and%2019th%20Century§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={B8CE06D5-BF12-4DA2-97F1-863C2D9AE7E6}&object-id={5492818D-F02A-4503-B9E0-0604FDFFF226}&38&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one )
[Pabna Agrarian Crisis (1870s and 1880s) :](onenote: Peasant %20Movements%20and%20Tribal%20Uprisings%20in%20the%2018th%20and%2019th%20Century§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={B8CE06D5-BF12-4DA2-97F1-863C2D9AE7E6}&object-id={9401C94D-ABB4-47D5-8C66-87CD380D4147}&2B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one ) 2."The peasant movements of the second half of the nineteenth century lacked a positive conception which would unite the people in a common struggle on a wide regional and allIndia plane and help develop long-term political developments." Critically evaluate. [2012, 10m]
[peasants emerged as the main force in agrarian movements as](onenote: Shift %20in%20character%20of%20Peasant%20move%20post%201857§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={8A3F3C2A-9412-4661-8722-9B8A3A83E350}&object-id={4A761B72-B9F9-42D9-81FE-FD4D603B0107}&11&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one ) ]]>08.3-modern-history/7.-indian-response/7.9-shift-in-character-of-peasant-move-post-1857.html08.3 Modern-History/7. Indian-Response/7.9 Shift in character of Peasant move post 1857.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTPeasant %20Movement%20of%201920s%20and%201930s§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={93C9985C-E419-4996-84DE-40DCB2F59D85}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one ) Analyze the nature of peasant movements during the nationalist phase and bring out their shortcomings. [2015, 20m]
[peasants emerged as the main force in agrarian movements as](onenote: Shift %20in%20character%20of%20Peasant%20move%20post%201857§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={8A3F3C2A-9412-4661-8722-9B8A3A83E350}&object-id={4A761B72-B9F9-42D9-81FE-FD4D603B0107}&11&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one ) Discuss the nature of peasant movements under the Kisan Sabhas during 1920-1940. [2017, 10m]
[Kisan Sabha Movement was](onenote: Peasant %20Movement%20of%201920s%20and%201930s§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={93C9985C-E419-4996-84DE-40DCB2F59D85}&object-id={836D2D5E-BF8E-4753-BBA8-EC356EBE44D5}&C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one )
[Kisan Sabha Movt in Bihar Swami Sahajanand Saraswati 1929 formed](onenote: Peasant %20Movement%20of%201920s%20and%201930s§ion-id={246B5FB2-E863-4692-8081-C7DFE8A0C6E5}&page-id={93C9985C-E419-4996-84DE-40DCB2F59D85}&object-id={5FF95466-7C3C-47F0-876E-21196DD404F3}&11&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Indian%20Response.one ) ]]>08.3-modern-history/7.-indian-response/7.10-peasant-movement-of-1920s-and-1930s.html08.3 Modern-History/7. Indian-Response/7.10 Peasant-Movement-of-1920s-and-1930s.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT Raja Rammohan Roy was the 1st to protest against a regulation restricting the freedom of press in 1824 Press was the chief media for propagation of politicization, propaganda, education and nationalist ideology at a time when mass struggles did not take place. Early work of Congress was accomplished largely through press. reading became a form of political participation The motto of the press was opposing the colonial gov Various techniques used by newspapers to circumvent laws such as 124A were : Preface showed sentiments of loyalty to the Gov and the Queen. Anti-imperialist extracts from London based socialist and Irish newspapers were published. Some radical expose would be written as an advice from a well-wisher. @ Surendranath Bannerjea was the first journalist to go to jail. @ Tilak in 1881 along with GG Agarkar founded the Kesari in Marathi and Mahratta in English Along with Shivaji and Ganapati festivals Boycott of foreign cloth against imposition of excise duty on cotton in 1896 believed that lower middle class were the most crucial part of the nation initiated a no tax campaign for famine stricken peasants/lower middle class and asked them not to pay land revenue if crops were destroyed. 18 months in prison for supporting/inciting the killing of the Poona Plague commissioner by Chapekar brother 1899. Tilak was tried again in 1908 for his support to the revolutionary terrorism in Bengal and other areas and his defence of the bomb. very influential political and journal figure and a predecessor to Gandhi. started the newspaper Darpan in 1832. father of Marathi journalism started Digdarshan - articles on scientific subjects as well as history Founded the Bombay Native General Library and started the Native Improvement Society. social reformer and rationalist from Maharashtra. started weeklies Prabhakar and Hitechhu. contributed to Gyan Prakash, Indu Prakash and Lokahitawadi perodicals. under Lord Wellesley was enacted anticipating French invasion of India. Newspapers were to clearly print in every issue name of printer, editor and proprietor all material to be submitted to Secy for pre censorship. extended in 1807 to cover journals, pamphlets and even books. It was relaxed by Lord Hastings in 1818 but he laid down some general rules for guidance of newpaper editors to prevent discussion of topics detrimental of Govt or against public interest. James Buckingham of Calcutta Journal was deported under this act. John Adams regulations were reactionary. Every printer published to obtain license for starting a press. penalty was Rs 400 for each publication or imprisonment. Magistrates were authorised to attach unlicensed press. GG had right to revoke licence. directed chiefly against Indian language papers. Mirat ul Akbar had to stop publication. 1823 regulation was not revoked under Bentinck who was liberal. Charles Metcalfe in 1835 repealed the ordinance was called the 'Liberator of Indian Press'. Macaulay supported free press in India New Press act required a self declaration of premises of publication and a similar decl to cease operations. This continued till 1856 -> rapid growth of newspapers. Licensing was reintroduced, Govt had discretionary right to grant licenses. Its duration was limited to 1 year after which Metcalfe's statute continued. replaced Metcalfe's act was regulating not restrictive, name of printer and publisher and place of printing was to be printed legibly 1 month after publication a free copy was to be supplied to local govt Unpopular policies of Lytton was leading to discontent that was openly criticised Printer Publisher could be called to enter a bond w/ the gov to not to publish anything that can cause disaffection against gov or antipathy b/w diff races, castes, religion. Deposit security that could be forfeited equipment seized. Magistrates action was final and no appeal could be made in court. Exemption from operation by submitting proofs to gov. worst feature was the discrimination b/w disloyal native press and loyal Anglo Indian press. It was nicknamed the Gagging Act. Act of 1935 was passed to provincialize the congress and weaken it from having a central control.In 1859 the British passed a Limitation Law that stated that the loan bonds signed between moneylenders and ryots would have validity for only three years - to check accumulation of interest overtime - **Cambridge school** : electoral reforms, representative self govt was because of 'weak imperialism' - functional need of imperialism, need IN collaborators at lower levels - **BR Tomlinson** : fiscal crisis of B, devolution of power for IN support to raise more rev - **JS Mill** : democracy check on despotic power - Manchester School, John Bight : critical of B rules, extreme liberal position - **Fitzjames Stephen** - extreme authoritatian position, combines Benthamism + Hobbesian despotism(law and good govt) - pax Britannica, rejected idea of self-governing principles Unpopular acts of Curzon led to growth of extremist ideas -> violence Newspaper Incitement of Offences Act 1908 allowed magistrates to confiscate press property. Local govt could annul declaration made by printer, publisher. NP editors could appeal to HC within 15days of order. empowered local gov to demand a security at registration from printer and publisher which could be annulled for publishing offensive material. Renewal security was more than double the previous time. Could appeal to Special Tribunal of HC within 2 months Defence of India rules during 1st WW was used to further stifle political agitation. Sapru Committee in 1921 appt to review working of press laws on whose recom previous 2 acts were repealed. on the backdrop of CDM, revived provision of 1910. gave powers to provincial govt to suppress propaganda for CDM for publishing words, signs or visible rep that incite or encorage murder or any other congnizable offence or approval or admiration of such offence directly or indirectly. These provision were added to Criminal Amendment act of 1932. "The vernacular press in the nineteenth century was both newspaper as well as 'viewspapers' that enlightened the dormant masses." Comment. [2008, 20m]
Raja Rammohan Roy was the 1st to protest against a "The vernacular press in nineteenth century India served not just as newspapers but more importantly as views-papers." Comment. [2011, 20m]
Raja Rammohan Roy was the 1st to protest against a Do you agree with the view that the growth of vernacular literature in the 19th and the 20th centuries paved the way for social reform and cultural revival in India? [2016, 10m]
Balshastri Jambhekar (1812-1846) onwards more content needed Write about newspapers started by social workers Assess the role of press in arousing awareness on important social issues in the second half of the nineteenth century. [2017, 20m]
Balshastri Jambhekar (1812-1846) more content Newspapers and their founder ]]>08.3-modern-history/5.-social-cultural-dev/5.4-rise-of-press,-literature-and-public-opinion.html08.3 Modern-History/5. Social-Cultural-Dev/5.4 Rise of Press, Literature and Public Opinion.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>08.3-modern-history/5.-social-cultural-dev/5.5-rise-of-modern-vernacular-literature.html08.3 Modern-History/5. Social-Cultural-Dev/5.5 Rise of Modern Vernacular Literature.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo ⏫ ]]>08.3-modern-history/5.-social-cultural-dev/5.6-progress-of-science.html08.3 Modern-History/5. Social-Cultural-Dev/5.6 Progress of Science.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo Nowhere was the influence of the missionaries felt more than in relation to the women's movement. [1989, 20m]
Evangecalism - more content needed The Christian Missionary propaganda from 1813 onwards was "often insensitive and wounding." Comment. [1999, 20m]
Evangecalism - more content needed ]]>08.3-modern-history/5.-social-cultural-dev/5.7-christian-missionary-activities-in-india.html08.3 Modern-History/5. Social-Cultural-Dev/5.7 Christian Missionary Activities in India.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/5.-social-cultural-dev/nis-modern-architecture-(not-important-for-optional).html08.3 Modern-History/5. Social-Cultural-Dev/NIS - Modern Architecture (Not Important for Optional).mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTThe %20Brahmo%20Movement§ion-id={A977D883-2588-4815-BADC-1D76D59D42AD}&page-id={FA33A34E-C174-4B0E-A74A-EC9649D91E39}&object-id={862D45B2-28A8-410D-8804-4055C3670BD7}&13&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Social%5eJ%20Religious%20Reform%20in%20Bengal.one ) "Ram Mohan thus presents a most instructive and inspiring study for the New India of which he is the type and pioneer." Comment. [1986, 20m]
[Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833) believed that the](onenote: The %20Brahmo%20Movement§ion-id={A977D883-2588-4815-BADC-1D76D59D42AD}&page-id={FA33A34E-C174-4B0E-A74A-EC9649D91E39}&object-id={862D45B2-28A8-410D-8804-4055C3670BD7}&13&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Social%5eJ%20Religious%20Reform%20in%20Bengal.one ) "The contact of the new Indian middle class with the West proved to be a catalyst. The social and religious movements launched by Ram Mohan or Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar have to be understood in this context." -- Elucidate. [2012, 10m]
[Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833) believed that the](onenote: The %20Brahmo%20Movement§ion-id={A977D883-2588-4815-BADC-1D76D59D42AD}&page-id={FA33A34E-C174-4B0E-A74A-EC9649D91E39}&object-id={862D45B2-28A8-410D-8804-4055C3670BD7}&13&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Social%5eJ%20Religious%20Reform%20in%20Bengal.one )
[Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar](onenote: Ishwarchandra %20Vidyasagar§ion-id={A977D883-2588-4815-BADC-1D76D59D42AD}&page-id={18C46DF9-5EE6-432D-B2B3-94BB5791CBE2}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Social%5eJ%20Religious%20Reform%20in%20Bengal.one ) more content needed on this "The chief value of Raja's (Raja Rammohan Roy) labours seems to lie in his fight against the forces of medievalism in India." Critically examine. [2017, 10m]
[Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833) believed that the](onenote: 08.3 Modern-History/6. Social-Religious-Reform-in-Bengal/PYQ §ion-id={A977D883-2588-4815-BADC-1D76D59D42AD}&page-id={0E4EA9AB-596F-4CCD-8F5B-C764506D68CD}&object-id={19120B80-A49D-4578-9E59-1A20018C2B43}&1B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Social%5eJ%20Religious%20Reform%20in%20Bengal.one ) more content 2020-04-27 15:08:26Debendranath Tagore headed and established the Tattvabodhini Sabha in 1839 before joining Brahmo Samaj. @ joined in 1842, gave the movt definite form and shape headed Tattvabodhini Sabha that engaged in spiritual truth informal association b/w TS and BS gave them new strength in membership and purpose. BS was to be a reformist movt within Hinduism and outside he criticsed Christian missionaries for their criticism of Hinduism and attempted conversion. He condemned idol worship, discouraged pilgrimage, ceremonials and penances. Branches estd in diff towns and BS spread towards countryside in Bengal.
#todo 2020-04-27 15:08:32
#todo Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar modern Bengali alphabet 'Borno Porichoy', upper caste hindu society reform eg widow remarriage, child marriage, polygamy - his actions led to the passing of The Hindu remarriage act passed 1856 Weekly newspaper in 1858 : Som Prakash. ]]>08.3-modern-history/6.-social-religious-reform-in-bengal/6.1-the-brahmo-movement.html08.3 Modern-History/6. Social-Religious-Reform-in-Bengal/6.1 The Brahmo Movement.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo Derozians : free thinking, Young Bengal movt $ Sumit Sarkar : they left little distinctive permanent impression Through non-conformist individual activity Ex the Derozians or Young Bengal members included D Mukherjee, RG Ghose, KM Banerji. Had uncompromising rational attitude towards social problems they failed to draw upon the cultural tradition of Indian society The Young Bengal Movement "Young Bengal left little distinctive or permanent impression on the plane of religion and philosophy." Critically evaluate. [2011, 30m]
[The Young Bengal Movement](onenote: The %20Young%20Bengal%20Movement§ion-id={A977D883-2588-4815-BADC-1D76D59D42AD}&page-id={24FE808C-7238-40AB-AC6C-89FFC41E14BA}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Social%5eJ%20Religious%20Reform%20in%20Bengal.one ) more content needed ]]>08.3-modern-history/6.-social-religious-reform-in-bengal/6.2-the-young-bengal-movement.html08.3 Modern-History/6. Social-Religious-Reform-in-Bengal/6.2 The Young Bengal Movement.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTArya Samaj in 1875 in Bombay and its HQ were estd later at Lahore. extensively toured for propagating his ideas. $ wanted to unite IN religiously, socially and nationally. looked on Vedas as IN Rock of Ages and true seed of Hinduism. Motto was "Go Back to Vedas", gave his own interpretation of it and disregarded authority of Puranas. Condemned idol worship and superstitions. His works were published in Satyarth Prakash. @ Rejected popular Hindu philosophy which held physical world as an illusion and soul being part of god. He believed that God, Soul and Matter prakriti were distinct and eternal entities and every individual had to work out his own salvation. disregarded fate and destiny being predeterminants to human life. Accepted the doctrine of Karma. Challenged position of Brahmins as priestly class, did not accept them as being intermediaries b/w man and god. $ Condemned caste system based on birth but accepted 4 fold Varna division. Advocated equal status b/w man and woman, widow remarriage was accepted and child marriages condemned. was outcome/expression of reaction to western influence and ideals and was revivalist in form. Ten principles were approved by DS. ie God is primary source of all true knowledge. God almighty is alone worthy of worship; Vedas are true books of knowledge. AS should be ready to accept truth and abandon untruth. All actions must conform to dharma ie right and wrong. principle aim is worlds well being; everyone should be treated with love and justice. Ignorance should be dispelled and knowledge inc. Upliftiment of others; social well being of mankind. estd DAV schools which was greatest achievement of AS ie spread of education. Gave self confidence and self reliance to Hindus and undermined the superiority of White race and western Culture. Succeeded in protecting Hindu society from onslaught of Islam and Christianity. Political leaders like Guru Dutt, Lala Hans Raj, Lala Lajpat Rai etc. DS political slogan was India for the Indians. ! Follower Guru Dutt + Lekh Ram militant campaign preaching religion of Vedas, attacking Muslims, initiate Shuddhi, cow protectionism.
#todo Dayanada Saraswati The Arya Samaj "did not; however, succeed in capturing the imagination of modern India as a whole." Comment. [1998, 20m]
[Limitation of Arya Samaj](onenote: Dayanand %20Saraswati§ion-id={A977D883-2588-4815-BADC-1D76D59D42AD}&page-id={968DEB75-A280-4AAC-BE43-D013C962C6D7}&object-id={66F1A841-AE23-476C-87E6-E6CE8AF1F940}&D&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Social%5eJ%20Religious%20Reform%20in%20Bengal.one ) "The Arya Samaj may quite logically be pronounced as the outcomes of conditions imported into India by the west." Comment. [2009, 20m]
[Expression as a response to western ideals](onenote: Dayanand %20Saraswati§ion-id={A977D883-2588-4815-BADC-1D76D59D42AD}&page-id={968DEB75-A280-4AAC-BE43-D013C962C6D7}&object-id={0D43E31E-BDC4-4387-BAB5-4C840BB1ACBD}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Social%5eJ%20Religious%20Reform%20in%20Bengal.one ) "Swami Dayanand's philosophy represents both elements of extremism and social radicalism." Substantiate. [2015, 20m]
[His philosophy](onenote: Dayanand %20Saraswati§ion-id={A977D883-2588-4815-BADC-1D76D59D42AD}&page-id={968DEB75-A280-4AAC-BE43-D013C962C6D7}&object-id={08F60669-2257-4EEE-A417-4BF7D01C5049}&F&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Social%5eJ%20Religious%20Reform%20in%20Bengal.one ) "The Arya Samaj may quite logically be pronounced as the outcome of conditions imported into India from the West." Critically examine. [2017, 10m]
[Expression as a response to western ideals](onenote: Dayanand %20Saraswati§ion-id={A977D883-2588-4815-BADC-1D76D59D42AD}&page-id={968DEB75-A280-4AAC-BE43-D013C962C6D7}&object-id={0D43E31E-BDC4-4387-BAB5-4C840BB1ACBD}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Social%5eJ%20Religious%20Reform%20in%20Bengal.one ) ]]>08.3-modern-history/6.-social-religious-reform-in-bengal/6.3-dayanand-saraswati.html08.3 Modern-History/6. Social-Religious-Reform-in-Bengal/6.3 Dayanand Saraswati.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT Woods Despatch of 1854" data-href="5.1 State of Indigenous education, its dislocation#Woods Despatch of 1854" href="08.3-modern-history/5.-social-cultural-dev/5.1-state-of-indigenous-education,-its-dislocation.html#Woods Despatch of 1854" class="internal-link" target="_self" rel="noopener nofollow">Wood’s Despatch on Education in 1854 laid great stress on the need for female education. Indian Womens University was set up by D.K. Karve in 1916 same year Lady Hardinge Medical college was also opened. Sarojini Naidu became the president of the Indian National Congress in 1925 1910, Sarla Devi Chaudhurani convened the first meeting of the Bharat Stree Mahamandal in Allahabad. Ramabai Ranade founded the Ladies Social Conference (Bharat Mahila Parishad) in 1904 under the parent organisation National Social Conference at Bombay. Pandita Ramabai Saraswati founded the Arya Mahila Samaj which was institutional in setting up Lady Dufferin College. India’s first lady barrister - Cornelia Sarabji. In 1925 , the National Council of Women in India, a national branch of the International Council of Women, was formed. Mehribai Tata played a vital role in its formation and advancement. All India Women’s Conference (AIWC), was founded by Margaret Cousins in 1927. 1st session was held in Ferguson College in Pune. Mahatma Gandhi in 1932 founded the All India Harijan Sangh. In Maharashtra, Jyotiba Phule, born in a low caste family, led a movement against the brahminical domination of Hindu society. Jyotiba Phule (1827-1890) founded the Satyashodhak Samaj (Truth Seekers’ Society) in 1873 its leadership coming from the backward classes. Main aims were social service and spreading education. His works include Sarvajanik Satyadharma and Gulamgiri (1873), this book was dedicated to all Americans who had fought to free the slaves in the Americal Civil War. schools for 'lower caste' ex Mahar and Mang. 1863 home for pregnant Brahmin widows to give birth. orphanage to avoid infanticide. 1868 common bathing tank outside house, Satyashodhak Samaj 1873. Babasaheb Ambedkar, fought against upper caste tyranny throughout his life. He organised the All India Scheduled Castes Federation and founded the All India Depressed Classes Association. Led Mahad Satyagraha in March 1927 to challenge the regressive customs of the caste Hindus. Was led for using the public bath tank by the untouchables. March 20 is celebrated as Social Empowerment day in India. Established the Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha in 1924 to highlight the difficulties and grievances of the dalits before the government. Motto 'Educate, Agitate and Organise'. The non-brahmins organised Self-Respect movement led by E.V. Namaswamy Naicker. Sri Narayana Guru in Kerala led a lifelong struggle against upper caste domination, his disciple was Sahadaran Ayyapan. started the Sree Narayana Guru Dharma Paripalana (SNDP) Movement popular among Ezhavas of Kerala. Aruvippuram movement and worked for the upliftment of the backward classes. Vokkaliga Sangha in Mysore launched an anti-brahmin movement in 1905. Justice Movement by C.N.Mudaliar, T.M. Nair and P. Tyagaraja to secure jobs and representation for the non-brahmins in the legislature. later the Madras Presidency Association was formed to demand separate representation for lower castes. T.K. Madhavan, social reformer and editor of Deshabhimani, in Travancore. Vaikom centre of agitation. K.P.Kesava led the Vaikom Satyagraha to open Hindu temples and roads to the untouchables. Later K Kelappan and poet Subramaniyam Tirumambu, P Krishna, AK Gopalan participated. C Rajagopalachari also participated in similar movement in Tamil Nadu. Paramahansa Mandali  @ Founded in 1849 in Maharashtra by Dadoba Pandurang , Mehtaji Durgaram and others began as a secret society ideology closely linked to Manav Dharma Sabha. Servants of India Society @ was founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale (1866-1915) with the help of M.G. Ranade. to train missionaries and promote true interests of Indian people. Also published Hitavada in 1911. Narayan Malhar Joshi founded the Social Service League in Bombay aim was to secure better life and work for the people. @ also founded the All India Trade Union Congress in 1920. Swami Vivekananda after Ramakrishna’s death founded the Ramakrishna Mission in 1897 . spread the message of Vendanta and carry philanthropic and charitable work. preacher of neo Hinduism , teachings of Upanishads and Gita. to bridge the gap b/w spirituality and day to day life. Parliament of Religions held at Chicago in 1893. Arya Samaj was founded by Dayananda Saraswati in 1875 in Bombay. Satyarth Prakash. established the D.A.V schools. slogan was  'Back to the Vedas'. Behramji M. Malabari (1853-1912) founded the Seva Sadan in 1908 w/ Diwan Dayaram Gidumal against child marriage and widow remarriage. acquired and edited the Indian Spectator. Dev Samaj  @ founded in 1887 at Lahore by Shiv Narayan Agnihotri. reform society emphasised the eternity of the soul and the supremeacy of the guru. teaching were compiled in a book Deva Shastra. Dharma Sabha : Radhakant Deb founded this sabha in 1830 was an orthodox society. $ Bharat Dharma Mahamandala : all-India organisation of the orthodox educated Hindus opposed reformists and revivalists like Arya Samaj and Theosophists. Was foudned by Deen Dayal Sharma in 1887. He also founded the Hindu College in Delhi in 1899. Madan Mohan Malaviya was a prominent figure. Indian Social Conference founded by M.G. Ranade and Raghunath Rao. Syed Ahmed Khan (1817-1898) founded the Aligarh Movement better education and employment opportunities. wrote in the magazine Tahdhib ul Akhlaq. Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha Parsi Reform Movement 1851 had Naoroji Furdonji , Dadabhai Naoroji, K.R. Cama and S.S. Bengalee as its leaders spread by newspaper Rast Goftar (Truth-Teller). Singh Sabha Movement was founded at Amritsar in 1873 make available modern western education to the Sikhs and counter the proselytising activities. Akali movement (also known as Gurudwara Reform Movement) was an offshoot of the Singh Sabha Movement aimed at liberating the Sikh gurudwaras from corrupt  Udasi mahants. Gov passed the Sikh Gurudwaras Act in 1922 gave control to SGPC. Theosophical Society Madame H.P. Blavatsky (1831- 1891) and Colonel M.S. Olcott , Theosophical Society in New York City, United States in 1875. In 1882, they shifted their headquarters to Adyar. @ Annie Beasant became its president in 1907. @ Wanted to propagate the ideas of Greek and Neo Platonic philosophers. It also encompasses philosophies from other religions such as Vedanta, Mahayana Buddhism etc. It acted as bridge b/w East and West and emphaised on the commonality of Human culture. not exclusively religious in character strongly humanist, salvation was not their agenda But Raja Rammohan Roy was ready to accept otherworldliness for its utilitarian value. Religious reform was a prerequisite to social reform. Social obscurantism and Superstition was rife. Animal sacrifice, physical torture, Idolatry and polytheism were rampant. The birth of a girl was seen as inauspicious, so was her post puberty marriage and widowhood. Polygamy, Sati etc were prevalent and rampant. Caste system had hampered social mobility, fostered social divisions and hampered individual initiative. Untouchability was also prevalent. Rationalism and Religious universalism were the 2 main criteria which informed reform movt. Ambit of reform was particularistic but their perspective was universalistic. 19th century also saw the - **JN Farquhar** has mentioned the stimulating forces as being exclusively western namely English education and literature, Christianity, Oriental research, European Science and philosophy etc. - **Charles Heimsath** has attributed to methods or organisation of socio-religious movements along with ideas to the west. - **Sushobhan Sarkar** says that foreign conquest was a hindrance rather than help towards people's regeneration. The reform movements were integral to the emerging anti colonial movement and a response to colonial intrusion. Features of early reform movements were : Was confined by and large to one region or another. Confined to a particular religion or caste. Emerged at different times in different parts viz in Bengal in beginning of 19th century in Kerala in end of 19th century. Not purely religious but socio and politico religious Major social problems taken up were among other casteism, education etc. Idolatry, Polytheism, Religious superstition, Exploitation by priests were other issues Initiated by Ram Mohan Roy Change to be effective must begin from society itself. By creating a sense of awareness among people Through debates, discussions, publishing tracts Ex Roy's campaign against sati, Vidyasagar's against widow remarriage, BM Malabari against age of consent Advocates were Keshub Chandra Sen, MG Ranade in Maharashtra, Viresalingam Pantulu in Andhra Failed to understand that British will intervene only if it is against their interest Also failed to under that the role of legislation would be limited because of lack of sanction among people in a colonial society Through non-conformist individual activity Ex the Derozians or Young Bengal members included D Mukherjee, RG Ghose, KM Banerji. Had uncompromising rational attitude towards social problems they failed to draw upon the cultural tradition of Indian society Vidyasagar, Arya Samaj, Ramkrishna mission They did not realise that reform on the social and intellectual level is linked with the overall character of the society. @ Young Bengal, Akshay Kumar Dutta tried to understand social phenomena in terms of physical and mechanical process. Socio Religious practices evaluated from a standpoint of social utility There was less dependence on religion in Maharashtra led by Gopal Hari Deshmukh. @ Belief in unity of godhead and emphasis on religions being essentially the same Ram Mohun Roy defended the monotheism for Vedas and Unitarianism of Christianity and criticised polytheism of Hinduism and Trinitarianism of Christianity. Syyed Ahmad Khan and Keshub Chandra sen were other proponents. It influenced political and social outlook of the reformers. They did not discriminate b/w Hindu and Muslims in humanitarian activities. Universalism was seen as an attempt to content with the gaining religious particularism. It stood for democratisation of society. Removal of superstition and abhorrent custom. Spread of enlightenment. Development of modern outlook. Among the Muslims western education, liberal interpretation of Islam, opposing polygamy and Jihad. Among the Hindus it was against caste system, polytheism, idolatry, oppression of women. Primarily urban except Arya Samaj Limited to upper class and castes Favourable view of the British rule Lex Loci Act (the Act proposed in 1845 and passed in 1850 provided the right to inherit ancestral property to Hindu converts to Christianity) Features of the revivalist movements were : Creation of an alternate cultural-ideological system Regeneration of traditional institutions Certain Characteristics of Revivalist movements were : Alternate system of education Cultivation of vernacular language Emphasis on Indian food and dress Defence of religion Revitalise the Indian system of medicine Probe potentialities of pre-colonial technology Reconstruct traditional knowledge Extremists mostly supporters of Revivalism inspiration from cultural, intellectual movt Reform was seen as submission to western concept per Chris Heimsath led to growth of anti-reformism Partha Chatterjee : appropriated, sanitised and classicized popular tradition into national religious discourse Middle class formed a new religion based on Bhakti, open rejection of values imposed by western education. Anandmath By Bankim Chandra Chattopadhya -> Krishna as modern nation builder. Bande Mataram -> IN as goddess. Brahmo Samaj weakened after 1870s, Ramakrishna-Vivekanand movt grew. Ramakrishna not revivalist, Vivekananda gave the movt a missionary zeal - followed vedantic teaching, orthodox rituals. In Maharashtra : RanadeTelang school of reform.
Rukhmabai case : She refused to recognise conjugal rights since she was married in her infancy. #important
Hindu orthodoxy asserted patriarchy reformists like Malabari formed the Rukhmabai Defence Comm #PrelimsPYQ It ultimately led to the Age of Consent Act 1891 that raised age from 10 - 12 as minimum marriageable age. Bal Gangadhar Tilak led through the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, opposed gov intervention in marriage customs etc. **Tanika Sarkar** : Hindu womans body became site for struggle for the first time war on the very fundamental of an alien power knwledge sys **Mrinalini Sinha** : gov took pro-reform interventionist position **Peter Van der Veer** : reformist Arya samaj and their orthodoxical critiz had common ground in their defence of Hindu Nation **Kenneth Jones** : aggressiveness inc as result of Christian missionary activities Cow protection movt 1893, 1st started by Kuka 1871, Gaurakshini Sabha, gradually became communal issue. John Mclane : showed expanded sense of community membership. Subsided after 1893 because new issues required communal unity. Gyanendra Pandey : did not indicate complete communal polarisation of IN society. Hindi-Urdu contro NWFP, Nagri Pracharani Sabha 1893, Bharatendu Harsihchandra, MM Malviya, Anjuman Taraqqi e Urdu. Political recruitment of Ganapati, bridge Brahman non-Brahman gap, Shijavi fest, disseminate revolutionary ideas. Vibhuti Sangam 1820s, Dharma Sabha 1840s, Theosophical Movt in Madras. Syndicated Hinduism construction of Western Hermeneutics, 1881 census people mentioned caste/sect as religion. Provided 'viable cultural foundation of nationhood'. Chritophe Jaffrelot : 'largely reflected Brahmanical view of high caste reformers'. Alienated Muslims, Singh Sabha movt by Sikhs. The social reform movements in India including Sati, widow remarriage, child marriage etc.; The contribution of Indian renaissance to the growth of modern India Examine the main trends in social reform and social change in India between 1829 and 1929. [1979, 60m] [Various Social reformers of the time were Jyotiba Phule, Gopalhari
Deshmukh](onenote: Social %20Reform%20movements%20viz%20Sati,%20Widow%20Remarriage,%20Child%20Marriage%20etc.§ion-id={A977D883-2588-4815-BADC-1D76D59D42AD}&page-id={7154C4E6-5250-47C2-8060-18FE30AAD146}&object-id={1931BFA4-EDDB-47DF-B6D2-6B54830B64D5}&22&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Social%5eJ%20Religious%20Reform%20in%20Bengal.one ) onwards Review the main trends in the Social Movements in India from 1900 to 1947 with particular reference to the changing position of women in the country. [1984, 60m] [In 1925 , the National Council of Women in India, a
national branch](onenote: Social %20Reform%20movements%20viz%20Sati,%20Widow%20Remarriage,%20Child%20Marriage%20etc.§ion-id={A977D883-2588-4815-BADC-1D76D59D42AD}&page-id={7154C4E6-5250-47C2-8060-18FE30AAD146}&object-id={17D65A87-8600-4D73-9744-56525107B2FA}&39&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Social%5eJ%20Religious%20Reform%20in%20Bengal.one ) onwards "These religion-reform movements were national in content but religious in form. It was in the later stages of our national existence, that nationalism found exclusively or predominantly secular forms." Comment. [1985, 20m] To what extent did the socio-religious movements contribute to the emancipation of women in the 19th century? [1993, 60m] "Widow Remarriage Act was, in many ways, a logical sequel to the abolition of Sati." Comment. [1994, 20m] "The religious reform movements of the 19th century were endeavours to recast the old religion (Hinduism) into a new form suited to meet the needs of the new society." Comment. [1996, 20m] "The religious reform movements of the 19th century were endeavours to recast the old religion (Hinduism) into a new form suited to meet the needs of the new society." Comment. [1996, 20m] The 19th century Indian renaissance was both an acceptance and rejection of western values. Do you agree? [1997, 60m] Discuss the important social reform legislation passed in the 19th century and elucidate the reaction of Indian leaders to the measures adopted. [2000, 60m] "The national democratic awakening of the Indian people found expression also in the religious sphere." Comment. [2005, 20m] "There is no other instance in the history of mankind of a poet and philosopher working such as a miracle in shaping the destiny of his people." Comment. [2007, 20m] "Of the evils which corroded Indian society in the nineteenth century were probably those which stunted its womanhood." Comment. [2007, 20m] How did social legislation in the nineteenth century improve the condition of women in India? [2009, 30m] Discuss the extent to which the Indian Renaissance movement contributed towards the rise of nationalist consciousness. [2010, 30m] "The first point to note is the continuing importance of religion and philosophy as vital ingredients in the modern Indian renaissance. Indeed, there is as much reason for regarding it as a reformation as there is for treating it as a renaissance." Critically examine. [2013, 25m] Swami Vivekananda opined that "we should give our ancient spirituality and culture and get in return Western Science, technology, methods of raising the standard of life, business integrity and technique of collective effort." Critically examine. [2013, 10m] "Though Sri Ramakrishna became the prophet of neo-Hinduism, he never claimed to have founded any new religion." Elaborate. [2014, 20m] Caste Movements What led to the Caste Movements in Western and Southern India? How did they affect the local socio-political life? [1989, 60m] Analyses the main contours of Non-Brahmin Movements in Western and South India in the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century. [1991, 60m] Trace the course and comment on the character of caste movements in south India in the 20th century. How far was their object achieved? [1995, 60m] How did Dr. B.R. Ambedkar try to seek a political solution to the problem of caste in India? [2016, 10m] "Sri Narayana guru's was a major intervention in the social reform movement from a subaltern perspective." Critically examine. [2017, 10m] Examine the impact of British rule on Indian Society in the 19th Century. [2004, 60m] ]]>08.3-modern-history/6.-social-religious-reform-in-bengal/6.4-social-reform-movements-viz-sati,widow-remarriage,child-marriage-etc..html08.3 Modern-History/6. Social-Religious-Reform-in-Bengal/6.4 Social Reform movements viz Sati,Widow Remarriage,Child Marriage etc..mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo #important Overall impact of rev system and the adm and judicial reforms turned the Indian rural economy upside down Panchayats deprived of 2 main function of land settlements and judicial and executive functions. Old Socio-Economic-Political framework of village community broke down Concept of private protery turned land into a marketable commodity. New social classes emerged. Rural proletariats and peasant proprieters increases. Cooperation gave way to competition and individualism and perquisites of capitalist dev was created. New modes of production, introduction of money economy, commercialisation of agriculure. Next Notes are some of the impacts of Revenue arrangement. "The poverty of the Indian people was the consequence of the Government's land revenue and taxation policy." Discuss this statement with reference to British rule in India in the 19th Century. [1980, 60m]
Impact of revenue reforms on Rural society
Rajat and Ratnalekha Ray - revenue collecting right of Z
Rise of Landless agrarian labourers What was the impact of early British land policy in the village communities of North India? [2003, 60m]
Impact of revenue reforms on Rural society
Rajat and Ratnalekha Ray - revenue collecting right of Z
Rise of Landless agrarian labourers Examine the major factors shaping the British land-revenue policy in India. How it affected Indian society? [2007, 60m]
Scottish Enlightenment - primacy of agri, importance of Yeoman
Metcalfe + Maine early proponents What role did economic ideas play in the early phase of the British rule in the shaping of land tenure policy? [2010, 30m]
Scottish Enlightenment - primacy of agri, importance of Yeoman
[Metcalfe + Maine early proponents](onenote: Mahalwari %20Settlement§ion-id={B2BF9E67-82ED-4920-AF38-1692A58DC034}&page-id={F6001194-06D3-46F9-AE5F-ACEB4546629B}&object-id={CC116235-EB82-4035-92CE-3DDDD1C73DE2}&1D&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Economic%20Impact.one ) ]]>08.3-modern-history/4.-economic-impact/4.4-economic-impact-of-revenue-arrangement.html08.3 Modern-History/4. Economic-Impact/4.4 Economic Impact of revenue arrangement.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT 1900-1939 area under irrigation doubled 1947 : 25% total cropped ar was under public irrigation Public investment was guided by profitability factor + extreme contingencies Favoured rich farmers Imran Ali - Punjab canal colonies benefited most from it Aggregate yields were static Indigo never functioned as a proper plantation economy
Planters forced cultivators and were exploitative and coerive -> Rebellion 1859 : 7.5 Indigo Rebellion 1859-1860 Along w/ Indigo they were forced to cultivate other cash crops
Cotton boom 1860s -> inc in demand and investment when the American Civil War ended so did the boom. Demand dried, prices of good inc, unemployment rampant, inflation. collapse: open - **Sugata Bose** : boom 1906- 1913 primary producers could not reap benefits, manufacturers and exporters exercised control over prices. - **Tirthankar Roy** : total income inc, inc in value added, transition from pre capitalist to capitalist did not fully take place, however there rose a powerful rural capitalist class and proletarianisation of peasantry Jute economy crashed in 1930s By end 80% cropped acreage was still food crops 1920s Calcutta based Marwaris started investing in Jute that challenged British capital but it was limited to low investment/ smaller mills. 3 phases begin 1870s - 1880s 1890s diversifiation beyond Bombay viz Sholapur, Kanpur 1930s withstood depression then expanded Bring out the pattern of commercialization of agriculture in the 19th century. Was it a forced process for the vast majority of poorer peasants? [1986, 60m]
Commercialization of Agriculture What do you mean by commercialization of Indian Agriculture? Discuss its result. [2006, 60m]
Commercialization of Agriculture To what extent did the process of commercialization of agriculture affect the rural scene in India? [2010, 30m]
Commercialization of Agriculture
[Impact of revenue reforms on Rural society](onenote: Impoverishment %20of%20Rural%20Society§ion-id={B2BF9E67-82ED-4920-AF38-1692A58DC034}&page-id={B4EA83F5-CE2D-4E20-9730-9ACE0AD331CB}&object-id={36BA9B4F-7420-443D-80CC-FC799852511F}&C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Economic%20Impact.one ) ]]>08.3-modern-history/4.-economic-impact/4.5-commercialization-of-agriculture.html08.3 Modern-History/4. Economic-Impact/4.5 Commercialization of Agriculture.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#todo #important In British India "the impact of the government on the people meant essentially the impact of government on the village." [1984, 20m]
Impact of revenue reforms on Rural society
Rajat and Ratnalekha Ray - revenue collecting right of Z
Rise of Landless agrarian labourers "The impact of government on the people meant essentially the impact of government on the village." Comment. [1988, 20m]
Impact of revenue reforms on Rural society
Rajat and Ratnalekha Ray - revenue collecting right of Z
Rise of Landless agrarian labourers The changing life in Indian village marked best the impact of the British administration on the Indian people. Explain, identifying the process and the extent of the change. [1996, 60m]
Impact of revenue reforms on Rural society
Rajat and Ratnalekha Ray - revenue collecting right of Z
Rise of Landless agrarian labourers The Indian Middle Class firmly believed that "Britain had imposed a colonial economy on India which had impoverished the country." Comment. [1999, 20m]
Impact of revenue reforms on Rural society
Rajat and Ratnalekha Ray - revenue collecting right of Z
Rise of Landless agrarian labourers "The impact of government on the people meant essentially the impact of government on the village." Comment. [2005, 20m]
Impact of revenue reforms on Rural society
Rajat and Ratnalekha Ray - revenue collecting right of Z
Rise of Landless agrarian labourers "So Long as the millions live in hunger and ignorance, I hold every man a traitor who having been educated at their expense, pay not the least need to them." Comment. [2006, 20m]
Impact of revenue reforms on Rural society
Rajat and Ratnalekha Ray - revenue collecting right of Z
Rise of Landless agrarian labourers "A self-sufficient village, based on agriculture carried on with the primitive plough and bullock power, and handicraft by means of simple instruments, was a basic feature of pre- British Indian economy." Comment. [2006, 20m]
Commercialization of Agriculture
Rise of Landless agrarian labourers
Impoverishment of Rural Society ]]>08.3-modern-history/4.-economic-impact/4.6-rise-of-landless-agrarian-labourers.html08.3 Modern-History/4. Economic-Impact/4.6 Rise of Landless agrarian labourers.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/4.-economic-impact/4.7-impoverishment-of-rural-society.html08.3 Modern-History/4. Economic-Impact/4.7 Impoverishment of Rural Society.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo #important ]]>08.3-modern-history/4.-economic-impact/4.8-dislocation-of-traditional-trade-and-commerce.html08.3 Modern-History/4. Economic-Impact/4.8 Dislocation of traditional trade and commerce.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT↩︎ ]]>08.3-modern-history/4.-economic-impact/4.9-de-industrialisation.html08.3 Modern-History/4. Economic-Impact/4.9 De industrialisation.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTLord Macaulay's Minute of 1835
Woods Despatch of 1854 : Analysis on your own ]]>08.3-modern-history/5.-social-cultural-dev/5.1-state-of-indigenous-education,-its-dislocation.html08.3 Modern-History/5. Social-Cultural-Dev/5.1 State of Indigenous education, its dislocation.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTOrientalist Anglicist Controversy "The educated middle class in the 19th century often found the domain of reason to be oppressive, as it implied the historical necessity of 'civilizing' colonial rule." Comment. [2010, 20m]
Orientalist philosophy - Sanskrit college, 2 oriental coll Agra
William jones studies IN languages to restore IN their forgotten Orientalism produced a knowledge of the past to service the needs of the Colonial States." Elucidate. [2011, 20m]
Orientalist philosophy - Sanskrit college, 2 oriental coll Agra
William jones studies IN languages to restore IN their forgotten What was the significance of Orientalist-Anglicist controversy in nineteenth century India? Analyze. [2018, 10 Marks]
[Orientalist philosophy - Sanskrit college, 2 oriental coll Agra](onenote: Introduction %20of%20Western%20Education%20in%20India§ion-id={B79FD829-FA0F-426F-B425-A852F19A4727}&page-id={133EB00C-794B-4D82-9CBE-5EA6C1D465D3}&object-id={50C6DD05-AB47-49A7-8F31-89221151C37D}&24&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Social%5eJ%20Cultural%20Dev.one ) "The Government of India from Canning to Curzon was regarded‚ as a white man's burden rather than as a call to creative effort or the preparation for a new era." Comment. [1995, 20m] ]]>08.3-modern-history/5.-social-cultural-dev/5.2-orientalist-anglicist-controversy.html08.3 Modern-History/5. Social-Cultural-Dev/5.2 Orientalist Anglicist Controversy.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#important - **Sabyasachi Bhattacharya** : producing knowledge assigned to metropolitan country, its reproduction, replication and dissemination for colonised people - **Gauri Viswanathan** : prev Eng studied as literature now as medium of modern knowledge
Downward Filteration Theory Dalits/untouchables were deliberately excluded. Use for proselytization to inculcate loyalty this Did not function due to less material reward. Educated IN were selectively used to understand colonialism. **BT McCully** : Eng ed brought native youth w/ body of thought (post enlightenment rationalism) that openly questioned fundamental assumptions Enlightenment showm as panacea for all evils and backwardness Derozians : free thinking, Young Bengal movt $ Sumit Sarkar : they left little distinctive permanent impression Indians took it as a Challenge to rediscover reason, science in their own civ was an educationist and social reformer co-founder of New English School, Deccan Education Society and Ferguson college. First editor of Kesari and started the periodical Sudharak. Write a critical note on: "Impact of western contact on social changes in the first half of 19th century." [1981, 20m] Impacts of
Orientalism - Orientalist Anglicist Controversy
Anglicism - Orientalist Anglicist Controversy
Evangelicalism - Christian Missionary Activities in India
Ideas of Reform "India broke her British fetters with western hammers." Comment. [1997, 20m] "India broke her British fetters with Western hammers." Comment. [2002, 20m] 6."The current practice of categorization of 'Early Modern India' is based on a shift from the old imperialist periodization of 'Muslim India' -- 'British India' to the more secularist one of 'Medieval India' -- 'Modern India', which puts Indian history in a universalist chronological Structure." Critically evaluate. [2012, 10m] "An ideology of paternalistic benevolence, occasionally combined with talk of trusteeship and training towards self-government, thinly veiled the realities of a Raj uncompromisingly white and despotic." [2018, 10m] "Faced with the challenge of the intrusion of colonial culture and ideology an attempt to reinvigorate traditional institutions and to realize the potential of traditional culture developed during the nineteenth century." [2018, 10m] ]]>08.3-modern-history/5.-social-cultural-dev/5.3-introduction-of-western-education-in-india.html08.3 Modern-History/5. Social-Cultural-Dev/5.3 Introduction of Western Education in India.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT Introduced in 1793 for Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. @ Zamindar's became the owner of entire land in their Zamindaries and became agents of govt for collection of revenue they got 10% remuneration in the collection of revenue Land revenue to be collected was permanently fixed was extended to parts of Banaras and North Madras. Zamindars were aka Rajas. was made with Zamindars/Rajas and Talukdars of Bengal traditionally they were not landowners but revenue collectors. Ryots were peasants, in Bengal they mostly leased it out to under ryots. Rich ryots were called Jotedars and Mandals ~ Amlah were officers of the Zamindars who collected rent ~ Adhiyars and Bargadars were sharecroppers Covered 19 % total culti land Also in North Madras hoped to resolve famines, inc agri output of rural Bengal. to assure a regular flow of income to Coy. ensure profit to entrepreneurs who would help improve agri. Gov lost contact with the Peasants No scientific bias on fixation of revenue made it ad hoc and often very high Zamindari and Peasant historical tie was annulled Zamindaries were auctioned for non-payment Money lenders, speculators etc now became Zamindar who did not have any interest in development of Peasant Taxes rose from Rs 6 lakh in 1763 to Rs 28 lakh in 1790. Famines, Hunger, Barren land were common occurrence. initial revenue demands were very high in 1790s price of agri produce was already depressed & demand was invariable regardless of the harvest power of zamindar was initially limited to collect rent and manage zamindari Collector emerged as a rival authority to the Zamindar, rich ryots deliberately delayed payment Prosecution of defaulters was a long drawn process fictitious sale of zamindari assets, deliberate delaying of payment of purchase exhausted the state Jotedars emerged as a powerful class especially in North Bengal, they lived within villages aka Haoladars and Gantidars Later in the 19th century zamindars who survived consolidated their powers 5th report submitted to British parliament in 1813 dealt with administration and other activities ex petitions of zamindars and ryots, reports of collectors etc. Francis Buchanans exploits are important source for this period fixed settlement, no claim over enhanced income Ricardian theory that was popular during the time - landowner should have claim only on the average rent - above which was to be taxed by state Existing sys impoverished country, ruined agri, dec in prod of silk or cotton Alexander Dow, Henri Parullo, Philip Francis and Thomas Law favored PS before Cornwalis Would reduce corruption, landlords would invest money on imp land, coy would get tax regularly collapse: open - **PJ Marshall** : rev was 20% higher - **BB Chaudhary** : rev doubled b/w 1765 - 1793 Coy retained some zamindars replaced others, old customary rates were ignored Ease of collection to ensure loyalty Zamindar could sell mortgage and transfer it PS vested land ownership to Z previously only revenue rights Issues with PS Written agreement rarely followed Regulation of 1799 1812 gave Z right to seize property Sunset clause Frequent sale of Z estates 1804-1818 Subinfeudation by old Z Legal reforms further strengthened rich peasants viz Jotedars - **Rajat and Ratnalekha Ray** : revenue collecting right of Z remained unaffected aka Jotedar thesis - **Sugata Bose** : - Jotedar thesis of Rajat and Ratnalekha Ray has been countered - says that it was confined only to Northern Bengal, - 2 other modes viz peasant landholding-demesne in west and peasant small landholding in East - supported by **Akinobu Kawai and Partha Chatterjee** - **Nariaki Nakazato** : exitence of jotedar haoladar class in central and east Bengal - **China Panda** - unqualified decline of Z Trace the circumstances that led to the introduction of the Permanent Settlement in Bengal. Discuss its impact on landlords, peasants and the Government. [1981, 60m]
"Our system acts very much like a sponge, drawing
Existing sys impoverished country, ruined agri, dec in prod of
Subinfeudation by old Z
Collector emerged as a rival authority to the Zamindar, rich
Problems for Peasants : "The Permanent Settlement of land revenue in Bengal was a‚ bold, brave and wise measure." Comment. [1983, 20m] From above Show how British rule led to the spread of landlordism in certain parts of India, and how the peasant was progressively impoverished under this rule. [1985, 60m] Permanent Settlement :
Zamindar's became the owner of entire land in their
Coy retained some zamindars replaced others, old customary rates ignored
Problems for Peasants :
initial revenue demands were very high in 1790s price of Ryotwari Sys
Local poligars recog as Z
Impact "The permanent system of Bengal though initiated with best of best of intentions, was a sadly blundering affair." Comment. [1993, 20m]
Problems "The Permanent settlement was a bold, brave and wise measures." Comment. [1997, 20m] "Absentee landlordism was a consequential feature of Bengal's Permanent land settlement." Comment. [2003, 20m]
Impact of revenue reforms on Rural society "Permanent Settlement disappointed many expectations and introduced there results that were not anticipated." Comment. [2004, 20m]
Frequent sale of Z estates 1804-1818
Jotedars emerged as a powerful class especially in North Bengal "Though the Permanent Settlement had serious defects, it gave tranquility to the countryside and stability to the government." Comment. [2009, 20m] "The passing of the land from the hands of the peasant proprietors into the hands of noncultivating landlords brought about increasing polarization of classes in agrarian areas." [2018, 10 Marks]
Impact of revenue reforms on Rural society
Rise of Landless agrarian labourers More content needed
From Sekhar Bandyopadhyay↩︎ ]]>08.3-modern-history/4.-economic-impact/4.1-permanent-settlement.html08.3 Modern-History/4. Economic-Impact/4.1 Permanent Settlement.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure> Introduced in parts of Madras and Bombay presidency by Thomas Munro. Cultivator was to be recognised as owner of land The rights to Mirasdars or mem of village community and the peasants who directly paid taxes to state. Mirasdars became small landowners directly settled with ryot, avg income from different types of soils was estimated, a proportion of it fixed as the share of state, land resurveyed every 30 yr. Covered 52 % of cult land. Exorbitant land revenue Govt right to enhance revenue at will Payment by ryots even when produce was partially/wholly destroyed poor soil, fluctuating rainfall, severity of collection, famine in 1832-34, mounting debts from loans Sindh, Assam, Coorg Absence of Z class in Madras -> RS Intro 1801 - 1807 Local poligars recog as Z Villages aggregated sold in auction to highest bidder Scottish Enlightenment : primacy of agri, importance of Yeoman farmers Utilitarian ideas influenced Munro, Elphinstone took initiative Ricardo's theory of rent : state had legitimate share to surplus from land 1st started by Alexander Reed in Baramahal in 1792 Revenue directly from village Asses each ciltivator/ryots separately Ludden : State was supreme landlord peasants were landowners who obtained title by paying annual cash rent Rent to be premanently assesed through general survey of all lands Required detailed land survey - not done in practice Abandoned in 1807 reinstated in 1820 Munro back argued Ryotwari was ancient IN Rev fixed on entire farm not field Privileges of Mirasidars, Brahmanas was respected Revenue officials combined police duties -> inc bribery, coercion, corruption as shown in Madras Torture Commission Report 1855 After 1855 scientific fresh survey undertaken, rate 1/2 net value of produce made for 30 yrs intro 1864 Luddens study of Tirunelveli : mirasidars manipulated sys to convert collective right to individual property Willem van Schendel study Kaveri delta Thanjavur : showed a polarised society, golden age for mirasidars A Satyanarayan : rise of peasant-bourgeoisie Brought in Bombay by Elphinstone in 1818 Rates high -> frequent crop failure -> increased prices Bombay Survey Sys to fix land rates lowered demand to reasonable limit Rural uprising 1875 Neil Charlesworth : Bombay survey sys did not cause any dramatic change in west IN, village patil - ordinary peasant this process was already started, rights of Bhagadars, narudars were respected in Guj, political vacuum only in central deccan filled by Marwari, Gujarati banias H Fukazawa : no evidence land being bought by money lenders Catanach : dispossession did occur but did not cause uprising Ravinder Kumar, Sumit Guha : social upheaval/ status rev caused riots Social effects were less dramatic vis a vis PS Explain the essential features of the ryotwari system of land revenue with special reference to Thomas Munro's contribution to its evolution. [1984, 60m]
Introduced in parts of Madras and Bombay presidency.
Utilitarian ideas influenced Munro, Elphinstone took initiative Discuss the main features of the 'Raiyatwari Settlement' in South India. Did it satisfy the aspirations of the peasantry? [2001, 60m]
Introduced in parts of Madras and Bombay presidency.
Ryotwari system - directly settled with ryot,
Sindh, Assam, Coorg "Ryotwari falls into three stages -- early, middle and late, and the only description common to all is that it is a mode of settlement with small farmers, so small, indeed, that their average holding is, on recent figures, only about 6 ½ acres," Critically examine. [2013, 10m]
[1st started by Alexander Reed in Baramahal in 1792](onenote: Ryotwari %20Settlement§ion-id={B2BF9E67-82ED-4920-AF38-1692A58DC034}&page-id={ABF07ED1-9C9B-4FD5-84A4-E34231F1102D}&object-id={6BDF00B1-0AFB-499E-81AD-89CC1E99E55D}&2A&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Economic%20Impact.one )
From Sekhan Bandyopadhyay↩︎ ]]>08.3-modern-history/4.-economic-impact/4.2-ryotwari-settlement.html08.3 Modern-History/4. Economic-Impact/4.2 Ryotwari Settlement.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>08.3-modern-history/4.-economic-impact/4.3-mahalwari-settlement.html08.3 Modern-History/4. Economic-Impact/4.3 Mahalwari Settlement.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo Some scholars such as Morris and Thorner have argued that decline in handicraft industries was inevitable and a worldwide phenomena. 19th century India experience a steep decline of handicrafts that continued till 20th century. unlike the European countries India was not compensated by a sufficient rise of modern industry. Decline in Indian handicrafts was not universal and occured at different times for different parts of India ex in Rajasthan it occured after introduction of Railways in 1911. But the it did not completely disappear and saw some revival after the Swadeshi movt. ~ This process of deindustrialisation occured even after rise of modern industry. There was a fall in percentage of workers in industry and inc in percentage of agriculture working force. Morris has put forth argument that colonial rule probably stimulated economic activity in India in a way that had never been possible before. Thorner has compared census data to show that Industrial distribution of modern working force stood still from 1881 - 1931 Nationalist writers have put forh argument that Britain developed those aspects of the economy like railways, ports and irrigation that served their economic interest. Deindustrialisation was used as a rallying slogan in the anti-colonial struggle. Assess critically the economic impact of the British rule in India till the end of the nineteenth century. [1979, 60m] Whole Module Write a critical note on: "Consequences of the ruin of handicraft industries under the rule of the East India Company." [1981, 20m]
Decline of traditional craft Give a brief account of the industrial and agricultural policy of the Government of India between 1858 and 1914. How far is it correct to say that it was more in the interest of British capital than the Indian people? [1981, 60m]
TISCO started produced 66% locally consumed steel
After 1855 scientific fresh survey undertaken, rate 1/2 net
De industrialisation Trace the gradual decline of the Indian town handicrafts between 1757 and 1880. In what way did it contribute to the economic unification of India? [1987, 60m]
Decline of traditional craft "The hey-day of the British power in India was also the high noon of laissez faire' economic doctrine." Comment. [1990, 20m]
Inter war period factors that affected industrial enterprise "The role of the East India Company proved disastrous to the handicraft industry in India for a number of reasons." Comment. [1991, 20m]
Decline of traditional craft "The British Raj had a deeply racist aspect and it ultimately existed to protect colonial exploitation." Comment. [1994, 20m] Discuss the view that the British rule brought about economic changes in India to serve the needs of the imperial economy and establish a dependent form of underdevelopment in this country. [2000, 60m]
De industrialisation "The British industrial policy in the nineteenth century ruined the Indian handicrafts." Comment. [2001, 20m]
Decline of traditional craft "Instead of serving as the catalyst of an industrial revolution as in Western Europe and the USA, acted in India as 'the catalyst of complete colonization." Examine. [2012, 10m]
De industrialisation "Weaving", says R.C. Dutt, "was the national industry of the people and spinning was the pursuit of millions of women." Indian textiles went to England and other parts of Europe, to China and Japan and Burma and Arabia and Persia and parts of Africa. Elucidate. [2013, 25m]
De industrialisation "Under the forceful thrust of British colonialism, Indian economy was transformed into a colonial one, the structure of which was determined by the requirements of Britain's fast developing industrial economy." Examine. [2015, 20m]
De industrialisation
Decline of traditional craft
Drain of Wealth Critically examine the causes responsible for the phenomenon called 'deindustrialization' in India during the nineteenth century. [2016, 20m]
[De industrialisation](onenote: De %20industrialisation§ion-id={B2BF9E67-82ED-4920-AF38-1692A58DC034}&page-id={2B51B644-B301-47EC-9F5A-3BBEE0BAEB7E}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Economic%20Impact.one ) ]]>08.3-modern-history/4.-economic-impact/4.10-decline-of-traditional-craft.html08.3 Modern-History/4. Economic-Impact/4.10 Decline of traditional craft.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTDrain Theory was the focal point of critique of Indian "Our system acts very much like a sponge, drawing up all the good things from the banks of the Ganges, and squeezing them down on the banks of the Thames." Comment. [1985, 20m]
Drain of Wealth Write a critique on the impact of the Drain Theory of Dadabhai Nauroji in the growth of economic nationalism. [2008, 60m]
Drain of Wealth "The need for a unilateral transfer of funds to Britain was constant factor and, in fact, progressively increased over time." Critically evaluate. [2011, 20m]
[Drain of Wealth](onenote: Drain %20of%20Wealth§ion-id={B2BF9E67-82ED-4920-AF38-1692A58DC034}&page-id={30FC6807-0D41-4CBE-B99E-2BEA042F6152}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Economic%20Impact.one ) ]]>08.3-modern-history/4.-economic-impact/4.11-drain-of-wealth.html08.3 Modern-History/4. Economic-Impact/4.11 Drain of Wealth.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#Act 1859 made sure a steady supply of labour Coal mining Br capital dominated TISCO started produced 66% locally consumed steel Ltd growth potential, no gov intervention IN investors operated in sectors where risks to high or return too low **Rajat Ray** : called it imperial division of economic space **Anand Yang** : these sectors provided profitable ground for indegenous bankers Tendency towards import substitution in consumer goods Attention towards domestic market Growth in internal trade Shift of traditionally accumulated capital through trade Moneylending Outflow of foreign capital @ Rupee collapsed Dec 1920 -> hurt importers, helped exporters, wartime tax, currency fluctuation, wartime boom collapsed in 1921-22 - slump in industry, unsold stocks, rising labour cost. Cotton protection act 1930 raise cotton duties to non-B goods. Artificially fixed rupee sterling -> Hilton Young Comm 1926 - **Sumit Sarkar** : 1930 depression created a groundswell opinion to participate in CDM - **Aditya Mukherjee** : by 1944 the control of Indian capital in smaller industries was absolute Indian controlled areas were Sugar, paper, cement, iron, steel, Also in finance, insurance, jute, mining, plantation. They Consolidated their position in traditional areas like Cotton. Bengal National Chamber of commerce 1887 Merchants Chamber Bombay 1907 1921 ASSOCHAM FICCI 1927 - **Bipan Chandra** : Indian capitalist class had long term contradiction w/ imperialism, while retaining relationship of short term dependence on and accommodating w/ it - **Maria Misra** : attitude of B capitalist was insistent on their racial exclusivism and autonomy that hardened towards their IN counterpart - **Markovits** : participation of Businessmen was more complicated Trace the industrial growth of British India after the First World War. How did the Government's tariff policy influence the growth? [1983, 60m]
TISCO started produced 66% locally consumed steel Identify the main features of industrial development in India from 1914 to 1947 with special reference to the emergence of a class of factory laborers. [1989, 60m]
Economic Transformation of India Identify the distinct stages of colonialism in India. How did these stages affect the Indian economy? [1991, 60m] Refer Rajiv Ahir How do you account for the rise and growth of the Business enterprise in India during the first half of the 20th century? [1994, 60m]
European Business enterprise and its limitations
Economic Transformation of India Economic changes in India from the late 1920s influenced the course of the country's politics. Elucidate. [1995, 60m]
[Inter war period factors that affected industrial enterprise](onenote: Economic %20Transformation%20of%20India§ion-id={B2BF9E67-82ED-4920-AF38-1692A58DC034}&page-id={50954FE7-0B10-424C-850D-7C3F7D96387B}&object-id={35D1C634-0B73-45C5-95AB-5FDFD5E1F36D}&F&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Economic%20Impact.one ) ]]>08.3-modern-history/4.-economic-impact/4.12-economic-transformation-of-india.html08.3 Modern-History/4. Economic-Impact/4.12 Economic Transformation of India.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTRailroad and Communication network "The railways, instead of serving as the catalyst of an industrial revolution as in Western Europe and the USA, acted in India as 'the catalyst of complete colonization'."- Examine. [2012, 20m]
Railroad and Communication network "The British railway construction policy in India benefited British economy in the nineteenth century." Critically examine. [2017, 10m]
[Serve interest of empire, integrate IN market to B imports](onenote: Railroad %20and%20Communication%20network§ion-id={B2BF9E67-82ED-4920-AF38-1692A58DC034}&page-id={C06DCA73-59E8-456D-AD7E-4BA35C486079}&object-id={CD190C60-2BEC-41F0-A74F-FE6AAB1D683E}&14&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Economic%20Impact.one ) ]]>08.3-modern-history/4.-economic-impact/4.13-railroad-and-communication-network.html08.3 Modern-History/4. Economic-Impact/4.13 Railroad and Communication Network.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT
A total of 1.52 crore people lost their lives due to famines and 40 crores were affected. Stagnation in agricultural technology Failure of investment to raise yield per acre Drain of the agriculturists resources into the hands of intermediaries Low govt investment in irrigation Rapid rise in population from 1920s The supply of food grains declined from 1900-1943 "The recurring famines in the 19th century were the inevitable consequence of the British policy and expose the real character of the paternal solicitude for the peasantry on the part of the British administration." Examine this statement critically. [2002, 60m] Policy
Famine and Poverty in rural interior "India underwent suffering and mortality in the wake of recurring famines in the later half of the 19th century." Comment. [2003, 20m]
Famine and Poverty in rural interior Trace the development of the famine policy of the British in India 1876 and 1921. Did it provide relief to the people? [2005, 60m]
Measures taken - Critically examine the impact of the famine policy on rural India. Describe the official remedial measures undertaken. [2008, 60m]
Measures taken - Explain the factors responsible for the recurrence of famines in the nineteenth century. What remedial measures were adopted by the British Indian Government? [2017, 20m]
[Reasons were :](onenote: Famine %20and%20Poverty%20in%20rural%20interior§ion-id={B2BF9E67-82ED-4920-AF38-1692A58DC034}&page-id={83E37749-8B3B-4A55-8C10-65035915AACB}&object-id={00A1C994-7399-400B-98C1-92D41BCB0571}&1B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Economic%20Impact.one ) ]]>08.3-modern-history/4.-economic-impact/4.14-famine-and-poverty-in-rural-interior.html08.3 Modern-History/4. Economic-Impact/4.14 Famine and Poverty in Rural Interior.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#todo Page 447 BL Grover Foreign capital that entered India but was used by the colonial administration for fuller exploitation of Indian resources not for dev of colonial economy. & There was no investment of British capital before 1833 but became significant after 1857 and became the new most powerful method of colonial exploitation. Loans raised by England by Secy General on behalf of Govt for investment in railways, irrigation, development of ports, hydro electric projects etc. Foreign Business investments in India 97% of British capital investment in India was diverted towards completion of economic overheads, mining industry, dev of financial houses etc. British Capitalists retained dominant control over Indian banking, commerce, exchange and insurance. Foreign banks held 3/4th of total bank deposits. Indian industrialists complained that racial and political discrimination were made in credit advances. During WWII India had massive BoP surplus due to massive purchases of Indian goods by British govt. "Plantations and mines, jutes mills, banking, insurance, shipping and export-import concerns in India were run through a system of interlocking managing agencies." Critically examine. [2012, 10m]
[European Business enterprise and its limitations](onenote: European %20Business%20enterprise%20and%20its%20limitations§ion-id={B2BF9E67-82ED-4920-AF38-1692A58DC034}&page-id={5D0366A3-4DFE-4FA6-9437-4184E1BE05B7}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Economic%20Impact.one ) more content needed ]]>08.3-modern-history/4.-economic-impact/4.15-european-business-enterprise-and-its-limitations.html08.3 Modern-History/4. Economic-Impact/4.15 European Business enterprise and its limitations.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT3.3 Regulating Act of 1773 estd Supreme Court at Calcutta but it had jusrisdiction only in Calcutta, consent of parties was required for the court to settle cases that was outside of it. Hastings divested Dist collectors of judicial duties. Mofusil court to head by EU covenanted officers. 1775 : Hindu laws translated Eng NB Halhed, Muslim laws in 1778. In 1787 : Collectors of districs were made judges of Diwani Adalats, given more magisterial powers and empowered to try criminal cases w/ certain limits.
1790-92 : District Faujdari adalatas under Indian judges were abolished and 4 circuit courts 3 in Bengal and 1 Bihar estd headed by European covenanted servants -> toured twice a year and tried people committed by city magistrates. #important Sadr Nizamat Adalat at Murshidabad replaced by similar court at Calcutta headed by GG and Supreme Council. Both these courts were assisted by Muftis and Qazis. Cornwallis first impulse or instinct was towards concentration of authority in districts in hands of collectors but this did not continue. His code was based on separation of power b/w civil justice and Rev collection. Collector was divestedof all judicial and magisterial powers and left w/ only adm powers. New class of officers called District Judge was created to oversee Dist Civil Courts he was also given magisterial and police functions Gradation of Civil courts set up 1st was Munsiffs courts presided by Indians for diputes upto Rs50. 2nd was Court of Registrars headed by EU officers for disputes upto Rs200, 3rd was District or City courts headed by Dist udtes assisted by Indian well versed in law 4th above them were the 4 Provincial courts of Calcutta, Murshidabad, Patna, Dacca. Supervised Dist Courts and could suspend Dist judges diputes upto Rs1000 5th was Sadar Diwani Adalat at Calcutta headed by GG and his council for diputes > Rs1000 Appeals to this lay to King in Council for diputes > 5000 pound European subjects under local civil courts. Govt servants were answerable to dist civil courts for acts done in official capacity. C proclaimed principle of Sovereignty of Law in IN Reforms in Criminal Law Punishment of amputation of limbs replaced by temporary hard labour or fine and imprisonment. Non Muslims could give testimony against M In trials of murder should be guided by intention of murder and not by manner by which it was committed. Hierarchy of courts set up ie Zillah -> Provincial -> SNA all under EU judges B subjects under SC of Calcutta based on principle of equity and Western conception of justice. Codified secular Law too place of religious or personal law of ruler Sovereignty of law more indianisation sys lower levels, union of rev collection + judicial powers collapse: open **Radhika Singha** on post 1857 reforms : it estd universal principle of jurisprudence, notion indivisible sovereignty Justice became incomprehensible, distant, complex procedures, lawyer dominates, expensive, delayed, false witnesses, chicanery and deceit was common traditonal judicial functionaries were replaced ex Panchayats, Qazi, Zamindars judicial discretion based on cultural particularism/ civilisational inferiority divest Z Policing duties no longer considered resp for robeeries unless proven. Police reforms done to supplement judicial reforms. Cornwallis raised salaries of all police officers, gave rewards for discovery and arrests of burglars and murderers. English Magistrates given control of dist police. Each dist area divided into areas of 400sq mile under charge of Police Superintendents assisted by constables div districts to thanas under daroga/ company bahadur -> daroga Zamindar nexus Benaras : Jonathan Duncan made tehsildars in charge of policing units 1817 regulatory regime -> Darogas under DM Charles Napier Sindh : separate police dept model of Royal Irish Constabulary Whole territory under IG, dist under SP + DC Officers EU, rank IN Later PUN 1849, Bombay 1853, Madras 1859 Police Comm 1860 ld to Police Act 1861 Mil police being eliminated civil policing on provincial basis Police Act 1902 educated IN as officers collapse: open **David Arnold** - called EIC rule as "Police Raj" French intro recruiting IN army 1738 Stringer Lawrence estd permanent IN army for Eng collapse: open **Seema Alavi** - recruitment of EIC army was central to the dev of Coy political sovereignty Largest share of exp, used to collect revenue Peers hass called it 'Military fiscalism' Ethnic stereotyping Early consist Brahmans, Rajputs Bhumihar Brahmans joined for social mobility Bombay, Madras armies more heterogeneous Peel Commission after 1857 - diff nationalities + caste Marital races Pun, NWFP, Nepal collapse: open **Clive Dewey** : most powerful officials in Empire if not world **Bernard Cohn** : 50-60 extended families contributed vast majority of civil servants Act 1784, 1793 were appt by nomination Fort William College, East IN College London later Haileybury College estd 1833 act competition for recruitment 1853 open compt, exam only in London Uncovenanted Civil service to facilitate entry of Indians Hastings started Indianisation, Bentinck too Ripon wanted IN middle class - simultaneous exam in IN also 1892 recom of Public Service Comm Uncovenanted became Provincial Civil Service, Statutory civil service removed, IN could enter ICS 1919 Act simultaneous exam to ICS 1858 - 1919 has been called as Bureaucratic Despotism Cornwalis :  Raised their salary strictly enforced the rules against private trade Debarred them from taking bribes promotions were made through seniority. Wellesley :  set up Fort William college closed in 1802 that later became East India college 1805 for training of new recruits. In 1787 : Collectors of districs were made judges of Diwani Adalats, given more magisterial powers and empowered to try criminal cases w/ certain limits.
1790-92 : District Faujdari adalatas under Indian judges were abolished and 4 circuit courts 3 in Bengal and 1 Bihar estd headed by European covenanted servants -> toured twice a year and tried people committed by city magistrates. #important Sadr Nizamat Adalat at Murshidabad replaced by similar court at Calcutta headed by GG and Supreme Council. Both these courts were assisted by Muftis and Qazis. Cornwallis first impulse or instinct was towards concentration of authority in districts in hands of collectors but this did not continue. His code was based on separation of power b/w civil justice and Rev collection. Collector was divestedof all judicial and magisterial powers and left w/ only adm powers. New class of officers called District Judge was created to oversee Dist Civil Courts he was also given magisterial and police functions Gradation of Civil courts set up 1st was Munsiffs courts presided by Indians for diputes upto Rs50. 2nd was Court of Registrars headed by EU officers for disputes upto Rs200, 3rd was District or City courts headed by Dist udtes assisted by Indian well versed in law 4th above them were the 4 Provincial courts of Calcutta, Murshidabad, Patna, Dacca. Supervised Dist Courts and could suspend Dist judges diputes upto Rs1000 5th was Sadar Diwani Adalat at Calcutta headed by GG and his council for diputes > Rs1000 Appeals to this lay to King in Council for diputes > 5000 pound European subjects under local civil courts. Govt servants were answerable to dist civil courts for acts done in official capacity. C proclaimed principle of Sovereignty of Law in IN Reforms in Criminal Law Punishment of amputation of limbs replaced by temporary hard labour or fine and imprisonment. Non Muslims could give testimony against M In trials of murder should be guided by intention of murder and not by manner by which it was committed. Hierarchy of courts set up ie Zillah -> Provincial -> SNA all under EU judges B subjects under SC of Calcutta divest Z Policing duties no longer considered resp for robeeries unless proven. Police reforms done to supplement judicial reforms. Cornwallis raised salaries of all police officers, gave rewards for discovery and arrests of burglars and murderers. English Magistrates given control of dist police. Each dist area divided into areas of 400sq mile under charge of Police Superintendents assisted by constables div districts to thanas under daroga/ company bahadur -> daroga Zamindar nexus Benaras : Jonathan Duncan made tehsildars in charge of policing units 1817 regulatory regime -> Darogas under DM Charles Napier Sindh : separate police dept model of Royal Irish Constabulary Whole territory under IG, dist under SP + DC Officers EU, rank IN Later PUN 1849, Bombay 1853, Madras 1859 Police Comm 1860 ld to Police Act 1861 Mil police being eliminated civil policing on provincial basis Police Act 1902 educated IN as officers collapse: open **David Arnold** - called EIC rule as "Police Raj" Reorganised rev dept in 1787. Bengal divided into fiscal areas placed under a Collector. Committee of Rev constituted under WH was rename as Board of Rev and charged w/ superintending Collectors
4.1 Permanent Settlement Before this Board of Trade at Calcutta estd in 1774, EIC procured goods for EU and IN contractors. They took high prices and gave inferior goods. Corruption was rampant. Cornwalis reduced strength of Board of Trade for 11 to 5. Good were now to be bought from Commercial Residents and Agents who made advances to manufacturers and settled prices w/ them. Forbade EIC employees from accepting bribes/ presents/ private trade. They were to declare their property under oath before leaving IN. Inc salaries of officials ex Collector to get Rs1500/month and 1% of total rev collected. Had low opinion of Indian character, ability and integrity. Sought higher offices be reserved for EU. Covenanted services were closed to Indian. In army they could not rise above Subedars and in civil service above Munsiffs, Sadr Amins or Deputy Collectors. Lucky to have assistants like John Shore, James Grant, George Barlow etc. wanted anglicisaiton of Indians to solve its problems but his Europeanisation of covenanted services denied IN people their share. **Aspinal** : possessed many qualities of mind and hear which inspired confidence in others. **Gleig** : wanted to make everything as English as possible in country that resembles England in nothing. **WS Seton Karr** : He may not be on the same platform as Wellesley or Dalhousie but in constructive ability and in tenacity of purpose he may challenge with some of the most eminent men who ahve rule India. **LM Penson** : Was upright and honest and did not fear sudden decline in favour. C was public servant who upheld national and not private traditions. Discuss the basic features of the judicial administration under the East India Company. Did the British introduce the modern concept of the rule of law in India? [1986, 60m]
Judiciary "What kind of administrative change was introduced in India under the East India Company? [1993, 60m]
Judiciary onwards "The Dual System of Government was a complete failure from the outset. In the first place, the abuse of the private trade reached a greater height than ever. In the second place, the demands of the Company for the increase led to gross oppression of the peasantry." Examine. [2014, 20m]
Robert Clive - Dual system of gov diwani and nizamat under Company 1765.
[From Diarchy to Direct Control](onenote: From %20Diarchy%20to%20Direct%20Control§ion-id={54CE4946-F610-4788-AADF-7A455FA668C1}&page-id={E699C4C6-387F-419A-827B-56EFAE06A927}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Early%20Structure%20of%20the%20Raj.one ) ]]>08.3-modern-history/3.-early-structure-of-the-raj/3.1-early-administrative-structure.html08.3 Modern-History/3. Early-Structure-of-the-Raj/3.1 Early Administrative Structure.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT Settlement of Bengal Dual System" data-href="2.1 Bengal - Mir Jafar and Mir Kasim#Settlement of Bengal Dual System" href="08.3-modern-history/2.-british-expansion/2.1-bengal-mir-jafar-and-mir-kasim.html#Settlement of Bengal Dual System" class="internal-link" target="_self" rel="noopener nofollow">Dual System and dismissing Reza Khan and Shitab Roy the Governor and Co Directors started appointing Collectors to manage rev affairs. He dec allowance of Nawab and redefined relations w/ Emepror Shah Aam -> took away Allahbad and Kara assigned to him. Resorted to system of trial and error/ experimentation to evolve a system of rev adm. Made 5 yr settlement by farming out estates to highest bidder on assumption that Zamindars were mere tax gatherers w/ no proprietary rights -> miserable failure since bidders had no interest in land. Indian Diwans under Provincial councils set up to supervise them -> replaced corrupt European collectors. Overall incharge was under Revenue Committee, Calcutta. Other problems were of subinfeudation of revenue farming, proxies used by officers of EIC. reverted in 1776 to old system of annual settlement where Zamindars were preferred. In 1781 Provincial councils were abolished, Collectors reappointed w/o power to settle rev. Hastings left behind him a dark trail of misery, insurrection and famines. Cornwallis in 1789 said that 1/3rd of EIC territory in Hindustan is now jungel inhabited by only wild beasts Mughal sys of civil + criminal justice : not centrally org depend caste interpretation, muftis, kazis, mutual reconciliation, punishment based on social status Zamindars decided civil, criminal cases based on arbitration. Diwani and Faudari adalat set up at district level each dist diwani adalat/civil court was mostly jurist under Bishops courts headed by Collector. Diwani Adalats were head EU District Collector assist Maulvis, Brahmans cases relating to property, caste, marriage, debts etc settled Involved sum upto Rs500 Appeals lay to Sadar Diwani Adala at Calcutta faujdari adalat/ criminal based on Muslim laws under Kazi + Mufti. European Collector had some control. Could not give out death sentence or confiscate property for this confirmation of Sadr Nizamat Adalat was required headed by deputy Nazim. Appeal court was Sadar Nizamat Adalat Calcutta under Prez + council mem.
3.3 Regulating Act of 1773 estd Supreme Court at Calcutta but it had jusrisdiction only in Calcutta, consent of parties was required for the court to settle cases that was outside of it. Hastings divested Dist collectors of judicial duties. Mofusil court to head by EU covenanted officers. 1775 : Hindu laws translated Eng NB Halhed, Muslim laws in 1778. Customhouses were suppressed only 5 were to be maintained. Duties were lowered payable by all merchants Indian or EU Steps taken to check misuse of dastaks and exploitation of weavers. Efforts to make trade relations w/ Bhutan and Tibet 3.3 Regulating Act of 17732021-07-05 09:31
Governor of Bengal as ‘Governor-General of Bengal’ Hastings became 1st. 4 man Executive Council to assist him. Majority decision was binding and GG voted only in case of equal division. Gov Bombay and Madras subordinate to GG SC at Calcutta (1774) with 1 chief justice and 3 other judges-> 1st Chief Justice was Elizha Impe prohibited private trade for EIC official Court of Directors (governing body of Company) report its revenue, civil, and military affairs strengthened British Government's control over EIC Formally recognised parliamentary right to control IN affairs Vaguely worded ambiguities in SC jurisdiction Unable to define issue of sovereignty in IN Francis was one of the Executive councillors appointed was very ambitious and wanted to replace Hastings as GG. The Executive councillors presumed that entire EIC along w/ Hastings were all corrupt. They denounced the Rohilla was and called back troops from there Asked for all documents pertaining to transaction w/ Nawab of Awad and all correspondnece w/ Middleton the Br residence at Awadh, he was called back. Accused Hastings of over estimating 5 yr revenue settlement and criticised him of cerating new criminal courts Francis and Hastings had a pistol duel where former was injured. He left in 1780. Trial of Nand Kumar : where he accused WH of accepting 3.5Lkh from Munny Begum to appt her as guardian of minor Nawab of Bengal. Counter charges of forgery was put on him and he was later hanged for it. Jurisdiction of SC defined within Calcutta which was to administer personal law Servants were immune if they did anything while discharging their duty Social and religious usages of subjects were to be honoured Stopped tribute to Emperor Treaty of Banaras w/ Nawab of Awadh in 1773 against a possible Maratha Rohilla combination -> tropps for Nawab when called for for a lieu of Rs40 lakh EIC participated in war against Rohilla's in 1774 with the Nawab who were defeated and Rohillkhand was annexed WH eyed ports of Salsette and Bassein and hoped for political ascendancy at Poona. Raghunathrao killed nephew Narayanrao for Peshwaship and Signed treaty w/ Br at Bombay - To Surat in 1775 where English gave 2,500 soldiers He Ceded territories of Salsette, Bassein and revenue rights of Surat, Bharuch. WH wanted to set up a Dual System in Poona the same as in Bengal. Executive Council condemned the war as impolitic, unjust and unauthorised and sent Col Upton to annul To Surat new Treaty of Purandhar was signed American War of Independence and arrival of French at Poona alarmed WH and he ordered seizing all FR settlements in India and also sent force to Bombay war ensued. Marathas used Scorched Earth -> sign humiliating English defeat To Wadgaon - 1779 lost their territories gained since 1775 by To Purandhar Salsette be with English Territory conquered since To Purandhar (1776) restored to Marathas In Gujarat, Fateh Singh Gaekwad remain in possession of territory English should not offer support to Raghunathrao Haidar Ali return all territory taken from English and Nawab of Arcot English enjoy privileges at trade as before Peshwa should not support other Eu nations Warren Hastings rejected To Wadgaon, defeated Sindhias at Sipri 1781 BR defeated Sindhias and captured Gwalior who acted as mediator and Treaty of Salbai (1782) ended the war - inconclusive -> Maratha-Eng friendship WH ordered seizure of all FR settlements in India including Mahe. He feared port could be used by Hyder to receive FR help. They marched forces accross jos territory w/o permission. Haidar forged anti-English alliance with Marathas + Nizam and defeated BR under Hector Munro capturing Carnatic. Alfred Lyall : 1780 was the lowest watermark for English fortunes in India. To Mangalore both sides opted for peace as outcome inconclusive. Haider died before treaty When new Nawab Asaf ud daula was appt on death of Shuja. Benares was tranferred to Raja Chait Singh who agreed to pay 22lkh as annually. WH started demanding more money and troops which was against the treaty signed by them in 1775. Raja was unable to pay WH marched to Benares and imprisoned him and replaced him w/ minor nephew. WH coerced the Begums of Nawab of Awadh Shuja to pay 105 lakh for subsidiary force stationed there. Alfred Lyall called this an ignoble undertaking. only steadfast principle was that Might is Right British possession remained unharmed save EIC territories in face of great odds. Patronised oriental learning, wrote Intro to translation of Gita by Charles Wilkins Accepted bribes per Moon this amounted to Rs30 lkh to save himself he granted favours to CoD etc. Was impeached by Parliament but was acqutted of all charges **Phillip Francis** : flourishing and rich India was reduced to beggary and ruin. **Percival Spear** : his achievements is an established fact and his character remains something of an enigma. ]]>08.3-modern-history/3.-early-structure-of-the-raj/3.2-from-diarchy-to-direct-control.html08.3 Modern-History/3. Early-Structure-of-the-Raj/3.2 From Diarchy to Direct Control.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure> Governor of Bengal as ‘Governor-General of Bengal’ Hastings became 1st. 4 man Executive Council to assist him. Majority decision was binding and GG voted only in case of equal division. Gov Bombay and Madras subordinate to GG SC at Calcutta (1774) with 1 chief justice and 3 other judges-> 1st Chief Justice was Elizha Impe prohibited private trade for EIC official Court of Directors (governing body of Company) report its revenue, civil, and military affairs strengthened British Government's control over EIC Formally recognised parliamentary right to control IN affairs Vaguely worded ambiguities in SC jurisdiction Unable to define issue of sovereignty in IN Francis was one of the Executive councillors appointed was very ambitious and wanted to replace Hastings as GG. The Executive councillors presumed that entire EIC along w/ Hastings were all corrupt. They denounced the Rohilla was and called back troops from there Asked for all documents pertaining to transaction w/ Nawab of Awad and all correspondnece w/ Middleton the Br residence at Awadh, he was called back. Accused Hastings of over estimating 5 yr revenue settlement and criticised him of cerating new criminal courts Francis and Hastings had a pistol duel where former was injured. He left in 1780. Trial of Nand Kumar : where he accused WH of accepting 3.5Lkh from Munny Begum to appt her as guardian of minor Nawab of Bengal. Counter charges of forgery was put on him and he was later hanged for it. Jurisdiction of SC defined within Calcutta which was to administer personal law Servants were immune if they did anything while discharging their duty Social and religious usages of subjects were to be honoured ]]>08.3-modern-history/3.-early-structure-of-the-raj/3.3-regulating-act-of-1773.html08.3 Modern-History/3. Early-Structure-of-the-Raj/3.3 Regulating Act of 1773.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure> passed to rectify defects of 1773 Act. Distinguished between commercial and political functions Court of Directors to manage commercial affairs New body called Board of Control of 6 mem to manage the political affairs include secy of state, chancellor, exchequer and 4 privy councillors -> this estd a type of double government Board of Control to supervise and direct all operations of the civil, military government and revenues first time called territories of the company as 'British Possessions in India' and British gov was given supreme control over Company's affairs and administration Order of BoC binding on CoD CoD retain commerce and patronage A type of a govt placed under GG + council of 3 all subordinate to CoD and BoC Clear hierarchy of command and more direct parliamentary control Coy territorial possession not touched 2 masters BoC, CoD -> meant that GG could play them against each other Combined GG + Commander in Chief, Warren Hastings became 1st could override the decision of his executive council. presided by William Wilberforce Renewed company's commercial privileges for next 20 years GG got elaborate powers, Go Bombay and Go Madras more decisively under its control EIC was to pay 5 lakh pounds annually to the gov Royal approval mandated for appointment of GG, Governors and Commander in Chief Senior official debarred from leaving India without permission would be treated as resignation Company could give licences to individuals to employees for trade in India was known as 'Privilege' and 'Country trade' Revenue administration was separated from judiciary Home government members to be  paid out of Indian revenues. Code of all regulations (enacted for internal govt) applied to all rights, persons and property Translate all laws -> intro concept of civil law Ended the Monopoly of EIC except in China and Tea trade in India Christian Missionaries got permission to go to India for moral and religious improvements with a license regulated the territorial revenues and commercial profits by keeping separate accounts for them Company debt was to be reduce and divident fixed at 10.5% pa Company was to invest 1 lakh every year for education of the Indians Empowered local government to put taxes on person under jurisdiction of Supreme Court Influenced by free traders, Benthamite reformists, Evangelicals Charles Grant presided ]]>08.3-modern-history/3.-early-structure-of-the-raj/3.4-pitts-india-act-of-1784.html08.3 Modern-History/3. Early-Structure-of-the-Raj/3.4 Pitts India Act of 1784.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure> was the final step towards centralisation of British India. made the Governor-General of Bengal as the Governor-General of India and vested in him all civil and military powers. created for the 1st time a Government of India. deprived the governor of Bombay and Madras of their legislative powers. Gov Gen of India was given exclusive legislative powers in entire British India. Ended the activities of the EIC as commercial body became a purely administrative/political body. territories in India were held by it 'in trust for His Majesty'. attempted to introduce a system of open competition for selection of civil servants - negated after opposition from Court of Directors. Law mem was added to GG's executive council for professional advice. Took steps to ameliorate condition of slaves and abolish slavery (1843). Prez of BoC became Minister for IN Affairs. The act said that "No native of India or any natural born subject of His majesty should be disabled from holding any place, office, or employment, by reason of his religion, place of birth, descent or colour." separated, for the first time, the legislative and executive functions of the Governor-General's council - 1st step towards Parliamentary form of Gov. Discussions in the GG's Council when acting in its legislative capacity became oral instead of writing. Bills passed through the usual 3 stages were referred to select committees. Legislative functions were conducted in public instead of in secret and reports of proceedings was officially published. Standing orders were taken to conduct and regulate proceedings. It was also a miniature representative assembly for purpose of enquiry into redress of grievances. Legislature has the right to frame its own rules and procedure. Public was allowed to witness the proceedings of Council and press reporting was permitted in 1856. addition of 6 new members called legislative councillors to the council. This created GGI's legislative council aka Indian(Central) Legislative Council which functioned as a mini parliament. Introduced an open competition system of selection and recruitment of civil servants and Macaulay Committee was appointed in 1854 for it. extended the Company's rule and allowed it to retain the possession of Indian territories in trust of her majesty but did not specify any time. Of the 6 new members to appointed to Central Legislative Council of GGI 4 members were appointed by the local gov of Madras, Bombay, Bengal and Agra. "The object of the Act (Regulating) was good, but system that it established was imperfect." Comment. [2004, 20m]
Regulating Act of 1773 2."The Charter Act of 1833 rung down the curtain on the company's trade and introduced a new concept of in India." Substantiate. [2011, 20m]
Charter Act of 1833 "The Regulating Act (1773), the Pitt's India Act (1784) and eventually the Charter Act of 1833 left the East India Company as a mere shadow of its earlier political and economic power in India." Critically examine. [2015, 10m]
Regulating Act of 1773
Pitts India Act of 1784
Charter Act of 1833 "The need to impose greater parliamentary control over the Company's affairs increased during the decades (1773 -- 1853) after Plassey." Elucidate. [2016, 20m]
Regulating Act of 1773
Pitts India Act of 1784
[Charter Act of 1833](onenote: Charter %20Act%20of%201833§ion-id={54CE4946-F610-4788-AADF-7A455FA668C1}&page-id={7A5E8B8F-B1E5-44F3-9CFD-AD30B0FC28A1}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Early%20Structure%20of%20the%20Raj.one ) onwards ]]>08.3-modern-history/3.-early-structure-of-the-raj/3.5-charter-act-of-1833.html08.3 Modern-History/3. Early-Structure-of-the-Raj/3.5 Charter Act of 1833.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>08.3-modern-history/3.-early-structure-of-the-raj/3.6-the-voice-of-free-trade-and-changing-character.html08.3 Modern-History/3. Early-Structure-of-the-Raj/3.6 The Voice of free trade and Changing Character.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTBritish liberalism - Macaulays liberal vision that B adm task
Utilitarian ideas influenced Munro, Elphinstone took initiative "The British Indian State experienced the 'wind of change' with the arrival of Lord William Bentinck." Comment. [1999, 20m]
William Bentick as GG, changes brought by him : "Sprung from paternalism, the English Utilitarian philosophy as introduced in India rejected its human warmth between rulers and the ruled." Comment. [2008, 20m]
English Utilitarian and India "James Mill, the apostle of utilitarian philosophy, proposed a revolution off Indian society through the 'weapon of law' solely. But in actual policy framing, other influences and considerations weighed much more than the colonial State." Elucidate. [2015, 20m]
English Utilitarian and India "Peace had her victories no less renowned than war." Examine this statement with reference to Lord William Bentinck. [2016, 20m]
[William Bentick as GG, changes brought by him :](onenote: Policies %20of%20Gov%20Generals%20%20§ion-id={54CE4946-F610-4788-AADF-7A455FA668C1}&page-id={E5FBE8B6-A85A-42AD-B268-83FE2FAC096D}&object-id={DC43EA76-0667-416B-AC11-BAC7159D6D16}&10&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/Early%20Structure%20of%20the%20Raj.one ) ]]>08.3-modern-history/3.-early-structure-of-the-raj/3.7-english-utilitarian-and-india.html08.3 Modern-History/3. Early-Structure-of-the-Raj/3.7 English Utilitarian and India.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT External Relations under WH" data-href="3.2 From Diarchy to Direct Control#External Relations under WH" href="08.3-modern-history/3.-early-structure-of-the-raj/3.2-from-diarchy-to-direct-control.html#External Relations under WH" class="internal-link" target="_self" rel="noopener nofollow">External Relation based on this Policy
#todo British Parliament believed that Company was only a trading body and had no right to interfere in the internal affairs of India. Cornwalis and John Shore avoided getting involved into the disputes of Indian rulers. Policy was attacked as temporising and timid. extension of the ring-fence system. Allying Indian state’s ruler compelled to accept the permanent stationing of British force pay for its maintenance. Agree British resident in court. could not employ any European in his service without the prior approval. used to bring Indian states within orbit of British political power and to stop Napoleon - As per Alfred Lyall the stages for the application of subsidiary alliance were **Stage 1** : offered to help a friendly Indian state with its troops to fight any war **Stage 2** : making a common cause with the Indian state and taking the field with its own soldiers and those of the state **Stage 3** : Indian ally was asked not for men but for money . **Stage 4** : money or the protection fee was fixed at a high level ; when the state failed to pay the money in time, it was asked to cede certain parts of its territories. Wellesly did not invent the system perhaps Dupleix did. W greatly dev and elaborated the system and applied it to almost every IN state Was first initiated against Nawab of Awadh in 1765. Under Subsidiary Alliance following terms and conditions were negotiated : IN state to surrender external relations Ruler to cede sovereignty to territories for upkeep of stationed Br force Accept British residents, not employ other Europeans Company to not interfere in internal affair of state but protect them against foreign enemies Deprived IN princes of means of forming a confederacy against British. Company could maintain large army at expense of others. EIC could maintain troops in capital of IN princes thus giving them control of strategic and key positions. SA did not threaten war at their own bases/territories. Could counter any possible French moves in India. EIC became arbiter in inter state disputes. Virtually lost her independence. Munro remarked that states purchased security at the expense of independence British Residents interfered in day to day functioning thus normal administration was rendered impossible Supported weak and oppressive rulers and deprived the people of any possible remedy against misrule. Munro said presence of British force cuts off every chance of remedy. Virtually bankrupted the princely states due to high upkeep. Karl Marx : Native states vritually ceased to exist the moment they became subsidiary. Division of revenue b/w 2 gov brought the condition of permanent decay. States that accepted the system were Hyderabad -> Mysore -> Tanjore -> Awadh -> Peshwa -> Berar -> Sindhia etc Succeeded in establishing political sovereignty of England over the whole of India exactly as his predecessors would have wanted. His objective in India was 3 fold to suppress Pindaris, destroy the indepedence of Maratha chielfs and bring under Company all other harmless states. Gurkhas attacked 3 police stations of Butwal. A large army of 34000 was mustered which under Gen Gillespie attacked Kalanga fort and failed. Renewed English efforts were successful and w/ fall of Malaon and Almora Gurkhas started negotiations. They were defeated in Lakwanpur in 1816. Treaty of Sagauli : Nepal accepted a British resident and ceded districts of Garhwal and Kumaon, and abandoned claims to Terai. Withdrew from Sikkim. Later Gorkhas joined the British Indian Army. Pindaris were marauders whose main occupation was loot and plunder. Weakness of Mughal authority, corruption of weak states, repeated plundering raids by Marathas created conditions for rise of Pindaris. did not come from a particular area niether did they believe in any religion, were drawn from ranks of dibanded soldiers. provided an easier form of livelihood. Some leaders were Chitu, Wasil Muhammad, Karim Khan who plundered British districts of Mirzapur, Shahabad, Nizams dominion, Northern Sarkars VA Smith, PE Roberts, SM Edwards said that there was collussion b/w Afghans, Marathas and Pindaris. Main objective of Hastings was to make EIC paramount power and to destrou independence of Sindhia, Bhonsle and Holkar. Treaty of Nagpur a susidiary force of stationed at Nagpur, Raja agreed to surrender his foreing affairs. Col Smith surrounded Poona in Jun 1817 and To Poona was forced on the Peshwa a/c to which : Accepted dissolution of Maratha confederacy British Resident and no relations with other Europeans Renounced claims over Gaekwad, transferred rights over Bundelkahnd, Malwa etc. Sindhias also accepted a treaty in Nov 1817 : Agreed to provide 5000 troops of cavalry against Pindaris Not to inc his army, British Garrison in forts of Asirgarh and Hindia. Lands in possession of Pindaries be restored to their rightful owners Marathas were not reconciled -> 3rd Anglo Maratha War Peshwa attacked BR at Poona on 5th Nov 1817 who repulsed and defeated Peshwa army at Khirki and then again at Koregaon and Ashta. Appa Sahib of Nagpur/Bhonsale's attacked the residency there, and Holkars made preparations for war. Bhonsle were defeated at Sitabuldi signed the T/o Gwalior, and Holkar at Mahidpur signed the T/o Mandsaur . Baji Rao II was disposed with a Pension. Holkars had to surrender all territories south of Narmada Both lost their internal administration where British Residents assumed charge. Some of his administrators were John Malcolm Thomas Munro : Governor of Madras etd Ryotwari sys Mountstuart Elphinstone: Gov of Bombay settled districts acquired from Peshwa. He combined the Ryotwari w/ Mahalwari system Charles Metcalf Mahalwari System was introduced Abolished pre censorship of press but laid down general guidelines for editors of newspapers to prevent publiction of seditious news **JS Mill** : Adm of Hastings was the completion of scheme of Clive. There was no international warfare and Rajputs, Marathas, Mohammedans remained at peace. **MS Mehta** : Was milder than Wellesley, imperialistic in outlook, had no predatory mentality. Judgement was ot always reliable. **PE Roberts** : able administrator, hard and conscientious worker.
protect the boundary of British India from Russian attack Russian victory in the Russo-Persian wars -> gained territories around Caspian sea and replaced Br influence by Russian in Persia after treaty of Turkomanchai 1828. through treaties with the neighbouring countries or by annexing them. there was a search for a scientific fronteir along the North West passes. It was felt that Afghanistan should be under a friendly Prince. Lord Palmerston the Br foreign secy and Auckland suggested Forward Policy to bring Afg under their political ambit. Dost Muhammad wanted Br help in recovering Peshawar from the Sikhs. Auckland decided towards neutrality and Dost turned towards Russians. He sent Burnes to Kabul to judge political condition there. Burnes recommended pressurising Sikhs to give up Peshawar but this was denied. The mission failed.
He signed the Tripartite treaty with Shah Shuja and Ranjit Singh to reinstate Shah in Kabul. Shah would also forego sovereignty over Sind in lieu of money. English army invaded and replaced Dost with Shah Shuja. But rebellion broke out against him, Burnes was murdered and Br had to sign a humiliating treaty to retreat. Later during the retreat entire Garrison along with General Elphinstone was killed and Shah assasinated. JJ Mcleon : Afghan war was most unqualified blunder committed in the whole history of British India. War was unjustified since the prevailing condition had disappeared before the war and Auckland had made it a matter or Br prestige. Politically it was inopportune since Shah was not supported by Afghan people. Erection of a permanent barrier was not realised. Animosity against English inc -> inc Persian and Russian influence in Afghanistan against the frontier problem of Afghanistan independence. it was a direct result of disaster in 1st Afghan War. principle of non interference in internal affairs of Afg Peace at frontier was not disturbed No candidate in civil war was to sought foreign help . JL was Governor of Punjab, the policy was well though out to avoid military expenditure and the inhospitable terrain. JL thought the Russia would be a better neighbour than Central Asian tribes. Czar Nicholas I was coordial towards Br. RUS lost the Crimean war in 1854-46 But later conquests in Central Asia led RUS estd Turkestan after winning Chimken, Tashkent etc. This did not alarm Lawrence who adopted a laissez faire into Afg affairs. He thought that Afghans would resist any RUS mil endeavors there. He refused to be embroiled in the dynastic wards of the Afghans and refused any military assistance to Sher Ali or Azim Khan. Some claim that every reasonable advantage was gained by remaining passive. Policy of interference would have defeated the very purpose by driving Afghans into camp of Persia and Russia. Lawrence was not oblivious to Russian designs in Central Asia and advocated a strong force to meet all eventualities. Laissez Faire has been criticized as being direct encouragement to successful rebellion. Refusing help to friendly Sher Ali has been criticised. Some say he failed in installing a friendly prince in Afg which was the primary motive of the policy. scientific frontiers and safeguarding ‘spheres of influence' as said by Benjamin Disraeli The old liberal policy was discontinued. He wanted to check RUS expansion both in the East and West. Sher Ali accepted the envoy from RUS but not from England this frustrated Lytton who sent another mission which was not allowed. Sher Ali wanted to have good relation with both British and Russia. Lytton was displeased invaded Kabul. Treaty of Gandamak (May 1879) was signed with Yakub Khan the eldest son. Amir conduct his foreign policy with the advice of Government of India. Permanent British resident be stationed at Kabul Government of India will give Amir all support against foreign aggression, and an annual subsidy. Lytton gave the idea for formation of a separate North West Frontier Province directly under Central Gov, an Indian Privy Council of Princes, proposed putting India on the Gold standard. His policy has been universally condemned on moral and political grounds. VA Smith has called it carefully though and skilfully executed except for the permanent positioning of Br Resident at Kabul. Frazer Committee 1902 was appointed to look into police admn in Provinces which called it inefficient, defective in training and organisation, failed to secure confidence of people. Recommended inc in salaries, inc strength in all provinces, training schools for officers and constables, direct recruitment in place of promotion in higher ranks, setting provincial police service, creation of Central Dept of Criminal Intelligence Led to Inc expenditure and creation of a Police State Warren Hastings hastings started it : buffer zone to protect territories against raids from Marathas, Mysore and Hyderabad. idea was only the defence of frontier.
External Relation based on this Policy Wellesly's policy of Subsidiary Alliance also comes under this states surrendered all external sovereignty but internal administration was maintained. Lord Hastings was were for making Br imperialism and to impose Paramountcy. The treaties w/ Native princes imposed an obligation to Indian states to act in subordinate cooperation with Br govt. Under Dalhousie the British residents from being foreign representatives became exective and controlling officers of a superior govt. Charter act of 1833 made the Company a political entity winding up its commercial business. Policy of annexation of states was laid down by Court of Directors 1834 reiterated in 1841. This was done for various reasons. The subsidiary system was a device for insure mal govt, native states vritually ceased to exists from the moment they became subsidiary or protected. The policy was chaotic, indefinitea and contradictory.
#todo From page 251 BL Grover After 1858 the Queens proclamation announced the abandonement of policy of annexation. Assurance was given to the princes that British territories would not be extended further. This change was due to the loyalty shown by the princes. New policy was to punish the rulers for misgovt but not annex the state. But in lieu of this the status of Indian princes was considerably lowered. They had to take sanctions of GG in matters succession involving non natural heirs. The 'gaddi' for them was not a right but a gift from the Paramount power. Indian govt was granted possession and administration not sovereignty. Canning referred to them as feudatories and vassals and the crown as unquestioned paramount power in India. Crown regulated the status and salutes of Indian princes in all matters of ceremonials. Govt had complete control over external and international affairs of the Indian states. It could declare war, neutrality or peace for Indian states. Lord Curzon adopted policy of patronage and 'intrusive surveillance'. He issued a circular asking Indian princes to not pursue pleasures but in the welfare of their subjects and administration. He put restrictions to their trip to Europe. From 1905 onwards GOI followed policy of cordial cooperation towards Indian states. Since there was an increase in revolutionary and nationalist upsurgence they wanted a common front to preserve their position and privileges. This led to the formation of the Chamber for Princes in 1921. In 1927 Butler committee was fromed to clearly define the relation b/w Paramount power and the Indian states. Paramount power must remain paramount and must fulfill its obligations by adopting to shifting necessities. States were bound by treaties with the Crown . Viceroy not the GG in Council was to be the Crown agent in dealing with the states.
#todo From Page 255 of BL Grover Indian princes were invited at the Round Table Conference during 1930-32. Federal Structure was proposed for whole India govt. Indian states were to be alloted 125/375 seats in Federal Assembly and 104/260 seats in Council of States. Their loyalty to the crown and their influence was emphasised during this time. The federation neven came into existence since the requisite no of states did not join. Michael Fisher 3 distinct phases of evolution indirect rule until 1857 Placement of Residents -> redefined sovereignty, assert Paramountcy, till 1798 was halting, 1798 - 1840 aggressive expansionism indirect control 1840 - 1857 consolidation 1869 - 1872 grooming native princes dominant policy of Mayo Curzonian paternalism ? William Bentick as GG, changes brought by him : ? 2021-08-24 14:06
Succeded John Shore, wanted to made EIC supreme power in India gave up the policy of peace and non intervention and started the policy of war. used to bring Indian states within orbit of British political power and to stop Napoleon - As per Alfred Lyall the stages for the application of subsidiary alliance were **Stage 1** : offered to help a friendly Indian state with its troops to fight any war **Stage 2** : making a common cause with the Indian state and taking the field with its own soldiers and those of the state **Stage 3** : Indian ally was asked not for men but for money . **Stage 4** : money or the protection fee was fixed at a high level ; when the state failed to pay the money in time, it was asked to cede certain parts of its territories. Wellesly did not invent the system perhaps Dupleix did. W greatly dev and elaborated the system and applied it to almost every IN state Was first initiated against Nawab of Awadh in 1765. Under Subsidiary Alliance following terms and conditions were negotiated : IN state to surrender external relations Ruler to cede sovereignty to territories for upkeep of stationed Br force Accept British residents, not employ other Europeans Company to not interfere in internal affair of state but protect them against foreign enemies Deprived IN princes of means of forming a confederacy against British. Company could maintain large army at expense of others. EIC could maintain troops in capital of IN princes thus giving them control of strategic and key positions. SA did not threaten war at their own bases/territories. Could counter any possible French moves in India. EIC became arbiter in inter state disputes. Virtually lost her independence. Munro remarked that states purchased security at the expense of independence British Residents interfered in day to day functioning thus normal administration was rendered impossible Supported weak and oppressive rulers and deprived the people of any possible remedy against misrule. Munro said presence of British force cuts off every chance of remedy. Virtually bankrupted the princely states due to high upkeep. Karl Marx : Native states vritually ceased to exist the moment they became subsidiary. Division of revenue b/w 2 gov brought the condition of permanent decay. States that accepted the system were Hyderabad -> Mysore -> Tanjore -> Awadh -> Peshwa -> Berar -> Sindhia etc Napoleon in 1798 wanted to invade India repeating Alexander's exploits. With Czar Paul of Russia made up a plan. 70, 000 combined troops were to invade through Herat, Farah, Kandahar. Henry Dundas : Bombay acquired a new degree of political importance since the FR attempt to reach India through Egypt Tipu alligned himself w/ the Fr to take revenge from English. Marathas and Nizam had also employed Fr for training their troops. Threat of invasion from Zaman Shah of Iran, possible Fr collusion w/ Ranjit Singh added to their concerns Mobilised English community in Bengal and urged them to contribute liberally towards war funds. EIC should become arbiter of Indian political world to keep IN states away from influence of Fr. This was done through Subsidiary Alliance Garrisoned Goa to prevent it from falling into Fr hands. Wellesley also acquired Danish settlements in Bengal viz Tranquebar and Serampore. W sought to encircle IN powers by acquiring maritime provinces of Gujarat, Malabar and Cuttack. Treaty w/ Iran to not allow Fr to settle in his dominions and expel the already settled ones W urged to despatch expedition against Fr naval base at Mauritius and the Dutch at Baravia and Cape Colony. W sent troops under David Baird to Egypt againt Napoleon Treaty of Amiens b/w Napoleon and English restored Pondicherry to Fr. Napoleon wanted to send troops to help Shah Alam II from its Enemies. 1803 English captured Delhi and Agra and took Emperor under EIC protection. Swathes of Land were annexed. Direct land route connecting Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay for the first time was made. His methods were far more high handed and dictatorial than WH **Sidney J Owen** : Converted Br Empire in Indai to British Empire of India. EIC became supreme power and sole protectorate of the whole country. **PE Roberts** : One of the greates Br rulers only Clive, WH and Dalhousie can challenge. **Alfred Lyall** : revived and procliamed the imperial principle of political supremacy.
Succeeded in establishing political sovereignty of England over the whole of India exactly as his predecessors would have wanted. His objective in India was 3 fold to suppress Pindaris, destroy the indepedence of Maratha chielfs and bring under Company all other harmless states. Gurkhas attacked 3 police stations of Butwal. A large army of 34000 was mustered which under Gen Gillespie attacked Kalanga fort and failed. Renewed English efforts were successful and w/ fall of Malaon and Almora Gurkhas started negotiations. They were defeated in Lakwanpur in 1816. Treaty of Sagauli : Nepal accepted a British resident and ceded districts of Garhwal and Kumaon, and abandoned claims to Terai. Withdrew from Sikkim. Later Gorkhas joined the British Indian Army. Pindaris were marauders whose main occupation was loot and plunder. Weakness of Mughal authority, corruption of weak states, repeated plundering raids by Marathas created conditions for rise of Pindaris. did not come from a particular area niether did they believe in any religion, were drawn from ranks of dibanded soldiers. provided an easier form of livelihood. Some leaders were Chitu, Wasil Muhammad, Karim Khan who plundered British districts of Mirzapur, Shahabad, Nizams dominion, Northern Sarkars VA Smith, PE Roberts, SM Edwards said that there was collussion b/w Afghans, Marathas and Pindaris. Main objective of Hastings was to make EIC paramount power and to destrou independence of Sindhia, Bhonsle and Holkar. Treaty of Nagpur a susidiary force of stationed at Nagpur, Raja agreed to surrender his foreing affairs. Col Smith surrounded Poona in Jun 1817 and To Poona was forced on the Peshwa a/c to which : Accepted dissolution of Maratha confederacy British Resident and no relations with other Europeans Renounced claims over Gaekwad, transferred rights over Bundelkahnd, Malwa etc. Sindhias also accepted a treaty in Nov 1817 : Agreed to provide 5000 troops of cavalry against Pindaris Not to inc his army, British Garrison in forts of Asirgarh and Hindia. Lands in possession of Pindaries be restored to their rightful owners Marathas were not reconciled -> 3rd Anglo Maratha War Peshwa attacked BR at Poona on 5th Nov 1817 who repulsed and defeated Peshwa army at Khirki and then again at Koregaon and Ashta. Appa Sahib of Nagpur/Bhonsale's attacked the residency there, and Holkars made preparations for war. Bhonsle were defeated at Sitabuldi signed the T/o Gwalior, and Holkar at Mahidpur signed the T/o Mandsaur . Baji Rao II was disposed with a Pension. Holkars had to surrender all territories south of Narmada Both lost their internal administration where British Residents assumed charge. Some of his administrators were John Malcolm Thomas Munro : Governor of Madras etd Ryotwari sys Mountstuart Elphinstone: Gov of Bombay settled districts acquired from Peshwa. He combined the Ryotwari w/ Mahalwari system Charles Metcalf Mahalwari System was introduced Abolished pre censorship of press but laid down general guidelines for editors of newspapers to prevent publiction of seditious news **JS Mill** : Adm of Hastings was the completion of scheme of Clive. There was no international warfare and Rajputs, Marathas, Mohammedans remained at peace. **MS Mehta** : Was milder than Wellesley, imperialistic in outlook, had no predatory mentality. Judgement was ot always reliable. **PE Roberts** : able administrator, hard and conscientious worker.
Succeeded Lord Amherst, Vellore Mutiny occured while he was Gov of Madras against wearing of caste marks such as earings in 1806. He was a Whig (favored reforms and supremacy of parliament). Macaulay : William Bentick Infused into Oriental Despotism the spirit of British Freedom. Abolition of Sati Tried to reform Hindu society. Before him Marathas, Portuguese in Goa and French at Chandenagore tried to abolish it. Its main reason was economic and moral and sanction to it was found from society and religion. Cornwallis, Minto, Lord Hastings took steps to restrict the practice viz forbidding giving of intoxicating drugs to grieving widows, compulsory presence of police officials, ban on burning pregnant women below 16 yrs etc Raja Rammohun Roy urged WB. WB collected facts and figures about it from officials that there was no danger of mutiny or civil commotion. REgulation 17 of 1829 declared it illegal and punishable. Supression of Infanticide and Child sacrifices prevalent in Rajput tribes. Bengal Regulation 21 of 1795 and Regulation of 1804 had made it illegal. Took prompt steps against this and child sacrifice. Supression of Thugi were hereditary assassins and robbers who flourished during the fall of Mughal empire. Some states also gave them protection in return for share in spoils. It was an organised crime and no case of failure ever came to notice of Govt Measures were taken in 1830 and Col William Sleeman was appointed who supressed it and Thugi on an organised scaled ceased to exist after 1837. Removal of distinction in recruitment to Public Service Charter Act 1833 provided no Indian subject be debarred from holding any office by reason fo his religion, place of birth, descent and colour -> open system of recruitment Immediate effect was little but it was an imp precendent Liberal Policy towards the Press to provide a safety valve for discontent. said that Madras mutiny took place since there was not a shadow of liberty to press there. Education Reforms Meant to elevate Moral and intellectual character.
5.2 Orientalist Anglicist Controversy took place. Financial Reforms Burmese war had depleted treasury. 2 committees were appointed one for military and other for civil. He then reduced bhatta to military officers by 1/2 for those stationed 400miles from Calcutta. Adopted measures for better collection of revenue ex in UP. Expenditure of costly settlements were reduced and appointed Indians in place of highly paid Europeans. Encouraged Iron, coal production, tea, coffee and irrigation. Judicial Reforms Provincial court of appeals and Circuit courts set up by Cornwallis had excessive arrears due to cumbersome process. WB abolished them and transferred their duties to magistrates and collectors. Sadar Nizamat and Sadar Diwani Adalat estd at Allahabad people now had no need to travel to Calcutta. Option to chose Persian or vernacular in filing their suits. In higher courts Persian replaced by English as court language. Indians could now rise to position of Sadar Amins instead of Munsiffs. Policy towards Indian states non interference in states as far as possible. No repercussion when British Resident was attacked in Jaipur, or when British officers expelled from Hyderabad when Nasir ud Daula took over. But annexation of Musreo and Central Cachar was away from this policy Treaty of Perpetual friendship with Ranjit Singh. Great part in consolidating British authority by policy of internal reforms his objective was not the development of self governing institutions which happened as an unwilling consequence **PE Roberts** : True liberal of his day, his habits were simple. He can be compared to other liberal Gov Generals like Ripon. Undoutedly the first GG to openly act on theory that welfare of subjects was main duty of British India. **Thompson and Garratt** : WB arrival marked beginning of new era. His reign was peaceful from continuous wars.His reforms touched every side of Indian life and formed basis of paternal govt of Victorian era. **Grenville** : Simple in habits and popular in manner whose success has been greater than his talent.
Rani Jindan and Lal singh began to resent Residents (Henry Lawrence) control such as Residents decision to give kashmir to Raja Gulab Singh. Lal Singh was exiled and a Council of Regency was estd. New Treaty of Bhairowal signed before the war : Sikhs not satisfied w/ Treaty of Lahore over Kashmir issue. Rani Jindan was removed, council of regency set up presided by Henry Lawrence. Lord Hardinge succeeded by Dalhousie in 1848. Immediate Reason : British officials appointed to assist new Governor (Agnew) of Multan were Murdered by people who asked the old Governor Mul Raj to take their leadership. The rebeellion spread all over and many including Afghans joined against British. Dalhousie wanted to prostrate the Sikh power and annex Panjab Battle of Ramnagar, Battle of Chillhanwala , Battle of Gujarat Sikh army surrendered at Rawalpindi, Punjab annexed Dalip Singh given pension and sent to England for education. 3-member board to govern Punjab, comprising of Lawrence brothers ( Henry and John ) and Charles Mansel **Evans Bell** : Dalhousie violated treaties, abused a sacred trust. His acquisition was unjust and imprudent, weakened our frontier and scattered our military strength and put heavy financial burdern on the empire. Result of Lord Dalhousie's expansionist policies. Ill treatment of Bristish Merchants at Rangoon after Trety of Yandaboo who sent petition to Dalhousie. Sent Commodore Lambert to negotiate who defeated Burmese D annexed Pegu in Dec 1852 British occupied Pegu , the only remaining coastal province of Burma. Arnold has called this neither just nor marked by strict equity in its conduct. D said that old system of ruling through sham loyalties and artificial intermediate powers resulted in misery of the people. Introduced by the Court of Directors in 1834 is most commonly associated with Lord Dalhousie. D divided Hindu states in 3 categories which were not tributaries and which had neve been subordinate princes and chieftaines which were tributary and subordinate to British govt States that were created due to Sanad/ British grants For the 3rd category states adopted son could be heir to his foster father’s private property but not the state which would require sanction of the BR gov. This was a case where Right to Adoption would be substituted by Paramount powers Right of Lapse. Dalhousie uniformly applied DoL as opposed to CoD. States annexed under Doctrine of Lapse were. Satara (1848) : After Appa Sahib died Jhansi and Nagpur (1854) Jaitpur (Bundelkhand), Sambhalpur (Orissa), Baghat (Madhya Pradesh) Lord Dalhousie annexed Awadh in 1856 after deposing Nawab Wajid Ali Shah on grounds of misgovernment. This was not per the doctrine of lapse. Administrative Reform : Bengal placed under charge of Lt Governor. Centralised control for newly acquired territories aka Non Regulation system which were to be governed by a Commissioner directly responsible to GG. Military Reform : Shifter various military headquarters towards North. Shimla became seat of Govt. Foresaw the inc in Indian elements in army and wanted more Europeans in it. Raised Gorkha Regiment. Educational Reform : Woods Despatch, Thomasonian system of vernacular education in North West. Universities on model of London University be set up in Calcutta. Engineering College at Roorkie now IIT Roorkie. 3 new universities estd in 1857. Railway Dev : Strategic lines for defence and better internal communication enumerated in Railway minute 1853. Were built out of private enterprise not Indian exchequer but at Govt guarantee was given. Electric Telegraphh : Father of ET in India. 4000 miles of it constructed from Calcutta to Peshawar, Bombay-Madras etc. Postal Reforms : Basis of modern postal sys laid by him. Director Gen to head all presidency Post Offices, uniform rate for letters decided, postage stamps issued for 1st time. Public Works Dept : for 1st time it was separated from Military. Irrigation undertaken on extensive scale. Ganges canal built, Bari Doab Canal, bridges etc built. Commercial Reforms : Ports thrown open to commerce of the world aligned w/ Free trade principle, harbours developed, light houses constructed. VA Smith : Princes knew nothing about subtle distinction of dependent and subordinate states only saw principality after principality annexed for one reason or another. He blamed D for lack of foresight says that he had not taken any precaution to protect munition stores at Delhi or secure strategic position of Allahabad. TR Holmes : blames Commander in Chief for failure to remedy indiscipline in Army. Rebellion not due to annexation but due to harsh treatment of talukdars. He absolved Dalhousie and credits him for wise policy and constructive adm works. Richard Temple : imperial administrator never surpassed and seldom equalled William Wilson Hunter : Conquest, Consolidation and Development. His annexation gave map of modern India. Lee Warner : One of the 3 commanding figures of Indian history along w/ WH and Wellesly. Expanded Indian empire across all frontiers, gave shape to adm system, education and legislative assemblies. Ramsay Muir : Devotion to greatness of his own country. Took ddper view of problem of govt than Wellesly but lesser man than WH because he lacked his generous humanity. He cared very little of Moral values, or to the feelings and prejudices of Indians while dealing with states. His ruthless imperialism created unrest all around. Explain the British policy of 'Subordinate union' of Indian States with British India from 1858 to 1905. How did the Government of India implement this policy during this period? [1993, 60m]
Policy of Subordinate Union The British policy of ‘Subordinate Union’ of Indian States with British India from 1858 to 1905 was an attempt to integrate the Indian states into the British Empire in India. This policy was implemented by the British government in order to consolidate their control over the Indian subcontinent and to ensure that all the Indian states were loyal to the British Raj. The policy was implemented through a system of treaties, agreements, and conventions between the British government and the rulers of Indian states. These treaties and agreements provided for a degree of autonomy for the Indian states, allowing them to maintain their own laws and administrative systems, while at the same time being subject to the overall authority of the British Raj. The treaties also provided for the payment of a subsidy by the British government to the Indian states, in exchange for their loyalty and support. In addition to the treaties, the British government also implemented a series of administrative reforms in the Indian states. These reforms included the introduction of a uniform system of taxation, the establishment of a unified system of civil and criminal courts, and the introduction of a uniform system of weights and measures. These reforms were designed to create a uniform system of governance throughout the Indian states, and to ensure that the rulers of the Indian states were loyal to the British Raj. The British also sought to ensure the loyalty of the Indian states by providing them with military assistance. This included the deployment of British troops to the Indian states to ensure their loyalty, as well as the provision of arms and ammunition to the rulers of the Indian states. The British also provided financial assistance to the Indian states in order to help them maintain their armies and maintain their loyalty to the British Raj. Finally, the British government also implemented a system of indirect rule in the Indian states. This system of indirect rule allowed the British to maintain control over the Indian states without having to directly intervene in their internal affairs. This system of indirect rule was implemented through the appointment of British-appointed administrators to the Indian states, who were responsible for ensuring that the rulers of the Indian states remained loyal to the British Raj. "If we could keep up a number of Native States without political power, but as royal instruments, we should exist in India as long as our naval supremacy was maintained." Comment. [1984, 20m]
Policies of Gov Generals : wrt to princely states, more content needed The above statement is attributed to Lord Curzon, who served as the Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905. It is believed to have been spoken during a speech or address given by Lord Curzon during his tenure as Viceroy. The statement suggests that Lord Curzon believed that the British Empire could maintain control over India as long as it maintained naval supremacy in the region. By keeping native states without political power but as "royal instruments," Lord Curzon seems to suggest that the British could use these states as a means of maintaining their control over the region. It's worth noting that Lord Curzon was known for his imperialistic views and his belief in the superiority of British rule. His tenure as Viceroy was marked by a number of controversial policies and actions, including the partition of Bengal, which led to widespread protests and civil unrest. This statement reflects the British imperial perspective that Native States should exist as a form of indirect rule, without any political power. This idea was based on the assumption that British naval supremacy would ensure its continued presence in India. It is important to note, however, that this view ignores the fact that India was a complex and diverse society with a long history of its own, and that the British Empire was only one of its many influences. This imperial attitude towards India was ultimately unsustainable, and its legacy has been widely criticised. "The British endeavored as far as possible to live within a Ring-Fence and beyond that they avoided intercourse with the chiefs." Comment. [1987, 20m]
Policy of Ring-Fence - Warren Hastings,
Policy of Ring-Fence or Buffer State 1765-1813 "No native state should be left to exist in India which is not upheld by the British power or the political conduct of which is not under the absolute control." Comment. [1992, 20m] "The British policy towards Indian States in 1818-1858 was one of isolation and Non-interference tempered by annexation." Comment. [1996, 20m]
Policy of Subordinate Isolation from 1813 to 1857. more content needed The British conquered India‚ "in a fit of absent minded-ness". Comment. [1997, 20m]
No overt mandate for conquest/ colonisation Towards the Princes, Canning adopted a policy of "punishing resistance and rewarding obedience." Comment. [2000, 20m] More content needed "Dalhousie changed the map of India with speed and thoroughness no campaign could equal." Comment. [2001, 20m] More content needed "The rise and expansion of British empire was an accident rather than the result of a deliberate policy and design." Critically examine this statement. [2002, 60m]
No overt mandate for conquest/ colonisation Examine the essential principles of the Subsidiary Alliance system. How far did it contribute in making the British Company the supreme sovereign authority in India? [2005, 60m]
Subsidiary Alliance - Lord Wellesley extension of the ring-fence system. How did the East India Company became the dejure power in India? [2009, 30m] Social, Economic, Political, Ideological dimensions
English East India Company
Conflict between the French and The English, Carnatic Wars
The Battle of Plassey
First Anglo-Mysore War ( 1767-69 ) :
First Anglo-Maratha War ( 1775-82 ) ]]>08.3-modern-history/3.-early-structure-of-the-raj/3.8-policies-of-gov-generals.html08.3 Modern-History/3. Early-Structure-of-the-Raj/3.8 Policies of Gov Generals.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>Mysore 1. Building up a powerful and modern army: Tipu Sultan made significant investments in building up a powerful and modern army equipped with advanced weaponry, which he hoped would help him to defend his kingdom and expand his territory. 2. Building alliances with other Indian states: Tipu Sultan entered into alliances with other Indian states, such as the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad, which the British saw as a threat to their own interests in the region. 3. Building alliances with foreign powers: Tipu Sultan sought to form alliances with foreign powers, particularly the French, in order to counter the British influence in India. 4. Building a navy: Tipu Sultan built a navy to challenge the British naval dominance in the region. 5. Building forts and other military infrastructure: Tipu Sultan invested in building forts, fortifications and other military infrastructure, which the British saw as a potential threat to their interests in southern India 7. Attempts to expand his territory: Tipu Sultan sought to expand his territory through military conquests and by annexing neighboring territories. 8. Attempts to control trade routes: Tipu Sultan sought to control trade routes and ports in southern India, which the British saw as a challenge to their own mercantile interests in the region. Ex. The Rich Malabar trade of the region. 9. Hostility towards British: Tipu Sultan openly expressed his hostility towards the British and their presence in India, which further strained relations between the two powers. 10. Propagation of a anti-British sentiment: Tipu Sultan propagated anti-British sentiment among the people of his kingdom, which further increased the tensions between the two powers. Seen in his Mechanical Tiger killing British troop. The British perceived the threats posed by Tipu Sultan and his kingdom of Mysore as a direct challenge to their own interests in southern India. They saw his efforts to build a powerful and modern army, form alliances with other Indian states and foreign powers, and expand his territory as a direct threat to their own expansionist policies and their ability to control the region. Examine the circumstance which led to the third Mysore War. Could Cornwallis have avoided it? [2006, 60m]
[Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-1792)](onenote: 2.3 Mysore §ion-id={5E4A9EBB-1AE5-4DC9-A50C-4BAC4568E9A7}&page-id={64774158-9486-4F96-A588-F8211B59829A}&object-id={C8F49DED-766C-48D8-9D99-1E3E5DFE2EAD}&2A&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/British%20Expansion.one ) The Third Mysore War, also known as the Third Anglo-Mysore War, was fought between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company from 1789 to 1792. The war was sparked by the rise of the powerful Mysorean ruler, Tipu Sultan, who sought to expand his territory and challenge British dominance in the region. Cornwallis, who served as Governor-General of India from 1786 to 1793, played a key role in the conflict. He had arrived in India with the intention of strengthening British control over the region, and had adopted a policy of aggressive expansion. This put him at odds with Tipu Sultan, who saw the British as a threat to his own ambitions. In the years leading up to the war, Tipu Sultan had made a number of moves that threatened British interests, such as entering into alliances with other Indian states and French. The British also believed that Tipu Sultan was trying to acquire modern artillery and other military equipment from the French. It is possible that Cornwallis could have avoided the war by taking a more conciliatory approach towards Tipu Sultan, rather than trying to confront him head-on. He could have also tried to form alliances with other Indian powers to counterbalance Mysore, rather than trying to defeat them outright. However, it should also be noted that the British were also facing pressure from their own domestic politics, and the East India Company's financial troubles, which could have also pushed them towards war. Historian John Keay has criticized the war as a "monumentally irrelevant" conflict, writing that it "diverted British resources and attention from the more important business of consolidating their gains in Bengal and Bombay." Another historian, Lewis Freeman, has described the war as a "brutal and bloody" conflict in which the British "launched an all-out assault on the kingdom of Mysore in an attempt to crush a rising power that threatened their interests in India." On the other hand, historian Wilks notes that the war was a "decisive victory" for the British, which "broke the power of the Mysorean state and restored British prestige in southern India." ]]>08.3-modern-history/2.-british-expansion/2.3-mysore.html08.3 Modern-History/2. British-Expansion/2.3 Mysore.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT Peshwa attacked BR at Poona on 5th Nov 1817 who repulsed and defeated Peshwa army at Khirki and then again at Koregaon and Ashta. Appa Sahib of Nagpur/Bhonsale's attacked the residency there, and Holkars made preparations for war. Bhonsle were defeated at Sitabuldi signed the T/o Gwalior, and Holkar at Mahidpur signed the T/o Mandsaur .
#todo Inept Leadership : M were despotic dependent on personality and character of head of state. No settled constitution. BR II was criminal in character, BR I himself went to sign Treaty of Bassein accepting subsidiary alliance. Daulat Rao Sindhia was not worthy successor to Mahadji Sindhia. **Sardesai** : Their misdeeds brought Poona court and society to moral degradation that no ones life, property or honour was safe. Inherent defects of Maratha State : **Jadunath Sarkar** : at no time did they make any concerted attempt at well thought out organised communal improvement, spread of education or unification of people. Their cohesion was not organic but artificial. Absence of stable economic policy : After war w/ Aurangzeb M peasants took up arms. State mostly depended on plunder for revenue viz Chauth and Sardeshmukhi. Civil war among leaders and Famine in 1804 took heavy toll on life. Leaders had to mortgage territories to bankers. There was no foreig trade or industry War became their National Industry Weakness of Political Set-up : Was a loose confederation. First the Peshwa usurped the power of Chattrapati then Subordinate War Lords did the same w/ Peshwa. They set up semi independent kingdom. Irreconciliable hostility b/w them viz Sindhias and Bhosles was detrimental. Mutual Jealousies among them was common. Inferior Military System : In Organisation, war weapons, discipline, effective leadership. Centrifugal tendencies -> frequent treacheries. Motives of M soldiers were no higher than personal interest. Neglect of Cavalry affected mobility. **Alfred Lyall** : abandonment of Guerilla warfare was cardinal mistake Superior English Diplomacy : Before wars EIC wanted to win allies and isolate enemies diplomatically. Ex in 2nd Anglo Maratha war English won over Gaekwad, Peshwa and other Maratha Jagirdars. Superior English Espionage : **Sardesai** : Marathas knew very little about the England, their govt, factories, character, arms and armaments. Progressive Outlook of the English : Indian still wedded to old dogmas and notions. Very little care given for scientific inventions, oceanic voyages or acquisition of colonies. Marathas cared more about religious merit ang distribution of gifts to Brahmins. Entire IN outlook was medieval **JN Sarkar** : Growth of orthodoxy and Brahmin Maratha diff sapped vitality of the state. **GW Forrest** : Jealousy from various causes b/w M chiefts and Brahmins would prevent union of whole empire "The Treaty of Bassein, 1802 was‚ a step which changed the footing on which we, the English stood in western India. It trebled the English responsibilities in an instant." Comment. [1983, 20m]
Bajirao II signed a treaty with the English at Bassein against Jaswanthrao You are correct, my apologies for the mistake. The Treaty of Bassein was actually signed by Bajirao II, the last Maratha Peshwa. The treaty was signed on December 31, 1802, and under its terms, the British East India Company recognized Bajirao II as the ruler of the Maratha territories in western India and promised to provide him with military and financial assistance in return for certain concessions against the Holkars. The treaty marked a significant shift in the balance of power between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire and increased the company's responsibilities in western India. The British responsibilities in India increased, as they now had to manage a much larger area and population. This was a major challenge for the British, as they had to manage a complex and diverse region with different political and cultural dynamics. The treaty also had a significant impact on the economy of the region, as the British now had access to a much larger market and resources. Overall, the Treaty of Bassein in 1802 was a major turning point in the history of British India, as it marked the beginning of British dominance in the region. Trace the course of the Anglo-Maratha relations in the first two decades of the nineteenth century. Account for the ultimate defeat of the Maratha power by the British. [1984, 60m]
Second Anglo Maratha War (1803-1805) : onwards The Anglo-Maratha relations in the first two decades of the nineteenth century were largely characterized by conflict and war. After the death of the Peshwa Baji Rao II in 1818, the Maratha Confederacy was weakened and the British saw an opportunity to expand their influence in the region. In 1818, the British signed the Treaty of Poona with the Marathas, which allowed the British to station troops in the Maratha territories and to collect taxes from certain areas. This treaty was seen as a betrayal by some of the Maratha leaders and led to the First Anglo-Maratha War (1817-1818). The British were victorious in this war and, in 1819, the Treaty of Nagpur was signed, which ceded large portions of Maratha territory to the British. This treaty further weakened the Maratha Confederacy and led to the Second Anglo-Maratha War (1817-1818). During this war, the Marathas were able to put up a strong resistance, but ultimately they were defeated by the British. The ultimate defeat of the Maratha power by the British was largely due to the superior military and technological capabilities of the British as well as the disunity among the Maratha leaders. The Marathas were also unable to match the British in terms of resources and manpower. Furthermore, the British were able to exploit the internal divisions within the Maratha Confederacy and use them to their advantage. "Upon the whole, then, I conclude that the treaty of Bassein was wise, just and a politic measure." Comment. [1986, 20m]
Bajirao II signed a treaty with the English at Bassein against Jaswanthrao The statement you provided is a subjective opinion and whether the treaty of Bassein was wise, just and politic measure depends on the perspective from which it is viewed. From the perspective of the British East India Company, the treaty of Bassein was likely seen as a wise, just and politic measure. The treaty allowed the company to gain recognition as the dominant power in western India, as well as gain control over certain territories and rights. Additionally, the company's financial and military assistance to the Maratha Empire, in return for these concessions, would have been seen as a way to secure its interests in the region. However, from the perspective of the Maratha Empire, the treaty of Bassein may not have been seen as a wise, just and politic measure. The treaty marked the end of Maratha's dominance in Western India and ceded territories and rights to the British East India Company. Additionally, Maratha Empire had to rely on the company's military and financial assistance, which may have been seen as a loss of sovereignty. Some historians view the treaty as a significant victory for the British East India Company. For example, historian J.F. Richards writes in his book "The New Cambridge History of India: The British Empire in India" that the treaty "gave the Company control over the western littoral and access to the hinterland of Gujarat and Malwa." He also notes that it "also established the Company as the paramount power in western India." Similarly, historian P.J. Marshall in his book "The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire" writes that the treaty "gave the East India Company control over the western littoral and access to the hinterland of Gujarat and Malwa, as well as over the islands of Salsette and Elephanta." He also notes that the treaty "established the Company as the paramount power in western India." On the other hand, some historians view the treaty as a significant defeat for the Maratha Empire. For example, historian John Keay in his book "India: A History" writes that the treaty "marked the end of Maratha pretensions to paramountcy in western India." He also notes that the treaty "ceded to the British the islands of Salsette and Elephanta and established the East India Company as the paramount power in the region." In the same line, historian Rosie Llewellyn-Jones in her book "The Marathas 1600-1818" writes that the treaty "marked the end of Maratha pretensions to paramountcy in western India." She also notes that the treaty "ceded the islands of Salsette and Elephanta to the British and established the East India Company as the paramount power in the region." "……. the hunt of the Pindaris became merged in the Third Maratha War." Comment. [1989, 20m]
Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-19) : role of Pindaris need to be analysed The British East India Company took a number of steps to curb the threat of the Pindaris in India. One of the main steps was to launch military campaigns against them. The British also sought to negotiate with the Pindari leaders and offered them financial incentives to disband their bands and return to a peaceful life. The British official who played a key role in the process of curbing the Pindari threat was Governor-General Lord Hastings. He was the one who initiated the military campaigns against the Pindaris and also sought to negotiate with their leaders. Under his direction, British officers such as Major-General John Malcolm, Major-General Sir William Henry Sleeman and Major-General James Willoughby Gordon were appointed to lead the campaigns against the Pindaris. Some of the important battles against the Pindaris include: - The Battle of Kirkee in 1817, which was fought between the British East India Company and the Pindari leader, Amir Khan. The British emerged victorious and Amir Khan was forced to negotiate a treaty with the British. - The Battle of Asirgarh in 1818, which was fought between the British East India Company and the Pindari leader, Daulat Rao Scindia. The British emerged victorious and Daulat Rao Scindia was forced to negotiate a treaty with the British. - The Battle of Mahidpur in 1818, which was fought between the British East India Company and the Pindari leader, Sindhia. The British emerged victorious and Sindhia was forced to negotiate a treaty with the British. "Anglo-Maratha War covering nearly nine years from the murder of Narayan Rao to the Treaty of Salbai emphatically discloses the vitality of the Maratha nation which had not been exhausted either by the disaster of Panipat or the death of their great Peshwa Madhavrao." Comment. [1991, 20m]
Raghunathrao wanted to become peshwa killed his nephew Narayanrao. "The treaty of Bassein, by its direct and indirect operations, gave the Company the Empire of India." Comment. [1993, 20m]
Bajirao II signed a treaty with the English at Bassein against Jaswanthrao How did the British establish their control over Maharashtra in the first two decades of the 19th century? Why did the Maratha challenge ultimately collapse? [1994, 60m]
Second Anglo Maratha War (1803-1805) : The British "fought the First Maratha War in a period when their fortunes were at the lowest ebb". Comment. [1998, 20m]
First Anglo-Maratha War ( 1775-82 ) "The Treaty of Salbai (1782) was neither honorable to the English nor advantageous to their interests." Comment. [2004, 20m]
Treaty of Salbai (1782) ended it - inconclusive, Maratha "Upon the whole, then, I conclude that the treaty of Bassein was wise, just and a politic measure." Comment. [2005, 20m]
Bajirao II signed a treaty with the English at Bassein against Jaswanthrao "The Maratha polity disintegrated through internal stress." Critically examine. [2017, 10m]
[Disintegration of Maratha's reasons :](onenote: Anglo %20Maratha%20Wars§ion-id={5E4A9EBB-1AE5-4DC9-A50C-4BAC4568E9A7}&page-id={3D51B62D-A88D-4307-B71C-30331133221B}&object-id={5A2DB3F3-FF22-4E0D-A500-CA55D8920262}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/British%20Expansion.one ) ]]>08.3-modern-history/2.-british-expansion/2.4-the-marathas-and-anglo-maratha-war.html08.3 Modern-History/2. British-Expansion/2.4 The Marathas and Anglo Maratha War.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>T/o Amritsar w/ British - acknowledge British right over cis-Sutlej territories 1809 Tripartite Treaty 1838 w/ Shah Shuja and EIC for providing passage to British troops
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his death caused a void not a vacany -> anarcy and confusion Upkeep of large standing army -> draining of resources Punjabi faction like the Sindhanwalia sardars, Dogra factions -> centrifugal tendencies Internecine warfare -> economy to shambles Bureaucratic corruption Kardar deafulted/ embezzeled revenue Zamindars resisted revenue collection Chet Singh was favorite of RS but was murdered by Wazir Dhian Singh of Dogra faction. Naonihal Singh restored order and brought stability. He died in accident when archway of Lahore fort fell on him. Factionism them increased where Sindhanwalias supported Chanda Kaur as regent for expected son of Naonihal Singh. Dogras supported Sher Singh who emerged succesful. Sindhanwalias then went to British for refuge but Sher Singh to reconciliate, recalled Sindhanwalias. He was treacherously murdered by Ajit Singh along with Wazir Dhian Singh. Later in 1843 Rani Jindan was proclaimed regent of Raja Dalip singh son of RS. Lord Hardinge succeeded Ellenborough and inc EIC army stationed in Punjab and Meerut. High handed manner of Company Agent Major Broadfoot in declaring all cis-Sutlej possession as protectorate of Company. Rise of Khalsa, experiments w/ democratic republicanism and prospect of there being no stable gov worried B **Gallagher and Robinson** - "trade with informal control if possible; trade with rule when necessary" Commerce provided will - political disunity opportunity Failure of Afghan campaign had lowered BR prestige. **Percival Spear** : If Sikh army cannot be controlled it must be disbanded or its energies diverted in war. **PE Roberts** : Rani Jindan found security in challenging British supremacy. Treaty of Lahore (March 8, 1846) ended it Reason : Sikh army crossing the River Sutlej Provision of the Treaty : War indemnity > 1 crore Jalandhar Doab (b/w Beas - Sutlej) annexed British resident at Lahore under Henry Lawrence strength of Sikh army reduced Daleep Singh recognised as ruler Rani Jindan as regent Kashmir including Jammu sold to Gulab Singh Rani Jindan and Lal singh began to resent Residents (Henry Lawrence) control such as Residents decision to give kashmir to Raja Gulab Singh. Lal Singh was exiled and a Council of Regency was estd. New Treaty of Bhairowal signed before the war : Sikhs not satisfied w/ Treaty of Lahore over Kashmir issue. Rani Jindan was removed, council of regency set up presided by Henry Lawrence. Lord Hardinge succeeded by Dalhousie in 1848. Immediate Reason : British officials appointed to assist new Governor (Agnew) of Multan were Murdered by people who asked the old Governor Mul Raj to take their leadership. The rebeellion spread all over and many including Afghans joined against British. Dalhousie wanted to prostrate the Sikh power and annex Panjab Battle of Ramnagar, Battle of Chillhanwala , Battle of Gujarat Sikh army surrendered at Rawalpindi, Punjab annexed Dalip Singh given pension and sent to England for education. 3-member board to govern Punjab, comprising of Lawrence brothers ( Henry and John ) and Charles Mansel **Evans Bell** : Dalhousie violated treaties, abused a sacred trust. His acquisition was unjust and imprudent, weakened our frontier and scattered our military strength and put heavy financial burdern on the empire. Kallora chiefs were usurped by Tralpura Balochs in 1771 and Mir Fath Ali khan estd suzerainty over it. He was confirmed by Durrani Empire. His sons called the Char Yar were to divide his empire aka Amirs of Sindh. Lord Minto signed treaty of Eternal Friendship to check French designs in 1809. Was renewed in 1820 to exclude Americans from Sindh. Alexander Burns was send by Lord Ellenborough to survey Sindh for commercial motives under the pretext of bringing gifts to Ranjit Singh William Bentinck sent Colonel Pottinger to Sindh to sign a new treaty w/ Amirs of Sindh for : Free passage through Sindh for English traders No English merchant would settle down in Sindh, and passports needed to enter. Tariff rates could be altered by the Amirs if found high and no military dues or tolls. The Amirs would work with the Raja of Jodhpur to put down the robbers of Kachch Old treaties were confirmed. Ranjit Singh was contemplating invasion of Sindh. EIC offered protection who reluctantly agreed to a treaty in 1838 (Tripartite Treaty). They accepted EIC mediation with Sikhs and a British Resident who had freedom of Movt in their territory. A tripartite treaty involving Ranjit Singh, Amir of Sind Shah Shuja and EIC was signed. RS accepted British negotiation. Shah agreed to pay tribute. Pottinger was sent again to annul the 1832 treaty and pay the money. A subsidiary force was stationed in 1839 Ellenborough succeeded Auckland. VA Smith : He was eager to find a pretext for annexation of Sindh, deliberately provoked war. Charles Napier replaced Outram as Company's resident in Sind. VA Smith : Pursued a bullying policy assuming that the Govt of India was allowed to whatever it pleased. Napier accused Amir Rustom of Lharipur with secret intercourse with foreign states, maltreatment of British officials, obstructing navigation of the Indus etc. Charges were also made against Nasir Khan of Hyderabad. Napier was sent by Ellenborough to negotiate a new treaty where Amirs were required to cede territories, provide fuel to steamers and surrendering right to coining money. Napier also supported claims of Alim murad agaist his brother Mir Rustum who fled. Lower Sindh rebelled and Amirs of Upper Sind fled there. Major Outram led the conquest of Sindh which culminated by April 1843. It gave a shorter and safer frontier on the west, control over Indus, direct commercial link to Central Asia. Annexation was condemned by politicians and historians alike. - **James Outram** : I am sick of your Policy. - Times of London Called it rotten throughout and Bombay Times wrote He disgraces the name of Englishmen. - **Robert Peel** the PM of england described it as unjust which would discredit the name and character of British authorities. - **Napier** Himself said that it was a humane piece of rascality it will be. - **Gladstone** : Mischief of retaining Sindh was less that mischief of abandoning Sindh. - **Percival Spear** : annexation was least creditable and fascist but it was in their own best interest to integrate them to the world Napier believed it to be the tail of Afghan storm PE Roberts has called it morally and politically a sequel of Afghan war Annex done for strategic puroposed to build defence against Russo-Persian designs -> this was validated in a letter that was written by Lord Auckland to British resident in Sind Amirs were coerced to provide finances, bases etc for Afghan War. Various treaties were forced on them to meet the changing situation on it. Failure in the war gave reason to fortify frontiers and British prestige due to the loss has suffered greatly. Thus to demonstrate England's strength and re-establish her prestige steps were taken Elphinstone equated Britain to a bully who was knocked at the street and went back home to beat his wife in revenge. "Punjab's fate after Ranjit Singh was foredoomed as the impulse of neo-Victorian Imperialism was bound to overwhelm it". Elucidate [2010, 20m]
First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46) Sikh army crossing onwards After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1839, the Sikh Empire soon began to decline. The death of Ranjit Singh left the kingdom with no strong leader and the Durrani Empire of Afghanistan, the British East India Company and the Khalsa Army all competed for control of the kingdom. The Durrani Empire of Afghanistan, under the leadership of Dost Mohammad Khan, invaded the kingdom in 1837 and captured Peshawar. The Khalsa Army, led by the Sikh generals, fought against the Afghans and ultimately defeated them in 1838. However, the Khalsa Army soon began to fracture and the British East India Company saw an opportunity to expand its empire. In 1846, the British launched the First Anglo-Sikh War and defeated the Khalsa Army. The Second Anglo-Sikh War of 1848-1849 was even more disastrous for the Sikh Empire and the British annexed the Punjab region. "Annexation of Punjab was part of a broad north-west frontier policy set in motion after the exit of Maharaja Ranjit Singh." Critically examine [2015, 10 Marks]
First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46) Sikh army crossing The North West Frontier policy of the British in India referred to the strategy employed by the British government in dealing with the various tribes and kingdoms along the northwest border of British India (now Pakistan and Afghanistan). The policy aimed to maintain stability and control over the region, which was seen as a potential threat to British rule in India. The policy included a combination of military force, diplomacy, and administrative control. The British also employed a system of "Forward Policy" which included the establishment of forts, outposts and military garrisons in the region to deter tribal raids and incursions into British India. The British also tried to win over the support of local leaders and tribes through the use of subsidies and other incentives. However, the policy was not without controversy, and it was met with resistance from the local population, leading to several uprisings and conflicts. Underline the major considerations of the British imperial power that led to the annexation of Punjab. [2017, 10m]
Punjabi, Dogra factions, centrifugal tendencies The major considerations of the British imperial power that led to the annexation of Punjab were: - Fear of Russian expansion into India and the need to secure the northwest frontier - Economic interests, such as control of Punjab's agricultural wealth and access to its trade routes - Political instability in Punjab, which was seen as a threat to British rule in India - The desire to expand British territorial control and maintain dominance over other European colonial powers in the region. Sind "We have no right to seize Sind, yet we shall do so and a very advantageous, useful, humane piece of rascality it will be." Comment. [1984, 20m]
Sind : Charles Napier said this after annexing Sindh in 1943. This statement was made after he annexed the region of Sindh, in 1843, it was not done under the doctrine of lapse but under the justification of 'civilizing' the region as it was under the rule of the Amirs who were seen as unjust and corrupt by the British. Why it was advantageous and useful 1. Control of the Indus River: The annexation of Sindh provided the British with control over the Indus River, which was a key transportation route and a source of irrigation for the region. This control allowed the British to regulate trade and commerce in the region, and to increase their economic and political power in the area. 2. Strategic Location: Sindh was strategically located on the trade routes between India, Central Asia, and the Middle East. The annexation of Sindh allowed the British to secure these trade routes, and to protect their interests in the region. 3. Access to resources: Sindh was rich in natural resources such as cotton, wheat, and fruits. The annexation of Sindh provided the British with access to these resources, which they could use to support their own economy. 4. Military advantage: Sindh was also strategically important from a military perspective. The annexation of Sindh allowed the British to establish a military presence in the region, which they could use to protect their interests and to project power in the area. 5. Control of local population: The British saw the local Amirs as unjust and corrupt, and the annexation of Sindh allowed them to replace the local government with their own officials, who were more sympathetic to British interests. This gave them more control over the local population and allowed them to implement policies that were more favorable to their own interests. Why it was a rascal measure 1. The annexation of Sindh was not based on any legal or moral justification. The British East India Company did not have any right or claim to the province, and they annexed it without the consent of the people of Sindh or the ruling Amirs. 2. The annexation was a violation of the sovereignty of the indigenous people. Sindh had its own distinct culture, history, and identity, and the British had no right to impose their rule on the province without the consent of the people. 3. The annexation caused immense suffering and hardship for the people of Sindh. The British imposed heavy taxes and forced labor on the population, which led to widespread poverty and hardship. 4. The British also introduced a number of changes to the administration and legal system in Sindh, which were detrimental to the local population. They centralized power, restricted the rights of the local population and imposed their own customs and laws on them. "We have no right to seize Sind, yet we shall do so, and a very advantageous, useful and human piece of rascality it will be." Comment. [1990, 20m]
Sind : - ! Answer given above. "The British conquest of Sind was both a political and moral sequel to the first afghan war." Comment. [1995, 60m]
Sind : The British conquest of Sindh in 1843 can be seen as a political and moral sequel to the First Afghan War, which took place between 1839 and 1842. 1. Political: The First Afghan War was a major setback for the British in terms of their political and military ambitions in the region. The defeat of the British forces in Afghanistan led to the loss of influence and prestige for the British Empire in the region, and the conquest of Sindh was seen as an opportunity to restore their power and prestige in the region. 2. Moral: The British saw the conquest of Sindh as a moral imperative, they were convinced that they were bringing civilization and progress to the region. They saw the local Amirs as unjust and corrupt, and the annexation of Sindh allowed them to replace the local government with their own officials, who were more sympathetic to British interests. 3. Security: The First Afghan war also showed the British that their Indian territories were vulnerable to attacks and invasions from the neighboring regions, and the annexation of Sindh helped secure their western borders. Sir Charles Napier said, "We have no right to seize Sind, yet we shall do so, and a very advantageous, useful, humane piece of rascality it will be.'' Comment. [2000, 20m]
[Sind :](onenote: The %20Punjab§ion-id={5E4A9EBB-1AE5-4DC9-A50C-4BAC4568E9A7}&page-id={D7B07F4F-F184-45A6-A728-C8F513A51587}&object-id={4AB1295D-E9A1-4B20-BFBE-091B838EB02F}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/British%20Expansion.one ) - ! Answered above ]]>08.3-modern-history/2.-british-expansion/2.5-the-punjab.html08.3 Modern-History/2. British-Expansion/2.5 The Punjab.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>ROBERT CLIVE sent after he led victory at Buxar to consolidate rule. Was concerned about political system of North and degraded moral character of EIC servants affecting trade. Surrender Allahabad and Kara to Shah Alam II Pay Rs 50 lakh war indemnity Give Balwant Singh, Zamindar of Banaras, full possession of his estate. Reside at Allahabad under Company's protection. Issue a farman granting the diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the EIC in lieu of an annual payment of Rs 26 lakh in perpetuity Provision of Rs 53 lakh to the Company in return for nizamat functions (military defence, police, and administration of justice) Shuja promised Bihar + its treasury 30 mil compensation **GB Malleson** : Not only did it advance the frontier to Allahabad it bound the rulers of Awadh to the conqueror by ties of admiration, gratitude, reliance and trust. **Alfred Lyall** : English were drawn into connection with upper India and were brought out upon a scene of fresh operations that grew rapidly. Nawab also entered an offensive defence treaty to send help when Company needed. Clive did not annex them as it would have put an obligation on EIC to protect a large fronteir. Awadh became a buffer state, both the Emperor and Nawab became a great friend of the Company Robert Clive : Dual system of gov diwani under Company 1765 and Nawab responsible for maintaining peace and order/ Nizamat but depended on the Company for funds and forces Warren Hastings did away with the dual system in 1772 The power practically lay with the EIC. They appointed 2 deputy diwans Reza Khan for Bengal and Raja Shitab Roy for Bihar. Reza Khan also acted as Deputy Nazim. Both the Nizamat and Diwani functions were exercised by Indian agencies while real power rested w/ EIC open assumption of authority might have united some Indian princes against EIC -> war. French, Dutch, Danes would start paying duties on trade with this new settlement since new firman would supersed older ones Open assumption would also complicate England's diplomatic relations w/ France, Hollan, Portugal and Sweden -> anti-British alliance. It would also bring British parliaments direct interference in EIC matters. EIC did not have trained personnel to take over and run adm work. CoD opposed acquisition of territories that could cause interference w/ trade and profit. Adm of law and order virtually broke down. Dacoits and Sanyasi raiders roamed freely. George Cornewall in 1858 called this systems(1765 - 1784) more corrupt, more perfidious and more rapacious to ever exist on face of the Earth. Agriculture was laid to waste. Revenue give to highest bidder. Over-assessment and harshness in collection accompanied by famine in 1770. Agricultural depression, Issue of Dastaks -> virtuall monopoly of English merchants. Clive said that EIC traders traded as sovereigns of land and took the bread out of the mouths of thousands of merchants who formerly traded. Weaving industry received setback as silk industry in Bengal was discouraged. Weavers compelled to work in Silk factories to export raw silk who later cut off their thumbs. William Bolts tells that Gomasthas or Companies agents flogged, fined, weavers. Made them forcibly sign contracts and transferred them from one merchant to others like slaves. Moral degradation of society. Farmers worked only for those hours that was absolutely necessary, weavers also did the same since there was no incentive for work. Civil reforms compelled EIC servants to sign covenants prohibiting acceptance of presents. Forbade private trade for thema and made payment of internal duties obligatory. Society of Trade was formed w/ monopoly of trade in Salt, betelnut, Tobacco. Profit form these were to be divided among servants on the basis of their ranks -> was soon abolished in 1767. Military Reforms Reduction of double bhatta or field allowance. Now only to be paid for service outside Bengal and Bihar. White brigades at Allahabad and Monghyr decided to resign in masse. Their resignation was accepted they were arrested and tried. He was charge by British parliament for exacting illegal presents, he joined the general plunder by organising the Society of Trade. collapse: open **Percival Spear** : Clive was a harbinger of the furture who revealed some of the possibilities that might come. He was forerunner of British Indian Empire **KM Pannikar** : 1765-1772 the Company estd a robber state. British imperialism showed its worst side. Clive failed to rise as a statesman. **Lord Macaulay** : His 2nd visit to India dates the political ascendancy of the English in this country far exceeding any pro-consul of rome **Alfred Lyall** : High spirited, couragious, indefatigable man. English are indebted for foundation of their Empire to him. **Nandalal Chatterji** : Changes he brought only worsened the situation; evils of inland trade remained incorrected, further aggravated scarcity of silver. System he laid down was short sighted opportunism that reveals his failure to rise to heights of a statesman. "Buxar takes rank amongst the most decisive battles ever fought." Comment. [1982, 20m]
The Battle of Buxar The Battle of Buxar, fought in 1764, is often considered one of the most decisive battles ever fought in India. There are several reasons why this battle is considered so significant: 1. It marked the end of the British East India Company's struggle for control of Bengal: The British East India Company had been engaged in a series of conflicts with local rulers in Bengal for several years, but the Battle of Buxar marked the end of this struggle and solidified British control over Bengal. 2. It marked the beginning of British rule in India: The victory at Buxar marked the beginning of British rule in India, as it allowed the British to exert significant influence over the rest of India and use its resources for their own gain. 3. It marked the end of the Mughal Empire: Buxar was the last significant battle in which the Mughal Empire was able to put up a resistance against the British East India Company, and it marked the end of the Mughal Empire as a significant political and military power in India. 4. It marked the beginning of the British consolidating power in India: The victory at Buxar allowed the British to consolidate their power in India, and they were able to expand their control over other regions of India through military conquests and political maneuvering in the following decades. 5. It marked a turning point in the European powers competition for control of India: The British victory at Buxar over the combined forces of the Nawab of Bengal, the Nawab of Awadh, and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, was a significant blow to the French East India Company which had been competing with the British for control of India. "Thus ended the famous battle of Buxar, on which depended the fate of India and which was as gallantly disputed as was important in its results." Comment. [1985, 20m]
The Battle of Buxar "The revolution of 1760 (Bengal) was really no revolution." Comment. [1987, 20m]
Vansittart, treaty with Mir Kasim in 1760 to oust Mir "By certain of his actions Clive has marred both the glory and usefulness of his work." Comment. [1995, 20m] More Content Needed "The verdict of Plassey was confirmed by the English victory at Buxar." Comment. [1996, 20m]
The Battle of Buxar analysis needed on this "The verdict at Plassey was confirmed by the English victory at Buxar." Comment. [2002, 20m]
The Battle of Buxar analysis needed on this How far is it correct to say that if Clive was the founder of the British Empire in India Warren Hastings was its administrative organizer? [2016, 20m] Clive Warren Hastings ]]>08.3-modern-history/2.-british-expansion/2.1-bengal-mir-jafar-and-mir-kasim.html08.3 Modern-History/2. British-Expansion/2.1 Bengal - Mir Jafar and Mir Kasim.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/2.-british-expansion/2.2-the-battle-of-buxar.html08.3 Modern-History/2. British-Expansion/2.2 The Battle of Buxar.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/15.-economic-dev-political-change/15.3-politics-of-planning-and-rural-reconstruction.html08.3 Modern-History/15. Economic-Dev-Political-Change/15.3 Politics-of-Planning-and-rural-reconstruction.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/15.-economic-dev-political-change/15.4-ecology-and-environmental-policy-in-post-colonial-india.html08.3 Modern-History/15. Economic-Dev-Political-Change/15.4 Ecology-and-Environmental-policy-in-post-colonial-India.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/15.-economic-dev-political-change/15.5-progress-of-science.html08.3 Modern-History/15. Economic-Dev-Political-Change/15.5 Progress-of-Science.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/13.-consolidation-of-nation/13.1-nehru's-foreign-policy.html08.3 Modern-History/13. Consolidation-of-Nation/13.1 Nehru's-Foreign-Policy.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/13.-consolidation-of-nation/13.2-india-and-her-neighbours-1947-1964.html08.3 Modern-History/13. Consolidation-of-Nation/13.2 India-and-her-Neighbours-1947-1964.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/13.-consolidation-of-nation/13.3-linguistic-reorganisation-of-states-1935-1947.html08.3 Modern-History/13. Consolidation-of-Nation/13.3 Linguistic-Reorganisation-of-States-1935-1947.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTNational Integration and Secularism NIOS.pdf
https://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/lesy106.pdf ]]>08.3-modern-history/13.-consolidation-of-nation/13.4-regionalism-and-regional-inequality.html08.3 Modern-History/13. Consolidation-of-Nation/13.4 Regionalism-and-Regional-Inequality.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/13.-consolidation-of-nation/13.5-integration-of-princely-states-.html08.3 Modern-History/13. Consolidation-of-Nation/13.5 Integration-of-Princely-States-.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/13.-consolidation-of-nation/13.6-princes-in-electoral-politics.html08.3 Modern-History/13. Consolidation-of-Nation/13.6 Princes-in-electoral-politics.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/13.-consolidation-of-nation/13.7-the-question-of-national-language.html08.3 Modern-History/13. Consolidation-of-Nation/13.7 The-question-of-National-Language.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/14.-caste-ethnicity-after-1947/14.1-caste-and-ethnicity-after-1947.html08.3 Modern-History/14. Caste-Ethnicity-after-1947/14.1 Caste-and-Ethnicity-after-1947.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/14.-caste-ethnicity-after-1947/14.2-dalit-movements.html08.3 Modern-History/14. Caste-Ethnicity-after-1947/14.2 Dalit-Movements.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/15.-economic-dev-political-change/15.2-land-reforms.html08.3 Modern-History/15. Economic-Dev-Political-Change/15.2 Land-Reforms.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo 2020-04-27 15:23:15
#todo BL Grover Page 312 ✅ 2023-01-20
2020-04-27 15:23:20 Bejoy Kumar Sinha, Shiv Varma and Jaidev Kapur in U.P. tried to reorganise HRA.
#todo Page 315 onwards BL Grover ✅ 2023-01-23 2020-04-27 15:23:26
#todo 2020-04-27 15:23:30 The Ghadr was established in 1913 in San Francisco. main leaders were Lala Hardayal, Ramachandra , Bhagwan Singh , Kartar Singh Saraba , Barkatullah and Bhai Parmanand. Its main objectives were to organise assasinations, publish revolutionary literature, bring about a simulataneous revolt in British Colonies. Against the Komagata Maru incident : the Ghadrites fixed February 1915 as the date for an armed revolt in Ferozepur , Lahore and Rawalpindi garrisons. Rashbehari Bose and Sachin Sanyal were to lead the action.  Sachin Sanyal born in 1893 founded the HRA to carry out armed resistance. He also founded a branch of Anushilan Samiti in Patna 1913. 1912 Delhi Conspiracy trial Sanyal and Rashbehari bose attacked Viceroy Hardinge. Was close associate of Rash Behari Bose. Inspired and mentored leaders like Chandrashekhar Azad and Bhagat Singh. He was against Gandhiji's gradualist approach. Sentenced to life in Kakori Train robbery case and wrote book called Bandi Jeevan in 1922 during captivity. Defence of India Rules was applied to curb this threat, it revolt failed. The Ghadrites moved to India to stir up revolution. But lack of centralised command and an organised leadership frustrated their efforts. They also underestimated the amount of preparation required to take up the revolution. They also underestimated the strength of the British in India. Berlin Committee for Indian Independence was established in 1915 by Virendranath Chattopadhyay, Bhupendranath Dutta , Lala Hardayal and others with the help of the German foreign office under ‘Zimmerman Plan'. February 15, 1915 by Punjabi Muslim 5th Light Infantry and the 36th Sikh battalion mutinied in Singapore under Jamadar Chisti Khan , Jamadar  Abdul Gani and Subedar Daud Khan Ramnath Puri started the Circular e Azadi in 1907. Tarak Nath Das started the Free Hindustan in Vancouver. He along with GD Kumar set up the United India House. GD Kumar Started the Swadesh Sewak Home in Vancouver later shifted to Seattle. The met with the Viceroy in India. During their visit various meetings were organised in Punjab. It led to the creation of a nationalist consciousness among immigrant Indians. Helped spread nationalism among the Indian immigrants who were mostly drawn from the lower strata of the society. They set out to create a secular consciousness among the Punjabi. They were not bogged down by narrow regional identities It inculcated a democratic and egalitarian outlook to the people. It gave the movement an internationalist outlook. Revolutionaries from all over the world were seen as comrades. References were made to Irish, Mexican etc movements. The Revolutionaries: Bengal, the Punjab, Maharashtra, U.P, the Madras Presidency, Outside India Discuss the nature, methods and activities of the Terrorist Revolutionary Movement and assess its place in India's Freedom Struggle. [1979, 60m] Examine the causes of the rise and progress of revolutionary movements in India from 1905 to 1931. [2003, 60m] Describe the changing nature of revolutionary activities in India between 1905 - 1946. [2008, 60m] "The very idea of the bomb and the secret society, and of propaganda through action and sacrifice were import from the West." Critically examine. [2015, 10m] Trace the origin of the Ghadar movement and discuss its impact on the revolutionaries in India. [2017, 20m] ]]>08.3-modern-history/11.-other-strands-revolutionaries-left/11.1-the-revolutionaries.html08.3 Modern-History/11. Other-Strands-Revolutionaries-Left/11.1 The Revolutionaries.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>08.3-modern-history/11.-other-strands-revolutionaries-left/11.2-the-left.html08.3 Modern-History/11. Other-Strands-Revolutionaries-Left/11.2 The left.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo ✅ 2023-01-20 2020-04-27 15:23:56 He became the symbol of socialism and socialist ideas in India after 1929. A/C to him freedom should not only be political but also socioeconomic. He read about the Russian revolution while in Jail. He attented the International Congress against Colonial Oppression and imperialism held at Brussels in 1927. He later visited the USSR. For him the true civil ideal was the socialist and the communist ideals. He criticized Gandhiji for refusing to recognise the conflict of classes. He termed most Congress mem as the left and wanted them to slowly adopt leftist ideology. He thus did not wanted to break away from the Congress but wanted to take it towards the leftist trend. He wanted the people to study their social conditions scientifically. He criticised Gandhiji's Struggle-Truce-Struggle strategy. He wanted a permanent confrontation with imperialism. 2020-04-27 15:24:32 1939 travelled across IN to stir a movt Decided to launch CDM w/ ML against Holwell/Black Hole Monument Did not like Germ totalitarianism or racism, Axis help could be used for IN independence Jan 1941 fled 1943 arrived in SE Asia, His Jayanti is celebrated as Parakram Diwas on 23rd January Was elected 2 times as president of INC once in Haripura and then in Tripuri. Considered Vivekanada as his spiritual Guru His political mentor was Chittranjan Das. Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind/ Azad Hind was formed in 1943 in Singapore. SA Iyer headed the publicity and propaganda wing Rash Behari Bose was supreme advisor 2020-04-27 15:24:42 In 1930-32 a socialist trend disenchanted with the Gandhian method developed within the Congress party. They were also not in line with the prevalent CPI views of that time. Also wanted to counter the right wing. formed the Congress Socialist Party in 1934 under the leadership of Jay Prakash Narayan. Within the Congress they tried to strengthen it ideologically by adopting a socialist vision and a more radical pro-labour and pro peasant stands on economic issues. also to develop as an alternative socialist leadership within the congress for leaders who were not able to take the struggle to the masses. did not go against the leadership of the Congress even with the Gandhiji-Bose standoff in 1939. divided into 3 broad ideological currents : Marxian, Fabian and Gandhian. Bose-Nehru wanted to make socialism strong in Indian politics. Its basic features were anti-imperialism, anti-landlordism, org of trade unions and kisan sabhas etc. failed to sow a socialist hegemony, however opposed the right wing within the congress. failed to make a deep study of Indian reality. It saw the dominant congress leadership as bourgeoise and every step towards a compromise with imperialism was seen as an abandonment of national struggle. Counterposed use of violence as a superior means to non-violence. It also felt that non-violent struggle was a limitation upon the masses. greatest achievement was the org of peasants and workers. commanded 1/3rd of the votes in the AICC on imp issues. played an imp role in the passing of the economic policy resolution, election manifesto of the congress, setting up of National Planning Committee. Formation of All India Student's Federation and Progressive Writers Asso. Achhut Patwardhan, Ashoke Mehta, Yusuf Mehrali , Narendra Dev, Minoo Masani were other founders Nehru never formally joined **Sumit Sarkar** : ideology ranged from vague and mixed up radical nationalism to firm advocacy of Marxian scientific socialism The Left; The Left within the Congress: Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose, the Congress Socialist Party; the Communist Party of India, other left parties Assess the role of the Left Wing within the Indian National Congress between 1920 and 1947. [1981, 60m] The Left Wing of the Indian National Congress played a significant role in the struggle for independence in India between 1920 and 1947. The Left Wing of the Indian National Congress was a group of radical members of the party who advocated for more extreme measures to be taken in order to achieve freedom from British rule. The Left Wing was led by prominent figures such as Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose, and Maulana Azad. The Left Wing of the Indian National Congress was instrumental in pushing the party to adopt more militant tactics in the fight for independence. It was a strong advocate of civil disobedience and mass protests against British rule. They called for the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1920, which saw millions of Indians boycotting British goods and services. The Left Wing also supported the Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930, which saw thousands of Indians engaging in acts of civil disobedience. They were also a strong proponent of socialism and was heavily involved in the formation of the Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC). They supported the rights of workers and was instrumental in pushing for the implementation of labour laws and other measures to protect the rights of workers in India. Were heavily involved in the Quit India Movement of 1942. The Left Wing also supported the formation of the Indian National Army, which was led by Subhas Chandra Bose and fought against the British forces in World War II. Account for the rise and growth of Left-wing within the Congress. Did Jawaharlal Nehru believe in a socialistic approach to Indian and world problems and if so why? [1986, 60m] The rise and growth of Left-wing within the Congress can be attributed to a number of factors. Firstly, the Indian National Congress (INC) had always been a broad-based organization, with members representing a variety of political ideologies. As the INC gained more prominence and influence in Indian politics, it became increasingly attractive to those with left-wing views. The growth of the Left-wing within the Congress was also fuelled by the emergence of the CSP (INS) in the 1930s. The INS was a left-wing political party that sought to promote socialist ideals in India. The rise of Jawaharlal Nehru to the leadership of the INC also played an important role in the growth of the Left-wing within the party. Nehru was an advocate of socialism and he sought to implement many of its principles in India. He was an ardent supporter of public ownership and nationalization of key industries, and he also sought to promote social and economic justice. Nehru also believed in a socialistic approach to Indian and world problems. He was a strong believer in internationalism and he sought to promote cooperation between countries in order to solve global issues. He also sought to promote peace and disarmament as a means of preventing war. Nehru was also an advocate of economic planning, and he believed that the government should play an active role in the economy in order to ensure that resources are allocated efficiently. He also sought to promote social welfare and education as a means of improving the quality of life for all Indians. Overall, the rise and growth of Left-wing within the Congress can be attributed to a number of factors. The emergence of CSP, the influence of Subhas Chandra Bose, and the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru all played a role in bringing more left-wingers into the party. Nehru's socialistic approach to Indian and world problems was also influential in shaping the INC's policies and objectives. 'The National Movement has shown concern for problems other than the constitutional one.' Discuss the factors that helped the rise of a left wing in the Indian National Congress. [1990, 60m] The rise of a left wing in the Indian National Congress can be attributed to various factors. Firstly, the National Movement was increasingly becoming aware of the socio-economic problems faced by the Indian people, such as poverty, illiteracy and inequality. This led to a shift in the focus of the movement from constitutional issues to socio-economic issues. Secondly, the idea of socialism was gaining traction in the country, with the formation of the Indian Socialist Party in 1934 and the emergence of leaders such as Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose, who advocated for a more radical approach to the freedom struggle. Thirdly, the emergence of the peasant and labour movements across the country added to the pressure on the Indian National Congress to take a more progressive stance on socio-economic issues. Finally, the growing influence of the Soviet Union and the success of its socialist model provided a source of inspiration for the left wing of the Congress. Labor rights: Left wing members of the INC have been vocal advocates for the rights of workers and labor unions, and have pushed for policies that support and protect these groups. Decolonization and anti-imperialism: The rise of left wing within the INC was also driven by the desire to end colonial rule and imperialism, and to promote self-determination and autonomy for India and other colonized nations. Account for the rise and growth of leftism in the Congress movement. What impact did it have on contemporary Indian politics? [1997, 60m] The rise of the Left wing in the Indian National Congress in the period of 1920-1947 had a significant impact on the contemporary politics of India. This period saw the emergence of a strong Leftist ideology in the Congress and the rise of a powerful Left-wing in the party, which was led by prominent figures such as Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose, and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. The first impact of the rise of Left wing in the Congress was the emergence of a more progressive and secular ideology in the party. The Congress was no longer dominated by conservative and elitist forces, but instead embraced a more inclusive and progressive ideology that sought to bring about social and economic reforms. This was evident in the adoption of the Nehru Report in 1928, which sought to bring about greater social and economic equality in India. The second impact was the adoption of a more radical approach to the struggle for independence. The emergence of the Left-wing in the Congress led to the adoption of more militant tactics such as the Civil Disobedience Movement and the Quit India Movement. This was in stark contrast to the earlier more moderate approach of the Congress, which had sought to negotiate with the British for independence. The third impact was the emergence of the idea of a united India. The Left-wing in the Congress sought to unite all the different communities and castes in India under one banner and this was evident in the adoption of the Purna Swaraj Declaration in 1929. This declaration sought to bring about a unified and independent India, free from British rule. The fourth impact was the emergence of the concept of socialism in India. The Left-wing in the Congress was strongly influenced by the ideas of socialism and this was evident in the adoption of the Karachi Resolution in 1931. This resolution sought to bring about a socialist society in India, characterized by social and economic equality. The fifth impact was the emergence of the idea of non-alignment. The Left-wing in the Congress was strongly opposed to the idea of aligning India with either the Western powers or the Soviet Union, and instead sought to remain independent and non-aligned. This was evident in the adoption of the Panchsheel Agreement in 1954, which sought to promote peaceful co-existence between India and its neighbors. The sixth impact was the emergence of the idea of a welfare state. The Left-wing in the Congress sought to bring about a more equitable society in India and this was evident in the adoption of the Five Year Plans in 1951. These plans sought to bring about economic and social reforms in India and promote the idea of a welfare state. The seventh impact was the adoption of a more assertive foreign policy. The Left-wing in the Congress sought to promote India’s interests in the international arena, and this was evident in the adoption of the Panchsheel Agreement, which sought to promote peaceful co-existence between India and its neighbors. In conclusion, the rise of the Left-wing in the Congress in the period of 1920-1947 had a significant impact on the contemporary politics of India. This period saw the emergence of a more progressive and secular ideology in the Congress, the adoption of a more radical approach to the struggle for independence, the emergence of the idea of a united India, the emergence of the concept of socialism in India, the emergence of the idea of non-alignment, the emergence of the idea of a welfare state, and the adoption of a more assertive foreign policy. All of these changes had a lasting impact on the contemporary politics of India. Discuss the nature of the leadership and programme of the Congress Socialist party.[2002, 60m]) The party's leadership was composed of individuals who were committed to socialism and believed that the INC needed to adopt a more progressive and left-wing stance in order to address the economic and social issues facing India. The CSP's program emphasized the need for radical economic and social reforms to address poverty and inequality. They called for the nationalization of key industries, the redistribution of land, and the protection of workers' rights. They also advocated for the empowerment of marginalized groups, such as Dalits, Adivasis and Minorities, and pushed for policies that promoted their rights and welfare. The CSP's leadership was composed of prominent figures such as Jayaprakash Narayan, Minoo Masani, and Ram Manohar Lohia, who were all influential figures in the Indian independence movement and later in Indian politics. They were also associated with the socialist and communist movements of the time. In terms of its organizational structure, the CSP was a loosely organized group within the larger Congress Party, which allowed its members to continue to participate in the activities of the parent party while also advocating for a more socialist agenda. The party was dissolved in 1948, as the majority of its leaders joined the newly formed Praja Socialist Party, but the ideas and ideology of CSP continued to influence the Indian politics in the following years. "The ideology of Subhash Chandra Bose was a combination of nationalism, fascism and communism." Comment. [2002, 20m] <iframe src="https://forwardbloc.org/ideology-of-netaji/" allow="fullscreen" allowfullscreen="" style="height: 100%; width: 100%; aspect-ratio: 1 / 1;"></iframe> Account for the emergence of the left-wing within the congress. How far did it influence the programme and policy of the congress? [2006, 60m] The Congress Socialist Party (CSP) played a significant role in influencing the program and policy of the Indian National Congress (INC) during the 1930s and 1940s. The CSP's emphasis on socialism and progressive economic policies, as well as on the empowerment of marginalized groups, had a significant impact on the Congress's policies in these areas. One of the most notable examples of the CSP's influence on Congress's policy was the passing of the economic policy resolution in 1944, which was heavily influenced by the CSP's socialist and progressive economic agenda. This resolution advocated for the nationalization of key industries, the redistribution of land, and the protection of workers' rights. The CSP also played a significant role in shaping the election manifesto of the Congress, which reflected the party's socialist and progressive economic agenda. The CSP's ideas and ideologies also influenced the formation of the National Planning Committee, which was established to develop a comprehensive economic plan for India. The CSP also played a key role in the formation of several other organizations, such as the All India Student's Federation and Progressive Writers Association. These organizations were established to promote progressive and socialist ideals among the youth and the literary community respectively. In terms of social policies, the CSP's emphasis on the empowerment of marginalized groups, such as Dalits, Adivasis and Minorities, had a significant impact on the Congress's policies in these areas. The Congress began to adopt more inclusive and equitable policies that aimed to address the needs of these groups. Overall, the Congress Socialist Party played an important role in shaping the Congress's program and policy during the 1930s and 1940s. The CSP's socialist and progressive economic agenda, as well as its emphasis on the empowerment of marginalized groups, had a significant impact on the Congress's policies in these areas. The emergence of left-wing group in the congress radicalized its social economic agenda." Critically evaluate. [2011, 20m] A powerful left-wing group developed in India in the late 1920s and 1930s, contributing to the radicalization of national movement." Critically Examine. [2015, 10m] 1. The All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS), founded in 1936 by Swami Sahajanand Saraswati, was one of the most influential left-wing groups in India during the late 1920s and 1930s. The organization was formed to represent the interests of India's peasantry and to fight against the exploitation of the rural poor. AIKS organized numerous peasant conferences and demonstrations to demand land reform, higher wages, and better working conditions. 2. The Congress Socialist Party (CSP), founded in 1934, was another important left-wing group in India during this period. The CSP was led by prominent figures such as Jayaprakash Narayan, Acharya Narendra Dev, and Minoo Masani. The CSP sought to radicalize the Indian National Congress and to promote socialist ideas within the national movement. 3. The Communist Party of India (CPI) was founded in 1920 and quickly grew in influence in the late 1920s and 1930s. The CPI advocated for the overthrow of the British Raj and the establishment of a socialist state in India. The CPI organized numerous strikes and demonstrations to further its goals. 4. The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) was founded in 1920 and was an important left-wing group in India during this period. The AITUC organized numerous strikes and demonstrations to demand better working conditions and higher wages for workers. 5. The All India Students' Federation (AISF) was founded in 1936 and was a major left-wing student organization in India during this period. The AISF sought to radicalize the student movement and to promote socialist ideas among students. The organization organized numerous protests and demonstrations to demand better educational opportunities and to oppose imperialism. Underline the growth of various forms of Socialist ideologies in the Indian National Movement between World War I and II. [2018, 20 Marks] The growth of various forms of socialist ideologies in the Indian National Movement between World War I and II can be traced through the following key developments: 1. The influence of Marxist ideas: The Indian National Movement was influenced by Marxist ideas, particularly during the 1920s and 1930s. This was reflected in the formation of various socialist and communist groups within the Congress, such as the Congress Socialist Party. 2. The emergence of left-wing leaders: A number of left-wing leaders emerged within the Congress during this period, including individuals such as Jayaprakash Narayan, Minoo Masani, and Ram Manohar Lohia, who were committed to socialism and advocated for progressive economic and social policies. 3. The rise of labor movements: The growth of socialist ideologies was also reflected in the rise of labor movements in India during this period, which advocated for the rights and protections of workers and labor unions. 4. The focus on economic and social reforms: Socialist ideologies within the Indian National Movement placed a strong emphasis on economic and social reforms, including policies aimed at addressing poverty and inequality, such as land reforms and the nationalization of key industries. 5. The influence of anti-imperialist and anti-colonial ideologies: Socialist ideologies within the Indian National Movement were also closely linked to anti-imperialist and anti-colonial ideologies, which sought to end British colonial rule and promote self-determination and autonomy for India. ]]>08.3-modern-history/11.-other-strands-revolutionaries-left/11.3-the-left-within-congress.html08.3 Modern-History/11. Other-Strands-Revolutionaries-Left/11.3 The left within Congress.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/11.-other-strands-revolutionaries-left/11.4-communist-party-of-india.html08.3 Modern-History/11. Other-Strands-Revolutionaries-Left/11.4 Communist Party of India.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo ]]>08.3-modern-history/11.-other-strands-revolutionaries-left/11.5-other-left-parties.html08.3 Modern-History/11. Other-Strands-Revolutionaries-Left/11.5 Other Left Parties.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTAfter 1937 communalism started assuming a virulent, extremist and Fascist The Muslim League was a political party founded in 1906 in British India to protect the rights of Indian Muslims. Its main goal was to create a separate homeland for Muslims in the subcontinent. The Muslim League was the driving force behind the creation of Pakistan in 1947. From 1937 to 1947, the Muslim League's politics focused on the demand for a separate Muslim homeland in the subcontinent. This demand was articulated through the Lahore Resolution of 1940, which called for the creation of a separate Muslim state in the areas where the Muslims were in a majority. The Muslim League also began to organize itself as a political party and contested elections in British India. The Muslim League worked to gain support for its demand for a separate Muslim homeland. It launched a "Direct Action Day" in August 1946, which led to widespread communal violence in India. This violence further polarized the Hindu and Muslim communities and strengthened the Muslim League's demand for a separate state. The Muslim League also worked to improve the economic and social conditions of Muslims in India. It launched the "Pakistan Resolution" in March 1940, which called for the establishment of economic and educational opportunities for Muslims in the subcontinent. The Muslim League also worked to improve the political representation of Muslims in India. It held the All India Muslim Conference in April 1941, which called for increased Muslim representation in government and the implementation of separate electorates for Muslims. The Muslim League also worked to improve the legal rights of Muslims in India and called for the abolition of the separate electorates and the introduction of universal adult franchise. It also demanded the establishment of a separate Muslim court system and the adoption of Islamic laws in the Muslim-majority areas. The Muslim League also worked to gain support for its demand for a separate Muslim homeland from the British government. It held the "Lahore Conference" in April 1940, which was attended by Muslim League leaders from all over India. The conference called for the creation of an independent Muslim state in the subcontinent. "To glorify the strength of the Congress and deny that of the League is to be blind." (P.C. Joshi, 1945). Comment. [1994, 20m]
After 1937 communalism started assuming a virulent, extremist and Fascist Joshi's statement suggests that some people may have been inclined to view the Congress as the only significant political force in India, and to downplay the significance of the Muslim League. However, he reminds us that the Muslim League was also an important political party and that its strength should be acknowledged. In the context of the 1940s, Joshi's remark is particularly important as the British were considering the future of India and the Muslim League under Jinnah's leadership was demanding a separate nation for Muslims. His statement also implies that a fair assessment of the political scenario would require considering both the Congress and the League and their respective strengths. Examples that prove that the Muslim league was powerful - The Lahore Resolution of 1940: The Muslim League passed the Lahore Resolution, also known as the Pakistan Resolution, which called for the creation of an independent Muslim state in British India. This resolution was seen as a major turning point in the demand for Pakistan. - Direct Action Day: On August 16, 1946, the Muslim League organized a mass protest known as Direct Action Day in Calcutta, which resulted in communal riots and widespread violence. This event was seen as a major escalation of tensions between Hindus and Muslims in India. - The Cabinet Mission Plan: In 1946, the British government sent a Cabinet Mission to India to discuss the future of the country. The Muslim League rejected the plan as it did not assure the Muslims of their rights and safety in a Hindu majority India. - The 1946 elections: The Muslim League won the majority of the Muslim seats in the British Indian general elections of 1946, further strengthening its claim to represent Indian Muslims. - The 1946 Bengal famine: Jinnah and Muslim league also used the Bengal famine of 1943-44 as a political tool to garner support for the Muslim league. "The Pakistan movement converted a cultural and religious entity of a people into a separatist political force." Elucidate. [1996, 60m]
After 1937 communalism started assuming a virulent, extremist and Fascist - ! Divide the country into various regions like Sindh, KPK, Bengal, NWFP where ML had major support and then provide for evidences of political and religious movements, evens, strikes, meetings, riots that was organised by ML for the support of the Pakistan movement. - ! Also mention what role did ML play in August Offer, Cripps Mission, Wavell Plan and Cabinet mission plan. Trace the origin and growth of the Indian Muslim League. [1999, 60m]
[Colonial policy of differentiation through ethnographic studies, census , religion](onenote: The %20Muslim%20League§ion-id={18C94A1F-03BF-42B0-AF70-3A5A6D981645}&page-id={4EB698BE-B923-4BC5-9214-720626373085}&object-id={7A6E370D-D1AA-40E0-A058-94EF66254D34}&1A&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20II/Politics%20of%20Separatism.one ) ]]>08.3-modern-history/12.-politics-of-separatism/12.1-the-muslim-league.html08.3 Modern-History/12. Politics-of-Separatism/12.1 The Muslim League.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/12.-politics-of-separatism/12.2-the-hindu-mahasabha.html08.3 Modern-History/12. Politics-of-Separatism/12.2 The Hindu Mahasabha.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#important Nationalist leaders tried to make efforts to oppose communalism but were not able to remove it because they often based their measure on compromise. Pact was led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak from INC and Jinnah from AIML. It marked the reunion of moderate and radical wings of the congress. Most of the demands that was put by it was accepted by it in the GOI Act 1919. challenged Indian leaders to come out a solution to the constitutional question. The Muslim communal leaders came out with the Delhi Proposal Congress came out with the Nehru Report Distraught with the Nehru Report, Jinnah came out with his Fourteen Points which became the basis of all communal propaganda in the future. By negotiating with the communal leaders congress legitimized their politics. It also weakened their stance to carry out a hard political and ideological campaign against communalism. The communal force joined hands with the reactionary element of the British ruling classes during the Round Table Conferences RTC. communalism started assuming a virulent, extremist and Fascist form based on the politics of hatred, fear, psychosis and irrationality. Acquired a popular base and began to mobilise popular mass opinion. The youth during this phase was turning towards the left thus as a response the Hindu - Muslim landlords, money lenders, jagirdars etc to save their interest turned towards Communalism. WW II strengthened the reliance on the communal card. Muslim League was recognised as the sole spokesperson for Muslims and given veto to any political settlement. interest of other Hindu and Sikh communalist were side lined. 1937 elections the ML and Hindu Mahasabha fared poorly and made them realise that they need to cater a more militant mass based politics. Jinnah was a nationalist when he joined the Congress. He bitterly opposed the formation of Muslim League in 1906 and called it as 'dividing the nation against itself'. He joined the League in 1913 after that his views took a communal term and he became a communal nationalist. He got the congress to accept demands of Separate electorates and communal reservations. left INC along with other liberal leaders in 1920 disagreeing with Gandhi's mass based politics. He was not willing to go into political oblivion so he turned towards Communal Politics. This was his liberal communalist phase. After 1937 his speeches became of hatred and venomous. He called for the extermination of Hindus and INC as Fascists. Emphasising Islam was in danger of extinction if Congress were to rule. Nationalist Muslims like Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad were termed as show boys of the congress and maligned in speeches. Lala Lajpat Rai and MM Malviya were the 2 main liberal communal leaders. MS Gowalkar and VD Savarkar of the RSS and the Hindu Mahasabha were Hindu communalists. They wanted the Muslims to live as subordinates in a Hindu nation without privileges and civil rights. founded Mitra Mela in 1899, 'Abhinav Bharat Society' in Pune & 'Free IN society' in London. He founded the 'Free India Society' to celebrate important Indian dates in the calender viz festivals etc. mem of Tilaks 'Swaraj Party' wrote 'Indian war of Independence 1857' was banned; became Prez of Hindu Mahasabha cooperated w/ M.League to form gov in Sindh, Bengal and NWFP was against foreign goods and participated in 1905 Swadeshi Movement was an atheist, disapproved orthodox Hindu belief ex cow worship worked for abolishing untouchability President of Hindu Mahasabha 1937-1943 founded the 2 nation theory in his book Hindutva Two major Controversies around the communal problem Jinnah could have been conciliated and a coalition could have been formed during 1937. Jinnah was already a full-fledged communalist by then Congress tried all possible efforts to negotiate with him Jinnah wanted the Congress to accept that it was Hindu body, which was unacceptable to congress Coalition was not possible for the left had threatened to launch a mass campaign if it was done so. The congress relied too heavily on negotiations with the communal leaders and failed to evolve a viable long term strategy to combat it. Communal riots due to K movt erupted in Malabar J Nehru + other leaders emphasised secularist view of IN **Christophe Jaffrelot** : M ==mobilisation under K movt generated sense of inferiority and insecurity among H== who started counter mobilisation **Gyanendra Pandey** : 1920s saw shift in ==Congress's conceptualisation of nationalism, religion relegated to private sphere== **Ayesha Jalal** : M needed political arrangement capable of accommodating cultural diff. ML till 1937 was little more than a debating forum Write a critical note on: "Gandhiji's role in solving the communal problem." [1981, 20m]
After 1937 communalism started assuming a virulent, extremist and Fascist Gandhiji's role in solving the communal problem can be viewed as both positive and negative. On one hand, Gandhiji was a strong advocate for Hindu-Muslim unity and he worked tirelessly to bring the two communities together. He advocated for a non-violent approach to resolving the communal problem and he organized several campaigns, such as the Non-Cooperation Movement, to promote Hindu-Muslim unity. On the other hand, Gandhiji's efforts to solve the communal problem were often criticized for being inadequate. Some argue that he failed to fully understand the deep-seated issues that were driving the communal problem, and that his focus on non-violence and non-cooperation was ineffective in addressing the problem. Additionally, many Muslim leaders felt that Gandhiji's approach did not take into account their specific concerns and demands, which led to a growing sense of alienation among Muslims. Analyze the circumstances, between 1942 and 1947, that led to freedom and partition of India. [1979, 60m] The period between 1942 and 1947 saw the Indian independence movement reach its peak, leading to the eventual freedom and partition of India. This period was marked by a series of events, both political and social, that shaped the course of Indian history. The period was marked by the rise of nationalist movements and the emergence of leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru. The Indian National Congress, led by these two leaders, played a pivotal role in mobilizing the people of India and unifying them under a common cause. The Congress demanded complete independence from British rule and the establishment of a secular, democratic nation. The Quit India Movement of 1942 was a major event during this period. Launched by Mahatma Gandhi, the movement called for the immediate withdrawal of British forces from India. The movement was met with a harsh response from the British, with thousands of protesters being arrested and imprisoned. Despite the crackdown, the movement was successful in spreading the message of independence across India. In 1945, the British government announced its intention to grant India independence. This prompted the Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, to demand a separate homeland for Muslims in India. The League argued that Muslims would not be able to live in peace and harmony in an independent India. This demand led to the formation of the Muslim League in 1946, and the subsequent partition of India in 1947. The period between 1942 and 1947 saw a number of other events that played a role in the eventual freedom and partition of India. The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny of 1946 was a major event that marked the beginning of the end of British rule in India. The mutiny was a result of the discontent among Indian sailors over discrimination and oppressive policies of the British. The 1946 elections were also a major event of this period. The elections saw the Congress winning a majority of the seats, further strengthening its position as the leading political party in India. The election results also showed a clear divide between Hindus and Muslims, thus paving the way for the eventual partition of India. "Please remember, in granting separate electorates, we are sowing dragon's teeth the harvest will be bitter." Comment. [1992, 2009, 20m] India's independence from British rule marked a momentous occasion in the country's history, and brought with it a long-awaited sense of freedom and self-determination. However, the process of achieving independence was far from simple, and the struggle for self-rule was fraught with difficult decisions and compromises. One of the most contentious issues that had to be addressed was the question of separate electorates for different religious communities. This decision had the potential to either unite the country under a single, unified system of governance, or to further fracture it along religious lines. The idea of separate electorates was first proposed in the early 20th century by Indian leaders such as Mohammad Ali Jinnah and B.R. Ambedkar. It was seen as a way of protecting the rights of minority communities, and ensuring that they had a voice in the political process. However, it was also seen as a way of further dividing the country along religious lines, and potentially creating a more divided and fragmented society. The debate over separate electorates was a major issue during the negotiations for India's independence. Ultimately, the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League agreed to the idea of separate electorates as a way of appeasing both sides. This decision was met with criticism from many, who warned that it could lead to further fragmentation and division in the country. The phrase "sowing dragon's teeth" is an apt metaphor for the decision to implement separate electorates. The phrase originates from Greek mythology, and refers to a story in which the warrior Cadmus sowed dragon's teeth, which then sprouted into an army of warriors. In the context of India's independence, the phrase can be seen as a warning that the decision to implement separate electorates could lead to further division and conflict in the country. The implementation of separate electorates did indeed lead to further division in India. The decision was seen as a betrayal of the secular ideals of the Indian independence movement, and it further entrenched the idea of religious divisions in the country. The separate electorates also led to a weakening of the power of the Indian National Congress, as the Muslim League was able to gain more political power through the separate electorates. "Both freedom and partition were the work of Indian middle classes." Comment. [1998, 20m] The Indian National Movement is often seen as a struggle of the Indian people against the British colonial rule. However, the role of the Indian middle classes in the struggle for independence and the eventual partition of India is often overlooked. The Indian middle classes played a crucial role in the Indian National Movement, both in the fight for freedom and in the eventual partition of India. The Indian middle classes were the driving force behind the Indian National Movement. They had been educated in the Western education system and were exposed to the ideas of liberalism and democracy. This led them to become strong advocates of freedom and democracy and to challenge the British colonial rule. The Indian middle classes provided the leadership and organisation for the Indian National Movement. They formed numerous organisations such as the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League, which were instrumental in the struggle for freedom. The Indian middle classes were also the main proponents of the idea of partition. The idea of partition was first proposed by the Muslim League in the 1940s. The League argued that the Muslims of India were a separate nation and should have their own state. This idea was supported by the Indian middle classes, who saw it as a way of ensuring that their own interests were protected. The Indian middle classes also played an important role in the negotiations that led to the partition of India. They were also instrumental in the creation of the Indian Constitution. They were the main architects of the Constitution, which was based on the principles of democracy and freedom. This ensured that the rights and freedoms of the Indian people were protected, and that the country would remain a secular and democratic nation. "I felt that if we did not accept partition, India would be split into many bits and would be ruined." Comment. [2006, 20m] "Please remember, in granting separate electorates we are sowing the dragon's teeth and harvest will be bitter." Comment. [2009, 20m] - ! Answer given above. Discuss as to why the congress accepted the partition of India in 1947. [2009, 30m] The Congress party, led by leaders such as Jawaharlal Nehru, accepted the partition of India in 1947 for several reasons. 1. Communal Tensions: India at the time was facing widespread communal tensions between Hindus and Muslims, which had been exacerbated by the demands of Muslim political leaders for a separate Muslim state. The Congress leaders believed that partition would be the best way to prevent further violence and communal clashes. 2. British Pressure: The British government, which was still in control of India at the time, had made it clear that it would grant independence to India only if a plan for partition was accepted. The Congress leaders felt that it was important to gain independence as soon as possible and saw partition as the only way to achieve this. 3. Lack of Alternative: The Congress leaders believed that partition was the only viable option left on the table. The Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, had made it clear that they would not accept any other solution, and the Congress leaders feared that if partition was not accepted, India would be plunged into a civil war. 4. Preservation of unity: Nehru and other leaders ultimately agreed to partition in order to prevent further violence and preserve India's unity as much as possible. 5. Failure of Cabinet Mission Plan: Cabinet Mission Plan, proposed by the British government in 1946, was an attempt to keep India united with a decentralized government system. However, the plan failed to gain acceptance from both Congress and Muslim League, and the partition became the only available option. 5. Economic Factors: The Congress leaders also believed that partition would help to resolve economic problems caused by religious differences. The Muslim-majority areas in the northwest and east of the country had different economic structures and resources compared to Hindu-majority areas, and partition would allow each region to develop and manage its own resources more effectively. 6. Political Realism: Congress leaders such as Nehru and Sardar Patel recognized that the Muslim League, under Jinnah's leadership, had significant support among India's Muslim population and that it would be difficult to prevent the creation of a separate Muslim state. "Why did the British finally quit India on 15th August 1947? The Imperialist answer is that independence was simply the fulfilment of British self-appointed mission to assist the Indian people to self-government." Examine. [2014, 20m] The statement is partially true. While it is true that the British government had long claimed that its mission in India was to help the Indian people achieve self-government, there were other factors that contributed to the decision to quit India on August 15, 1947. Firstly, the statement highlights that the British had a self-appointed mission in India, that is, to assist the Indian people to self-government. This is not entirely true. The British government had long claimed that its mission in India was to help the Indian people achieve self-government, and indeed, over the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries, the British government implemented a series of political and economic reforms aimed at preparing India for self-government. However, this mission was not entirely a self-appointed one. The demands for self-rule had been mounting in India for decades, led by figures such as Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru. The British government was also facing increasing pressure from the international community to grant independence to India. The end of World War II had also weakened the British empire, and the government was facing financial and military constraints that made it difficult to maintain control over India. Secondly, the statement implies that the British quit India on 15th August 1947 because they had completed their mission of assisting India to self-government. But this is not entirely accurate. The British quit India in 1947 because of a combination of factors. For example, the British government was facing increasing pressure from the international community to grant independence to India, as well as mounting domestic pressure from the Indian nationalist movement led by figures such as Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru. Additionally, the end of World War II had weakened the British empire, and the government was facing financial and military constraints that made it difficult to maintain control over India. Critically examine the turns and twists in the politics of partition in 1930's and 1940's. [2018, 20 Marks]
[Communal ideology believes that that people who follow same religion](onenote: Communalism %20and%20Politics%20of%20Partition§ion-id={18C94A1F-03BF-42B0-AF70-3A5A6D981645}&page-id={8F486E88-D86C-4252-985D-B3AF48BEE81E}&object-id={6D3E47B3-624D-4E06-88DF-6996BE2DAEFA}&C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20II/Politics%20of%20Separatism.one ) ]]>08.3-modern-history/12.-politics-of-separatism/12.3-communalism-and-politics-of-partition.html08.3 Modern-History/12. Politics-of-Separatism/12.3 Communalism and Politics of Partition.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo Covered in NCERT
#todo
#todo #important Timeline of the Partition since Mountbatten's appointment 1. March 1947: Mountbatten is appointed as the last Viceroy of India, with the task of overseeing the transfer of power from British rule to Indian independence. 2. June 3, 1947: Mountbatten presents his plan for the partition of India, known as the "Mountbatten Plan," to the British Cabinet. The plan proposed a partition of India into two independent countries, India and Pakistan. 3. June 2, 1947: Mountbatten meets with leaders of the Indian National Congress and Muslim League to discuss the partition plan. 4. July 18, 1947: The British government formally announces the partition of India and Pakistan. 5. August 14-15, 1947: India and Pakistan gain independence from British rule. 6. August 16, 1947: Mountbatten leaves India, ending his tenure as Viceroy. During his tenure, Lord Mountbatten visited different region of subcontinent to meet leaders and people to persuade them to accept the plan of partition. "Lord Mountbatten came with an order to organise retreat, in military parlance an operation." Comment. [1990, 20m] The statement "Lord Mountbatten came with an order to organise retreat, in military parlance an operation" refers to the role of Lord Mountbatten, the last British Viceroy of India, in the withdrawal of British colonial rule from India. In March 1947, the British government announced that it would grant independence to India, but only if a plan for partition was accepted. The Congress party, led by Jawaharlal Nehru, ultimately agreed to partition in order to prevent further violence and preserve India's unity. Lord Mountbatten was appointed as the last British Viceroy of India and was tasked with overseeing the withdrawal of British colonial rule and the transition to independence. In this context, "organize retreat" refers to the process of preparing for and carrying out the withdrawal of British colonial rule from India. The phrase "in military parlance an operation" suggests that the withdrawal of British colonial rule was considered a military operation, similar to how an army would retreat from enemy territory. Lord Mountbatten was responsible for overseeing this process and ensuring that it was carried out smoothly and efficiently. It's worth noting that Lord Mountbatten had a short tenure as the Viceroy of India and he was to oversee the withdrawal of British colonial rule in a short period of time, hence the plan for withdrawal was to be implemented in a hurry and was called "Operation Madhouse". The term "operation" also reflects the urgency and complexity of the task at hand, which was to transfer the power and administration of the British Indian government to the newly independent nations of India and Pakistan. "Mountbatten's task was, therefore, merely to work out details and effect the partition, demanded by the League and accepted by both British Government and the Congress; and this the new Viceroy moved commandingly to perform." Comment. [1993, 20m] - ! Bring out the demands for separation made by ML and How it was accepted by INC. Mention the challenges to avoid the partition impasse. And then mention the role of Mountbatten and how he undertook partition. "We are therefore unable to advise the British Government that the power which at present resides in British hands should be handed over to two entirely separate sovereign States." Comment. [2004, 60m] The statement “We are therefore unable to advise the British Government that the power which at present resides in British hands should be handed over to two entirely separate sovereign States” was said in the context of India’s independence. This statement was made by the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946 of the which was sent by the British Government to India to propose a plan for India’s independence. The Plan was proposed in order to avoid the partition of India into two separate countries, India and Pakistan. The Plan proposed the establishment of a Union of India which would be responsible for the defense, foreign affairs and communications. It also proposed the establishment of three groups of provinces – Group A, Group B and Group C – which would have autonomy over their respective regions. The Plan also stated that the Union of India would be empowered to make laws related to all-India subjects, while the provinces would have the authority to make laws related to their own regions. The Plan also proposed that the Union of India and the provinces would be autonomous and sovereign entities. This meant that the Union of India would have the power to make laws for the entire country, while the provinces would have the power to make laws for their respective regions. The Plan also proposed that the Union of India and the provinces would have their own Constitutions and would be independent of each other. However, the Plan was rejected by the Indian National Congress, the major political party in India at the time, as they wanted a unified India. The Congress argued that the Plan would lead to the division of India into two separate countries. They also argued that the Plan would not guarantee the unity of India and would lead to the fragmentation of the country. In response to the Congress’s rejection of the Plan, the Cabinet Mission Plan stated that “We are therefore unable to advise the British Government that the power which at present resides in British hands should be handed over to two entirely separate sovereign States.” This statement was made to emphasize the fact that the Plan would not lead to the division of India into two separate countries. The Cabinet Mission Plan wanted to ensure that India remained unified and that the power which was currently in British hands should remain in Indian hands. The Cabinet Mission Plan’s statement that the power should not be handed over to two separate sovereign states was an attempt to ensure that India remained unified and that the power which was currently in British hands should remain in Indian hands. This statement was made in the context of India’s independence and was an attempt to prevent the division of India into two separate countries. The Plan was ultimately rejected by the Indian National Congress and India was eventually partitioned into two separate countries, India and Pakistan. Additionally, Lord Mountbatten, the last British Viceroy of India, was the one who suggested the partition of British India into two independent countries in 1947 as a means to solve the political impasse between the Congress and the Muslim League. Furthermore, the British government passed the Indian Independence Act 1947, which provided for the independence of India and Pakistan on August 15, 1947 and it transferred the power from British hands to two separate sovereign states. ]]>08.3-modern-history/12.-politics-of-separatism/12.4-transfer-of-power.html08.3 Modern-History/12. Politics-of-Separatism/12.4 Transfer of Power.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo #important BL Grover Page 435 ✅ 2023-01-19 Others To what extent did the Freedom Movement in India influence the Liberation Movement in Africa? [2014, 10m] The freedom movement in India, led by figures such as Mahatma Gandhi, had a significant influence on the liberation movement in Africa. The non-violent resistance and civil disobedience tactics used by Gandhi and the Indian National Congress served as inspiration for many African leaders and movements fighting for independence from colonial rule. One example of this is the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa, led by Nelson Mandela. Mandela was heavily influenced by Gandhi and the Indian freedom movement, and he adopted many of their tactics, such as non-violent resistance and civil disobedience, in his fight against the apartheid government. Mandela himself has acknowledged that Gandhi's teachings and methods were a source of inspiration for him. Another example is the Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya. The Mau Mau movement, which sought independence from British colonial rule, was influenced by the Indian independence movement and its leader, Jomo Kenyatta, was heavily influenced by Gandhi's teachings. He even traveled to India to meet with Gandhi and learn more about his methods. Additionally, the Indian independence movement served as an inspiration for many other African liberation movements, such as the Ghanaian independence movement led by Kwame Nkrumah, the Algerian independence movement led by Ahmed Ben Bella, and the Zimbabwean independence movement led by Robert Mugabe, among others. "The Royal Indian Navy Revolt was seen as an event which marked the end of the British rule almost as finally as Independence Day." Explain. [2015, 10m] The Royal Indian Navy Revolt of 1946, also known as the Bombay Mutiny, was a major event in India's struggle for independence from British rule. The revolt began on February 18, 1946, when Indian sailors of the Royal Indian Navy (RIN) stationed in Bombay (now Mumbai) refused to obey orders from their British officers. The rebellion quickly spread to other naval bases in India, including Karachi, Calcutta, and Madras. The revolt was led by a number of nationalist leaders. The revolt began as a result of a number of grievances held by the Indian sailors. These included poor pay, inadequate food and living conditions, and discrimination against Indian sailors in comparison to their British counterparts. In addition, the Indian sailors felt that they were being treated as second-class citizens, and were not given the same opportunities as their British counterparts. As the revolt spread, it gained the support of a number of Indian politicians and members of the public. The revolt was quickly suppressed by the British authorities, who deployed a number of warships to the region and arrested a number of Indian sailors. However, the incident marked a major turning point in the struggle for Indian independence. It demonstrated to the British authorities that the Indian people were willing to take matters into their own hands in order to achieve freedom from colonial rule. In addition, the incident showed that the Indian people were united in their desire for independence, and that they were willing to take risks in order to achieve it. The Royal Indian Navy Revolt of 1946 was seen as a major event in India's struggle for independence. It demonstrated the determination of the Indian people to free themselves from British rule, and it marked the beginning of the end of British rule in India. The revolt also helped to galvanize the Indian independence movement and to bring the issue of Indian independence to the forefront of international politics. The revolt was also seen as a major event in the history of India's struggle for independence. It showed that the Indian people were willing to stand up for their rights and fight for their freedom. The incident also highlighted the importance of unity and solidarity among the Indian people in order to achieve their goal of independence. In addition, the revolt demonstrated the power of peaceful protest and civil disobedience in the face of colonial rule. Explain why the efforts at finding solution to India's constitutional impasse failed during 1942-1946. [2017, 20m] During 1942-1946, there were several efforts made by the British government and Indian leaders to find a solution to India's constitutional impasse, which was the deadlock between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League on the question of India's independence and the future constitutional framework of the country. However, these efforts ultimately failed for the following reasons: 1. Lack of trust and cooperation between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League: The Congress and the Muslim League had fundamentally different visions for the future of India and were unwilling to compromise or cooperate with each other. This lack of trust and cooperation made it difficult for any constitutional solution to be reached. 2. Communal divide: The communal divide between Hindus and Muslims had deepened during the 1940s, making it difficult for any solution that would be acceptable to both communities. The Muslim League's demand for a separate Muslim state further exacerbated the divide. 3. British government's lack of commitment to Indian independence: The British government was more focused on winning World War II and was not fully committed to transferring power to the Indian leaders. This lack of commitment made it difficult for any constitutional solution to be reached. 4. Political instability: The political situation in India was highly unstable during this period, with the Quit India Movement and other protests erupting across the country. This instability made it difficult for any constitutional solution to be reached. 5. Cabinet Mission Plan failed: The Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946, which proposed a federal government for British India, was rejected by both the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League. This failure further deepened the communal divide and strengthened the demand for the partition of British India. ]]>08.3-modern-history/12.-politics-of-separatism/12.5-independence.html08.3 Modern-History/12. Politics-of-Separatism/12.5 Independence.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT2020-04-27 12:42:29 Vasco da Gama came in 1498, trading factory at Cannanore, Cochin and Calicut - imp trading centres voyage undertaken by Pedro Alvarez Cabral to trade for spices, establishing factory at Calicut arrived in September 1500 appointed in 1505 to consolidate position destroy Muslim trade - seized Aden, Ormuz and Malacca. advised to build fortresses at Anjadiva, Cochin, Cannanore and Kilwa. Blue Water Policy aka Cartaze System started by him Sultan of Egypt, Ruler of Gujarat and Zamorin of Calicut sent fleet to defeat Portuguese but were routed in 1509 making their navy supreme in the area. from 1509 estd bases in East Africa, off the Red Sea, at Ormuz; in Malabar; and at Malacca later in Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Malacca. permit system for other ships control over major ship-building centres acquired Goa from Sultan of Bijapur in 1510. Goa was excellent natural harbour and fort, strategically located to control Malabar trade and close to Gujarat. Abolished sati, encouraged to take local wives new roads and irrigation works, new crops eg tobacco and cashew nut, or better plantation varieties of coconut appointed November 1529 shifted headquarters of from Cochin to Goa. Bahadur Shah of Gujrat took help from him against Humayun, drowned in 1537
head Viceroy serv 3 years, w/ secretary in later years, assisted by council which also had a religious head Vedor da Fazendarevenues, cargoes, dispatch fleets Portuguese were initially tolerant towards the Hindus Jesuit fathers, Rodolfo Aquaviva and Antonio Monserrate were sent to Akbars Court in 1580 In 1595 Fathers Jerome Xavier and Emanuel Pinheiro arrived at Akbars Court. Letters details later stages of his rule P offended Jehangir captured ships, imprisoned Muslims, plundered cargoes settled in Satgaon in Bengal in 1579 monopolised manufacturing salt , custom house, enforced duty on tobacco slave trade seizing Children including 2 slave girls of Mumtaz Mahal on 1632  -> siege of Hooghly, Satgaon was base of Piracy. defeated by Shah Jahan Union of Spain and Portugal in 1580-81, dragged Portugal into Spain’s wars with England and Holland, badly affected P. trade
#MainsPYQ military innovation in their use of body armour, matchlock men, guns landed from the ships. system of drilling groups of infantry, on the Spanish model, Ship buillding using western technique started at Cochin. Multi-decked ships, use of castled prow and stern skilled organisers created royal arsenals and dockyards and the maintained a regular system of pilots and mapping and pitting state forces against private merchant shipping. silversmith and goldsmith flourished so did creation of sculpture. brought the tradition of trade w/ warfare upsetting Aisan traders who wanted open trade. some say that P estd transparency in eastern trade by setting network of factories and warehouses that made market prices more stable this is not true Asians knew spot and futures impact on political system in Asia was small since their nos were small and territory limited encouraged intermarriages -> new Indo Portugues Goanese society came into being but their was racial discrimination among them opened IN way for close integration w/ growing world economy -> growth of market economy Latin american products viz Potato, corn, pineapple entered IN rural economy P king had dec trade in spices, drugs, dyes including indigo, copper, silver, gold etc to be royal monopolies by 1510. No trader in Asia or Europe could trade in it. Private traders and Royal officials were permitted to trade in them who had to obtain a permit or cartaze from P officials. Forced all ships going from Malacca to East Africa to pass from Goa and pay tolls. Suspected ships were sunk or captured and men and women aboard treated as slaves. was later liberalised since it became unpopular, patrolling entire ocean was impossible. Strucutre of Asia trade network strength and resourcefulness of Asian merchants, Arabs, Gujaratis, Tamil etc were very experienced. Naval and Military strength of Turkey and ruler fo north Sumatra internal limitation of P and their Cartaze system. P were unable to pay for the control of Indian trade. 2020-04-27 12:42:37 @ EIC of Netherlands in 1602 . First factory in Masulipatnam (Andhra) -> 1605 Captured Nagapatam (Chennai) from P -> main stronghold $ Eng and Dutch compromise in 1667 -> British agreed to withdraw all their claims on Indonesia, Dutch retired from India. traded in silk, cotton , indigo , rice and opium. ! not interested in Empire building, influence decreased after losing 3rd Anglo Dutch war 1672-1674 . Captured Pondicherry in 1693 during 9 years war. Treaty of Ryswick Sep 1697 restored France.
In the battle of Chinsurah in 1759 that happened near Hoogly BR defeated the Dutch. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chinsurah
]]>08.3-modern-history/1.-european-penetration/1.1-early-european-settlements,-the-portugues-and-the-dutch.html08.3 Modern-History/1. European-Penetration/1.1 Early European Settlements, The Portugues and the Dutch.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#todo EIC was formed as joint stock company that allowed it to mobilise a large amount of capital from its stockholders. It also ensured continuity of business activities and policies over a longer period with a scope for mobility of capital. It was given a monopoly by the govt of England with trade in India and other countries first given by Queen Elizabeth I this was done by granting a charter to the Company. Other European East India Companies were marginalised through military and political victories of Britain over them. Weakness of successor states and principalities since the decline of Mughal Empire allowed EIC to bully and bribe local powers to grant it special privileges. Coercive practices of the company towards the farmers helped it maintain cheaper prices at the expense of the farmers. Company legitimised militarisaiton in the name of self protection and protection of its trade. The English with its superior weapons and Navy was able to rout every Naval power in the region. EIC being a private enterprise created sense of enthusiasm and self confidence among its people British never neglected their commercial interest whereas the French subordinated their commercial interest to territorial ambition which made it short of funds. Britain had superior commanders Ex Clive, Lawrence, Eyre Coote. Strategic location of Britain was much better than that of French "Neither Alexander the Great nor Napoleon could have won the empire of India by starting from Pondicherry as a base and contending with a power which held Bengal and command of the Sea." Comment. [2006, 20m]
Economic Limitation of FEIC -
Economic, Geographic, Administrative advantage of EIC Great nor Napoleon could have won the empire of India by starting from Pondicherry as a base and contending with a power which held Bengal and command of the sea" suggests that the control of Bengal and command of the sea were crucial factors in determining who would dominate India. Bengal was a major center of economic and political power in 18th century India, and it was also a major source of revenue for the British East India Company. Control of Bengal allowed the British to exert significant influence over the rest of India and to use its resources for their own gain. Command of the sea was also important, as it allowed the British to effectively project power and protect their trade routes. The British navy was a dominant force in the 18th century and it was able to control the Indian Ocean, which was a key trade route for India. This naval superiority allowed the British to control the trade and commerce, and to protect their trade centers and troops movements. Alexander the Great and Napoleon were both military leaders who were able to conquer large territories through their armies, but they both lacked the naval power and control over Bengal that the British East India Company had. Additionally, both Alexander and Napoleon were mainly land-based conquerors and did not have the naval capabilities that the British possessed. Furthermore, in the 18th century, the British had already established a strong presence in India, with well-trained troops, advanced weapons and a well-organized administration. They were able to take advantage of the internal conflicts of Indian kingdoms and alliances with local rulers, and defeat them one by one. "Compared to their English counterpart, the French East India Company enjoyed little discretionary power and had to always look up to Paris for all major decisions. This partly explains the failure of the French in India." Evaluate Critically. [2012, 10m]
Administrative limitation of FEIC - The statement suggests that compared to the British East India Company, the French East India Company faced several disadvantages that partly explain their failure in India. These disadvantages include: 1. Lack of autonomy: The French East India Company had to look up to Paris for all major decisions, which slowed down their ability to respond to changes in the Indian market and to take advantage of opportunities. This lack of autonomy hindered the company's ability to make quick decisions and adapt to the Indian market. 2. Limited resources: The French East India Company had fewer resources than the British East India Company and was not able to match the British in terms of military power and naval capabilities. This limited their ability to project power and protect their trade routes. 3. Lack of political support: The French government did not provide as much support as the British government did to their East India Company. This limited the company's ability to expand its control over India and to take advantage of the internal conflicts of Indian kingdoms. 4. Limited administrative capabilities: The French East India Company's administrative capabilities were not as developed as the British East India Company. This limited their ability to govern and exploit the resources of the territories they controlled. 5. Less favorable trading agreements: The French East India Company had less favorable trading agreements compared to the British East India Company, which limited their access to certain markets and resources in India. These disadvantages limited the French East India Company's ability to expand its control "Dupleix made a cardinal blunder in looking for the key of India in madras: Clive sought and found it in Bengal." Critically examine. [2013, 10m]
Administrative limitation of FEIC - onwards
Economic, Geographic, Administrative advantage of EIC
Personal incompetence : https://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/failure-of-french/top-8-causes-for-the-french-failure-in-india/5920 The statement suggests that the French East India Company, under the leadership of Joseph François Dupleix, made a critical mistake by focusing on Madras as the key to gaining control of India, while the British East India Company, under the leadership of Robert Clive, correctly identified Bengal as the key to gaining control of India. Dupleix, the Governor-General of French India, believed that by controlling Madras, the British East India Company's most important trading post in southern India, the French could gain a significant advantage in the region. However, this strategy failed to account for the importance of Bengal as an economic and political center in 18th century India. Clive, on the other hand, understood the importance of Bengal and successfully gained control of the region through the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Bengal was a major center of economic and political power in 18th century India and it was also a major source of revenue for the British East India Company. Control of Bengal allowed the British to exert significant influence over the rest of India and to use its resources for their own gain. Additionally, the British East India Company was able to take advantage of the internal conflicts of Indian kingdoms and alliances with local rulers, and defeat them one by one. Dupleix's focus on Madras as the key to India was a strategic blunder, as it failed to account for the importance of Bengal in the overall control of India. On the other hand, Clive's focus on Bengal as the key to India was a strategic success as it helped the British East India Company to establish a strong presence in India, and ultimately control it. Comment on the French ambition of building a territorial empire in India. [2016, 10m]
[First Carnatic War (1740-48)](onenote: Conflict %20between%20the%20French%20and%20The%20English,%20Carnatic%20Wars§ion-id={5B3AE224-E8E5-4B69-B7AE-CDB92048090B}&page-id={028BC107-89AA-4EA2-8468-2701E22A1876}&object-id={856E215F-872B-0A50-1648-B72372792F2E}&10&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/European%20Penetration.one ) onwards 1. According to the historian J. A. Froude, the French ambitions in India were limited. He writes, "The French had no desire to conquer India, but only to share in the trade and to establish a few factories." (Source: J. A. Froude, "The English in Ireland in the Eighteenth Century," 1873) 2. According to the historian J. M. Roberts, the French saw India as a potential market for French goods and a source of precious commodities such as textiles and spices. He writes, "The French East India Company, founded in 1664, was a latecomer to the Indian trade, but it established settlements and trading posts along the coast, and in the 18th century it sent out a stream of officials, administrators, soldiers, and priests, who established a French presence in India." (Source: J. M. Roberts, "The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Empire," 1998) 3. According to historian Michael Roberts, French ambitions in India were driven by the desire to challenge the British and to protect French trade interests. He writes, "French ambitions in India were driven by the desire to challenge the British and to protect French trade interests. They also sought to establish a colonial presence in the region and challenge the British East India Company's dominance." (Source: Michael Roberts, "The French East India Company and the Trade of the Indian Ocean," 2016) 4. According to historian André Wink, French ambitions in India were limited by the fact that France had other colonies in the world that were considered more important and valuable, such as in America and Africa. He writes, "French ambitions in India, were limited by the fact that France had other colonies in the world that were considered more important and valuable, such as in America and Africa. Furthermore, the French were not interested in territorial conquest, but rather in economic gain." (Source: André Wink, "Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World," 1990) 5. According to historian Bernard S. Cohn, French efforts to establish a territorial empire in India were unsuccessful. He writes, "The French efforts to establish a territorial empire in India were unsuccessful. They were unable to match the military and economic power of the British, and their ambitions in the region were limited." (Source: Bernard S. Cohn, "Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India," 1996)
https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/76477/1/Unit-2.pdf↩︎ ]]>08.3-modern-history/1.-european-penetration/1.2-english-east-india-company.html08.3 Modern-History/1. European-Penetration/1.2 English East India Company.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT
#todo Inferior system of Governance in France which was despotic where everything depended on the personality of the Monarch Lack of a democratic constitutional set up further limited the scope of imaginative means to improve inefficiencies of the govt/administration **Alfred Lyall** : India was lost due to the short sighted, ill managed European policy of Louis XV misguided by his mistressess and incompetent ministers. FEIC was a dept of the state w/ most of the capital subscribed by the Monarch. Directors were nominated by the King, who were under 2 High Commissioners. State guaranteed return to shareholders not the FEIC -> led to administrative indifference Company frequently borrowed capital and sold trading rights in lieu to annual sums of money. Coy was also heavily subsidised English superiority on the seas collapse: open **Alfred Lyall** : 2 primary conditions of success in India was estd of strong points of support in the coast and maintenance of naval force to keep communications open. Bussy and Lally looked down upon their subordinates alienating their compatriots Continental Policy followed by France got her involved in wars near her home that disallowed them to send colonies abroad. French had only one seat of power that was Pondicherry. British had many.
#todo 1769 : was abolished by Louis XVI. He agreed to pay FEIC's debt and obligations all its properties were transferred to the state 1785 : Reconstituted its monopoly was abolished in 1790 due to French Revolution. It was liquidated in 1794 when FEIC failed to bribe ministers to carry out its own liquidation The Carnatic wars (1740-63), Austrian war of Succession (1740-48), Seven Years war(1756-63) and French participation in the American War of Independence(1765-83 ) stretched finances. Simultaneous expansion in colonies and continent . This divided its scarce resource. The aristocrats and French Nobility were corrupt and spent way too much in debauchery and unecessary lavishness. French Revolution was final nail in the coffin Administrative Limitation meant that they could not strengthen their foothold in India -> Lower economic remuneration from Indian colonies Losses in War had them further lose influence on native rulers and grant of territory dec and thus their revenue. Financial Losses apparent esp in 2nd and 3rd Carnatic war ex Bussy's recall because of it, unpaid soldiers. Bussy was indifferent towards financial losses, his lack of imagination or innovation to counter financial problems at a time when EIC was gaining so much from its India trade State guaranteed return to shareholders not the FEIC -> led to administrative indifference Company frequently borrowed capital and sold trading rights in lieu to annual sums of money. Coy was also heavily subsidised ]]>08.3-modern-history/1.-european-penetration/1.3-french-east-india-company.html08.3 Modern-History/1. European-Penetration/1.3 French East India Company.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#important FR recalled Dupleix due to financial losses in 1754 repl by Godeheu decided not to interfere in Native matters. Repercussion in America by English feared. Strategic miscalcualtions Lack of support of FR gov FR anxiety to retain possession in North Am Seven Years War (1756-63) Lost N Sarkars, Masulipatnam, Yanam De Lally Madras siege withdrawn Battle of Wandiwash January 22, 1760 Pondi lost Treaty of Peace of Paris (1763) French got their factories but cannot fortify Chandernagore its political influence disappeared Arrogance of Lally alienated F officers Shortage money Bussy's recall Superior Eng Navy ]]>08.3-modern-history/1.-european-penetration/1.4-conflict-between-the-french-and-the-english,-carnatic-wars.html08.3 Modern-History/1. European-Penetration/1.4 Conflict between the French and The English, Carnatic Wars.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.3-modern-history/1.-european-penetration/1.5-conflict-between-english-and-the-nawabs-of-bengal.html08.3 Modern-History/1. European-Penetration/1.5 Conflict between English and the Nawabs of Bengal.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTSome other Battles during this time.2020-04-27 14:58:22 Not militarily important Diplomacy of Clive to seed treachery into the camp of Nawab is what excelled **K.M. Pannikar** : Plassey was a transaction that the rich bankers of Bengal and Mir Jafar sold to the English **PE Roberts** : By 1760 British were supreme in Bengal, Military and political power of French and Dutch was gone. British influence extended from Bengal, Bihar to southern boundary of Oudh. **NK Sinha** : Conspirators depended upon the aid of a foreign power which was not the case at Battle of Giria this proved to be their undoing. Solidified the position that British yoke cannot be put off of Bengal Nawab was now dependent on BR troops for his rule Gradual percolation of power to the hands of the English -> Mir Jafar conspiring with the Dutc Done with Mir Kasim in 1760 by the English to oust Mir Jafar for conspiring with the Dutch -> this is aka Revolution of Bengal Agreed to cede to EIC districts of Burdwan, Midnapur and Chittagong. Company got half share in chunam trade of Sylhet. Kasim pay off outstanding dues. 5 lakh towards Company’s war efforts in south. Mir Kasim's enemies were Company's enemies. tenants of nawab’s territory not be allowed to settle in the lands of the Company, and vice-versa. the Dutch were defeated at Bedara
#todo ✅ 2023-01-18 With the British control, India's economy and society underwent significant changes, including the introduction of new technologies, systems of governance, and Western ideas of education and culture. 1. Thomas R. Metcalf : "Battle of Plassey marked the beginning of the modern period in Indian history, when the East India Company became the paramount power in Bengal and, eventually, in the entire subcontinent.” 2. William Dalrymple : “The Battle of Plassey was a decisive moment in Indian history, marking the beginning of the end of Mughal rule and the start of the British Raj.” 3. John Keay : “The Battle of Plassey was a turning point in Indian history, when the East India Company established its control over Bengal and, eventually, the subcontinent as a whole.” 4. John F. Richards : “The Battle of Plassey was a watershed in Indian history, marking the beginning of the British Raj and the end of Mughal power in the subcontinent.” ”
#todo aka Plassey plunder line between fair trade and plunder diminished 800,000 pound was paid immediately in in coined silver **Macaulay** : the fleet that wich conveyed this treasure consisted of a 100 boats **Verelst** wrote in 1767 : Commerce of Bengal can be consitered as the cnetral point to which all the riches were attarcted to from even the remotest part of India Company virtually monopolised the trade and commerce 'Plassey Plunder' : 22.5 mil from MJ, bullion export started, personal fortunes by Clive, Holwell, Vansittart etc
#todo EIC monopolised trade and commerce of Bengal humbling out the French and the Dutch -> this formed the base on which they monopolised their political power **Col Malleson** : Consequences were vast, immediate and permanent which made England the great Mohammedan power in the world. It settled the Eastern Question for England and nessesitated the conquest and colonisation of Cape of Good Hope, Mauritius etc. **Eric Stokes** : First attempt in private profeteering on a Grandiose scale. "On 23 June 1757, the middle ages of India ended and her modern age began." Comment. [1992, 20m]
Emergence of a Modern Age : ! Mention what Social, Economic and Political changes that occured due to it. The Battle of Plassey marked the beginning of British colonial rule in India, which had a profound impact on the country's social, economic, political, cultural, and religious development. Social Changes: 1. The British East India Company's control over Bengal and other parts of India led to the displacement and displacement of many native rulers and their subjects, as well as the displacement of native artisans and merchants. 2. The British introduced new forms of education and communication, which greatly impacted the Indian society. Many Indians were exposed to Western ideas and values for the first time, which led to a shift in societal norms and values. 3. The British also introduced new forms of discrimination and prejudice against Indians, which led to the formation of new social hierarchies and class distinctions. 4. The British also introduced new forms of land ownership, which greatly impacted the Indian society. This led to the displacement of many Indians and the rise of new land-owning classes. Economic Changes: 1. The British East India Company's control over Bengal and other parts of India enabled them to extract vast amounts of wealth and resources from the region, which they used to finance their expansion in other parts of India. 2. The British introduced new technology and new crops, which greatly improved the Indian economy. Many Indian farmers were able to improve their yields and incomes as a result. 3. The British also implemented new trade policies and tariffs, which greatly impacted the Indian economy. Many Indian merchants and artisans were displaced as a result. 4. The British also imposed heavy taxes on Indians. Many Indians were unable to afford these taxes and were forced to sell their land. Political Changes: 1. The British East India Company's victory in the battle of Plassey allowed them to gain control of Bengal, which was one of the wealthiest and most populous regions in India. This marked the beginning of British colonial rule in India. 2. The British implemented new administrative and legal systems in India, which greatly impacted how people interated with their masters. 3. The British also introduced new forms of government and governance. 4. They introduced new forms of land ownership, led to the rise of new land-owning classes. Cultural Changes: 1. The British introduced new forms of education and communication, which greatly impacted the Indian society. Many Indians were exposed to Western ideas and values for the first time, which led to a shift in societal norms and values. 2. The British also introduced new forms of discrimination and prejudice against Indians, which led to the formation of new social hierarchies and class distinctions. 3. The British also introduced new forms of art and literature. Many Indians were exposed to Western ideas and values for the first time, which led to a shift in societal norms and values. 4. The British introduced new forms of architecture and design Religious Changes: 1. New forms of religious tolerance and freedom. 2. The British also introduced new forms of religious discrimination and prejudice, which led to the formation of new social hierarchies and class distinctions. 3. Introduced new forms of religious education. 4. The British also introduced new forms of religious institutions and organizations. Some religious institutions lost their traditional power and influence as a result of the changes. How did the British conquer Bengal in the 18th century? What circumstances helped them? [1998, 60m]
No overt mandate for conquest/ colonisation The British conquest of Bengal was enabled by a combination of factors, including military superiority, financial resources, and political and diplomatic maneuvering. Historian P.J. Marshall has argued that the British victory in Bengal was due largely to their superior military prowess, noting that “the British had a decisive advantage in Bengal by virtue of their mastery of the sea and their control of the Indian Ocean trade routes.” He also cites the British ability to mobilize and deploy large numbers of troops quickly and efficiently, along with their use of modern weapons such as cannons and muskets, as major contributing factors to their success. He has also argued that the British conquest of Bengal was also enabled by their ability to manipulate the local economy, noting that “the British had a decisive advantage in Bengal by virtue of their control of the Indian Ocean trade routes.” He argues that the British were able to use their control of the trade routes to their advantage, allowing them to manipulate the local economy and gain a strategic advantage over the ruling elites of Bengal. Other historians have argued that the British were also able to take advantage of the political and diplomatic situation in Bengal at the time. Historian C.A. Bayly has argued that the British were able to exploit existing divisions among the ruling elites of Bengal, noting that “the British were able to take advantage of the factionalism and instability of Mughal India to secure a foothold in Bengal.” He also argues that the British were able to use their financial resources to bribe local rulers and win their support. After 1757 there grew up a State of Bengal which was a "sponsored state" as well as a "plundered state". Comment. [1999, 20m]
Conflict b/w English and the Nawabs of Bengal more content needed
Conflict b/w Siraj and the English After the Battle of Plassey in 1757, the British East India Company gained control of Bengal and established a "sponsored state" through the appointment of a British-backed ruler, Mir Jafar, as the Nawab of Bengal. This allowed the British to exert significant influence over the state and its economy, as well as to use its resources for their own gain. Additionally, Bengal was also a "plundered state" as the British East India Company engaged in widespread exploitation of the region's resources, including revenue farming, forced cultivation, and the export of raw materials. This led to a significant drain on the Bengal economy and contributed to widespread poverty and misery among the population. The battle of Plassey was "not a great battle but a great betrayal." Comment. [2000, 20m]
Circumstance surrounding it The Battle of Plassey in 1757, in which the British East India Company defeated the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj Ud Daulah, has been described as "not a great battle but a great betrayal." This characterization is often attributed to the fact that the Nawab's army was significantly larger and better-equipped than the British forces, yet a number of his high-ranking officials and soldiers, including his commander-in-chief, Mir Jafar, defected to the British side, resulting in a relatively easy victory for the British. This quote is commonly attributed to several Indian Historians like R.C. Majumdar, Jadunath Sarkar and others. In his book, "A History of Bengal," R.C. Majumdar wrote, "The Battle of Plassey was not a battle in the ordinary sense of the term, but a great betrayal." Similarly, Indian historian Jadunath Sarkar wrote, "The Battle of Plassey was not a victory of the English arms, but a victory of English gold." These quotes suggests that the Battle of Plassey was not won through military prowess, but rather through betrayal and bribery. Discuss the causes that led to the 'economic drain' in Bengal following the Battle of Plassey. [2004, 60m]
Economic drain following battle of Plassey
'Plassey Plunder' - 22.5 mil from MJ, bullion The Battle of Plassey in 1757 marked the beginning of British control of Bengal, which led to a significant "economic drain" in the region. Some of the causes that contributed to this include: 1. Revenue farming: The British East India Company implemented a system of revenue farming, in which private individuals or groups were given the right to collect taxes in exchange for a fixed payment to the company. This often led to over-assessment and exploitation of the local population, as well as corruption among the revenue farmers. 2. Forced cultivation: The British forced farmers to grow cash crops such as indigo and opium for export, rather than food crops for their own consumption. This led to food shortages and increased poverty among the population. 3. Export of raw materials: The British exported large quantities of raw materials such as cotton, silk, and indigo from Bengal to Britain, leading to a drain on the region's resources. 4. Deindustrialization: The British destroyed Bengal's indigenous industries like textiles, handicrafts, etc, as they were a competition to their own industries. 5. Land Revenue: British officials imposed high land revenue on farmers and landlords, which led to widespread poverty and misery among the population. Here are some quotes from prominent historians on this matter: "The British conquest of Bengal resulted in the economic ruin of the region and the misery of millions of its inhabitants" - Amaresh Misra "The British policy of forced cultivation, deindustrialization and revenue farming led to the economic drain of Bengal" - Bipan Chandra "The British exploitation of Bengal's resources and imposition of high land revenue led to widespread poverty and misery among the population" - Sumit Sarkar "Bengal's resources were drained by the British to fuel their industrial revolution, leaving the region impoverished and underdeveloped" - R.C. Dutt "The forces of free trade and the British determination to create a political and administrative environment conductive to trade and investment had shaped the British policy towards India in the first half of the nineteenth century". Elucidate. [2012, 10m] One of the major forces driving British policy was the belief in free trade, which advocated for the removal of trade barriers and the elimination of government intervention in economic affairs. This belief led to the implementation of policies such as the removal of tariffs on imported goods and the encouragement of exports from India to Britain. In addition, the British government also sought to create a political and administrative environment that was conducive to trade and investment in India. This included the establishment of British-controlled institutions such as the British East India Company, which had significant control over India's economy and trade, as well as the expansion of British control over India through military conquest and the establishment of British-controlled "Presidency" cities such as Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras. Furthermore, British administrators in India sought to create stability and predictability in the administration of justice, revenue collection and maintaining peace, that would be favorable to British trade and investment interests. They also began to build infrastructure such as ports, roads, and telegraphs that would help to integrate India into the global economy and make it more attractive to foreign trade and investment. The British policy of conquest in India was driven by the idea of free trade, which was seen as a way to expand their economic and political power. According to historian P.J. Marshall, “The idea of an economic empire was an important part of the British imperial project in India.” The British saw free trade as a way to gain access to Indian markets, resources, and labor. They also saw it as a way to increase their political influence in the region. The British East India Company was the first to take advantage of the free trade policies in India. They were granted a monopoly over trade in the region, which allowed them to increase their profits and influence. This eventually led to the establishment of British rule in India. The British also sought to use free trade as a way to weaken local rulers and gain control of their territories. In the words of historian David Armitage, “The British sought to use free trade to break down the power of local rulers and to gain control of their territories.” This was done through the introduction of tariffs, which made it difficult for local rulers to compete with British imports. "Plassey did not complete the British conxquest of India. Had the English been convincingly defeated in any subsequent battle in India, then (the battle of) Plassey would have remained as a minor episode in the history of India." Critically examine. [2014, 10m]
Significance of Plassey Later Battles
Battle of Buxar :
First Anglo-Mysore War ( 1767-69 ) :
First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-82) The Battle of Plassey was a major turning point in the history of India as it marked the beginning of the British conquest of India. However, the statement that Plassey did not complete the British conquest of India is accurate and is supported by many historians. Historian William Dalrymple argues that “the Battle of Plassey was not the decisive moment in the history of India that it is often portrayed as being.” He further states that “the real story of the British conquest of India is far more complex and far more interesting than the one-sided narrative of Plassey.” Historian Rudrangshu Mukherjee also agrees with this view. He states that “the Battle of Plassey was not the decisive moment in the history of India that it is often portrayed as being.” He further adds that “the British were in India for a long time before Plassey and continued to expand their power and influence after the battle.” Historian John Keay also believes that Plassey did not complete the British conquest of India. He argues that “the Battle of Plassey was the beginning of the British conquest of India, not the end.” He further states that “the British were able to consolidate their power through a series of wars and other military campaigns in the years following Plassey.” Historian Michael Edwardes also agrees with this view. He states that “the Battle of Plassey was the beginning of British rule in India, not the end.” He further argues that “the British were able to expand their power and influence in India through a series of wars and other military campaigns in the years following Plassey.” After the Battle of Plassey, how did India transit from the medieval to the modern age? [2016, 10m]
Emergence of a Modern Age : - ! Mention the Changes that were brought in the Social, Political, Economic, Cultural and Religious sphere. "The Battle of Plassey (1757) thus marked the beginning of political supremacy of the English East India Company in India." Critically examine. [2018, 10 Marks]
[Beginning of Political Supremacy](onenote: Significance %20of%20Plassey§ion-id={5B3AE224-E8E5-4B69-B7AE-CDB92048090B}&page-id={0CE91521-A877-4E66-AB73-7D92DF4170D1}&object-id={9EAC9DF3-3E7F-053F-0978-DAB73FE131BB}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/European%20Penetration.one ) - ! In critical examination one view that could be brought is that the company was already well established and had fought various battles and occassionals wars before Bo Plassey. The Battle of Plassey, fought on 23 June 1757, was a decisive victory of the British East India Company over the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-Daula. The battle was fought at Palashi, Bengal, and was a major turning point in Indian history. It marked the beginning of political supremacy of the British East India Company in India. The Nawab had a much larger army, but the Company had superior weapons and better leadership. The Company also had the support of the local zamindars, or landlords, who provided them with additional troops. The Nawab was betrayed by his own commander-in-chief, Mir Jafar, who switched sides and joined the Company’s forces. This betrayal was a major factor in the Company’s victory. The victory at Plassey marked the beginning of British political power in India. The Company had already been trading in India for several decades, but the victory at Plassey allowed them to gain control of the territory and impose their own laws and regulations. The Company was now able to collect taxes, pass laws, and exercise judicial authority. This gave them a great deal of power, and allowed them to expand their influence throughout India. The victory at Plassey also allowed the Company to gain control of the lucrative trade routes in India. This allowed them to increase their profits, as they were now able to control the prices of goods and services. The Company was also able to monopolize trade in certain areas, such as opium and cotton. This enabled them to make large profits, and allowed them to expand their influence even further. The victory at Plassey also had a major impact on the Indian economy. The Company was now able to control the prices of goods and services, and set taxes at levels that were beneficial to them. This allowed them to make large profits at the expense of the local population. The Company also imposed a number of oppressive laws and regulations on the local population, which further weakened the economy. ]]>08.3-modern-history/1.-european-penetration/1.6-the-battle-of-plassey-and-its-significane.html08.3 Modern-History/1. European-Penetration/1.6 The Battle of Plassey and its Significane.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#important In 1892 the no of mem of ILC was increased from 6 to 10 and for PLC from 10 to 16. They were to be elected indirectly from municipal committees, district comm. etc members could discuss budget but could not vote on it. The council was a mere platform for the nationalist leaders to vent off steam but they used it to enhance their political stature. increased the size of the legislative councils , both Central from 16 to 60 and for provincial number was not fixed. retained official majority in the Central Legislative Council but Provinces to have non-official majority. Enlarged deliberative functions of the legislative councils eg to ask supplementary questions, move resolutions on the budget etc. provided (for the first time) for the association of Indians with the Executive Councils of the Viceroy and Governors. Satyendra Prasad Sinha became the first Indian to join the Viceroy's Executive Council as a law member. Introduced a system of communal representation for Muslims thus it leaglised communalism Lord Minto was called the Father of Communal Electorate Separate representation of presidency corporations, chambers of commerce, universities and zamindars . Direct election was introduced in the country declared for the 1st time objective of British gov was the gradual introduction of responsible government in India aka Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms. The precursor to this act was August Declaration of 1917 that defined the aim and policies of British Empire in India aka Montagu's Statement. He made the following promises : increasing involvement of Indians in every branch of administration. gradual dev of self governing institution considering the progressive realisation of responsible govt in India. Advancement towards self govt was to be guided by GOI and by responsible Indian leaders Focused on limited self govt at first. Extremists objected that no time frame was given for the self govt while Moderates welcomed the step. It demarcated and separated the central and provincial subjects but structure of gov continued to be centralised. divided the provincial subjects into two parts--- transferred and reserved. Transferred subjects were to be administered by the Governor with the aid of ministers responsible to the legislative Council. Reserved subjects, on the other hand, were to be administered by the Governor and his Executive council without being responsible to the legislative Council. This dual scheme was called di-arche/dyarchy was largely unsuccessful. ILC was replaced by Upper House / Council of State and Lower House / Legislative Assembly majority of the mem were chosen by election . 3 of the 6 members of the Viceroy's executive Council (other than the commander-in-chief) were to be Indian separate electorates for Sikhs , Indian Christians ,Anglo-Indians and Europeans Bicameralism was introduced in the Central legislature franchise only to a limited number of people on the basis of property, tax or education new office of the High Commissioner for India in London transferred some of Secy's function establishment of a Public service commission in 1926. Separated provincial and Central Budgets. Statutory commission to report on its working after 10yrs. Provided voting right to the Indian women for the 1st time and David Lloyd the PM of Britain played an instrumental part. - Phillips Wood - crucial in estd parliamentary demo in NI beginning process of decolonisation - Carl Bridge - safeguard the essentials of B position in IN - Tomlinson - attempt to mobilise influential section of IN to support the Raj - Peter Robb - major problem limited by ideas on continuing B presence Establishment of an All-India Federation consisting of provinces and princely states as units. Divided powers in 3 lists Federal, Provincial and Concurrent. Residuary powers was given to the Viceroy . Federation never came into being as princely states did not join. Abolished dyarchy in the provinces and introduced 'provincial autonomy' in its place. Introduced responsible sys of government i.e Governor was required to act with advice of ministers came into effect in 1937 was discontinued in 1939. Provided for dyarchy at the Centre the Federal subjects were divided into reserved and transferred this provision never came into operation. Introduced bicameralism in 6 out of 11 provinces of Bengal, Bombay, Madras, Bihar, Assam and the United Provinces. separate electorates for scheduled castes, women and labour (workers) abolished the Council of India. The secretary of state for India was provided with a team of advisors. Extended the Franchise. About 10 per cent of the total population got the voting right establishment of a Reserve Bank of India establishment of not only a Federal Public Service Commission but also a Provincial and Joint Public Service Commission. Federal Court was to be set up in 1937 Princes did not join coz act did not resolve paramountcy issue, fear to join democratic insti, not want to surrender fiscal autonomy - DA Low - ploy to corrode support base of Cong tie them to Raj, - Did not mention Dominion status as mentioned in CDM - Carl Bridge - would protect B interest rather than hand over control in vital areas - Linlithgow - framed the constitution we thought it the best way to hold IN to the Empire Clement Atlee declared that the British rule would end by June 30,1948 it made clear that Constitution framed by the Constituent Assembly(1946) of India would not be applicable to those parts not willing to accept it. Lord Mountbatten put forward the Partition plan on June 3, 1947 . Lee Commission went into the Raj’s failure to recruit enough British officers; Mudiman Commission looked into the deadlock within the diarchic dispensation; Linlithgow Commission inquired into the crisis of Indian agriculture Sandhurst committee 1926 was formed to Indianization of Indian army. also known as the Disorders Inquiry committee was formed to investigate the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. Indians mem Sir Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad, Pandit Jagat Narayan and Sardar Sahibzada Sultan Ahmad Khan. did not impose any penal action on Dyer because of the Indemnity Act for the protection of its officers was passed. Set up by Dufferin was for reforms in Public Services. Recommended dropping terms covenanted and uncovenanted. Raise age to 23 classification into Imperial, Provincial and Subordinate civil services. Unpopular policies of Lytton was leading to discontent that was openly criticised Printer Publisher could be called to enter a bond w/ the gov to not to publish anything that can cause disaffection against gov or antipathy b/w diff races, castes, religion. Deposit security that could be forfeited equipment seized. Magistrates action was final and no appeal could be made in court. Exemption from operation by submitting proofs to gov. worst feature was the discrimination b/w disloyal native press and loyal Anglo Indian press. It was nicknamed the Gagging Act. Act of 1935 was passed to provincialize the congress and weaken it from having a central control.In 1859 the British passed a Limitation Law that stated that the loan bonds signed between moneylenders and ryots would have validity for only three years - to check accumulation of interest overtime - **Cambridge school** : electoral reforms, representative self govt was because of 'weak imperialism' - functional need of imperialism, need IN collaborators at lower levels - **BR Tomlinson** : fiscal crisis of B, devolution of power for IN support to raise more rev - **JS Mill** : democracy check on despotic power - Manchester School, John Bight : critical of B rules, extreme liberal position - **Fitzjames Stephen** - extreme authoritatian position, combines Benthamism + Hobbesian despotism(law and good govt) - pax Britannica, rejected idea of self-governing principles Pointed out the lack of financial resources as being a significant stumbling block in the effective functioning of local bodies. Recommendations Village Panchayat be given powers like jurisdiction in petty civil and criminal cases Adequate sources of income and interference by District Officers be cut down Estd sub district board in every Taluka or Tehsil that should be completely under control of District Board for whole district. Primary education to be taken by Municipalities. Suceeded Lord Northbrook Nominee of conservative govt of Benjamin Disraeli. Free Trade became passion because it suited interests of England. They wanted to prevent Bombay textiles to become competitive and the removal of import duties of cotton goods to India. This Lancashire group commanded large voting group. Lytton abolished it amidst poor prevailing financial condition. Financial Reforms Provinces given control of expenditure upon all ordinary provincial services Any surplus above estimated income to be shared equally with Centre Steps to equalise rates of salt duties through Indian princes surredering their rights of manufacturing salt. Famine 1876-78 in Madras, Bombay, Mysore, Hyderabad, Central India, Panjab. Stratchey commission appointed. Royal Titles Act 1876 gave title of Queen Victoria as Kaiser-i-Hind. Delhi Darbar held druing the famine.
Vernacular Press Act Arms Act 1878 : Criminal offence to keep, bear or traffic arms w/o license. Anglo Indians and certain gov officials were exempted from this. He created Statutory CIvil Services in 1879 to employ IN of good family and social standing on recom of provincial gov. This was to be < 1/6th of total appts made to Covenanted ones. Was abolished 8 years later. Sher Ali wanted to have good relation with both British and Russia. Lytton was displeased invaded Kabul. Treaty of Gandamak (May 1879) was signed with Yakub Khan the eldest son. Amir conduct his foreign policy with the advice of Government of India. Permanent British resident be stationed at Kabul Government of India will give Amir all support against foreign aggression, and an annual subsidy. Lytton gave the idea for formation of a separate North West Frontier Province directly under Central Gov, an Indian Privy Council of Princes, proposed putting India on the Gold standard. Liberal, true Democrat favored democracy, honest man with broad outlook. He formulated policy of local self govt. Repealed Vernacular Press Act in 1882.
First Indian Factory Act of 1881 Financial Decentralisation 1882 : Financial sources of rev was divided into 3 classes Imperial Heads : from Customs, Posts, Telegraphs, Railways, Opium, Salt, Mint etc went wholly to Central Gov Provincial heads : Income from local nature like Medical Services, Printing, Roads, etc would go the Provinces. Divided Heads : Income from Excise, Stamps, Forest, Registrations etc be divided into equal proportion.
Ripon's Resolution of 1882 aka Local Self Government Resolution of 1882
Hunter Committee on Primary Education Aimed to remove judicial disqualification based on race distinction Before 1857 there was the Dual system Mohammadan law in rural acreas under Authority of Mughal Emperor and English Law in Presidencies. Except in Presidency towns Indian Judges could not try Europeans in criminal cases but in Civil Cases where Europeans were a part they could do so. The Dual system was abolished in 1861 in favour of the Indian Penal Code but the racial discrimnation remained. Ilbert Bill wanted to give equal power to IN and European judges. It allowed senion judges of sessions court to try European subjects. English planters were the most oppressive of the lot ill treating and beating their servants to death. Were often let go w/o with very light punishment. Demonstrations were carried out by Europeans who seeked to recall the Viceroy, Conspiracy to kidnay the Viceroy was also hatched by them. The provision was recalled and a compromise reached. According the compromise the British subject could claim a jury half of which were to be Europeans. Mysore was returned to Maharaja since it was annexed on the charge of misgovernment which was grossly exaggerated. Gladstone sanctioned to finance occupation of Egypt partly from the Indian exchequer. This was protested by him and he resigned. Suceeded Elgin II were aimed at efficiency, officialisation and centralisation. He showed scant consideration towards the feelings and aspiration of people. Frazer Committee 1902 was appointed to look into police admn in Provinces which called it inefficient, defective in training and organisation, failed to secure confidence of people. Recommended inc in salaries, inc strength in all provinces, training schools for officers and constables, direct recruitment in place of promotion in higher ranks, setting provincial police service, creation of Central Dept of Criminal Intelligence Led to Inc expenditure and creation of a Police State Universities Commission estd 1902 under Rayleigh. Curzon believed that educational institutions had become factories for production of political revolutionaries. Features of Indian Universities act 1904? sought to inc official control over universities more attention to study and research No. of fellows reduced who were to be recom by Governor Govt to have powers to veto Univ regulations Affiliation of private college was made stricter and its periodic inspection by Syndicate made compulsory. 5 lkh per annum sanctioned for improvement of higher ed Macdonnel Famine Commission 1900 to enquire into results of famine operations Relief distributed was excessive and undue emphasis on gratuitous measures Recommended payment by task work for able-bodied. emphasized the benefits of early distribution of advances purchase of seed and cattle, temporary wells etc appt of famine commissioner in a province better transport facilities, agri banks, imp of irrigation facilities etc Land Resolution of 1902 recom reduction of assessment in case of failure of crops Irrigation Commission under Scott Moncrieff. recom inc exp on irrigation. Jhelum canal was completed, New canals at Upper Chenab, Jhelum and Lower Bari doab started. Imperial Agriculture dept set up under Inspector General New Dept of Commerce and Industry Indian Coinage and Paper Currency Act 1899. British sovereign became legal tender 1pound = Rs15. IN put on Gold standard Special attention to dev of railways. Root and branch reform suggested by expert committee under Thomas Robertson along with commercialisation of railways and setting up Railway board Judicial : No of judges of Calcutta HC inc, their salaries and benefits also inc, Indian code of civil procedure revised. Army : Russian activities in Central Asia and Tashkent Railway alarmed British. Kitchner took up reoorganisation. 2 commands the Northern HQ at Muree and Southern w/ HQ at Poona. Calcutta Corporation Act 1899 : Reduced strength of elected mem gave Br definite majority. Ancient Monument Act 1904 : to repair, restore and protect historical buildings in India. Urged Princes to protect sites such as Ajanta-Ellora caves, Sanchi stupa and asked Provinces to build Museums -> estd of Archaeological Survey of India. 8.8 The partition of Bengal 19052020-04-27 15:16:20 Masterpiece of Internal policy to estd 2 provinces of Bengal proper and Eastern Bengal and Assam. He described it as mere readjustment of adm reforms. A/C to him Mymensingh and Backergange division were lawless and crime was prevalent. New Province of Eastern Bengal and Assam had HQ at Dacca with Muslims at majority to be under a Lt Governor. Western Bengal included Bihar and Orissa had 42mil Hindus and 9mil Mohammedans. Administration of Bengal had become a unwieldy due to increase in population. But the real motive was political. Curzon's aim was to make Bengali's a linguistic minority and prop up Muslims against Hindus since Bengali Nationalims and solidarity was growing. Curzon said that his aim was to create a Mohammedan province where Islam could be predominant and in ascendancy. led by Surendranath Banerjea, K.K. Mitra and Prithwishchandra Ray through pamphlets and newspapers like Hitabadi, Sanjibani and Bengalee. Mulsims who participated in Anti-Partion movement of 1902-03 were Barrister Abdul Rasul, Liaqat Hussain, Maulana Azad. Upper and middle class Muslims stayed away. Subramnian Siva and Chidambram Pillai led strikes in Tuticorin and Tiunelveli in 1903-05. The partition of Begal was annulled in 1911 mainly done to curb revolutionary terrorism. Was decided to shift capital to Delhi -> end of Bengali dominance in national politics. Bihar and Orissa were taken out of Bengal and Assam was made a separate province. The Partition of Bengal (1905); The Swadeshi Movement in Bengal; the economic and political aspects of Swadeshi Movement; Write a critical note on: Significance of the Swadeshi Movement 1905-07 in the freedom struggle. [1981, 20m] "Curzon's political obtusely created a breach between government and people which was never wholly closed in the remaining forty-two years of British rule." Comment. [1984, 20m] "Curzon was an unconscious catalyst who did not understand, let alone desire, what the new century was about to bring forth, but who helped it to be born." Comment. [1989, 20m] "The tragedy of Cruzan lay in that, with such abundance of trained talent; he was denied the crowning qualities. He was never an administrator of the first rank." Comment. [1991, 20m] "Curzon's partition of Bengal gave the unwitting initiative to events of magnitude and returned many years later to port with the cargo of freedom." Comment. [1997, 20m] "India after 1905 had new interests and objectives and compelled new lines of policy." Comment. [1996, 20m] "The Anti-Partition Agitation (1905) had an economic character in Bengal unlike the Extremist Agitation in Maharashtra which had a religious character." Examine. [2014, 20m] Explain "Constructive Swadeshi" Characterised by atmashakti (self-reliance), which propelled the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal. [2016, 10m] Treaty of Lhasa ( 1904 ) : Younghusband dictated the terms to the Tibetan officials after growing Russian influence. Tibet would pay an indemnity of Rs 75 lakh one lakh per annum revised to 25 lakh. Indian Government would occupy the Chumbi Valley (territory between Bhutan and Sikkim) for 75 years as a security was evacuated in Jan 1908 Tibet would respect the frontier of Sikkim. Trade marts would be opened at Yatung, Gyantse, Gartok; Tibet would not grant any concession for railways, roads, telegraph etc. to any foreign state Did away with the Forward Policy of Lawrence. Br troop withdrew from forward posts and task for its defence given to tribal militia. Viceroy's executive council had 2 mem representing the Military Dept the Commander in Chief and Military mem who was advisor to Governor General on mil matters. Kitchner objected to this and wanted the abolition of office of Military Member and subsuming all its power under Commander in Chief. Curzon objected to this and a compromise was reached where the office of Military Mem was changed to Military Supply Mem with functions civilian in nature and all mil functions were transferred to Commander in Chief. Difference arose in appt of new Military Supply Officer where Curzon's nominee lost. C tendered his resignation which was swiftly accepted. He said, "India is the pivot of our Empire…. If the Empire loses any other part of its Dominion we can survive, but if we lose India, the sun of our Empire will have set." Great Imperialist, Foreign and Domestic policy aimed at making Indian impregnable. Succeeded in checking infiltration of Russian, German and French Influence into Persian Gulf. Close minded approach -> more enemies for him. Could not understand people over whom he ruled. Can be compared w/ Dalhousie both were able administrators, having sharp intellect. His bad imperialistic policies -> dev of a strong bond of nationhood. The Government of India Act 1858 "1858 is the Great Divide in modern Indian history, as the policy, practice and ideals of the government that followed differed fundamentally from the government of the Company which it displaced." Discuss. [1979, 60m] What changes did the British attitude undergo towards the Princely states after 1858? Was the Government of India Act of 1858 intended to introduce direct relations between the Princes and the Crown? [1985, 60m] 3."In terms of administrative structure, the Government of India act of 1858, … meant more continuation than change." Do you agree? Substantiate. [2010, 20m]The Indian Councils Act 1909 (The Minto-Morley Reforms) The Reforms of 1909 introduced 'a cardinal problem and ground of controversy at every revision of the Indian electoral system.' Comment. [1982, 20m] The Government of India Act, 1919 (Montague-Chelmsford reform) Explain the main features of Mont-Ford Reforms. How far did they implement the policy of administrative devolution? [1983, 60m] "Dyarchy was Introduced with high hopes and it must be said that, on a theoretical analysis and if worked under ideal conditions, it is not without merits." Comment. [1988, 20m] Diarchy provided by the Mont-Ford Reforms "certainly created suspicion without the frictions within." Comment. [1995, 20m] The Montague Declaration (20 August 1917) was observed more closely in the "realm of imperial relations" than anything else. Comment. [1998, 20m] "Montague-Chelmsford reform proposals introduced 'dyarchy', but blurred the lines of responsibility." Critically examine. [2014, 10m] Could Dyarchy (1919) satisfy the national sentiments of the Indians? [2018, 10 Marks] The Government of India Act of 1935 Explain the attitude of the Indian National Congress towards the constitutional changes of 1909, 1919 and 1935. [1998, 60m] "Though the Act of 1919 was superseded by that of 1935, the preamble to the former was not repealedthe preservation of the smile of Cheshire cat after its disappearance, and the latter said nothing about dominion status." Comment. [2013, 25m] "Although the Government of India Act of 1935 replaced diarchy with provincial autonomy, the overriding powers of the Governor diluted the spirit of autonomy." Elucidate. [2015, 10m] Relationship between British Crown and Princes "If the paramount power cast its imperial cloak over the princes, it was also entitled to see that what was sheltered was in the main creditable." Comment. "The relations of the Native States, however conducted are essentially relations with the British Crown and not with the Indian Government." Comment. [1991, 20m] Review the relations of the Government of India with Indian States in the period 1858-1918 with particular reference to the cases where the doctrine of paramount was asserted by the Government. [1983, 60m] "It is sometimes asked by Ruling Chiefs, as well as by the public in India and in Europe what our policy towards Native States is. I can tell you that the basis of the policy was laid in Queen Victoria's Proclamation of 1858 and repeated in the Coronation message of His Majesty the King Emperor." Comment. [1986, 20m]
1 - Historical Background 1.pdf - 3.1 Early Administrative Structure is first half.]]>08.3-modern-history/10.-constituional-dev_/10.1-constitutional-development-between-1858-1935.html08.3 Modern-History/10. Constituional-Dev_/10.1 Constitutional Development between 1858-1935.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTThe %20Empire%20and%20the%20Zamindars§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={E2DE5802-56DD-455E-B28A-00A3EC98778E}&object-id={3B04847F-E261-434B-A75B-D7B0E5A99223}&C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one ) ]]>08.2-medieval-india/9.-mughal-empire-in-17th-century/9.2-the-empire-and-the-zamindars.html08.2 Medieval-India/9. Mughal-Empire-in-17th-Century/9.2 The Empire and the Zamindars.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo From 1658 to 1667 ie Jai Singhs death A relations with Rajput rajas were cordial. Rajputs were treated as partners in the Kingdom and given greater honor that during Jahagir or Shah Jahans time. Jai Singh had commanded portions of A army during campaigns in Balkh and Qandahar. He was major advisor to A regarding Rajput affairs. Later he was appointed the viceroy of Deccan normally given to princes or nobles of highest confidence. He was one of the few who developed an independent Maratha policy. A had cordial relations with Rana Raj Singh, ruler of Mewar and had promised to raise his Mansab, territories sequestered by Shah Jahan and additional areas. From 1660 onwards relations started becoming cold. In 1666 Shivaji escaped from Agra while under the custody of Kr Ram Singh. Rajputs were accused of secretly sympathising with Shivaji. After which Ram Singhs mansabs were forfeited and Jai Singh was recalled from Deccan. 1667-1679 the empire faced domestic challenges and rebellions. During this time A decided to use Islam as bond of unity and send the Rajputs to fight off wars in troubled fronteir areas. 1671 Jaswant Singh the governor was recalled as Governor of Gujrat and given a very low post of Thanedar of Jamrud. A was restraining in promoting Rajputs before his departure to Deccan. Rajputs wre not involved in his forward policy of Deccan.
Maharaja Jaswant Singh of Marwar had died without leaving a male heir. he also owed money to the state. Aurangzeb issued orders that state of Marwar including Jodhpur should be taken into Khalisa and a detailed inventory be prepared of the property left behind Jaswant Singh. This was not new escheat was common during the time. He decided to March personally to Ajmer since after his death the zamindars and other elements who had been subject to him withheld their revenue. The were creating disturbance and road to Ahmedabad had become unsafe. Indra Singh, Anup Singh were claimants to the throne. Rani Hadi wanted to keep Jodhpur as it was the watan of Jaswant Singh. She wanted to delay any decision by Aurangzeb until the other 2 Ranis of Jaswant Singh who was in advanced stage of pregnancy would birth. Rani Hadi was supported by Rathors and Raja of Mewar. After the birth of 2 posthumous sons of Jaswant Singh their support for claim increased. But Aurangzeb gave the gaddi of Marwar to Indra Singh for peshkash of 36 lakh rupees. A qazi and muhtasib was appointed to Jodhpur, Jizya reimposed and old temples were systematically destroyed. A wanted to split the Marwar among Indra SIngh and Ajit SIngh, new born son of Jaswant SIngh. Ajit Singh was to be given Sojat and Jaitaram which had significantly less income than Jodhpur and Nagaur -> shows the apprehension in mind of A about Rajputs. Rathor sardars rejected these demands after which A ordered the princes and their mothers to be put to confinement. Rajput sardars escaped with one of the sons to Jodhpur. After which Indra Singh and the Mughals were ousted from areas such as Jaitaran and Siwana but not Merta. Aurangzeb put an end to this after moving to Ajmer. The Rathor rajputs dispersed to desert areas and Anuj Singh found refuge in Mewar. Mewar was subject to much restrictions such as Chitoor fort was not to be repaired, some of the areas around it was sequestered by Shah Jahan in 1654. While heads of other Rajput principalities were given high mansabs. Rana of Mewar was kept out of it. Dispute in Marwar was seen as opportunity to reasser importance of Mewar. Rani Hadi was sister of Rana's wife. Rana Raj Singh made preparation for war by fortifying the Chitoor fort, closing the Debari pass leading to capital Udaipur from North. A struck first blow in 1678, Rana retreated to the hills to conduct a guerilla warfare seeing this Aurangzeb retired to Ajmer. Mughals were at a terrain and local disadvantage and war was going towards a stalemate. Indra Singh and Ajit Singh both then renewed his claims to Marwar. Later after the death of Rana Raj Singh in 1680 the new Rana Jai Singh became lukewarm in Ajit SIngh's cause. There was also dissention b/w the Rathor and Sishodia Rajputs. Prince Akbar also rebelled during this time 1681. These development suggest that A Rajput policy had caused a widespread concern. Ajit SIngh in 1698 agreed to let Jodhpur remain in Mughal possession and was recognised as ruler of Marwar. Rana of Mewar was restored of his demanded Parganas in lieu of annual jizyah. Prince Azam secrectly colluded for Ranas support during war of succession. Rulers of Amber, Bikaner, Harauti continued to serve the Mughals and to receive imperial mansabs. Akbars policy of alliance with Rajputs was abandoned for alliance with influential local ruling elements including zamindars. After death of Jai Singh they still continued to be regarded as sword arms of the empire. Jadunath Sarkar says that loss caused due to his Rajput policy cannot be measured solely by men and money. His exclusion policy caused increased lawlessness, loss of prestige and casted doubt on political sagacity of Aurangzeb. ]]>08.2-medieval-india/9.-mughal-empire-in-17th-century/9.3-religious-policies-of-jahangir,-shahjahan-and-aurangzeb.html08.2 Medieval-India/9. Mughal-Empire-in-17th-Century/9.3 Religious policies of Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#todo His religious ideas and concept of suzerainty has been put forward by Abul Fazl. For him as per Abul F royalty was a divine right which was based on pre Islamic Sassanian/Iranian concept of royalty. He combined this concept with Muslim and Hindu thinking like paternal love towards subject, courage and firmness, trust in god etc. His views of Akbars suzerainty reeks of his own bias. A/C to him ignoble or lower classes should not aspire for a share in state power. **Abul Fazl** tried to portray the ==concept of state and sovereignty== in terms of old Iranian traditions. A secularist poly-religious state based on composite ruling class, hierarchical in nature but open ended to a fair extent. Humane in dealing w/ masses, equal justice for all irrespective of birth, religion or status. AF said that the distinction of dar-ul-Islam and dar-ul-harb had ceased to exist -> was put as justification for removal of Jizya. Per him Akbars conquest was not based on aggrandisement but to establish an all India polity based on justice and tolerance. Ak inherited the structure that was based on experience of the Delhi Sultanat. His system had some novel features functions and responsibilities were divided such that they did not encroach on each other but balanced one another ie a system of check and balances. He dev system of provincial govt based on central system of govt. Detailed rules and regulations were devised to control administration. New regulations under name Dastur-ul-Amal or Rule books -> led to formation of bureaucratic sys. Supervised all branches of govt. Babur's wazir was Nizamuddin Khwaja; Humayun's was Amir Wais and Hindu Beg. They all were primarily military men. Under Bairam K it became all too powerful so Ak took steps to avoid such situations. Ex drastic punishments to Adham Khan despite Maham Anga being Vakil. After Munim K was appt Jaunpu's governor no Vakil was appt for 7 years. In 1575 Muzaffar K was appt Vakil combining post of Vakil and Diwan assisted by Todar Nal and Shah Mansur. It remained empty for 10 yrs after him. Mirza Aziz Koka was last of Akbar's Vakils. Ibn Hasan : power of Vakil was gone but was only a mark of distinction and prestige. There were total of 4 ministries Diwan : A/C to Abul Fazl he headed the dept of income and expenditure. He was in reality a book keeper and was also called Wazir. Under Akbar Diwan-i-Ala word was used. Diwan's were not given high mansabs. Assisted emperor in financial matters, superintendent of Imperial Treasures, checked accounts. Some like Muzaffar Khan, Todar Mal, Khwaja Mansur etc were also employed in military ops. They also implemented the Dahsala system. AF tells that Mashrif-I-diwan was higher than diwan but lower than Vakil. Todar Mal and Shas Mansur divided empire into 12 provinces. Akbar separated financial from military and political power. Mir Bakshi Was called Diwan-i-Arz since Balban's time. Looked after recruitment of army, inspection of Horses, mustering troops at regular interval etc. Enjoyed all powers of Diwan-i-Arz and additionally he presented all Noble candidates for appt to the Emperor. Kept a register of all mansabdars, also headed intelligence system, made arrangements for the palace guards Mir Saman was incharge of royal household. Under Akbar Mir Saman had not emerged but there was a Diwan-i-Bayutat as incharge of Karkhanas. Karkhanas dealth with articles like precious stones, pearls, swords, guns and artillery. Maintained close touch with Mir Bakshi. Sadr aka Sadr-us-sadr was head of the ulama looked after enforcement and interpretation of Sharia also called Qazi-ul-Quzzat or head of Judiciary. Exercised censorship over education, ideas and morals of people. Awarded the Madad-i-Maash to deserving scholars, divines etc. Shaikh Abdun Nabi was most powerful one. He was exiled to Mecca for corruption, bigotry and executing a reputed Brahman of Mathura. Chief Sadr was to have tolerant views since grants were to be given to Hindu scholars as well.
Akbar Inherited the Older system till 1580 after whcih the empire was divided into 12 subas or provinces. Sipahsalar was head of adm in a Subah who was later called Subahdar. His functions included resp of law and order, general adm and welfare of people. Help in collecting land revenue, punish rebellious zamindars. Also administered criminal justice and collecting tributes from vassal chiefs. He was assited by a Diwan, Bakshi, sadr/qazi, mir adl for justtice,kotwal, mir bahr or superintendent of rivers and pors, a waqia navis or news writer. Diwan was 2nd most imp officer who sent fortnightly reports to central Diwan. He was resp for extension and improve cultivation, collect land rev and auditing and accounting. Bakshi was head of intelligence service. Sadr recommended grants Akbar appt Mir Adl for dispensation of justice and qazi/sadr was to act as his assistant. Kotwal was incharge of law and order and checked weights and measures, control gambling and prostitution. More Subahs were added after expansion into Deccan. 1586 Ak decided to appt 2 governors in every province was abandoned later. Ain-I-Akbari gives geographical boundaries of Subahs. Says that provinces were divided into Sarkars and Parganas along with their zamindars, military forces and their estimated jama/ revenue. Diwans since 1595 started to be appointed centrally and ceased to be a subordinated of the governor. Headed by Faujdar resp for gen govt, law and order, safety of roads. Has been compared to District collector of British rule but Faujdar also commanded local armed forces. Qazi was resp for criminal justice and civil law among Muslims. Headed by shiqdar for general adm, amil for assessment and collection of land revenue, treasurer, Qanungo who determined pargana and village boundaries and kep local rev records.
#todo Could be seen as a reason for the evolution of his social outlook A/C to Ain-i-Akbari b/w 1575-95 30 out of 184 nobles were Hindus of which Rajputs were 27. Badayuni was unhappy about it saying Akbar cannot have enough of them. Opened service to talent and many small rajas rose to high positions. Many Khatri and Kayastha castes who were revenue experts rose high where the acted as financial experts. Todar Mal who first worked under Sher Shah rose to the position of wazir during Akbars reign. Mughals inducted 2 sections of Indian Muslims the Saiyads of Barha famed to have come from Arabia and the Shakihzadas who belonged to learned family of the Shaikhs. Kamboh were another section of Hindustanis employed in mostly in military. Ex Shahbaz Khan Mir Bakshi, Turani nobles decreased. Attempt was made to break clan tribal ties -> nobles were supposed to had military regiments were to mix of Mughals, Rajputs, Hindustanis etc. **Suzerainty** : relationship in which one state or other polity controls foreign policy and relations of a tributary state.
#todo Mehrunnisa married Jahangir in 1611 was the daughter of Itimad ud Dala/ Ghiyas Beg. He was taken into service under Akbar at Fatehpur Sikri and rose to the position of Diwan in 1595. Controversy has been about role of Nur Jahan and her impact on court politics during the last 16 yrs of J reign. $ Mutammad Khan a contemporary writer wrote that all important affairs of the empire passed into the hands of Jahangir. He further states that not a single relation, slaves, proteges who was not granted a satisfactory mansab and jagir. Itimad ud Daula was raised to position of Wizarat and within a year his rank inc from 1500 to 4000. Her brother Asaf Khan continued to hold the post of Mir Bakshi. **Beni Prasad** put forward the theory that a 'junta' of the 3 and prince Khurram became dominant in the scene till 1620. - Hungry for power she decided to supersed him by a more reliant instrument his brother Shahriyar, whose marriage was arranged to Nur Jahan's daughter from first husband Sher Afghan. This led to the rise of a rival party whose candidate to the thone was Khusrau. **Nurul Hasan** argued that promotions were well spread out There were other nobles like Mahabat Khan who continued to enjoy Jahangirs favor despite not enjoying support from the Junta. There is also no contemporary evidence of a factional alliance b/w Nur Jahan and Khurram. Also the question of support for Shahriyar would not arise since by 1618 Shah Jahan was already having rank of 30, 000 zat and sowar and was given special position beside the throne in the darbar. But Nur Jahan completely dominated the Haram. As far as her interference in political life is concerned. She sometimes sat in the Jharokha window, dictated orders to officers and received important messages. Farmans were sometimes issued in her name. Coins have also been stuck in her name in dam, dirham and even on a silver rupee with the title 'Badshah Begum'. She became a channel for seeking royal favours. After 1622-27 when Jahangirs health began to fail she started participating more into the political affairs, since powerful noble like Mahabat Khan wanted to make the emperor their puppet. It has been suggested that Persian nobles rose in prominence during her time. But not all of these nobles sided with Nur Jahan.
#todo Eldest of the 4 sons and the favorite of Shah Jahan was appointed governor of Allahabad and then Lahore. He stayed with SJ most of the times at the Court that alienated the other 3 brothers who came together against him. In 1954 he had been given the title of Sultan Buland Iqbal and given a golden chari next to the throne. Had a rank of 60,000 zat and 40,000 sowar. Dara constantly associated with liberal sufi saints and was deeply interested in the question of monotheism. He studied the testament, vedas and was convinced that the Vedas supplemented the Quran in understanding Monotheism. Darah after losing to Aurangzeb fled to Lahore where he was pursued and then again to Afghanistan where he was captured and presented to Aurangzeb.
#todo Uzbeks, Safavids and Ottomons were all powerful empires and thus there was a definite pattern of diplomatic and political relations. Diplomatic mode means exchange of missions or embassies. High level/ extraordinary ambassadors were nobles or related to royal families. Often carried a letter detailing achievements and conquests. Also had gifts and rarities. Missions had no fixed time. Their foreign policy was Indo centric and concerned with India's safety and security. Uzbeks and Safavids clashed for Khorasan and Transoxiana. Ottomans were Sunnis who were annoyed by Safavids who were constantly sending preachers to convert the Turks to shiaism. Abdullah Khan Uzbek had captured Balkh that acted as buffer between the Mughals and the Uzbeks. After which he sent an embassy to Akbar urging him to lead an expedition from India to Iran and divide the kingdom that was in disarray after the death of Shah Tahmasp. Akbar was not moved since he wanted a strong Iran to check the Uzbeks. He gave refuge to Timurid prince Mirza Suleiman who had been ousted from Badakshan. Abdullah Khan Uzber had fomented trouble in North West through Jalala, a religious fanatic. Akbar moved to Attock against this operation and also lost his friend Birbal. After Shah Tahmasps death 1576 Ottomons captured Norther Iran. Akbar sent and Embassy to Iran disapproving of this and offering armed support. Akbar also came in terms with the Abdullah chiefs to define a scientific frontein where the Mughals gave up their interest in Badakshan and Balkh which had been ruled by Timuridprinces and the Uzbeks not claiming Kabul and Qandahar. Akbar then occupied Qandahar in 1595. Rising Uzbek power was the reason Safavids and Mughals came together. Qandahar was the only trouble between the 2. It had strategic and economic significance that made both of them claim it. Strategically it was vital for the defence of Kabul. Economically it was the hub of trade b/w India and Central Asia. It was more important to the Mughals as for Persians it was merely an outpost but for Mughals it was an important bastion for defence of their entire empire. In 1522 it came under control of Babur and no objection was raised. But in lieu of helping Humayun when he came to Shah Tahmasps help he agreed to help provided he transferred Qandahar to Iran. Which he did not but Shah took control of it after Humayun's death. After the Shah died and Abdullah Uzbek conquered Balkh. Akbar then conquered Qandahar to estd a defensive line in north west against possible Uzbek invasion. Shah Abbas tried to capture Qandahar after Akbars death but moved away after arrival of Mughal reinforcements. After Jahangir came to throne Abbas sent lavish gifts to him that was later returned by Jahangir. Many Indian traders settled in areas of Yezd, Shiraz, Isafahan, Tehran and Gilan including Hindus. Safavids took interest in Mughal deccan but it was limited. Persians attacked Qandahar in 1622 and captured it. Shah Abbas tried to play it down but the damage on the relationship was already done. This led to Mughals getting closer to Uzbeks. The Uzbeks kept the Persian Shah informed about the intrigues of the Mughals. Shah Jahan put up a common plan to attack Persia from 3 sides with the help of Uzbeks but they denied it. The Persians befriended the Ottomans to attack Qandahar but the Shah died on the way. In 1646 is considered a high watermark in Mughal foreign policy but its failure is also sometimes said to be the beginning of Mughal military decline. After death of Abdullah Khan Uzbek. Imam Quli became the rules and assigned Balk and bactria to his younger brother Nazr Muhammad. Nur Jahan and Imam Quli's mother exchanged embassies during this time. Nazr Muhammad attacked Kabul but was defeated. Imam Quli sent a friendhsip offering. Vice versa happened when Shah Jahan attacked occupied Bamiyan. Frequent sharing of embassy took place since 1633. Nazr Muhammad asked for Mughal help when his son joined the rebels. Prince Murad was sent to help but instead he had to occupy Balkh. A counter attack from Uzbeks was routed by the Mughal forces. Who had to then retreat due to the hostile population and approaching winter of 1647. The contemporary historians have stressed that Uzbek population wanted protection from raiding tribes who were tyrants and sinners. Riazul Islam has accused Shah Jahan of being an adventurist inspired by restoration of Timurid power. SJ wanted to protect the Kabul Kandahar line from united powerful Uzbek Khanate. It was not a failure since it ensure the safety of Kabul until the rise of Nadir Shah. Aurangzeb made repeated attempts to capture Qandahar from the Persians but failed. Darah failed at it too. Diplomatic relations resumed after the failure to capture Qandahar. But Shah Abbas II was of unstable character and threatened invasion after disparaging Mughal ambassador. Mughals succeeded in maintaining a scientific fronteir in north west. Their basic foreign policy was based on the defence of India buttressed by diplomatic means. It gave India security from foreing invasions till the disintegration of Mughal empire. They insisted on relations of equality with the Asian nations. Used foreign policy to promote India's commercial interest. Kabul and Qandahar were twin gateways. Indian traders settled all over Central Asia due to this.
#todo ]]>08.2-medieval-india/9.-mughal-empire-in-17th-century/9.4-nature-of-mughal-state.html08.2 Medieval-India/9. Mughal-Empire-in-17th-Century/9.4 Nature of Mughal State.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo Conquest of Deccan by Mughals tooks almost 100 years (1596-1687) Bahmani sultanate had been disintegrated resulting into 3 states Ahmednagar, Bijapur and Golconda. They defeated Vijayanagar empire in 1565 and constantly strifed between each other. There were also ethnic and sectarian violence b/w nobles of foreign origin called Afaqis who were mostly shias and Deccanis (Afghans and Habshis) who were sunnis. Rise of Mahdawism in Ahmadnagar further complicated sectarian scenario there. Marathas had been recruited as bargir/auxiliaries in the army and Marathi Brahmans dominated the revenue department at all levels. However, all these elements considered Mughals as foreigners and this later acted as a ralllying point for them.
Nizam Shahi dynasty had fallen and their was internal strife among the nobles as to who would be the successor of Ahmadnagar. 2 primary rivals were Chand Bibi who supported the claim of his son Bahadur and Miyan Manju supported by the Deccani nobles. Miyan Manjus asked for Akbars help to be throned. When Mughal forces reached Ahmednagar Manju changed sides to Chand Bibi who asked fro Bijapur and Golconda for help. Their combined forces were defated and Berar ceded by Chand Bibi to the Mughals She later with the help of other kingdoms tried to get Berar back but their forces were defeated. And later Ahmadnagar fort was surrendered. Murtaza II was accepted as legitimate successor of Ahmadnagar. Malik Ambar rose as his confidant during this time. Who was defeated and surrendered the capital Ahmednagar. Bahadur the ruler of Khandesh was also defeated. Akbar wanted to capture the powerful fort of Asirgarh and secure the Gujarat sea port. Daughter of Bijapur sultan was married to prince Daniyal who died shortly afterwards so Mughal Bijapur friendship never consolidated. Ambar was an abyssinian born in Ethiopia. Later he became the chief man of Murtaza Nizam Shah II and began to be called a Peshwa. He enlisted Deccani sodiers including Afghans and Habshis and also the Maratha troopers. With his guerilla tactics he made it difficult for the Mughals to consolidate their position in the Deccan. In 1601 an alliance b/w Abdur Rahim Khan i Khanan and Ambar was concluded that allowed him to deal with his internal rivals. Murtaza was deposed and killed. Akbar also died and Jahangir was preoccupied with Khusrau's rebellion. Ambar during this time expelled the Mughals from Berar, Balaghat and Ahmednagar. Ambar made a pact with Adil Shah of Bijapur and forced counterattacking Mughal forces. Successive Mughal Campaigns were also defeated. Malik Ambar in this time became arrogant and alienated many of his allies. Khan i Khana befriended these erstwhile allies of Ambar who were mostly Marathas and defeated combined forces of Ahmadnagar, Bijapur and Golconda in 1616. Ambar had to submit and most of his recently occupied territories were surrendered. Jahangir was soft on the Deccanis due to Iranian Safavid Shah Abbas I's requests. He also did not want to get caught in their internal rivalry or extend Mughal commitments in the Deccan. A rift b/w Ambar and Adil Shah and Jahangir decided to favour Bijapur. Ambar defeated this coalition surpising their force in 1624. His prestige after this reached its pinnacle. Ambar died at around 1627. **Satish Chandra** : He was a gifted man who utilized complex political situation to push himself forward that led him into a conflict with Bijapur and the dissolution of the united deccan front. Ambars main contribution was to provide training to Maratha armies and instill them with a sense of self confidence so that they could defy even the might of Mughal empire. He introduced Todar Mal's land revenue system. Fixed boundaries of villages, measured and setteld rates of revenue payment. Introduced the Zabti system of giving land contract/ Ijara. Land was measured with chains and progressive tax on lands newely brought under cultivation. Paid close attention to problems of local deshmukhs and others related to land cultivation. Shah Jahan became emperor and one of the problems that he faced was the recovery of territories in Deccan lost to Nizam Shahi rulers of Ahmednagar. SJ made a pact with Bijapur to ceded 1/3rd of Ahmednagar territories against their cooperation. He also asked Maratha sardars to join him. Adil Shah accepted this since he was also upset with Ambar's destruction of Nauraspur and loss of Sholapur. Shahji Bhonsle also joined SJ. SJ moved to Burhanpur and wrested Ahmednangar. But after capturing most of it except Parenda the capital they refused to cede territories to Adil Shah. The suspicious Shah then joined hands with the Nizam Shahi. Mughals retreated from Parenda. Fath Khan was raised as the ruler but he secretly joined/surrendered to the Mughals and jagirs of Shahji Bhonsle given to him. Shahji then left Mughal service. Mahabat Khan the Mughal governor of Deccan invested forts of Daulatabad and deposed the Nizam Shahi dynasty. But Shahji Bhonsle kept on harassing Mughal soldiers after finding a Nizam Shahi prince. After a while most of the anti Mughal group were killed and Adil Shah came to recognise Mughal Suzerainty. SJ then entered into a treaty with Qutub Shahi's of Golconda and agreed to include name of Shah Jahan in the khutba. SJ realised the objective of Akbar. Mughal Suzerainty was accepted over length and breadth of the country. The areas of Karnataka was divided among Nayaks of Tanjore, Jinji and Madurai and Raya of Vijayanagra. A series of campaigns were taken by Bijapur and Golconda against them. Mughals remainded neutral to this and at times arbitrated during disputes b/w them. The Rayal and Qutub Shahis asked for Mughal intervention in dividing Karnataka b/w Bijapur and Golconda. There was gradual change in Mughal benevolent neutrality after 1648. Shahji Bhonsle was brought under Mansabdari system again in order to woo powerful Maratha sardars to their side. This culminated into the invasion of Bijapur and Golconda in 1657 and 1656 respectively. The Angry exchange of letters b/w Viceroy of Deccan Aurangzeb and Shah Jahan allude to Mughal inability to deal with financial affairs of the Deccan. SJ refused to meet defict in Deccan from revenue of Malwa and Surat. SJ tried to force a part of booty as compensation for Mughal Neutrality. Next was territorial compensation for their Neutrality. Dispute about decline in exchange rate b/w Rupee and hurt was used as a pretext of war In case of Golconda 1656. For Bijapur death of Muhammad Adil Shah in 1656 and resulting confusion and arrear in payment of tribute and siding with Golconda in previous was led to war in 1657. Amidst territorial and tribute disputes SJ instructed Aurangzeb to conquer Golconda after settling affair with Bijapur that was to be either Annexed or to recover the old territory and spare the rest of a hefty indemnity. Aurangzeb tried to pursue a policy of all out conquest. The territories of Coromandel was export rich and significant enough to discard the treaties of 1636. This dilemma and reversal of 1636 treaty caused a problem that Aurangzeb was not able to solve during his reign. It also questions the political sagacity of Shah Jahan and perhaps became the biggest mistake of his reign. JN Sarkar : Conditions were created that for a union of hearts between the Mughals and Deccan states become a Psychological impossibility 2 problems faced by A was rising power of Shivaji and problem of persuading Bijapur to give away promised territories of Ahmednangar by Treaty of 1636. Jain Singh wanted a divide and rule policy to stem feud b/w Marathas and Bijapur and a forward policy to counter Maratha power. But due to limited resources his plans failed. Jai Singh's exepdition against Bijapur proved costly and he died in 1667. In 1668 Mughals secured Sholapur by Bribery. A treid to stir up certain sections of nobles at Bijapur court for Bijapuri action against Marathas. He abandoned this policy when he was convinced that Deccan states would never join the Mughals. Thus he went for complete annexation of both Deccani states. During this period Shivaji was at the peak of his power and Golconda saw the rise of Madanna and Akhanna in Golconda who virutally ruled it till 1687 when the kingdom dissolved. Madanna and Akhanna built an alliance with Shivaji to contain the Mughals. It was marked by A belief that he could not achieve his objectives without first annexing the Deccani states. A demaned Adil Shah to becmoe a vassal, allow safe passage to Mughal troops, supply a contingent of troops and cavalry and expelling of nobles who opposed Mughals. Bijapur did not agree and was invaded after 18 months of siege and even with support from Sambhaji and Golconda it was defeated in 1686. Next year Golconda was attacked for aiding Bijapur and Marathas and in handing over the entire administration of infidels Madanna and Akhanna. There is a debate that wether annexation of Bijapur and Golconda was a result of growing crisis of Jagirdari system ie the shortage of pai-baqi lands> No contemporary writers has said this. Khafi Khan has said that be jagiri was caused after Bijapur and Golconda were annexed. But it could have been one of the factors. Initially A was able to put the Marathas on the defensive. This was aided by Sambhajis preoccupation with internal enemies and neighbours ie the Portuguese and Sidis. In 1689 he was captured and executed as a rebel and infidel. This was A's political mistake. In the absence of a single rallying point Maratha sardars were free to plunder Mughal territories which made them all pervasive in the Deccan. Rajaram was appointed king. He was forced to move to Gingee and continue his rebellion from their which in a way spread the Maratha rebellion. While trying to annex Bijapur - Karnataka Zulfiqar Khan came into serious resistance from Santa Ghorpade and Dhanaji Jadhav. Who took Mughal nobles as prisoners for ransom. A b/w 1700-1705 moved from one fort to other but he was too feeble and Maratha raids was taking toll of the Mughal army. Raja Ram died in 1698 Tarabai his eldest widow proposed peace but A refused. 1703 Aurangzeb opened negotiations agreeing to release Shahu who was at Satara but cancelled it uncertain about Maratha intentions. By 1706 he realised the futility of war with them and retreated to Aurangabad. A died in 1707 and lifet behing a distracted with multiple internal problems.
#todo Persian threat to Qandahar and worsening health of Jahangir caused commotion and struggle for succession among his sons. Shah Jahan had the brother of Jahangir Khusrau killed. He was asked to lead the expedition against Persian in Qandahar but he made a number of demands that were not fulfilled. Ascerbetic exchange of letters b/w him and Jahangir worsened the situation. He was defeated in 1623 by the Imperialist forces and wandered till her reached Malik Ambar who gave him the task of removing Mughals from Burhanpur that he failed twice. He became desperate and asked for forgiveness of Jahangir. His powers, position and close association with Prince Parvez was considered a threat against Shah Jahan. He seized the emperor while the royal camp was crossing Jhelum river on its way to Kabul. Nur Jahan escaped but later joined the emperor surrendering herself. Later due to his growing unpopularity among the Rajput soldiers Mahabat Khan ran away and joined Shah Jahan. Asaf kahn the father in law of Shah Jahan support by other nobles he made Nur Jahan a prisoner and urgently summoned him to come and occupy the throne. Jats lived around the sides of river Jamuna having a strong sense of clan brotherhood and egalitarianism. This ended up in becoming a tribal association that was similar to a jirga but more hierarchical. Jats were mostly peasant cultivators who often rose against perceived injustice. 1667 Jats of Mathur rose against Aurangzeb under leadership of Gokla. They killed the Mughal Fauzdar of Mathura. He was defeated and killed after A moved from Agra to Delhi. 1672 the Satnamis a sect of bairagis who had their own scripture who believed in Monotheis and condemned rituals and superstition rose. They were mostly peasants, artisans and lower caste people. They defeated the local fauzdar and seized town of Narnaul and Bairat -> scanty grain supply in Delhi. During this time Mughal attacked jat village of Sinsani and they rose in rebellion again this time under Rajaram. There was growing animonsity with Rajputs and Jats the former being revenue collectors of the area. Rajaram and Churaman led against Bishan Singh but were defeated. Later Churaman was able to carve out s separate jat principality ousting the Rajputs.
Continuation Duringh Shah Jahans reign conflict w/ them was economic, political and religious. 1667 Bhagu leader of Yusufzai tribe, proclaimed himself as king. The ambition of setting up a separate state of their own had started. Raushanai religious movt provided intellectual and moral background to it. Revolt spread into areas of Peshawar and Attock. It was repressed. 1672 Afridi's under Akmal Khan. They closed the Khyber pass and defeated and killed Chief Bakshi Amir Khan who had previously put down Bhagu's revolt. In 1674 Aurangzeb had to move to Peshawar to put it down. It shows that the urge for regional freedom was not confined to sections of Hindus. Revolt also relaxed Mughal pressure on Shivaji. After Gur Arjans execution conflict b/w Guru Hargovind and Mughals took place during the Early years of Shah Jahans reign. RP Tripathi says that it was almost insignificant. First of these took place when the emperors hawk flew to the Gurus camp. Second one took place while trying to found a new city on river Beas. Third took place when Guru was presented with Stolen horses from imperial stable. After a brief skirmish Guru had to leave Kartarpur and return to Kashmir hills. The estd of an expanding community of Sikhs with a definite ethico-religious outlook deeply devoted to the Guru and determined to fight injustice had to at some point of time come into conflict with established authority. The transforming hereditary character of Gurudom and recruitment of military and militarisation of the faith was the reason were additional factors. Guru Har Kishan had blessed Dara Shikoh. His son Ram Rai was detained at Delhi. According to AC Bannerji it is possible that emperor wanted to make future of Gurus more amenable to Mughal. Guru Teg Bahadur was executed in 1974. A was in Afghanistan during this time. The violent opposition of the Guru was the reason cited by Islamic sources but Sikhs saw this as fight againt oppression. His death caused the final transformation of Sikhism into an armed movt. Guru Govind Singh retreated to Punjab and founded the Khalsa/ military brotherhood at Anandpur. A/C to JS Grewal it sharpened the social identity of the Khalsa who already belonged to a distinct socio-religious fraternity. Hill Rajas attacked the Guru at Anandpur but were forced to retreat they asked for Mughal intervention. In the resulting war with Governor of Lahore Wazir Khan 2 of the Gurus sons were killed. 2 others were killed in another battle. Guru then retreated to Talwandi and was not disturbed. Guru created a weapon that would forge a Sikh state later. Rebellion showed that egalitarian religious movt could turn into a political and militaristic movt. Some historians have credited A with working hard to stem the forces of disinteigration represented by the Hindus and tried rallying the muslims for defence of the Empire. Jadunath Sarkar has compared him to the Boa Constrictor who swalloed everything only to collapse under his own weight. He had puritanical views wanted all Muslims to follow sharia and followed a discriminatory policy against non Muslims. He remained an austere, aloof and remote figure which made him difficult to access by the nobles let alone the general public. A attempt to use the Ulama to rally Muslims in support behind him was unsuccessful who proved to be corrupt and grasping. His overemphasis on Qazis had made responsible officers of emprire jealous and envious since they had become very powerful. He was a god fearing man who tried to combine wordly power with spiritual power. Sometimes he overruled decrees of Sharia by his own secular decrees 'zawabits'. He executed both Hindus and Muslim prisoner of war once. He did not have a political bend of mind. He failed to understand the nature of Maratha movt or his action to annex Bijapur and Golconda. Irfan Habib's 'Agrarian System of Mughal India' Revenue system inherently flawed, kept at the highest possible rate for maintaining greatest military strength Jagirdars frequently transferred - lack of farsightedness, loyalty to an area No surplus left with peasantry to advance agri tech dissent, revolts, migration
#todo Late Seventeenth century crisis and the revolts Analyze the cause of the agrarian crisis of the Mughal Empire and briefly discuss the agrarian aspects of the peasant revolt against the Empire. [1982, 60m]
[Agrarian Crisis :](onenote: Late %2017th%20Century%20crisis%20and%20the%20Revolts§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={E156AA9E-59D8-44C7-9F1F-83D96F248BB3}&object-id={169BC267-4803-4386-9AB6-521ACB9F60D5}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one ) "The major cause of revolts against the Mughal Empire during the latter half of the 17th century was economic, rather than religious." Discuss. [2009, 30m]
[Revolts](onenote: Late %2017th%20Century%20crisis%20and%20the%20Revolts§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={E156AA9E-59D8-44C7-9F1F-83D96F248BB3}&object-id={169BC267-4803-4386-9AB6-521ACB9F60D5}&1B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one ) On the basis of the accounts of Europeans bring out the agrarian crisis of the 17th century CE India. [2013, 20m]
[Agrarian Crisis :](onenote: Late %2017th%20Century%20crisis%20and%20the%20Revolts§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={E156AA9E-59D8-44C7-9F1F-83D96F248BB3}&object-id={169BC267-4803-4386-9AB6-521ACB9F60D5}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one ) ]]>08.2-medieval-india/9.-mughal-empire-in-17th-century/9.5-late-17th-century-crisis-and-the-revolts.html08.2 Medieval-India/9. Mughal-Empire-in-17th-Century/9.5 Late 17th Century crisis and the Revolts.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#todo Rulers of Kamrup and Kamta brought under their control area b/w Kartoya and Barnadi rivers. To their East were the Ahoms who belonged to the Tai tribe of south China and other south-east Asian countries. Who came from Yunan in 13th century and estd their control over Dibrugarh and Sibsagar. A new language Assamese based in intermingling of various tribal language emerged. Its first work was Hem Saraswati's Prahlat Charit. Neo Vaishnavites movt under Shankaradeva rose. Period of 15th century can be called a period of literary and cultural renaissance in Assam. Also the period of steady Hinduizaion of Ahoms. Bhakti saints lived in centres called namghoras -> dev as centre of literature and faith the period of 15th century saw the decline of Kamata kingdom and was replaced by the Cooch Behar/ Kuch rulers who clashed with the Ahoms. After the decline of Kuch rule they invited the Mughals into the area and thus led to Mughal Ahom clashes.
#todo Mir Jumla was the governor of Bengal who wanted entire Assam to be annexed Cooch behar and then invaded Ahom Kingdom. Mir Jumla occupied Ahom and held it for 6 months despite rains and a close seige by Ahoms. Ahom king signed a humiliating treaty in 1663. Later after Mir Jumla died the Ahoms renewed their effors and drove the Mughals back recovering even the Cooch Behar areas. War continued for 10 more years. Ahoms had infantry, elephants and a strong navy relied mostly on Guerilla mode of warfare. Ahoms during emergency could mobilise all able men about 100,000 in total. Later the Mughals accepted river Manas to be the boundary b/w them and the Ahoms. Lachit Borphukan was a military commander of the Ahom kingdom who led in the 1671 Battle of Saraighat thwarted attempt of Mughals. Ahoms mostly depended on forced labours and such labourers were called paiks. For its enforcement census was taken of the village. Each village had to send a number of paiks on a rotation basis. Till 17th century end administration became centralised. All male served in the army. And at other times were engaged in building dams, irrigation etc systems. Introduced new methods of rice cultivation and declared capture of wild elephants as royal monopoly. The Ahom Kingdom Write a short essay on: "The Ahom Kingdom" [2008, 20m]
[The Ahom Kingdom](onenote: The %20Ahom%20Kingdom§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={14288913-7599-4E6A-878F-167FA8579438}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one ) Give a brief account of resistance offered by Ahom State against the Mughal rule. [2014, 10m]
[Resistance to Mughal Empire](onenote: The %20Ahom%20Kingdom§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={14288913-7599-4E6A-878F-167FA8579438}&object-id={F4980A2D-8070-4226-B3FD-DDBB86F4EA95}&C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one ) ]]>08.2-medieval-india/9.-mughal-empire-in-17th-century/9.6-the-ahom-kingdom.html08.2 Medieval-India/9. Mughal-Empire-in-17th-Century/9.6 The-Ahom-Kingdom.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo Their Rise was a medieval phenomena since 8th century as a result of Brahmanisation and Kshatriation. From time of Bahmani Kingdom Maratha chiefs such as Mores and Ghatges were employed in service of the state and exercised local authority. Shahji defected again to Bijapur in 1632 son of Malik Ambar joined the Mughals and deposed the Nizam Shahi. Shahji then found a Nizam Shahi prince and raised him as ruler. Supported by Adil Shah and many other nobles. He took control of a large portion of the Ahmadnagar state.
#todo After the treaty of 1636 of Bijapur with the Mughals Shahji was sent to Bangalore where he tried to set up and independent principality. He left his Poona jagir to Shivaji and by the age of 18 he ran over many forts such as poona Rajgarh, Kondana and Torna in 1647 he got full control of this fathers jagir. Poona was a neglected Jagir and Shah Jahan was busy in Central Asia -> him trying to carve out an independent principality. His real conquest started in 1656 when he conquered Javli from Maratha Chief Chandra Rao More. This freed up his path to Satara and to the coastal strip. He came into conflict with Mughals after 1657 after they invaded Bijapur. His frequent shift of alliance made Aurangzeb suspicious who wanted him to be employed in Karnataka. Shivaji demanded a mansab of 5000 and the deshmukhi of Junna and Ahmadnagar since his father Shahji was captured by the Mughals. But Shahji was released soon after. Shivaji was called in 1657 after the Invasion of Bijapur. Before this he had captured Bhiwandi and Kalyan in North Konkan. Bijapur wanted him to be captured. Afzal Khan set up a meeting with him promising him to get pardoned at the Bijapuri court. But Shivaji knew of this and in 1659 murdered the Khan. He then routed the leaderless army. His exploits were widely spoken of and he was said to have magical powers. It made him a legendary figure. Shaista Khan's army took control of North Deccan in 1660. In 1662 Shivaji made a deal with Bijapur to secure his north west part of Kingdom. After this he infiltrated into the camp of Shaista Khan and attacked him in his haram killing his son and one of his captains. In 1664 he attacked Surat, premier Mughal court. After Shaista Khan debacle Mirza Raja Jai Singh was trusted to put down Shivaji and given wide powers. Jai Singh tried to isolate Shivaji appealing to all nobles. He then besieged Purandhar where Shivaji had lodged his family in 1665. After which Shivaji opened negotiation. The following terms were agreed : Out of 35 forts 23 forts that yielded a revenue of 4 lakh hurts every year was to be surrendered to Mughals. Bijapuri territory encompassing Konkan and Balaghat was given to him. Shivajit was taken into Mughal services and asked to lead against Bijapur. This was a plan by Jai Singh to keep him occupied and if he digresses from the plan defeat him. Shivaji failed in the Seige of Panhala and so did Jai Singh's plan of capturing Bijapur. This failure was alluded to Shivaji's treachery after which he was sent to reconcile with Aurangzeb. Aurangzeb granted him a mansab of 5000 zat that was earlier given to his minor son. It was clear that Aurangzeb did not value Shivaji's friendship. A did not even speak to him in person Shivaji felt insulted and stormed out after refusing imperial service. Many argued exemplary punishment be given to Shivaji but before any decision was to be made Shivaji escaped from detention. Later Shivaji asked for Emperors pardon and entered into a treaty with him where Sambhaji was restored to mansab of 5000 and jagir in Berar.
#todo In 1670 he started offensive recovering the 23 hill forts made inroads into Mughal territories in Berar and Khandesh. In 1674 her crowned himself formally at Rajgarh/Raigad. By that that he was the most important and powerful Maratha sardar. This also allowed him to make treaties with the Deccan states as an equal. **Raigad fort** was captured by Shivaji in 1656 from the Adil Shahis. It helped him challenge the supremacy of the Adil Shahi dynasty and also opened up his routes towards Konkan. It was known as the Gibraltar of the East. He assumed the title of Haindava-Dharmoddaraka or Redeemer of Hindu dharma and Kshatriya-Kulavatansa or the protector of 4 fold varnashrama dharma. There is controversy that wether Ramdas of Jalna, Shivaji's guru had entrusted him with this mission @ RR Ranade says that Shivajis contact with Ramdas was established after his coronation, not before. 1676 Shivaji undertook invasion of Karnataka keen to claim patrimony of his father Shahji an agreement with Qutb Shah was reached on sharing of spoils. Expedition was highly successful and he captured areas from Gingee to Vellore and displaced Sher Khan Lodi from south Karnataka. After which he refused to share anything with Qutb Shah that strained relation b/w them. Shivaji died in 1680 shortly after Karnataka expedition.
#todo He laid foundation of a sound system of adm. It was mostly borrowed from Deccan states system. He designated the Ashtapradhan but it was not a council of minister, each one was resp to ruler.
Shivaji's organisation of Army and revenue system was the more important than his appt of these officials. Preferred to give cash salaries to regular soldiers sometimes chiefs received revenue grants called saranjam. No women or dancing girls were allowed to accompany the army, strict discipline was maintained. Plunder taken by soldiers was strictly accounted. Regular army had about 30-40 thousand cavalry supervised by havaldars who had fixed salaries. Forts were major source of strengths and carefully supervised. Mavali foot soldiers and gunners were appointed there. 3 men of each ranks were put incharge of each fort to guard against treachery. He also tried to develop a navy. Kalyan, Bhiwandi, Panvel were naval ports adjacent to Portuguese. Was done for trade and commerce. He employed the Sidis, African group in adjacent areas. His navy had 60-160 gunboats aka ghurabs and other ships such as Shibars, Manchwas etc mainly used for trading. For sea faring he inducted Kolis and Bhandaris and also the Muslims aka Malabar pirates. Revenue System Largely based on Malik Ambar's system. Shivaji tried to estd links with village headmen to measure the land. Due to neglect bigger deshmukhs had become very powerful in the area. A/c Sabhasad a contemporary historian Deshmukhs had become unruly and seized the country. Shiva as per Sabhasad destroyed the bastions of the Desais, their castles and strongholds and posted his own men. He prohibited the illegal exactions of mirasdars and put a stop to ijara or revenue farming and fixed the dues of zamindars from villages in cash and grains. His efforts were to reform the existing system not to create a new one. Sabhasad says that revenue demand was 2/5 of actual produce. Fraser says that it was double the rate of former days. Demand must have been heavy. Shivaji supplemented his income by levying Chauth/ Chauthai from neighbouring Mughal territories. Chauth was not a new feature but Zamindars in Guj had been charging Banth that was 1/4 of revenue in areas of control. It was done by Portuguese, Zamindars of Deccan etc. In practice it became a protection money against Maratha depredations. Another claim based on zamindari rights was Shivajis claim of Sardeshmukhi since it was based on the notion that Shivaji was head of all deshmukhs in the Area. His officials and commanders were drawn strictly from Maharashtra Initially A was able to put the Marathas on the defensive. This was aided by Sambhajis preoccupation with internal enemies and neighbours ie the Portuguese and Sidis. In 1689 he was captured and executed as a rebel and infidel. This was A's political mistake. In the absence of a single rallying point Maratha sardars were free to plunder Mughal territories which made them all pervasive in the Deccan. Rajaram was appointed king. He was forced to move to Gingee and continue his rebellion from their which in a way spread the Maratha rebellion. While trying to annex Bijapur - Karnataka Zulfiqar Khan came into serious resistance from Santa Ghorpade and Dhanaji Jadhav. Who took Mughal nobles as prisoners for ransom. A b/w 1700-1705 moved from one fort to other but he was too feeble and Maratha raids was taking toll of the Mughal army. Raja Ram died in 1698 Tarabai his eldest widow proposed peace but A refused. 1703 Aurangzeb opened negotiations agreeing to release Shahu who was at Satara but cancelled it uncertain about Maratha intentions. By 1706 he realised the futility of war with them and retreated to Aurangabad. A died in 1707 and lifet behing a distracted with multiple internal problems. Shivaji as Nationalist Leader
#todo Significance of Maratha/Shivaji's Rule
#todo Meaning and Significance of Maratha Dharma
#todo He assumed the title of Haindava-Dharmoddaraka or Redeemer of Hindu dharma and Kshatriya-Kulavatansa or the protector of 4 fold varnashrama dharma. Limitation to Maratha Rule
#todo Shivaji and the early Maratha Kingdom Trace the development of Maratha power under Shivaji. [1980, 60m]
[Shivaji and the Early Maratha Kingdom](onenote: Shivaji %20and%20the%20Early%20Maratha%20Kingdom§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={A41FCCC8-87A9-4E94-B0A5-42C121056DDD}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one ) Review the efforts made by Shivaji in consolidating his power in the Deccan in the seventeenth century. [1982, 60m]
[Efforts of Shivaji to Consolidate his power in the Deccan](onenote: Shivaji %20and%20the%20Early%20Maratha%20Kingdom§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={A41FCCC8-87A9-4E94-B0A5-42C121056DDD}&object-id={1FF60FF1-9FD1-4648-929F-81C2162B6376}&C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one ) Was Shivaji a nationalist leader? [1985, 20m]
[Shivaji as Nationalist Leader :](onenote: Shivaji %20and%20the%20Early%20Maratha%20Kingdom§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={A41FCCC8-87A9-4E94-B0A5-42C121056DDD}&object-id={1FF60FF1-9FD1-4648-929F-81C2162B6376}&1C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one ) Account for the rise of the Marathas as a political power. How did they influence the course of history? [1986, 60m]
[Shivaji and the Early Maratha Kingdom](onenote: Shivaji %20and%20the%20Early%20Maratha%20Kingdom§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={A41FCCC8-87A9-4E94-B0A5-42C121056DDD}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one )
[Significance of Maratha Rule](onenote: Shivaji %20and%20the%20Early%20Maratha%20Kingdom§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={A41FCCC8-87A9-4E94-B0A5-42C121056DDD}&object-id={1FF60FF1-9FD1-4648-929F-81C2162B6376}&27&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one ) Shivaji was a great organizer and builder of civil institutions, examine this statement in the light of the difficulties of administration and the extent of success achieved by him. [1992, 60m]
[Efforts of Shivaji to Consolidate his power in the Deccan](onenote: Shivaji %20and%20the%20Early%20Maratha%20Kingdom§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={A41FCCC8-87A9-4E94-B0A5-42C121056DDD}&object-id={1FF60FF1-9FD1-4648-929F-81C2162B6376}&C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one )
[Difficulties faced by Shivaji :](onenote: Shivaji %20and%20the%20Early%20Maratha%20Kingdom§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={A41FCCC8-87A9-4E94-B0A5-42C121056DDD}&object-id={780633C6-212B-4B70-AAD3-21E4B74811E3}&D&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one ) Write a short essay on: "Meaning and features of the Maharshtra Dharma." [1994, 20m]
[Meaning and Significance of Maratha Dharma](onenote: Shivaji %20and%20the%20Early%20Maratha%20Kingdom§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={A41FCCC8-87A9-4E94-B0A5-42C121056DDD}&object-id={B8E75930-AB2A-49B4-9251-5E4EC5D65903}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one ) Shivaji's rise to power cannot be treated as an isolated phenomenon in Maratha history. It was as much the result of his personal daring and heroism as of the peculiar geographical situation of the Deccan country and the unifying religious influences that were animating the people with new hopes and aspirations in the 15th and 16th centuries. Explain. [1996, 60m] Examine circumstances leading to rise of Shivaji. Throw light on his legacy. [1999, 60m]
[Efforts of Shivaji to Consolidate his power in the Deccan](onenote: Shivaji %20and%20the%20Early%20Maratha%20Kingdom§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={A41FCCC8-87A9-4E94-B0A5-42C121056DDD}&object-id={1FF60FF1-9FD1-4648-929F-81C2162B6376}&C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one )
[Significance of Maratha/Shivaji's Rule](onenote: Shivaji %20and%20the%20Early%20Maratha%20Kingdom§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={A41FCCC8-87A9-4E94-B0A5-42C121056DDD}&object-id={1FF60FF1-9FD1-4648-929F-81C2162B6376}&27&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one ) Were the Marathas restricted by their geopolitical limitations from becoming the paramount power of India? [2001, 60m]
[Limitation to Maratha Rule](onenote: Shivaji %20and%20the%20Early%20Maratha%20Kingdom§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={A41FCCC8-87A9-4E94-B0A5-42C121056DDD}&object-id={DD326334-D575-460E-8548-8D4AA3797E28}&1B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one ) How did Shivaji organize his administration and finances to consolidate his power? [2010, 30m]
[Administration :](onenote: Shivaji %20and%20the%20Early%20Maratha%20Kingdom§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={A41FCCC8-87A9-4E94-B0A5-42C121056DDD}&object-id={DD326334-D575-460E-8548-8D4AA3797E28}&2B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one ) Give social background to the rice of the Maratha movement during the seventeenth century. [2012, 10m]
[Social background to his rise](onenote: Shivaji %20and%20the%20Early%20Maratha%20Kingdom§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={A41FCCC8-87A9-4E94-B0A5-42C121056DDD}&object-id={DD326334-D575-460E-8548-8D4AA3797E28}&33&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one ) ]]>08.2-medieval-india/9.-mughal-empire-in-17th-century/9.7-shivaji-and-the-early-maratha-kingdom.html08.2 Medieval-India/9. Mughal-Empire-in-17th-Century/9.7 Shivaji-and-the-Early-Maratha-Kingdom.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>08.2-medieval-india/9.-mughal-empire-in-17th-century/nis-conquests-under-jehangir,-shah-jahan-and-aurangzeb.html08.2 Medieval-India/9. Mughal-Empire-in-17th-Century/NIS - Conquests under Jehangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTgess101.pdf - Our Pasts II NCERT | Overview]]>08.2-medieval-india/survey-of-sources.html08.2 Medieval-India/Survey-of-Sources.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#PrelimsPYQ Nuniz : Women scholars, writers, poets, musicians, singers, judges, bailiffs, watchmen Child marriage was common AR : existence of brothels Nuniz : kings eat all sorts of things but not flesh of cows and oxens Renaissance in Sanskrit, Dev of Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malyalam ! Bukka Rai rehabilitated H religious cultural institutions, H scholars flocked to his court Scholars, saints, men of letters, artists worked in harmony to produce synthetic culture of south IN - greatest cultural achievement of V empire Sayana Sanskrit scholar rewrote commentary on 4 Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas. Krishna Dev Raya scholar of Sanskrit, Tamil welcomed talent of all kinds gave patronage, age called - Dawn of new era in literary history of S IN he wrote Amuktamalyada book Tamil literature was produced by Shaivites, Vaishnavites, Jain scholars - comprised of translations, commentaries etc Meykandar wrote Shiva Nana Bodam treatise on sutras Shiva Nana Sittiyar of Arunandi Svarupananda Desikar, Tattuvarayar wrote on advaita philo Velliyambala Tambiran wrote Nana Bharana Vilakham Poyyamoli wrote Tanjai Vanam Kovai Secular literature Pugalendi wrote Nalavemba Secular lit Bharatam of Villiputturar prepared Mahabarat in Tamil Vemana wrote Sataka verses Virabhadra translated Kalidasa's Shakuntala into Telugu Allasani Peddana given title of Grandfather of Telugu poetry by KDR Madura wrote in Kannada, Palkunki Somanatha books on Vira shaivism Mallanarya in KDR courd Karnataka Sabdanusasana of Bhattakalanka Deva grammar book Unnunli Sandesam -> anonymous poem based on Kalidasa's Meghadutam. Chakiyarkoothu introduced as new Mal literature by Namboodri Brahmins. Rama Panikkar poets composed Ramayana, Bharata Gatha, Savitri Mahatmyam etc. Cherusseri Nambudiri authored Krishnagatha. ]]>08.2-medieval-india/7.-society-culture-15th-and-16th-cen/7.5-society,-culture-and-literature.html08.2 Medieval-India/7. Society-Culture-15th-and-16th-Cen/7.5 Society, Culture and Literature.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT A used to appear 3 times a day. 1st in the morning was called Jharokha darshan to estd personal bond b/w ruler and its subject. people presented their cases and a decision on spot was taken was sometimes used to witness animal fights and later due to reveration of the emperor people did not eat or drink until the darshan of the King. then he retired to the diwan-i-khas-am where petitions were presented person to person. 2nd Appearance was in the afternoon where he reviewed condition of horses and saw the working of the Karkhanas. Anotnion Monserrate has written about it. Confidential business was done at Ghusal Khana/ Bath room. This was renamed as Daulat Khana-i-Khas by Shah Jahan. Diwan-i-Khas was to bring together learned, wise men and truthseekers. Discussion of various topics were held. Akbar went ingnotio sometimes to observe his subjects. His most significant achievement was establishing routine that was strictly followed by his successors and bringing monarchy closer to people. Conquests and consolidation of the Empire Write a short essay on: "Hemu vikramaditya" [2001, 20m]
[Hemu who was a general of Sur rulers posed the](onenote: Conquests %20and%20Consolidation%20of%20the%20Empire§ion-id={92783BDC-2B1C-4D6D-AAB2-18F724050976}&page-id={5BEFBDB7-0116-442E-89BD-93018F1C5A4D}&object-id={57FC2F92-E0E8-42A2-B0B7-23179CF6AADC}&1C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Akbar.one ) More content needed Analyze how the political processes of state formation of Mewar, from 10th-15th century CE was challenged in the 16th century CE by the imperialist policy of Akbar. [2013, 15]
[Mughals already controlled Mewat, Ajmer and Nagor. They captured Mewar](onenote: Conquests %20and%20Consolidation%20of%20the%20Empire§ion-id={92783BDC-2B1C-4D6D-AAB2-18F724050976}&page-id={5BEFBDB7-0116-442E-89BD-93018F1C5A4D}&object-id={57FC2F92-E0E8-42A2-B0B7-23179CF6AADC}&2C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Akbar.one ) More content required ]]>08.2-medieval-india/8.-akbar/8.1-conquests-and-consolidation-of-the-empire.html08.2 Medieval-India/8. Akbar/8.1 Conquests and Consolidation of the Empire.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#todo Merits was first such system in India that was both systematic and progressive despite being under a despotic monarch. Established a link b/w chieftanship and feudalism reducing the need of the emperor from the grips of feudal lords esp among tribals. Post of Mansabdars was not hereditary and received salary directly from emperor. Emperor directly controlled their removal and appointment making them faithful and devoted to emperor decreasing chances of revolt. Encouraged non-muslims to join the system esp under Akbars rule. Demerits Were paid in jagirs instead of cash that later led to its stagnation and deterioration and a Jagirdari crisis. Many of the mansabdars were foreigners and apathetic towards an Indian empire. Akbar failed to organise a national army through it Since sawars and soldiers received money from Mansabdars their loyalty was to their master instead of the emperor which unfortunately did not led to the formation of a national army. Mansabdars during the time of review used to muster their soldiers who lay idle during most of the time making them less trained. Army also did not have any uniform rules for their systematic training and different weapons leading to non regimentation of the army. It was feudal land grant where the right to collect revenue on a piece of land was assigned to an individual in lieu of cash salary. The land was called Jagir and individual a Jagirdar. It did not mean the ownership on the land During the Sultanate period it was called Iqta It was assigned to a mansabdar. The estimated revenue was called 'jama o jamdari' and was callculated in Dams. Dam was a copper coin Various official who collected revenue were Karkun, Amirs, Fotedars, Qanungo etc Akbar from his 20th yr of reign appointed Amirs to oversee such procedure During the reign of Jahangir and Shah Jahan it was given for eight monthly most of the time but never less than 4 monthly. From Akbars time the Jama was highly inflated for the Deccan and jagirs there were given out for only 3-4 months. Jagir Tankha : were given in lieu of pay. Most common type, it was transferable Mashrut Jagir : given on certain conditions Inam Jagir : no involvement of services and were independent of rank Watan Jagir : given to Zamindar/ Rajput Rajas in their homeland. It was hereditary It had both adm and social basis. Its success depended on the ability of the holder to exact sufficient resources from it and maintianing a sufficient quota for service. Nobles should have had a vested interest in collecting revenue, his ability to work with the faujdar and compel zamindars and sometimes owner cultivators on a caste basis to pay. Many zamindars were converted into paying kharaj (land revenue) collecting agents who had a fixed share in the exaction called a Nankar. Due to the rapid expansion of no of mansabdars their salaries also increased -> mismatch b/w available resources and demands of salaries. Which was met by reducing salaries and no of troops and horses mansabdar that was required to maintain. A trial to expand this to Deccan where the situation was entirely different was the real crisi of the Jagirdari system. **Satish Chandra's** 'Parties and Politics at Mughal Court' focused on Mansabdari Jagirdari. Availability of revenues to assigned and ability of Mughals to collect both suffered **Athar Ali's** 'The Mughal Nobility under Aurangzeb' absorption of Deccanis and Marathas into nobility led to paucity of Jagirs to be assigned, nobles also vied for better Jagirs leading to degradation of political machinery **S Nurul Hasan** - bulk of revenue demand transferred to cultivators failed to carry the burden leading to agrarian crisis. - Zamindars loyalty shifted constantly due to changing emperors → to law order crisis - To contain them a system independent of the Zamindar was required which was not developed **MN Pearson** : Mughal rule indirect, local ties norms governed people's lives and the nobles were bound through loyalty/patronage to the crown - no impersonalised bureaucracy, bureaucracy expanding depended on mil conquests and assigning of more jagirs, when Jagir areas declined distress was caused **JF Richards** : Jagirdari was administrative and managerial in nature, a/c to him crisis was caused by Aurangzeb keeping large parts of fertile occupied Deccan for himself and not be bejagiri **Satish Chandra 1982** : J crisis was due to non-functionality of Jagirdari, need understanding of medieval Indian society : - Tripolar relationship b/w peasant, zamindars and mansabdars/jagirdars - Revenue collected difference between hasil and jama became glare towards the end of Shah Jahan reign - Rapid dev of economy both agri and trade was required to invest money back into economy - Rich peasants mortgaged the land of the poor people reducing them to level of share croppers **Leonard** : shifting loyalties of the indigenous banking class towards regional rulers leading to political crisis Establishment of Jagir and Mansab systems Bring out the main features of the Mansab and Jagir systems with special reference to the reign of Akbar. [1987, 60m]
[Mansabdari System :](onenote: Establishment %20of%20Jagir%20and%20Mansab%20System§ion-id={92783BDC-2B1C-4D6D-AAB2-18F724050976}&page-id={3B5C40CD-FEDD-4206-9DD5-654EE61F43D5}&object-id={C94BB989-8995-4B72-8150-F59DA24D2CAA}&1F&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Akbar.one ) Analyse the merits and demerits of the Mansabdari System. How did it work under Akbar's successors? [1993, 60m]
[Mansabdari System :](onenote: Establishment %20of%20Jagir%20and%20Mansab%20System§ion-id={92783BDC-2B1C-4D6D-AAB2-18F724050976}&page-id={3B5C40CD-FEDD-4206-9DD5-654EE61F43D5}&object-id={C94BB989-8995-4B72-8150-F59DA24D2CAA}&1F&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Akbar.one ) Write a short essay on: "Mansabdari System" [2002, 20m]
[Mansabdari System :](onenote: Establishment %20of%20Jagir%20and%20Mansab%20System§ion-id={92783BDC-2B1C-4D6D-AAB2-18F724050976}&page-id={3B5C40CD-FEDD-4206-9DD5-654EE61F43D5}&object-id={C94BB989-8995-4B72-8150-F59DA24D2CAA}&1F&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Akbar.one ) Examine the Mansab and Jagir system by Akbar and its subsequent failure in the 18th century. [2011, 30m]
[Mansabdari System :](onenote: Establishment %20of%20Jagir%20and%20Mansab%20System§ion-id={92783BDC-2B1C-4D6D-AAB2-18F724050976}&page-id={3B5C40CD-FEDD-4206-9DD5-654EE61F43D5}&object-id={C94BB989-8995-4B72-8150-F59DA24D2CAA}&1F&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Akbar.one ) How was lqta system of the Sultans different from the Jagir system under the Mughals? [2014, 15m]
[Jagirdari System](onenote: Establishment %20of%20Jagir%20and%20Mansab%20System§ion-id={92783BDC-2B1C-4D6D-AAB2-18F724050976}&page-id={3B5C40CD-FEDD-4206-9DD5-654EE61F43D5}&object-id={C94BB989-8995-4B72-8150-F59DA24D2CAA}&7B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Akbar.one )
[Iqta system :](onenote:.. Part%20I13th%20Century. one #Consolidation %20-%20Rule%20of%20Iltutmish%20and%20Balban§ion-id={5A51B297-DAF0-4F2B-9F7D-19EC7B368605}&page-id={C198061E-0329-4467-9AEF-E73F697D7455}&object-id={089D56F3-CB6F-4C3C-87E4-79255A4D4B0A}&10&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India ) ]]>08.2-medieval-india/8.-akbar/8.2-establishment-of-jagir-and-mansab-system.html08.2 Medieval-India/8. Akbar/8.2 Establishment of Jagir and Mansab System.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTRajput %20Policy§ion-id={92783BDC-2B1C-4D6D-AAB2-18F724050976}&page-id={022E75DA-5EA3-45EB-9FBB-F5C4DDF00FAA}&object-id={1ED8BFD6-B6E3-44FC-AB84-526FD194DA41}&17&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Akbar.one ) Akbar built the Mughal Empire by enlisting the support of the Rajputs; Aurangzeb destroyed it by alienating the Rajputs." Discuss critically. [2007, 60m]
[divided into 3 main phases.](onenote: Rajput %20Policy§ion-id={92783BDC-2B1C-4D6D-AAB2-18F724050976}&page-id={022E75DA-5EA3-45EB-9FBB-F5C4DDF00FAA}&object-id={1ED8BFD6-B6E3-44FC-AB84-526FD194DA41}&17&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Akbar.one )
[Aurangzeb :](onenote:Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century. one #Religious %20policies%20of%20Jahangir,%20Shahjahan%20and%20Aurangzeb§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={5BE69AC7-2134-41FE-89C7-4637D4BC59D6}&object-id={13958D4B-1527-4107-B238-D54892E04C34}&27&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II ) Describe the Rajput policy of the Mughal emperors. Do you agree with the view that the reversal of Akbar's Rajput policy by Aurangzeb was responsible for the disintegration of the Mughal Empire? [2000, 60m]
[divided into 3 main phases.](onenote: Rajput %20Policy§ion-id={92783BDC-2B1C-4D6D-AAB2-18F724050976}&page-id={022E75DA-5EA3-45EB-9FBB-F5C4DDF00FAA}&object-id={1ED8BFD6-B6E3-44FC-AB84-526FD194DA41}&17&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Akbar.one )
[Aurangzeb :](onenote:Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century. one #Religious %20policies%20of%20Jahangir,%20Shahjahan%20and%20Aurangzeb§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={5BE69AC7-2134-41FE-89C7-4637D4BC59D6}&object-id={13958D4B-1527-4107-B238-D54892E04C34}&27&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II ) Do you think that Akbar's Rajput policy was a conscious attempt to incorporate the Indian ruling elite with the Mughal Imperial System? [2017, 15 Marks]
[divided into 3 main phases.](onenote: Rajput %20Policy§ion-id={92783BDC-2B1C-4D6D-AAB2-18F724050976}&page-id={022E75DA-5EA3-45EB-9FBB-F5C4DDF00FAA}&object-id={1ED8BFD6-B6E3-44FC-AB84-526FD194DA41}&17&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Akbar.one ) ]]>08.2-medieval-india/8.-akbar/8.3-rajput-policy.html08.2 Medieval-India/8. Akbar/8.3 Rajput Policy.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo His religious policy can be divided into his state policies and his personal ideas and beliefs. His state policy or social outlook in the field of religion was determined by Turko Mughal traditions and influenced by Hindu Muslim rapproachment done by Bhakti and Sufi saints. Hindi Bhakti songs were used widely in sama gatherings, Akbar issued it in 1579 it was a document signed by leading ulemas that gave him the power to interpret laws. **Vincent Smith** has said that it gave him the attributes of infallibility like that of Pope. Others have said that it was done to free himself from Ottoman Khalifa Some have justified the document but called it a document to grant Akbar unrestrained autocratic power. It declared him as Sultan of Islam, asylum of mankind, commander of the faithful and shadow of God over worlds. Was not new before him Balban and A Khalji had claimed the same. There was growing distrust on the Ulema due to their shallowness, bigotry and venality. They avoided paying taxes and abused their position by taking bribes. Various ulemas sides with the rebels in Bengal and Bihar in 1580 but were later captured and killed. Rent free land given as madad-i-mash were to consist 1/2 of tilled land and other as land fallow but capable of cultivation. Such grants were extended to non muslims and even rebels at times. 2 estd outside Fatehpur sikri called Dharmapura and Khairpura was made to feed needy and poor. Another called Jogipura was made later. A tried to make a state based on universal peace and justice having an inclusive nobility. He translated many works into Persian to estd new era of enquiry and research into religious matters. Badayuni has criticed the use of wine allowed to strengthen body if recommended by doctors. Prostitution was regulated, ordinance was passed to have only 1 wife, widow remarriage was permitted, marriage b/w cousins or near relations was banned. Sati was prohibited and a marriage bureau for their registration was set up. Sale and purchase of slaves was banned, slavery was prohibited. Revised education syllabus emphasising moral education and secular subjects such as mathematics, agriculture, geometry etc.
Satish Chandra : Medieval India II↩︎ ]]>08.2-medieval-india/8.-akbar/8.4-evolution-of-religious-and-social-outlook.html08.2 Medieval-India/8. Akbar/8.4 Evolution of Religious and Social Outlook.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#important Mahzar attested document signed by 7 leading Ulemas and issued in 1579. It allowed Akbar to interpret laws(Mujtahid). \ It declared him to be the Sultan of Islam and Shadow of God over worlds. Akbar built 2 establishment outside Fatehpur Sikri Dharmapura to feed Hindus and Khairpura to feed Muslims. Jogipura to feed jogis was also started. His belief was in uncompromising monotheism, and communion with God was possible by turning oneself to him through meditation. deep faith in God, gave great respect to light(nur) reflected in Sun and Fire. $ Badayuni said that Akbar adopted Hindu practices like worshipping sun and fire, putting Tika on head, custom of Rakhi, banning animal slaughter. believed that all religions had fundamental element of truth but it was obscured by blind devotion to slavish imitations Badayuni says that Akbar had established a new religion so does Monserrate. Untrue As it did not have priesthood, no rituals or beliefs, no books etc. Abul Fazl calls its Tauhid-i-Ilahi ie divine monotheism and links it to Akbar being spiritual guide of the people. Badayuni mentions the 4 degrees of faith in the emperor which were readiness to sacrifice property, life, honour and religion. He wrongly links it to Din i Ilahi as this practice was common with sufi saints. Rizvi sees this as an ideological force to unify new Mughal elite around the Mughal Throne. JF Richards thinks that discipleship was an effective means to assimilate heterogeneous body of nobles and bind them to the throne. Vincent Smith has called it as a monument of Akbars folly but this was not so.
#todo Implication means conclusion that could be drawn, inference or the result. Sulh I Kul means peace with all or universal tolerance. Theory of Sulh-i-Kul did tremendous for the Hindu Muslim rapproachment and was aptly assisted by the works of various Bhati and Sufi saints. Akbar was dissuaded from the funadamentalism of Ulemas and wanted to estd a state based on liberalism of religion and justice without bigotry. The Mahzar was also a step into this direction. His religious view did estd such a state under him. It aided his vision to estd a strong political institution in a predominantly non muslim world. He had realised that oppression and orthodoxy were not the way ahead. It allowed various non-muslims nobles to be appointed to high positions. No of non muslims in govt institutions increased. Religious aids to various different non-muslim sects too inc whereas the beneficiaries early were mostly Muslims. This religious tolerance made the Mughal empire center of world in matter of commerce and art only a few short decades later. Many religious and secular literature were translated into Persian and other languages. Jain teachers such as Hiravijaya Suri, Vijayasena Suri, Jinachandra etc are said to have influenced him. Parsis had impressed Akbar so much that per Badayuni he ordered Abul Fazl to make arrangements for their sacred fire to be kept burning at the court at all the hours.
#todo Catholicity means in being with conformity with the Catholic church. Saint Thomas the Apostle was perhaps the first christian reformer to have visited India. The process of Chritian evangelism was accelerated after Vasco Da Gama's landing at the port of Calicut. His religous inquisitveness led to many Catholic priests into his court. Which also aided his search for truth that he believed was there in every religious teachings. He invited Father Rudolfo Aquaviva, Father Antonio Monserrate and Father Francois Henriques to Agra in 1580 to learn about Christianity and satify his philosophical desires of searching the truth. @ Vincent Smith has wrongly implied that Christians of the court made him renounce the Muslim religion. It led to the establishment of Akbars Church at Agra in 1600. The Jesuit priests also brough pieces of Art and a translated Bible with them. Court painters were inspired by them and produced works that was influenced by it. Evolution of religious and social outlook, theory of Sulh-i-kul and religious policy What motivated Akbar to enunciate Din-i-Ilahi? How far did he succeed in spreading it? [1983, 20m]
[Akbar's religious - based on Turko-Mughal traditions, Hindu](onenote: Theory %20of%20Sulh-i-Kul%20and%20Religious%20Policy§ion-id={92783BDC-2B1C-4D6D-AAB2-18F724050976}&page-id={EF4226BD-0B85-4F97-B86E-EEF8A4AF2191}&object-id={DFF3DAE9-336C-4D9A-886D-C79BF7AC1353}&11&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Akbar.one ) "In medieval Indian history Akbar is unique for his religio-political ideas and policies." Discuss the statement and compare Akbar with Sher Shah in regard to their administrative policies and revenue administration. [1990, 60m]
[Akbar's religious - based on Turko-Mughal traditions, Hindu](onenote: Theory %20of%20Sulh-i-Kul%20and%20Religious%20Policy§ion-id={92783BDC-2B1C-4D6D-AAB2-18F724050976}&page-id={EF4226BD-0B85-4F97-B86E-EEF8A4AF2191}&object-id={DFF3DAE9-336C-4D9A-886D-C79BF7AC1353}&11&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Akbar.one ) Akbar's Administration - Sher Shah's Administration - Highlight the catholicity of Akbar's regime with suitable examples. [1997, 60m]
[Catholicity of his reign](onenote: Theory %20of%20Sulh-i-Kul%20and%20Religious%20Policy§ion-id={92783BDC-2B1C-4D6D-AAB2-18F724050976}&page-id={EF4226BD-0B85-4F97-B86E-EEF8A4AF2191}&object-id={64E96051-EEA8-445C-A9F3-29A40BF9E897}&13&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Akbar.one ) Trace the evolution of the religious views of Akbar. Write a note on his policy of Sulh-I kul. [2002, 60m]
[Akbar's religious - based on Turko-Mughal traditions, Hindu](onenote: Theory %20of%20Sulh-i-Kul%20and%20Religious%20Policy§ion-id={92783BDC-2B1C-4D6D-AAB2-18F724050976}&page-id={EF4226BD-0B85-4F97-B86E-EEF8A4AF2191}&object-id={DFF3DAE9-336C-4D9A-886D-C79BF7AC1353}&11&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Akbar.one ) Was Din-i-Ilahi 'a monument of Akbar's folly'? [2004, 20m] Personality cult, mem hand-picked, Jesuit missionary did not like VA Smith - growth of unrestrained autocracy, monument of his folly, silly invention Not folly - Badaouni's evidence are biased, Bhagwan Das Man Singh did not join, no attempt to separate it from Islam, was political necessity, new social order, bridge diff b/w religion, Write a short essay on: "Religious tolerance of Akbar." [2006, 20m]
[Akbar's religious - based on Turko-Mughal traditions, Hindu](onenote: Theory %20of%20Sulh-i-Kul%20and%20Religious%20Policy§ion-id={92783BDC-2B1C-4D6D-AAB2-18F724050976}&page-id={EF4226BD-0B85-4F97-B86E-EEF8A4AF2191}&object-id={DFF3DAE9-336C-4D9A-886D-C79BF7AC1353}&11&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Akbar.one ) "In medieval Indian history Akbar was unique for his religio-political ideas and policies." Analyse this statement. [2015, 15m]
[Akbar's religious - based on Turko-Mughal traditions, Hindu](onenote: Theory %20of%20Sulh-i-Kul%20and%20Religious%20Policy§ion-id={92783BDC-2B1C-4D6D-AAB2-18F724050976}&page-id={EF4226BD-0B85-4F97-B86E-EEF8A4AF2191}&object-id={DFF3DAE9-336C-4D9A-886D-C79BF7AC1353}&11&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Akbar.one ) Write a short Essay on: "Implications of Akbar's notion of Sulh-i-kul." [2009, 20m]
[Implication of theory of Sulh I Kul](onenote: Theory %20of%20Sulh-i-Kul%20and%20Religious%20Policy§ion-id={92783BDC-2B1C-4D6D-AAB2-18F724050976}&page-id={EF4226BD-0B85-4F97-B86E-EEF8A4AF2191}&object-id={64E96051-EEA8-445C-A9F3-29A40BF9E897}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Akbar.one ) "Akbar wished to assert his strong belief in God, but his concept of the way God is to be worshipped was independent of either orthodox Islam or Hindustan." Comment. [2018, 10 Marks]
[Akbar's religious - based on Turko-Mughal traditions, Hindu](onenote: 07 GS-4/1. Human-Values/PYQ §ion-id={92783BDC-2B1C-4D6D-AAB2-18F724050976}&page-id={582B277E-3381-4D32-BAE2-4FA910F69E55}&object-id={88568DF1-63BC-4170-9F61-36C538D53F1E}&3C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Akbar.one ) ]]>08.2-medieval-india/8.-akbar/8.5-theory-of-sulh-i-kul-and-religious-policy.html08.2 Medieval-India/8. Akbar/8.5 Theory of Sulh-i-Kul and Religious Policy.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT 1st Major project under his reign was Hamzanama began in 1562, the place was known as Tasvir Khana where painters worked. There were more than 155 painters, even painters from 'low castes' were raised to status of royal artists. Ex Daswant.
Various features were symmetrical composition, restricted movement of figures, fine line drawings, flat depiction of architectural columns, profuse embellishment of buildings. Distinctive features that developed later were naturalism and rythm, clothing assumed an Indian form, extraordinary vigour of action, luxuriant depiction of foliage. Most commonly used themes were daily events of courts, portraits of leading personalities. Some famous illustrated manuscripts were : No breakthrough was made in Physics, astronomy, Chemistry, geography and mathematics. Traditional knowledge was taught and rewritten. This has been ascribed by French traveller Careri. Mir Fathullah Shirazi has been opined by Abul Fazl as being full of wisdom and knowledge. He is credited with the invention of some mechanical devices like the 'true' solar calender called Ilahi in 1584. Abul Fazl was aware of the discovery of America by Europeans: he gives the Persian term 'alam nau' for the "New World". New agricultural method 'dibbing 'was employed for cotton cultivation. Tobacco, pineapple, cashew nuts and potato were most important crops brought from America. Tobacco led to hukkah smoking. Tomato, guava and red chilles were also brought from outside. Abul Fazl mentions Maize in Ain i Akbari. Central Asian fruits like grapes and melons were grown. Grafting as been suggested as being used. Carpet weaving was patronised in Lahore, Agra and Fathepur Sikri. Second was silk and silk fabrics. Abul Fazl claims the manufacture of handguns without matchlocks, but he is silent on the alternative mechanism. It could be flint lock., they were produced on a limited scale. Abul Fazal Credits Akbar for the invention of wheel cleaning mechanism for gun barrels and mechanism where 17 guns could be joined and fired simultaneously. He tells us about ships where 468 mans of iron were used, some Mughal ships used iron nails, strips and clamps for constructing vessels as seen in their paintings. Fazl describes the technique of making iron cannons and handgun barrels at Akbar's arsenal. They were made of bronze, brass and iron. Zawar in Rajasthan was a source of Zinc, Copper from Khetri mines of Rajasthan, Tin was imported. Wootz steel was still being manufactured. Court patronage of art and technology Give an estimate of Akbar as a promoter of technology. [2009, 30m]
[Akbars Court Patronage to Science and Technology :](onenote: Court %20Patronage%20of%20Art%20and%20Technology§ion-id={92783BDC-2B1C-4D6D-AAB2-18F724050976}&page-id={00E3773E-A5E6-4645-A6E2-5F7D8F4BE726}&object-id={08701FD8-EBA2-48D3-8759-9C9000344DB2}&D&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Akbar.one ) ]]>08.2-medieval-india/8.-akbar/8.6-court-patronage-of-art-and-technology.html08.2 Medieval-India/8. Akbar/8.6 Court-Patronage-of-Art-and-Technology.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#todo Aurangzeb was devoted to the study of Quran and hagiographical literature strictly observed various religious rituals. Dara called Aurangzeb a hypocrite and Aurangzeb called Dara a heretic. Aurangzeb advanced towards Agra along with Murad. He defeated Shah Jahan's forces at Dharmat in 1658. A managed to win over many Rajput rajas and nobles and defeated Dara at the Battle of Samugarh on 29 May 1659. It was not a battle b/w religous orthodoxy and liberalism. Both Hindus and Muslims were equally divided. He promised Murad to Punjab, Kabul, Kashmir and Sindh but after defeating Darah imprisoned Murad in Gwalior and killed him 2 years later. Shuja was defeated and fled to Arakan where he was killed by the Arakanese for fomenting rebellion. He was a strict disciplinarian who even imprisoned his sons. Transferred a cadre of experienced Mughal officers here. Golconda was divided into 9 sarkars with a faujdar at each HQ. Hyderabadi-Karnataka was made into a separate charge so was Bijapuri-Karnataka. New assessment of Golconda was done with help of local deshmukhs. Ijara (revenue farming) was abolished but must have continued at the lower levels. Land revenue demand was raised by 13% and 4% was fixed as jizya. All Brahmans in imperial posts were removed. Deshmukhs were restored to their old position but not given official posts or their contingent made part of royal army. Only 1 of them were given mansabs.
#todo Analyze the religious policy of the Mughal emperors from Akbar to Aurangzeb. How did it affect the stability of the Mughal Empire? [1985, 60m]
[Religious policies of Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb](onenote: Religious %20policies%20of%20Jahangir,%20Shahjahan%20and%20Aurangzeb§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={5BE69AC7-2134-41FE-89C7-4637D4BC59D6}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one )
[Theory of Sulh-i-Kul and Religious Policy](onenote: Akbar. one #Theory %20of%20Sulh-i-Kul%20and%20Religious%20Policy§ion-id={92783BDC-2B1C-4D6D-AAB2-18F724050976}&page-id={EF4226BD-0B85-4F97-B86E-EEF8A4AF2191}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II ) What were the major features of the administrative system of the Mughal State? To what extent did other Indian powers model their administration on this system in the late medieval period? [1991, 60m]
[Major Administrative Policies of Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb](onenote: Major %20Administrative%20Policies%20of%20Jahangir,%20Shahjahan%20and%20Aurangzeb§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={F849175E-91D6-4E33-829B-558CD48E842C}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one ) Write a short essay on: "Mughals and the British East India Company." [1994, 20m]
[Mughal British Relations](onenote: Nature %20of%20Mughal%20State§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={4172641D-13BC-492D-9AFB-CE25E6F5CEE6}&object-id={D41A8075-3472-4047-ADB3-D7AE5DB1BE37}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one ) "Aurangzeb is a much maligned monarch." Argue the case for and against the proposition. [1994, 60m]
Administration : [Aurangzeb :](onenote: Major %20Administrative%20Policies%20of%20Jahangir,%20Shahjahan%20and%20Aurangzeb§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={F849175E-91D6-4E33-829B-558CD48E842C}&object-id={A77A72DB-CD86-4D60-B56C-16E314455BC9}&E5&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one )
Religious Policy : [Aurangzeb :](onenote: Religious %20policies%20of%20Jahangir,%20Shahjahan%20and%20Aurangzeb§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={5BE69AC7-2134-41FE-89C7-4637D4BC59D6}&object-id={13958D4B-1527-4107-B238-D54892E04C34}&27&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one ) Changes in the composition of nobility from Akbar to Aurangzeb. Comment. [1995, 20m]
[Changes in the Mughal Nobility since Akbar :](onenote: Nature %20of%20Mughal%20State§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={4172641D-13BC-492D-9AFB-CE25E6F5CEE6}&object-id={35163F3D-BE2F-4C96-9080-664CBC3B3C5F}&1C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one ) Write a short essay on: "Nurjahan" [1998, 20m]
[Nur Jahan](onenote: Nature %20of%20Mughal%20State§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={4172641D-13BC-492D-9AFB-CE25E6F5CEE6}&object-id={35163F3D-BE2F-4C96-9080-664CBC3B3C5F}&26&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one ) Write a short essay on: "Spanish ulcer ruined Napoleon Bonaparte, the Deccan ulcer ruined Aurangzeb." [1999, 20m]
[17th Century Crisis/ Deccan Ulcer](onenote: Late %2017th%20Century%20crisis%20and%20the%20Revolts§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={E156AA9E-59D8-44C7-9F1F-83D96F248BB3}&object-id={B559BF10-6BE4-41EF-98F7-2FC4D8A87C0F}&C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one ) In what ways were Aurangzeb's Rajput and religious policies different from those of his predecessors? What were the consequences of the changes made by him? [2004, 60m]
[Rajput Policy of A](onenote: Religious %20policies%20of%20Jahangir,%20Shahjahan%20and%20Aurangzeb§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={5BE69AC7-2134-41FE-89C7-4637D4BC59D6}&object-id={B01F00EC-E107-4786-9BF0-AAD6FEC49909}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one )
[Aurangzeb :](onenote: Religious %20policies%20of%20Jahangir,%20Shahjahan%20and%20Aurangzeb§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={5BE69AC7-2134-41FE-89C7-4637D4BC59D6}&object-id={13958D4B-1527-4107-B238-D54892E04C34}&27&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one ) Religious Policy
[Rajput Policy](onenote: Akbar. one #Rajput %20Policy§ion-id={92783BDC-2B1C-4D6D-AAB2-18F724050976}&page-id={022E75DA-5EA3-45EB-9FBB-F5C4DDF00FAA}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II ) and [Akbar's religious - based on Turko-Mughal traditions, Hindu](onenote: Akbar. one #Theory %20of%20Sulh-i-Kul%20and%20Religious%20Policy§ion-id={92783BDC-2B1C-4D6D-AAB2-18F724050976}&page-id={EF4226BD-0B85-4F97-B86E-EEF8A4AF2191}&object-id={DFF3DAE9-336C-4D9A-886D-C79BF7AC1353}&11&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II )
Religious policy of [Jahangir :](onenote: Religious %20policies%20of%20Jahangir,%20Shahjahan%20and%20Aurangzeb§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={5BE69AC7-2134-41FE-89C7-4637D4BC59D6}&object-id={13958D4B-1527-4107-B238-D54892E04C34}&C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one ) and [Shah Jahan :](onenote: Religious %20policies%20of%20Jahangir,%20Shahjahan%20and%20Aurangzeb§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={5BE69AC7-2134-41FE-89C7-4637D4BC59D6}&object-id={13958D4B-1527-4107-B238-D54892E04C34}&F&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one ) Write a short essay on: "Dara Shikoh" [2006, 20m]
[Dara Shikoh](onenote: Nature %20of%20Mughal%20State§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={4172641D-13BC-492D-9AFB-CE25E6F5CEE6}&object-id={853F1305-F01D-4A39-A504-02F98CCB4740}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one ) Identify the broad contours of the Mughal foreign policy and their impacts on the Mughal empire. [2016, 15 Marks]
[Foreign Policy of the Mughals](onenote: Nature %20of%20Mughal%20State§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={4172641D-13BC-492D-9AFB-CE25E6F5CEE6}&object-id={853F1305-F01D-4A39-A504-02F98CCB4740}&F&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century.one ) ]]>08.2-medieval-india/9.-mughal-empire-in-17th-century/9.1-major-administrative-policies-of-jahangir,-shahjahan-and-aurangzeb.html08.2 Medieval-India/9. Mughal-Empire-in-17th-Century/9.1 Major Administrative Policies of Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#important Sikandar adopted a definite agri development policy because the empire was landlocked. He prohibited the system of begar to encourage agriculture. States share was 1/3rd and official who collected it were Patwari, Khots and Muqqadams Zakat was abolished. There were 3 modes of revenue assessment Crop Sharing (batai), measurement (zabt) and appraisal (Kankut). He introduced the Gaz i Sikandari as a standard of measurement. ]]>08.2-medieval-india/6.-15th-and-early-16th-ce/6.4-the-lodhis.html08.2 Medieval-India/6. 15th-and-early-16th-CE/6.4 The-Lodhis.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo There was a tripartite struggle for transoxiana/Samarkand which was captured by Sahbani khan after defeating Babar and late Mongol Khans to fixate his position at Samarkand. Unable to defeat Shaibani Khan he had to move towards Hindu Kush. @ Shaibani khan had used the Uzbek technique of Tulghuma/Wheeling tactics against Babar which he used against Ibrahim Khan. Babar captured Kabul and Ghazni in 1504 it gave him and his begs a breathing space. Rushbrooke Williams : He could turn eye his eyes west to Samarkand or east to Hindustan After he captured Kabul. Shahbani khan occupied Herat. Sensing trouble at frontier of Iran. Safavid Shah Ismail marched against him and defeated him at Merv. Babur forged good relations w/ Safavid Shah. And with the help of Persian army occupied Tranoxiana. But day to day interference by Persian on court made him aloof. Persian were defeated by Uzbeks later. Babur had to withdraw from Transoxiana and had to turn towards India. This was in 1514. Babar in his memoir has mentioned that he immediately made a move into Hindustan in 1504 but this was more of a foray to extract levies from Afghan chiefs. Babur's repeated failure to capture Samarkand as mentioned above. Political Situation in India : Sikandar Lodhi had died and the empire was split b/w Ibrahim and his brother Jalal. Ibrahim soon captured Jalal and executed him -> led to rebellion from older Afghan nobles. Meanwhile Rana Sanga estd power in Eastern Malwa. Revival of Power of Uzbeks around Transoxiana Financial Difficulties : Abul Fazl : Babur ruled over Badakshan, Kabul and Qandahar that did not yield sufficient income to maintain army The revenue realised form exports and import of goods from Kabul was not enough to meet the needs of Babur, his begs and the army @ Bajaur expedition marked the beginning of Baburs efforts to conquer India. Babur used wholesale massacre against Bajauris who were mostly afghans which as per Rushbrooke Williams was to teach them a lesson. Babur had invaded India 4 times before Panipat. Bhira in 1519-20, Sialkot in 1520 and Lahore in 1524 and Panipat. B was invited by Daulat Khan Lodhi a noble to invade India expecting him to withdraw. Before Panipat in 1524 Babur started supporting Alam Khan's claim for Delhi to rival Ibrahim. Later Alam Khan revoked B support and along w/ Daulat Khan Lodi attacked Delhi but was defeated by Ibrahim. Babur by then had strengthened his flank by capturing Balkh and Kandahar. After reaching panipat he fortified his position by digging a ditch at his left and towards his right was Panipat city. ~ On the front he ussed the Rumi (Ottoman) method of joining carts together by ropes and b/w every two carts were breastworks used by matchlockmen to fire. He was 1st in India to use artillery, Ottoman gunners Ustad ALi and Mustafa. His mounted archers kept Ibrahim engaged while using the Tulghuma/ wheeling/ flanking the position of Ibrahim from sides and rear. Politically the battle was not decisive since he had to contend w/ powers of Rana Sanga and other Afghans. But it smashed the power of Lodis, gave him much needed treasures opened up the entire Gangetic valley upto Jaunpur to conquer. Local population was very hostile since the sack of Delhi by Timur was still fresh. Many inhabitants had deserted towas and villages had taken to robbery. His begs found India to be a foreign country. ~ His 2 biggest dangers were Rana Sanga and the Eastern Afghans. ! Rana Sanga along with Hasan Khan Mewati and Mahmud Lodi made an alliance against Babur making a Rajput-Afghan alliance. B gave it a religious color by calling it a Jihad, renounced drinking wine, and after the war allowed Begs to go back to Kabul if they wanted. $ Ferishta and Badauni talked about the fear among Baburs men of the Rajput army.
& They met at Khanwa on 17th March 1527. Where Babur emerged victorious. #important At Khanua he used the same tactics as Panipat of Rumi and Tulghuma. RS had not learnt from B's win at Panipat. Rushbrooke Williams : Powerful confederacy of Mewar was shattered by a single defeat and ceased to become a dominant factor in politics of Hindustan. The Afghans under Nusrat Shah coalesced against Babur but were defeated. B first dealt w/ Afghan iqtadars or commanders of forts, towns on countryside. Followed a policy of force and concilliation by giving them parganas at different places. Afghans of Eastern UP who have been rebellious even against Ibrahim were tried to be conquered by sending Humayun but he later withdrew against Sanga's threat. Bihar and Bengal : Afghan rebels saw these areas as sanctuaries where they could retreat/regroup to resist Mughals. B. defeated these Kingdoms at battle of Ghaghra in 1529. Political : Indian became center of Central Asian politics, earlier Afghanistan used to be the base of operations now Delhi became hub of strategic control and foregin policy. Economic : Strengthened India's foreign trade and inc IN share in Central Asian Trade. Introduced use of cannons/artilery and muskets. New methods of fighting, skillful generalship, organisation etc was introduced. Helped establish the prestige of Crown.
#todo Unsettled state of administration and stretched finances. H took certain steps to organise the govt and court society. He divided court society into administrative, ecclesiastical and cultural sections. A form of grades were given through dividing arrows of different quality and numbers. ~ He instituted a drum of justice/ tabl i adl so that people could bring grievances to him. Remitted tamgha and other cesses for foreign traders. Ambitions of begs who wanted to assert themselves. Ex Khalifa Nizamuddin wanted Mehdi Khwaja to become ruler. Various Timurid princes such as Zaman Mirza who had joined B after being expelled from Uzbek. @ His brothers such as Kamran's airs of independence. Kamran soon after B death occupied Lahore. Humayun was more concerned with Eastern Afghans so he confirmed it and also gave him Hisar Firouza as Iqta. This encouraged his other brothers Askari and Hindal. Eastern Afghans from UP, Bihar, Bengal which culminated into his defeat by Sher Shah in 1535. Bahadur Shah of Gujarat. H after capturing Kalinjar in Bundelkhand came into conflict with BSoG who had captured Mandu. H had a brief encounter with Sher Khan where he was defeated and had offered to serve under the emperor. However, BS was a bigger threat. BS had employed a lot of begs, timurid princes as refugees this had irked H. He had also gained victories against other rulers. Had employed Ottomons Rumi Khan and Khwaja Safar as master gunners. Bahadur Shah of Gujarat formed an alliance with with various enemies of Humayun namely Sher Shah, Nusrat Shah, Alauddin Lodi etc. He also gave shelter to Mughal rebel Muhammad Zaman Mirza. BS was 1st to start hostilities by Siege of Chitoor. Maharani Karnavati is said to have sent H rakhi to help her. Humayun invaded Gujarat in 1535 and sacked Mandu but was defeated in Ahmedabad. Champanir fort was captured and plundered. Bahadur Shah was murdered in 1537. After BSoG's death the Afghans looked to Sher Shah for leadership. Abul Fazl talks about H worries relating to Sher Khan. Who had captured Gaur in Bengal. H looked to SS as merely another Afghan chief but SS thought of himself as an independent ruler. H wanted to capture Bengal due to its vast treasures and to try recreate the Delhi Sultanate. Plan was ill conceived Sher Shah's prestige had greatly increased after his victory in Surajgarh over Mahmud Shah of Bengal and earlier in 1532/33 over Nusrat Shah. SS had captured Banaras, attacked Chuna, Jaunpur and Mughal forces at Kannauj and Sambhal. @ Humayun was defeated first at Battle of Chausa/Karmansa in June 1539 after Kamran had refused to help with troops and again at Kannauj May 1540. hostility of his brothers especially Kamran and Askari Mirza. Tactically inferior to Sher Shah. Underestimated Afghan Challenge who could unite under a capable leader. Lacked fiancial resources. Fractitius Nobles who did not want to serve areas away from Agra/Delhi. Humayun was sheltered by Raja Maldeo and Rana Birsal before moving to Persia for Shah Tahmasp's help. Humayun wrested Qandahar in 1544 and then Kabul w/ Shah's help. Which gained him the support of many nobles. Kamran fled Kabul and was captured and blinded after repeated rebellions. From Kabul he first captured Lahore and then Sirhind occupying Delhi in June 1555. He died in Jan 26 1556. Mughal Empire, First phase: Babur and Humayun Write a short essay on: "The empire-builder in North India of the sixteenth century." [1989, 20m] Comment on the Turko-Mongol theory of sovereignty. To what extent was it adopted by Babur and Humayun? [2010, 30m] Divine theory of Kingship, King paternalist figure, more than leader, absolute power, no religious/ sectarian bigotry, supernatural qualities ex Scourge of god, Timur religious - Genghis not, decentralisation of power later, Babur - Mongol descent, hereditary monarchy, state a family property, not follow division of empire. Humayun - claim divinity, was centre of world, justice, divided empire ]]>08.2-medieval-india/6.-15th-and-early-16th-ce/6.5-mughal-empire-first-phase-babur-and-humayun.html08.2 Medieval-India/6. 15th-and-early-16th-CE/6.5 Mughal Empire First Phase Babur and Humayun.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.2-medieval-india/6.-15th-and-early-16th-ce/6.6-the-sur-empire.html08.2 Medieval-India/6. 15th-and-early-16th-CE/6.6 The Sur Empire.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo Portuguese Colonial enterprise Write a short essay on: "Portuguese control of the Indian Ocean and its impact." [1992, 20m] Write a short essay on: "Significance of the arrival of the Portuguese in India." [2008, 20m] How was cartaz system used by the Portuguese to maintain their control over the oceanic trade? [2014, 10m] ]]>08.2-medieval-india/6.-15th-and-early-16th-ce/6.7-portuguese-colonial-enterprise.html08.2 Medieval-India/6. 15th-and-early-16th-CE/6.7 Portuguese Colonial Enterprise.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo 2020-04-27 12:22:58 Al Hujwiri was the earliest sufi saints to have settled in India wrote Kashf ul Majhjub book. in India was founded by Shaikh Bahauddin Zakariya base in Multan-Sindh-Punjab. title of Shaikh ul Islam from Iltutmish accepted gifts enjoyed royal patronage discipile was Shaikh Jalaluddin Tabrizi who settled in Bengal and was famous for his prosetelizing activities. Shihabuddin Suhrawadi was founder. Bahauddin Zakariya was its founder in IN. ~ Did not believe in starvation or self mortification but wanted ordinary life. ~ Accepted Iqtas, gifts such as land and royal grants. ~ advocated combination of scholarship with mysticism. Did not reject sama or musical gathering. Opposed to certain Hindu practices adopted by Chistis ex bowing before the shaikh, giving water to visitors etc. ! More keen on conversions ex Shaikh Jamaluddin in Bengal. Had close contacts w/ rulers and nobles in the court and participated in politics. Zakariya sided w/ Iltutmish. Kubrawiya silsila operated in Kashmir who encouraged destruction and desceration of Hindu temples. Muinuddin Chisti (d.1206) founded the Chisti order from Herat settled in Ajmer discipiles were Qutubuddin Bakhtiar Kaki in Delhi, Hamidduddin Nagauri in Nagaur, Rajasthan. Most accounts describing him were written 150 yrs after his death. Came to IN after Ghori's victory over Prithviraj. Mover to Ajmer by 1206 Settled there since it was away from Delhi/ political activity. His main objective was to help Muslims lead a devoted life towards God. MBT visited his grave and built a dome on his tomb. Mahmud Khalji also visited of Malwa also visited who built a mosque there. His saintly status reached peak during Akbar since Ajmer was political centre during his rule. A/C to him altruistic services were more imp than prayers. Kaki was succeeded by Baba Farid whose hymns were included in Adi Granth. estd Chistis at Delhi as the principal sufi order came into conflict w/ Suhrawadis. A charge of heresy was put on him which was dismissed by Iltutmish Baba Farid lived in Haryana later shifted to Ajodhan in present day Pakistan. Laid emphasis on poverty, renunciation of worldly goods, attachments, controlling senses, fasting etc. His verses are included in Guru Granth Sahib. Most celebrated Chishti saint Nizamuddin Auliya. Ziauddin Barani and Amir Khusrau his contemporaries; works in the Fawaid-ul Fuwad Auliya survived political turmoil since from the death of Balban to rise of A khaliji and thein again the rise of MBT. adopted many yogic exercises and had discourses with Nathpanthi yogis Successor was Nasirudding Chirag Dehalvi who helped FST to the throne. Did not nominate a successor -> dispersal of Chisti's all across India and propagation of their views. dispersed to regional kingdoms after invasion of Timur Ex. Gesudaraz in Deccan under the Bahmani rulers Chisti saints lived in tatched houses, very simple, poverty, humility. Sometimes remained w/o food for days. Did ascetic practices of holding breath etc. Married life was accepted. Divided people into 4 categories. Mystics who preached were 1st, 2nd were Disciples, 3rd were rulers and scholars, 4th were common people. Did not discriminate b/w converts and others. Associated w/ Hindu and Jain yogis. Were not representatives of the masses. Most were from clergymen class. Force of social harmonym Also helped to mitigate harsher aspect of Turkish rule. Suhrawadi; Firdausi → Rajgir under Yahya Maneri Qadiri → in Punjab, Sindh and Deccan enjoyed royal patronage Shattari → under Shaikh Abdullah was popular in Jaunpur, Bengal and Deccan; Qalandiri → were mostly wanderes etc. Rishi order Kashmir under Nuruddin Wali inspired by Shaivite bhakti tradition of Kashmir. resemblence to pre-existing non-conformist religious orders religious tolerance towards non-Muslims egaliatrian atmosphere of Khanqahs stayed away from courts and did not accept state patronage their alleged miracle performing powers were propounded by contemporary writers bhakti preacher Lal Ded exercised profound influence on Nuruddin Wali yoga treatise Amrit Kund was translated into Persian during this time. Some say they were a means of social and cultural revolution. This was not so since a structural change in society was beyond the capacity of the Sufis.
#todo Chistis believed in the use of simple language. Challenged Arabo-Persian liguistic hegemony through the use of vernacular dilect to propagate the message of sufism. ! Contributed to the dev of literary genres ex Prem kahani. The sufi saints carried the idea of Islam with them which was adapted esp by the lower sections of the populace. The cultural assimilation of Ajlaf/ lower class muslims was faster. They readily adopted vernacular language in their day to day life. In this the sufi's were prime agents for this. Khanqah provided for a place of discourse among various sections of people -> acted as place of cultural dissipation such as language. Bengali language is an example of this. ~ Makhdum Nuh a sufi saint in 16th century translated Quran in Persian language. Other saints during the 18th 19th century tranlated the Quran into Urdu and Purabi Hindi dialect. Produced poetry in Rajasthani, Punjabi, Sindhi, Marathi, Bengali, Bihari, Dakkhani, Tamil etc. Muinuddin Chisti of Ajmer had learnt Hindustani language. Hamid aldin Siwali of Nagaur used the Hindavi langugae. Baba farid used local language. Sufis used feminine voice in Punjabi, Sindhi, Urdu lang. Also led to the dev of new scripts of languages such as Sindhi.
#todo Preaching in local language made the nobles aloof from their influence and prevented their patronage. Nomadic nature of them made it difficult to record many of their poetic verses. No institutional structure prevented a long term change since lineage of saints could not continue. Failed to offer a proper alternative to prevailing social/religious customs that they often attacked. It was difficult for these saints who often came from lower sections to break their religious and social customs to form a new cult. Limited geographical reach within the subcontinent. Factionism among the various sufi orders/ silsilas and Bhakti saints, Exaggerated reverence of saints brought them to brink of image worship esp at therr tombs. Sometimes created an atmosphere of sycophancy. Rationalism was denounced by the Sufis which led to inc in miracle mongering and suspicion about science and scientists. Which restricted growth of science. 2020-04-27 12:27:20 Kabir1440-1518 was the most powerful figure. was a weaver/ Julaha verses were included in the Adi Granth in large numbers. Rai Ravidas belonged to the next gen as that of Kabir. He was a tanner and lived in Varanasi. Dhanna was a Jat peasant from Rajasthan. Other prominent saints were Sen and Pippa. Guru Nanak 1469-1539. His teachings were similar to the ones of Kabir. Born in Nankana sahib and settled in Dera Baba Nanak. His hymns were incoporated in the Adi granth by the 5th Sikh Guru Arjan 1604. came from the lower rungs of the socieity and mentioned each other in their hymns and teachings. influenced by the Vaishnava concept of Bhakti, Nathpanthi movement and Sufism. believed in a personal experience of Bhakti with God. But God for them meant different entities. denied their allegiance to both Hinduism and Islam and attacked caste system and idolatory. used popular languages to propagate their ideas. Most monotheistic saints were not ascetics. travelled long distances to propagate their beleifs. transcended regional boundaries, saints had mass followings. Bhakti and Sufi What was the most significant contribution of Kabir and Guru Nanakdev to Bhakti movement? [1983, 20m] Discuss briefly the causes that contributed to the religious movements of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Analyze their approach to the realities of contemporary life. [1985, 60m] Write a short essay on: "Significance of the Bhakti Movement." [1987, 20m] Write a short essay on: "The Sufi Movement and its role in promoting communal harmony." [2000, 20m] Refer Cause of Popularity of Chisti Order Evaluate the impact of the Sufi and Bhakti Movements on vernacular languages and life and thought of the common people. [2001, 60m] Preached in Vernacular, Nayanar Alavar in Tamil, Nannaya Tikkana in Telugu, Basava in Kannada, Punjabi, Hindi, Oriya, Hindi, Urdu. Impact on thought - AL Srivastava - Bhakti had 2 motives withstand onslaught of Islamic proselytism and reconciliate b/w H and M, traditional rigid caste rules were liberalised, all equal before god, god for laity, oneness, religious harmony. Write a short essay on: "Origin of the Bhakti Movement" [2002, 20m] Write a short essay on: "Sufi Movements" [2003, 20m] Refer previous notes on Origin, Meaning, Spread, Characterstics, Different popular orders, effect on Society Culture Religion, impact on Bhakti What impact did Kabir and Nanak leave on Indian Society and Culture? [2003, 60m] Discuss the growth of the Niguna School of Bhakti Movement emphasising the contribution of Kabir and Nanak to it. [2004, 60m] "The tenets of Hindu and Muslim mystics were similar enough that the ground was ripe for syncretic movements involving adherents of both religious." Elucidate. [2005, 60m] Write a short essay on: "Chaitanyadeva and Vaishnavism" [2005, 20m] Bengal 1485, Sanskrit, Krishna worship, Brahma Sampradaya, Madhava philosophy, travelled Mathura Vrindavan, Denounced rituals caste sys, disciples also M, Vaish in Bengal, Achintya Bhed Abhed - Soul both distinct and non-distinct, integrate strict dualism of Madhva and Vishistadvaita of Ramanujacharya, Krishna divine in own essence not mere incarnation all pervading, attain highest state of madhurya/sweetness, virtue and ethical training necessary pre requisite for full realisation, Sankirtana Write a short essay on: "Sufism in North India" [2006, 20m] Refer previous notes/Anki "The tenets of Hindu and Muslim mystics were similar enough that the ground was ripe for syncretic movements involving adherents of both religious." Elucidate. [2007, 60m] Assess the contribution of the Acharyas in the development of the ideological basis of Bhakti. [2012, 10m] Discuss and evaluate critically various trends in the historiography of Bhakti. [2013, 15m] R.G. Bhandarkar - movt indigenous, literary and epigraphic evidences, R.C. Zaehner - movt inspired by Islam, Tarachand - equity, universal brotherhood equivalent to Sufi thought Yusuf Hussain - B upto 13th century was individual after contact w/ Islam transformed into cult AL Srivastava - refer above JR Kamble - estd egalitarian society, enabled composite IN culture K Iswaran - Lingayatism preached universal value of freedom, equality, rationality Irfan Habib - superior economic org of Turks proliferated artisan class, new profession emerged, rigid caste boundaries dec by B saints Max Weber - low caste H became even more staunch David Kinsley - male overwhelmed females Evaluate the Malfuzat texts sources of medieval history. [2013, 10m] Oral teachings of Sufi saints in Malf, popular, historical imp Refer Survey of sources Malfuzat it Timuri of Amir Timur Nizamuddin Auliya's teachings in Fawaid ul Fuwad by Amir Hasan Dehlavi Khair ul Majlis by Hamid Qalandar Society, Customs, manners recorded in conversation form Limitation - wrote from memory, no info about rulers and political history Bhakti and mysticism of Lal Ded emerged as a social force in Kashmir. Comment. [2013, 10m] Refer Anki Used Local language Kashmiri, foundation of K literature, composite culture, M called her Lal Arifa H as Lal Ded/grandmother Evaluate the contribution of Vaishnava saints to the growth of medieval Bhakti literature. [2014, 10m] Shankaracharya, Ramanuja, Madhavas works Influenced local languages Gita Govinda of Jayadeva, Nalariya Divya Prabandham in Tamil, Nannaya Tikkana ErraPragada, Haridasa Sahitya, Saraladeva in Oriya, Shankaradeva and Madahvadas in Assamese Write from Bhakti Saints part in ANKI "Sufis and medieval mystic saints failed to modify either the religious ideas and practices or the outward structure of Islamic/Hindu societies to any appreciable extent." Comment for/against. [2015, 10m] "Tantrism, if not in practice, at last on conception level challenged patriarchy." Examine Tantrism specially keeping in mind the above context. [2015, 10m] Panchatattva - Alcohol, Meat, Fish, Physical Practice and Sex Open to all, higher status to women, sexual rituals Shakti or feminine power, venerated Goddesses, fertility worship Led to Shaktism in H, Tara in Buddhism Dak Tantra or Dakar Bachan is a Buddhist tantric work contains wise sayings Shankaracharya purged objection features of Devi worship in Tantricism Why should the sixteenth century be regarded as the period of Indian Renaissance? [2015, 15m] "Bhakti and Sufi movements served the same social purpose." Discuss. [2017, 15 Marks] What was the role of Sufi Folk literature in the diffusion of Islam in India in general and Deccan in particular. [2018, 15 Marks] ]]>08.2-medieval-india/6.-15th-and-early-16th-ce/6.8-bhakti-and-sufi-movements.html08.2 Medieval-India/6. 15th-and-early-16th-CE/6.8 Bhakti and Sufi Movements.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo 16th and 17th century Ali Adil Shah (d. 1580) held discussions wih Hindu and Muslim saints and was called a Sufi. Also invited Catholic missionaries. @ Waman Pandit was a noted Sanskrit scholar under his age. Also patronised Marathi. Ibrahim Adil Shah II (1580-1627) was very kind towards the poor and was called Abla Baba or Friend of the Poor. Composed Kitab i Nauras that had songs and built a new capital at Nauraspur that had large number of Musicians. His broad approach had him name 'Jagat Guru'. Gave patronage to Hindu saints and temples. Included grants to Pandharpur temple that became the center of Bhakti in Maharashtra. Ibrahim Ruza and Gol Gumbaz are the most famous Bijapuri buildings of the period. Gol Gumbaz has the largest single dome ever constructed balanced by tall, tapering minarets at the corner. Ibrahim Qutub Shah (d. 1580) Murahari Rao rose to position of Peshwa second only to Mir Jumla, the wazir. Administrative and military affairs were dominated by the Nayakwaris who formed the military-cum-landed elements. Golconda was the intellectual resort of literary men. Sultan Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah (1580-1611) was contemporary of Akbar and fond of literature and architecture. He wrote in Dakhini Urdu, Persian and Telugu. First to introduce secular note in poetry. Telugu people called Golconda Malkibharam out of respect. Later the Qutub Shahi kings issued grants in Persian and Telugu. U never patronised by sultans of Delhi Reached as language of troops after penetration by Khalji's armies @ Court language of Bahmanids, Bijapur and Golconda Successors of Quli Qutub Shah patronised Dakhini Urdu. $ Nusrati who lived during 17th century wrote a tale about Manohar and Madhu Malati called Gulshan e Ishq. During the reign of Adil Shahi rule Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah constructed many buildings Char Minar completed in 1591-92 is the most famous including the city of Hyderabad. ]]>08.2-medieval-india/7.-society-culture-15th-and-16th-cen/7.1-regional-and-cultural-specificities.html08.2 Medieval-India/7. Society-Culture-15th-and-16th-Cen/7.1 Regional and Cultural Specificities.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.2-medieval-india/7.-society-culture-15th-and-16th-cen/7.2-literary-traditions.html08.2 Medieval-India/7. Society-Culture-15th-and-16th-Cen/7.2 Literary-Traditions.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT Made by Awantivarman of the Utpala dynasty in 9th century AD. In form of a courtyand having 4 shrines in 4 corners Roman and Gandhara influence is seen.
aka Meru Vardha Swami dedicated to Vishnu. Siva images also seen Carved out of a single block of stone made in 10th century is marked by a domed roof and arches
Located in Pahalgam built around 400 AD. mentioned in Rajatarangini
Jamia Masjid - made in 14th century. Does not have a dome is made of Kashmiri architecture
Aali Masjid : 15th century Shahmiri king Sultan Hassan Shah. Dome is absent has a pyramidal top with arch shaped windows. Pari Mahal : made by Dara Shikoh in 17th century, has an observatory.
Chasm e shahi built around a fresh spring in Persian style Shalimar Bagh was made by Jahangir in 1619 AD Nishat Bagh, 2nd largest garden located near Dal lake Verinag, Kokernag and Achabal Garden in Anantnag characterise by use of bricks and black marble continued the use of sloping 'Bangla roofs' Ex Qadam Rasul mosque in Gaur, Adina mosque Their capitals Gaur and Pandua had magnificent building but only few survived. Adina Mosque being the largest surviving building. ! Stones used were mostly pillaged from temples and other buildings. ~ Use of broad sloping arches called Bangla roof, special pillars and curvilinear roofs are special feature. It is also seen in the Dakhil Darwaza. mostly brick and mortar was used stone rarely. Lotus, swan etc were used as decorative motifs showed influence of Hindu tradition.


cities of Dhar and Mandu in Malwa plateau became prominent seats. & Most imp feature was use of different coloured stones and marbles & Large windows were a result of European influence were decorated with arches and pillars Stairs were used but use of minars is absent Artificial reservoirs known as 'baulis' were constructed in the premises. Local materials and use to batter method are some other features Ex Raani Roopmati pavilion, Jahaz Mahal, Ashrafi Mahal Mandu Architecture was massive unlike Gujarat and used very lofty plinth for buildings. Jama Masji and Hindola mahal are other best known buildings.



Patronised by the Sharqi rulers aka Sharqi school avoided the use of minars buildings have bold and forceful characters painter on huge screens Ex Atala Mosque, Jaunpur Malik Sarwar was one of the greatest patrons. ! Jaunpur came to be known as Shiraz of the East. Malik Muhammad Jaisi lived here.
Under the patronage of Adil Shah 3 arched facade and bulbous dome were used to construct mosques, tombs, palaces Introduced the use of cornices ceilings were without support Iron clamps and palster of mortar were used to give strength Ex Gol Gumbaj
]]>08.2-medieval-india/7.-society-culture-15th-and-16th-cen/7.3-provincial-architecture.html08.2 Medieval-India/7. Society-Culture-15th-and-16th-Cen/7.3 Provincial-Architecture.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure> Temple building activity revived, partially ruined temples repaired, enlarged constructed over ruins of older ones, Rich and poor pooled their resource, new temples were massive in structure, Kalyan Mandapa or ornate pillared Pavilion was new addition built on left corner of courtyard. Huge audience halls, ornamented profusely, thousand pillared mandapa ideal form of V style. Ex Vitthala, Hazar Ram temples, Throne Platform/ Mahanavmi Dibba, Kings Audience Hall - ten rows of 10 pillars each. Towns like Kumbakonam, Kanchipuram, Srirangam, Tadpari, Vellore etc. Last phase represented by Madura style found at Madura, Ramesvaram, Srirangam, Jambukeshvara, Tiruvalur, Chidambram.


Discuss the development of art and culture under the Vijayanagar Empire. [1987, 60m] Refer to Notes Arts in V empire "Art, literature and culture reached a high level of development in the Vijayanagar Empire." Discuss. [1989, 60m] Write a short essay on: "Architecture of the Vijayanagara Empire." [2000, 20m] ]]>08.2-medieval-india/7.-society-culture-15th-and-16th-cen/7.4-arts-in-vijayanagara-empire.html08.2 Medieval-India/7. Society-Culture-15th-and-16th-Cen/7.4 Arts in Vijayanagara Empire.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#todo
https://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/tughluq-dynasty/biography-of-muhammad-bin-tughluq-tughluq-dynasty-indian-history/6578#:~:text=The%20theory%20of%20kingship%20of , to%20interfere%20in%20his%20administration.2020-04-27 12:19:07 Devagiri/Daulatabad centrally located, pleasant climate Ibn Batuta - wanted to teach people of Delhi lesson for writing abusive letters Woolseley Haig has accepted this verison. Isami says that MBT wanted to break the power of the citizens Gardner Brown and AL Srivastava says that reason was Mongol threat Revolt in Mabar, Bubonic plague outbreak soldiers perished, rumour of MBT's death - Mabar, Dwar Samudra, Warangal became independent Poets like Khusrau had created a beautiful picture of Devagiri Sultan wanted to create another administrative, cultural centre for Muslim in the Deccan as per Habibullah and Mahdi Hussain KA Nizami says that he wanted to have both Delhi, Daulatabad as capital Barani exaggerates - led to ruination of Delhi Ferishta - more familiar w/ it, already one of the great cities Effects largely felt by upper sections, People had to cover a distance of 1500km. Barani says it left Delhi in complete ruins He should have shifted only his court Isami says that Delhi was to be set on fire. Raised a large army of 380,000 people, paid them in advance Make Sindh-Punjab free from M(Chagtai) invasion Barani - no care to enforce branding of horses or huliya, testing their swordmanship, Kept idle for 1 yr then disbanded Soon after Khorasan Ferishta says this was to conquer China Almost entire army perished Barani wrongfully said - aimed to get horses from Turkistan Not total failure, local ruler accepted overlordship Wanted to annex Deccan, was very oppressive Dwarsamundra of the Hoyasalas was devasted and caused discontent among Hindu population Copper and Brass coins (Tanka) To raise a huge army, shortage of silver/gold coins (Jital) Reform coinage Dr Ishwari Prasad - unequalled in artistic perfection in design China under Mongols/ Kublai Khan and Iran's Qai Katu had intro paper currency Barani - recruit huge army to capture world, supplement treasury Muhammad Habib - Broze coins had inscription in Persian, Arabic; people could not distinguish b/w these and forged ones Did not employ measures to check faking, could not prevent forging Barani mention that house of every Hindu became a mint. People started hoarding silver and gold coins Withdrawing caused exchange of fake coins too causing loss to treasury but most fake coins were not accepted Large amounts accumulated, their value depreciated Trade Commerce disrupted Irfan Habib has blamed citizens for not being able to distinguish b/w original and fake Mahdi Hussain has called it to be successful and decision statesmanlike Other historians have blamed the sultan General Tarmashirin was bribed 500 dinars Shows his weakness Might not be true but it shows that Mongols were unchecked in region 2020-04-27 12:19:17 Mohammed bin Tughlaq introduced new abwabs/ cesses and revived the older ones like charai, gharai etc but did not tamper the rate fixed by Alauddin. @ assessment carried out not on actual yield but on officially decreed yields called wafa-i-farmani and mirkh-i-farmani were used. extended sys of revenue collection to Gujarat, Malwa, Deccan, South India and Bengal. Cattle were branded. demand for revenue inc led to revolt around Delhi and doab. @ introduced the practice of giving agricultural loans named sondhar. new minister called Diwan-i amir-i Kohi was estd for promote agriculture Intro a register of the revenue and expenditure of each Iqta Brief Experiment for reclamation of barren land through rotation of crop - estd of Diwan in Kohi 60 sq miles area designated, 70 lakh tanka allocated Funds misappropriated, dept wound up after 3 yrs To raise a strong army, People were rich and could pay more taxes. $ Per Barani it was 20x the normal. Ferishta says 3-4 times. Gardner Brown says it was normal. AL Srivastava says about 5-10 percent. JL Mehta says 20%. Rains had failed during the time and there were famine like conditions. Barani says many perished, Brown doesn't. Farmers suffered, left their land, riots and rebellions broke out. ! Suppression was ruthless, later recalled and paid reparations. AL Srivastava says that it came too late. ! Charai and Gharai were already unpopular their collection became rigorous, usual revenue collected also decreased, made MBT unpopular; new cesses were also levied. For assessing yield standard yield was taken not actual produce, Price were not actual but decided by officials - destruction of Peasantry $ Barani : enforcement was so rigorous that feeble and low among riyaya were wiped out, rich ones became rebellious. Bitterly criticises Sultan for this but never tells the actual amount by which it was inc, account of suffering of peasants in exaggerated Confuses principal points in story by over emphasising relationship b/w Doab, Spread of famine and widespread revolt. Famine occurred during the same time, MBT advanced loans to dig wells, buy seed implements. Diwan I Amir I Kohi set up to extend cultivation, bring barren land under cultivation not uncultivable land aka Usar, improve crops. Total 70 lakh tankhas advanced as loans, Afif says 2cr. $ Barani - Entire scheme failed, person to implement were incompetent $ MBT died and FST wrote off the loan Not total failure -> helped evolve agri policy that fully matured under Mughals 2020-04-27 12:19:30 Nobility was based on racial and religious lines @ Lower borns like barbers, cooks, etc were accepted into nobility. Barani has criticised this Composition Turks were the ruling elites Foreigners who were from Afghanistan, Mongols etc were patronised @ Indian converts like Aziz ud din Khammar was made Governor of Malwa Hindus like Bhiran Rai, Sai Raj Dhara were nobles. Barani mentions Kishan Bazran as governor of Sehwan Religious classess and artisans etc were also inducted @ First steps towards a composite/heterogenous ruling classes constituting Hindus and Muslims. It failed. Old nobles resented this Incompetent people were also patronised Led to lack of cohesion and loyalty $ Keen to tone up adm bring uniformity, issued large nos of orders - Ibn Batuta | | Diwan-i-Bandagan | Slaves | Feroz Shah Tughlaq | | | Diwan-i-Qaza-i-Mamalik | Justice | | | | Diwan-i-Khairat | Charity | Feroz Shah Tughlaq | | | Diwan-i-Riyasat(replaced Risalat) and Sahna-i-Mandi | | Alauddin Khalji | | Derived from Abbasid, Ghaznavid and Seljukic sys. @ Adm was lose structure of military commands, no single direction, busy subduing Hindu chiefs initially changed under Khaljis. Muqtis commander of mil and adm tracts called iqtas to maintian army, meet his own expenses and make fin contribution to Sultan. During AK's reign had to follow system of rev assessment Appointed his own troops, Naib Ariz rep him at centre. @ Pargana; Sadis (unit of 100) and Chaurasis (84) were collection of villages a Chaudhari, Amil, Patwari etc was posted in them. Lower Bureaucracy divided into 2 Judicial and religious - Muftis, Qazis, also dealt w/ criminal justice; Muhtasib checked open violations of Sharia, Imams Muezzins, Ulemas were teachers -> bridge b/w Ruling class and ordinary Muslims, united them. Revenue and administrative on the other : Dad Bak responsible for checking arbitray exaction of taxes also supervised record keepers; Muharrirs were accountants, Amils rev collectors. Head of all, centre of society and politics Prestige, power - gave them divine attributes $ Barani - heart of monarch was mirror of God Religion was major check on misuse of power Major institutional check was hereditary nobility Slavers augmented power especially during Early times Number not fixed; Wazir most powerful $ RP Tripathy : Wazir under Tughlaqs had high authority and high salary Until T rule W did had both civil, mil duties Mushrif - supervised expenditure, Mustaufi incharge of income, Ariz I Mamalik under Balban head of Mil, all acted as check and balance. Diwan I Arz - headed By Ariz I Mamalik not commander in chief Diwan I Insha - communications, headed by Dabir I Khas, Diwan I Risalat - grant rent free lands to Muslim scholars, chief was Sadr I Jaha Qazi ul Qazzat head of Judicial Dpearment Wakil I dar controlled royal household Mir I Imarat under FST Amir i hajib controlled attendance of nobles at court aka Barbek Provincial and Local Gov Lose structure headed my mil commanders aka Walis, Muqtis Maintained army at his own cost, also made fin contribution to Sultan Their control inc w/ time ex collection of revenue, appt its own troops, Naib Ariz rep him at centre Separate revenue farming gov during MBT failed removed by FST Sadis(100), Chaurasis(84) were villages under a Pargana & Amil : rev collector, Chaudhary : hereditary land holder, Khuts : zamindar of villages, Muqaddams - headman, Patwari - examined account books. Muhammad Tughluq: Major projects, agrarian measures, bureaucracy of Muhammad Tughluq Do you agree with the view that Muhammad Tughluq was 'transcendent failure'? Why did he fail to achieve the ideals he had set for himself? [1984, 60m]
Major Projects Was the state in the Sultanate period a theocracy? Discuss the new orientation of state policies and administrative principles under Muhammad bin Tughluq. [1988, 60m] Muhammad Bin Tughlaq's contradictory qualities were beyond the grasp knowledge and commonsense. Evaluate the significance of his dministrative measures and policies in the light of this statement. [1992, 60m] Write a short essay on: "Experiments of Muhammad Tughluq". [2003, 20m] Write a short essay on: "The Token Currency System introduced by Muhammad Tughluq." [2004, 20m] Write a short essay on: "Muhammad Tughluq as an agrarian innovator." [2009, 20m] Do you agree that the schemes of Muhammad bin Tughluq were correctly conceived, badly executed and disastrously abandoned? Discuss. [2017, 15 Marks] "The policy of creating heterogeneous nobility by Muhammad Tughlaq started the process of disintegration of Delhi Sultanate". Explain. [2018, 20 Marks] ]]>08.2-medieval-india/4.-14th-century/4.3-muhammad-tughluq-(1325-1351).html08.2 Medieval-India/4. 14th-Century/4.3 Muhammad Tughluq (1325-1351).mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.2-medieval-india/4.-14th-century/4.4-firuz-tughluq.html08.2 Medieval-India/4. 14th-Century/4.4 Firuz Tughluq.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo 2020-04-27 12:21:28 Individual peasants cultivated their land Khots were large landholdings Balahars were small plots Owned oxen and plough Landless menial classes were below peasantry Wells were abundant, so was land. Sold their crops for payment of revenue in cash $ Barani mentions highest strata of peasants as Khots and Muqaddams who levied Qismat is Khoti from villagers during AK's reign, were generally prosperous. Mud huts, bamboo supports, thatched roof. Floor plastered with cowdung. Little furniture, slept on the floor or cotton quilts. Earthen pots, no separate bathing place, no privacy. Prosperous peasants had land around main structure, courtyard and chabutara. Food was rice, lintel, onion, chillies, ghee was a luxury. Hindu peasants went bareheaded and barefooted, Gujarat and Rajasthani's wore red handkerchief around head. Women wore sari or lehanga. 2020-04-27 12:21:37 Head was Sultan, synonymous with the state. Was politically independent but culturally part of Islamic world Luxurious living to maintain distance from common. Owned and made huge palaces. Ibn Battuta mentions lofty gates, thousand pillars, huge halls, polished by wooden pillars during MBT. Royal umbrella sceptre used, Hindu rulers used the Chhatra, Danda with a Chowri (fly whisk). Band of Musicians accompanied the Sultan. Darbar was where court proceeding, special occasions like coronation, royal function etc took place. Harem was where women lived. Sultan's mother, his queens, female servants and slaves lived. A karkhana was attached to their needs. 2020-04-27 12:21:44 Broach, Cambay, Lakhnauti, Sonarogaon and Multan were some trading centres. $ Ibn Battuta has given detailed account of Delhi. Largest city in Islamic world, mixed population of merchants. Multanis were mostly Hindus traded West Asia others were Gujarati, Marwaris. Jains constructed temples. Large residential buildings surrounded by Orchards and fruit gardens Cambay. Big house, consumed good food and fine clothes. & Cotton silk garments, sandalwood paste, rings, gold earrings studded with precious stones used by men. & Women wore sari and silk blouses, jewellery made of gold and silver metals, earrings, anklets, rings on fingers and toes Muslim merchants clothes studded w/ gold, long boots Bengal, Gujarat famous for fine clothes, Cambay for gold and silver works. Barani mentions Multanis and Sahas of Delhi acquired wealth from maliks and amirs and repaid their loans with assignment of draft over iqta. Broker/ Dallals operated b/w merchants and customers. Sarraf or money changers. 2020-04-27 12:21:51 Women were subordinate to men, main duty was to rear children. Birth of daughter was looked down upon, were confined to antahpura /inner sanctum. Early marriages, wife's duty towards husband his kula was stressed. Annulment of marriages took place in special circumstances like desertion, disease or mental disorder. @ Some upper class women were given education like Dewalrani, Rupamati, Padmavati and Razia Sultan. $ Ibn Battuta mentions a woman burning herself/sati but it was limited to upper strata of society. Practice of Jauhar among Rajput. Widow had the right to property of a sonless husband but did not apply uniformly all over. Purdah was prevalent among both Hindus and Muslims and attained institutionalised form 2020-04-27 12:21:54 Ulema were given special religious place in administration. Dastarbandan were associated with admin of justice and religious laws. Helped in theological matters. Formed the elite group Ahl Qalam. Gave moral support to imperial rule. 2020-04-27 12:22:03Slaves and Servants Master-slave relation formed, noblemen referred themselves as slaves 2 types of slaves were there Bought in an open market Prisoners of war Bought for domestic service or for special skills FST collected 180,000 slaves most employed in handicrafts or bodyguards ! Eunuchs were slaves to guard harems Women slaves were for either domestic service or entertainment and pleasure. Became mark of prosperity, nobles vied among each other. were treated better than servants. Religious freedom to those who accepted M rule were called 'Zimmis'. New temples could not be built but old ones could be repaired. Origin of Jizya has been debated even traced to pre Islamic Iran and Greece. @ Until the time of Khalji and Firuz there is no reference to Jizya as a cess. As a separate tax it was collected in small section in towns. Qazi Mughis in court of AK was in favour of collecting it and using it as means of harassing and humiliating, insulting Hindus. $ Barani says that during the reign of Iltutmish argument was put to give Hindus either Islam or Death. Nizam ul Mulk Junaidi said M were too few like salt in food and would be impractical. H continued to dominate country side as Khuts, Muqaddams, Chaudhuri, rana, Thakur. Barani objects to H being honored, distinguished, favored and eminent. Society Analyse the social composition and the role of mobility under the successors of Iltutmish. How did it affect the contemporary politics? [2012, 30m] ]]>08.2-medieval-india/5.-society-culture-economy-in-the-13th-14th-cen/5.1-society.html08.2 Medieval-India/5. Society-Culture-Economy-in-the-13th--14th-Cen/5.1 Society.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo 2020-04-27 12:23:19 $ Ijaz I Khusravi - talks about curriculum adopted by madrasas Nature and character of Muslim aristocracy, civil administration, organisation of court. ~ scholar of Islam under Qubacha, Iltutmish. KA Nizami has called his details of incidents truthful but is prejudiced in his causes and circumstances. Book 22 has biographical sketches of courtiers, military generals, governors from 1227 - 1259. Aristocrat, Turkish immigrant in Delhi under MBT, Associate of Amir Khusrau ~ Book Tarik I Firoz Shahi deals with Sultanate history from 1259-1359 from where Minhas had left. account of MBT unfair, biased and deliberate distortion of facts account of FST is flattery ~ most imp contribution is what he writes about preceding Sultans Accounts are analytical and critical, biases are religious outlook, personal discomfiture, class consciousness, aristocratic complexion. Fatwa I Jahandari is complementary to previous work ~ Deals with powers and functions of crown, privileges of nobility, doctrine of safety of state, law and order problem, crime, religion, politics. Khazainul Futuh : Details of conquest by Allauddin Khalji Tuti e Hind, rep Indo-Muslim culture Hindavi/Urdu ~ Wrote masnavis Use of hyperbole poetry, literary compositions, does not distort facts like Barani Does not follow chronology, factual mistakes ~ Nuh Sipir a masnavi shows his love for India Also wrote Mifthul Futuh, Dewal Rani Khizr Khani - authentic sources of Khilji dynasty 1st prominent rep of Indo Muslim culture, took pride in his country Turkish ancestry Settled in Etah, UP ~ Contact w/ Nizamuddin Auliya gave him title of Turkallah - Turk of God Hindi or Zaban I Hindi had no comparison w/ Arabic Language Founding fathers of Hindi language, literature dev poems, couplets, riddles, other popular sayings ~ Rekhta was mixture or hotchpotch of Persian and Hindi @ Most significant dev in literary field during AK reign Linguistic mingling b/w H, M brought by pressures of natural laws Amir Khusrau first spokesman Dehlavi was earliest dialect @ Urdu means horde used as derogatory epithet for Mongol troops, became popular among the soldiery, populace of Delhi. Theories of Origin Seeds in NW India Punjab under Ghaznavids Hariyanvi, Kahri Boli in Delhi during that time influence develop of Hindavi/Dehlavi during Khusrau's days. Further enriched by Brajbhasha, Rajasthani. Zaban I Urdu or language of the army dev as synthesis of Persian, Arabic and various above mentioned dialects. & Khusrau took initiative to use Persian script for it & Hindu writers used Devanagri script M scholars used Persian, Arabic vocabulary, copied syntax, similies, themes from these languages and gave it a literary form Dehlavi assumed the name of Hindi later U never patronised by sultans of Delhi Reached as language of troops after penetration by Khalji's armies @ Court language of Bahmanids, Bijapur and Golconda Successors of Quli Qutub Shah patronised Dakhini Urdu. $ Nusrati who lived during 17th century wrote a tale about Manohar and Madhu Malati called Gulshan e Ishq. During the reign of Adil Shahi rule Initial 200 yrs stayed away from it Political exigency, to secure gainful employment was undertaken Kayastha's took initiative 2020-04-27 12:23:28 Regional religious and secular literature developed in higher learning centres. ~ University of Mithila - Vidyapati authored Maithili songs ~ University of Nadia - Halayudha wrote Smriti Sarvasva, Nyaya Sarvasva Jayadeva wrote Gita Govinda Liberal patronage to Sanskrit under Zainul Abedin aka Akbar of Kashmir Ratnavajra - translated 14 Sanskrit works to Tibetan Hemachandra Suri in Sanskrit and Prakrit Hindi, Bengali, Marathi originated during the 8th cent. Buddhists, Jains, Nath Panthi siddhas used apabhramsa. Amir Khusrau notes various laguages such as Sindhi, Lahori, Kashmiri, Kubari/Dogri, Dhur Samudri/Karnataka, Tilangi/Telugu, Gujar/Gujarati, Mabari/Tamil etc. Their rise was striking feature of medieval period. ~ Marathi was adm lang in Bahmani kingdom and later at Bijapur court. Nusrat Shah of Bengal had Mahabharat and R translated in bengali. Sufi saints like Mulla Daud wrote Chandayan in Hindi. Malik Muhammad Jaisi wrote Prithvirajraso. 2020-04-27 12:23:45
#todo Tamil Literature Golden period ended w/ decline of Cholas. & Villiputturar 13th century was an imp poet translated Mahabharata was called Bharatam. Introduced use of Sanskrit words in T poetry. & Arunagirinatha was another poet. Composed Tiruppagal praising god Murugan. Vaishnava scholars wrote commentaries. Other commentaries were written on works of Sangam age ex Tolkapiyam. Kachiappa Sivachariar composed Kanda puranam in praise of God Subramanya Telugu @ Errapragada 14th cent was most imp poet. Popularised Champu genre of literary writing, composed Ramayana in Champu style. Also translated part of MB and Vaishnava sanskrit works like Harivamsha. Srinatha 14th century translated Naishadha kavya of Sriharsha. Laid foundation of classical prabandhas in Telugu literature. Potana translated Bhavata Purana.
@ Reached zenith under Vijayanagara king Krishnadeva Raya. KDR wrote Amukya Malyada, patronised poets like Peddanai Peddana who wrote Manu Charita in Telugu. #important Influence of Sanskrit inc. Kannada Upto 12th cent was dominated by Jain writers. Virasaivism started influencing after 13th cent. Vachana works of Basava. Bhima Kavi composed basava Purana in 14th cent. Harisvara and Raghavanka were other Virasaiva poets. ~ Hoysala rulers patronised it. Rudra Bhatta wrote Jagannathavija in Champu lit based on Vishnu Puran. Vijayanagara kings also patronised K lit ex Kumaravyasa who composed K version of MB. Malyalam Lit Youngest South lang. Separated from Tamil and acquired independent form in 14th cent. New political forms introduced by foreigners contributed to its dev. Earliest lit comp was Rama Charitam. 16th cent onwards came under influence of Sanskrit. 2020-04-27 12:23:57 use of arch and domes known as 'arcuade' style and replaced 'Trabeat' style. introduced the use of minars around the mosques, mausoleums Mortar cementing agent avoided the use of human and animal figures spaciousness, massiveness and breadth calligraphy as decoration Arabesque method use of geometrical vegetal ornamentation with multiples splits Geometrical Symmetry in designs buildings had intricate jaali works, which signifies the importance of light in Islamic religion Water was used in the premises in forms of courtyard pools, fountains, for ablations etc introduced the Charbagh style of gardening pietra-dura - inlay of precious stones and gems into stone walls use of foreshortening technique in the buildings, such that the inscriptions appear to be closer than it really is During the slave/ilbari dynasty Mameluke style was popular ~ remodellings of the existing Hindu structures was done ! Monuments like Qutub Minar and Quwat ul Islam mosque made Arhai Din Ka Jhonpra in Ajmer both built by Aibak. During the Khalji dynasty Seljuk style of arch used use of Red sandstone Arcuade style got prominence and use of Mortar began ! Ex Alai Darwaza and Siri Fort Tughlaq dynasty was crisis period use of grey sandstone with emphasis on strength rather decoration combined both archuate and lintel method to construct batter characterised by sloping walls. ~ Lodi Dynasty only tombs were made, architecture was not that prominent. @ One imp feature was the introduction of double domes consisted of a hollow dome inside a top dome. this was done to give strength and lower the inner height of the dome. Tombs were hard and bare without decoration, supported by a sloping verandah. 2020-04-27 12:24:20 Persian elements merged with Indian Traditional elements. Preference to illustrated manuscripts were given. Ex Nimatnama a book on cookery made during the reign of Nasir Shah of Mandu. Lodi Khuladar style was also popular in areas if Delhi and Jaunpur. 2020-04-27 12:24:29
#todo Turkish rulers were not barbarians and had inherited the cultural and administrative standards set by the Abbasid caliphate. They inherited IN's rich tradition in the field of architecture, literature, forms of govt or S&T. Contact b/w Hinduism, Buddhist amd Islam had started before the coming of Islam to IN. Difference b/w both religions made the process of rapproachment slow. Conflicts also went side by side w/ rapproachment. - **Tarachand** says that social and cultural revivalism in the south was due to impact of Islamic culture. - **YP Singh** mentions that the 1st stage was duration of Islamic rule in IN which was marked by conflict, tension, adaptation and cultural syncretism. - Impact was both positive and Negative as suggested by HV Srinivas and SV Kamath Architecture Music Language ex Urdu. Persian was readily adopted by Hindus who participated in the adm of M rulers. Culture Where, when and how did Urdu originate? [1985, 20m] "The period of Delhi Sultans witnessed the emergence of Indo-Persian culture." Discuss the statement with reference to developments m the fields of language. [1986, 60m] Write a short essay on: "Indo-Islamic architecture during the Khalji and Tughluq period." [1992, 20m] Write a short essay on: "Ziauddin Barani as a historian." [1994, 20m] Comment on: "Growth of regional languages and literature during the medieval period." [1995, 20m] Write a short essay on: "Amir Khusrau was an eminent poet not a historian." [2000, 20m] Give a critical assessment of the contributions of Amir Khusarau and Barani to Indo -Persian Literature. [2009, 30m] Critically evaluate the educational development during Sultanate period. [2013, 15m] Trace the technological and stylistic development in the architecture of the Sultanate period. [2014, 15m] Do you think that the economic measures introduced by the Sultanate rulers were beneficial to the common people as well? Illustrate with examples. [2016, 20 Marks] Evaluate the contents of the Tabaqat-i-Nasiri as a source of medieval history. [2016, 10 Marks] Describe the new architecture features added by successive Sultans in the construction of Tombs in India. [2018, 20 Marks] ]]>08.2-medieval-india/5.-society-culture-economy-in-the-13th-14th-cen/5.2-culture.html08.2 Medieval-India/5. Society-Culture-Economy-in-the-13th--14th-Cen/5.2 Culture.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.2-medieval-india/5.-society-culture-economy-in-the-13th-14th-cen/5.3-economy-agricultural-production,-rise-of-urban-economy,-non-agricultural-production,-trade-and-commerce.html08.2 Medieval-India/5. Society-Culture-Economy-in-the-13th--14th-Cen/5.3 Economy - Agricultural Production, rise of urban economy, non agricultural production, trade and commerce.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo 2020-04-27 12:25:37 Nobles used to act de facto in this region. Bugra Khan son of Balban was appointed as governor in 1281. Ghiyasuddin and Muhammad Tughlaq took marches against Bengal. @ Ilyas Shah (1342-57), emerged as a powerful ruler in Bengal. He was succeeded by Sikandar Shah. Feroz Tughlaq invaded during his reign. Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah (1389-1409) was a popular ruler who succeeded his father, Sikandar. Ruknuddin Barbek (1459-74) embarked upon an expansionist policy with the help of Abyssinian slaves who later usurped power Alauddin Hussain Shah reclaimed power hi expanded towards Saran and Bihar; Sylhet and Chittagong; and Hajo and Mandaran. most famous sultan was known for his love of justice. ~ had close relations w/ lerned men including Persian poet Hafiz of Shiraz. ! Re-established friendly relations with Chinese -> led to growth of overseas trade and Chittagong became a flourishing port. Bengal exported fine quality textiles and reexported Chinese goods. $ Mahuan was Chinese envoy's interpreter who left description of trade. Various sufis came were given rent free lands. They were the reason for widespread conversion of Eastern Bengal where Buddhism was prevalent along with poverty. @ Maladhar Basu compiler of Sri Krishna Vijaya was patronised and granted title of Gunaraja Khan. This was before his reign. Many famous Bengali writers flourished during his rule. restored law and order, adopted a liberal policy by offering high offices to Hindus. Ex his Wazir, Physician, Bodyguard etc ~ Krittibas who translated Ramayana into Bengali. AH also gave freedom of profession to Chaitanya 2020-04-27 12:25:43
#todo Was a forbidden land to all outsiders. A/C to Albiruni entry into Kashmir not allowed to those not personally known to nobles. Centre of Shaivism. Mongol attack in 1320 by Dulucha led to wholesale massacre. Before him Sikandar Shah had ordered systematic persecution of Hindus to convert them to Islam. greatest Muslim monarch of Kashmir during this time Saints and refugees from Central Asia continued to come in. ! Sufi saints called Rishis rose combined features of Hinduism and Islam. Lower classes converted to Islam. Cancelled all orders of Sikandar Shah and brought back non Muslim Kashmiris who had fled. @ Restored libraries to Hindus, those who pretended to be Muslim could revert back to their religion Abolished Jiziya and banned cow slaughter. Hindus were given high rank in govt. Well versed in Persian, Kashmiri, Sanskrit and Tibetan language. Mahabharat and Kalhan's Rajtarangini were translated to Persian. @ Sent 2 person to Samarkand to learn art of paper making and book binding. Patronised crafts ex stone cutting, bottle making, gold beating, shawl making. Musket making and manufacturing fireworks also dev. made dams, canals, bridges. Zaina Lanka - artificial island in Wular lake was built. Aka Bud Shah/ Great Sultan.
#todo 2020-04-27 12:25:45 ! was real founder; shifted capital from Patan to Ahmedabad. @ was a greate builder who drew on rich arch tradition of Jains. Its features were : Slender Turrets, stone carvings, ornate brackets. Jama Masjid in Ahmedabad ad Tin Darwaza are ex. Attacked pilgrim center at Sidhpur and destroyed it. Imposed Jizya and Peshkash. However, he inducted Hindus in govt ex Manik Chand and Motichand. Very strict in justice had his son in law executed. Bitter rivalry w/ Malwa weakened both empires. Most famous sultan; was named Begarha after he captured 2 strongest forts of Girnar and Champaner. Brought Sarurashtra under full control . Founded Mustafabad in Girnar which was made the 2nd Capital. Captured Dwarka which was base of pirates and razed many Hindu temples there. @ Founded Muhammadabad in Champaner. Jama Masjid still remains there which has many Jain principles in it. Joined hands w/ ruler of Egypt to check Portugues. ~ Udayaraja was his court poet. Many works translated from Arabic to Perisan. $ Barbosa says that from childhood he was nourished on some poison that if a flu settled on his hand it died. Had a voracious appetite eating 10-15 kilos of food/day.
#todo BS sent embassy to Ottomans during Suleiman's rule seeking support against P. Fleet under Sulaiman Rais was despatched to aid BS. One of the 2 turkish official to arrive was Rumi Khan master gunner. 1531 P attacked Daman and Diu. Rumi Khan repulsed the attack -> P building a fort lower down the coast. Mughals attacked Gujarat during this time. BS allied w/ Portugues but died shortly after.
#todo More 2020-04-27 12:25:52 Dilawar Khan Ghori (d. A.D. 1406), the Tughluq governor of Malwa, assumed independence in the year A.D. 1401-02. occupied areas from Nimar, Sauyar, Damoh and Chanderi. had matrimonial alliance with Khandesh and friendly relations with Muzaffar Shah of Gujarat. Hoshang Shah regained control after set backs from Muzaffar Gujarati. occupied Kherla and Gagraun but withdrew from Gwalior. His successor Muhammad Shah was incompetent he was over taken by Mahmud Khalji Most powerful of Malwa rulers Mahmud followed a policy of appeasement and distributed iqta and high posts. ~ He undertook many campaigns against Rana Kumbha of Mewar from 1437 onwards. Destroyed many temples during his struggle w/ Rana Kumbha Kalpi was another bone of contention between Malwa and Jaunpur. Ghiyas shah was successor of Hoshang shah he concentrated on consollidation. 2020-04-27 12:25:56 Various revolts from Amiran i sadah who were nobles controlling 100 villages in Deccan during the rule of Muhammad Tughluq laid the foundations of the Bahmani Kingdom. @ established by Hasan Gangu aka Bahman Shah who came to the throne after Ismail Shah abdicated in 1347. $ The details about their reigns were provided by Ferishta and travellers like Nicolo Conti, Duarte Barbosa. Ferishta in 17th cent wrote that Hasan was raised under a Brahman called Gangu thus his name. @ most remarkable B ruler; knew religious science, commentaries of Quran, Logic, botany, geometry. was poet and composed verses, spoke Persian, Arabic, Turkish, Telugu, Kannada, Marathi. @ Decline of DS led to migration of learned men to Deccan. inducted Hindus in administration on a large scale providing balance from influx of foreigner Afaqis. Jiziya was not taken, Majority Sunnis did not persecute Shiias. ~ encouraged astronomy and built observator near Daulatabad. Deva Raya I defeated him. ! Ahmad Shah I suceeded him who was a disciple of Gesu Daraz who sifted the capital from Gulbarga to Bidar. Was Iranian by birth who steadily rose to throught the ranks. He fought against Gajpati Rulers joining hands w/ Vijayanagar. He overran western coastal areas including Dabhol and Goa against Vijayanagar. warred w/ Mahmud of Khalji of Malwa for Berar. Made deep raids into Vijayanagar territories capturing TB doab @ Carried out various reforms esp to curb power of Nobles. Old provinces further sub divided into 8, governor of fort directly appt by Sultan. Salaries of each noble fixed paid in cash or jagir. Every province was to have Khalisa land Great Patron of arts. Built Madrasa college in Bidar
@ After he was executed by the young sultan Bahmani kingdom divided into 5 principalities Golconda, Bijapur, Ahamdnagar, Berar and Bidar. #important Mahmud Gawan ordered for systematic measurement of land and fixed the boundaries of villages and towns. It was done to estimate the revenues in advance and also to curb corruption. $ The details of this has been provided by Nikitin a Russian traveller. 1347 - 1422 1st Phase Raya's of Telingana and Vijayanagra were the their main rivals. - Against Vijayanagra main contention areas were Tungabhadra doab, Krishna Godavari delta a very fertile region and Marathawada country where Konkan had major ports. - V championed the Hindu faith where Bhamanids Muslim this made battle bitter. - V and Bahmanids aligned together against the Gajpati rulers of Orissa. - ! In 1367 when Bukka assaulted Mudgal the Bahmanids marched against V vowing to slaughter 100k Hindus in revenge. Artillery was used for the 1st time by both sides. - B could not get decisive victory and treaty was signed for sharing of the doab. The early losses faced by them were due to the Velamas of Teligana and surrounding areas supporting Vijayanagra against them. 1422-1538 2nd Phase Period was marked by the shift of capital from Gulbarga to Bidar. Malwa and Warangal were annexed. Alliance against Sultanate of Gujarat was formed with Khandesh The clash b/w Deccanis and Afaqis proved to be disastrous and ended up in the disintegration of the Bahmani Kingdom in 1538. It spilt into Berar, Bidar, Ahmadnagar, Bijapur and Golconda.
During Bahman Shah's reign 3 factions helped establish the kingdom the Decaanis, the Tughluq faction that defected, and local chiefs and vassals. @ From Alaudding Mujahid's 1375-78 reign Afaqis who were migrants from Transoxiana, Iran and Iraq were granted high posts. The Decannis and Habshis tried to counter the threat but they were massacred. It was organised on the basis of the Delhi Sultanate consisting of a wakil, wazir, bakshi and qazi. The Dabir was a secratary, mufti was interpreter of law, Kotwal, muhtasib was censor of public morals. Munihians were spies. ~ The Kingdom was divided into 4 atraf or provinces viz Daulatabad, Berar, Bidar and Gulbarga each ruled by a tarafdar. Mir Naib or viceroy was appointed in the most imp provinces like Gulbaraga. Amir ul umara was commander of the army. Khassakhel were bodyguards. Silahdars were incharge of personal armoury of the King. Mahmud Gawan ordered for systematic measurement of land and fixed the boundaries of villages and towns. It was done to estimate the revenues in advance and also to curb corruption. $ The details of this has been provided by Nikitin a Russian traveller. Horses, cloth, silk and pepper were major major mechandise for trade. The society was heterogeneous had Hindus, Muslims, Iranians, Transoxianians, Iraqis and Abyssinians. Persian, Marathi, Dakhni, Kannada and Telugu were widely spoken. $ Niktin mentions the difference b/w nobles and the common people. Sufis were venerated by Bahmani rulers to legitimize their authority. They were of the Chishti, Qadiri and Shattari orders. Gesu Daraz was an important saint. Hindu culture and tradition influenced the court. Political Developments and Economy: - Rise of Provincial Dynasties: Bengal, Kashmir (Zainul Abedin), Gujarat, Malwa, Bahmanids Write a short essay on: "The Bahmani kingdom" [2005, 20m]
https://www.britannica.com/place/Bahmani-sultanate Write a short essay on: "The Bahmani Kingdom" [2007, 20m]
https://www.britannica.com/place/Bahmani-sultanate Assess the Lekhapaddhati as an important source for evaluating the society and economy of the thirteenth century CE with special reference to Gujarat. [2013, 15m] Discuss the state of society and economy of the Bahmani kingdom as gleaned from historical sources. [2013, 10m] Assess the contribution of Firoz Shah Bahamani and Mahmud Gawan in the field of education. [2016, 15 Marks] Evaluate Jonaraja's account of the reign of Zain-ulAbidin. [2016, 10 Marks] ]]>08.2-medieval-india/6.-15th-and-early-16th-ce/6.1-rise-of-provincial-dynasties.html08.2 Medieval-India/6. 15th-and-early-16th-CE/6.1 Rise of Provincial Dynasties.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="https://i.imgur.com/YNKTRl2.png"></figure>#todo ]]>08.2-medieval-india/6.-15th-and-early-16th-ce/6.2-political-development-and-economy.html08.2 Medieval-India/6. 15th-and-early-16th-CE/6.2 Political Development and Economy.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#important Who say that his greatest achievement was the broad toleration that prevailed. Barbosa says Christians, Jew, Moor or heathen may come and go without annoyance Sadashiv Raya ascended the throne in 1543 after death of KDR but real power lay in hands of triumvirate led by Rama Raja. Rama Raja along with Portugues stopped horse supply to Bijapur -> led to war where he defeated Bijapur, Golconda and Ahmednagar. ! Who combined their forces and defeated V at Bannihatti near Talikota. ! Battle of Talikota 1565 marked the end of the empire. Strict adherence to dharma was main feature of the state. Muslim archers and commanders were also used. They adopted titles like digvijayan and celebrated Mahanavami festivals. Brahmanas enjoyed political and secular powers along with religious ones. Sectarian leaders were connecting links b/w kings and temples. But task of solving temple disputes was with the king. @ Krishnadeva raya constructed the Krishnaswami temple. @ KDR in his book on polity advises that king should attend to protecting the good and punishing the wicked, king should levy taxes moderately/ ! Kingdom divided into Rajyas or Mandalams/provinces below which were nadu/districts, sthala/sub districts and grama/village. Chola tradition of village govt was considerably weakened under V rule. @ Nayankara system : Military chiefs took titles like nayaka and amaranayaks. Accounts of Fernao Nuniz and Dominigo Paes studied the Nayaka system in detail. $ Mackenizie manuscripts and Vijanagara inscriptions called them territorial magnatees. They established their own kingdoms later. @ Ayagar system : They were villages servants viz headmen, accountant and watchmen who were given a plot in village which was mostly tax free. Economic life of people remained more or less the same living in thatched huts, sometimes wore turban, ornaments in ear, arms, necks etc. @ Land revenue was main source of states income it varied from 1/6 to 1/4. For Brahmanas and temples it was 1/20 to 1/30 payable in both cash and kind. ~ 3 categories of land revenue was bhandaravada → smallest category of town village. Manya → tax free used to maintain Brahmans, temples etc. amara → villages given to amaranayakas. Various taxes on professions, property, house and grazing was taken. ~ A/C to an inscription 1/3rd of produce of rice was taken during winter; 1/4th of seasame,ragi, horsegram; 1/6th of millet and other crops cultivated on dry land. Rate varied on type of crop, soil, metod of irrigation. $ Nikitin says land was overstocked w/ people but those in country are very miserable and nobles extremely affluent. Temples emerged as landholders. They were given devadana villages. Cash endowments were also made. Temples became imp centers of economic activity since markets around them grew due to the need of prasad etc. They took up irrigation works as well as banking . Local and long distance trade increased. & Regular fairs took place outside of temples under the leadership of pattanaswami. Separate markets for agricultural and non agri products. Temples took irrigational works. Village rule declined and local magnates became powerful they took steps to improve agri culture viz irrigation they charged an irrigation tax for it. Brahmans enjoyed secular authority due to grant of devadana villages. social groups in tamil country was divided on the basis of natural sub-region and occupational patterns. There was a dual division of lower castes. Right hand castes were involved in agriculture and Left hand in production and trade of non agri goods. Other sections of society depended on the peasants, they were called as sat-sudras by the poets. 2020-04-27 12:29 :06 Painting at Lepakshi in Andhra were made during Vijayanagra period. They lack primary colours especially blue. combined the features of Chola, Hoysalas, Pandyas, Chalukyas architectural styles influenced by indo-islamic style of Bijapur walls of the temples were highly decorated with carvings and geometrical patterns Goupurams, which were previously present on the front side, were now built on all the sides Monolithic rock pillars temple pillars have a mythical creature Yali (Horse) engraved enclosing walls were larger More than one mandaps were built in each temple. The central mandap came to be known as kalyan mandap. The concept of secular buildings inside the temple premises was also introduced. complex is enclosed by boundaries.
Temple building activity revived, partially ruined temples repaired, enlarged constructed over ruins of older ones, Rich and poor pooled their resource, new temples were massive in structure, Kalyan Mandapa or ornate pillared Pavilion was new addition built on left corner of courtyard. Huge audience halls, ornamented profusely, thousand pillared mandapa ideal form of V style. Ex Vitthala, Hazar Ram temples, Throne Platform/ Mahanavmi Dibba, Kings Audience Hall - ten rows of 10 pillars each. Towns like Kumbakonam, Kanchipuram, Srirangam, Tadpari, Vellore etc. Last phase represented by Madura style found at Madura, Ramesvaram, Srirangam, Jambukeshvara, Tiruvalur, Chidambram.


Discuss the development of art and culture under the Vijayanagar Empire. [1987, 60m] Refer to Notes Arts in V empire "Art, literature and culture reached a high level of development in the Vijayanagar Empire." Discuss. [1989, 60m] Write a short essay on: "Architecture of the Vijayanagara Empire." [2000, 20m] The Vijayanagra Empire Give an account of the polity and society of Vijayanagara empire under Krishnadevaraya. [1979, 60m] The Vijayanagara empire was one of the most significant South Indian empires that flourished from the 14th to the 17th century. Krishnadevaraya, who ruled from 1509 to 1529, was one of the greatest rulers of the empire. His reign witnessed significant developments in the polity and society of the empire. Polity Under Krishnadevaraya, the Vijayanagara empire was a strong centralized state with an efficient administrative system. The king was assisted by a council of ministers and a group of officials who were responsible for the smooth functioning of the government. The empire was divided into provinces or Nadu, each headed by a governor or a Nayaka, who was responsible for collecting revenue, maintaining law and order, and implementing the king's policies. Krishnadevaraya was a patron of art and literature, and his court was a center of cultural and intellectual activity. He was also an able military commander and expanded the empire's boundaries by conquering several neighboring kingdoms. He maintained cordial relations with the Portuguese, who were then in India, and encouraged trade and commerce. Society The society under Krishnadevaraya was hierarchical, with the king at the top and a vast majority of people at the bottom. The society was divided into four castes: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras, with the Brahmins enjoying the highest status. The king and the nobles were mostly Kshatriyas, while the merchants were Vaishyas, and the common people were Shudras. The society was also marked by the presence of several religious communities, including Hindus, Jains, and Muslims. The Vijayanagara empire was a Hindu empire, and the majority of the population was Hindu. However, Krishnadevaraya was known for his religious tolerance and patronage of other religions. He invited scholars and artists from different parts of India, and his court was a melting pot of different cultures. Discuss the origin of the Vijayanagara Kingdom. Do you agree with the view that Krishnadevaraya was an ideal ruler of this dynasty? [1980, 60m] The origin of the Vijayanagara Kingdom can be traced back to the Sangama dynasty, which was founded by Harihara I and Bukka Raya I. They were brothers who were originally in the service of the Kakatiya dynasty of Warangal, until it was defeated by the Delhi Sultanate in 1323. After the defeat, the brothers were taken to Delhi as prisoners, where they converted to Islam. However, they were released in 1336 and returned to their homeland, where they reconverted to Hinduism and established the Vijayanagara Kingdom. The Vijayanagara Empire was founded on the principles of Hinduism and aimed to protect and promote the religion. The empire saw a period of great prosperity and growth under the rule of Krishnadevaraya in the 16th century. The empire's capital city, Vijayanagara, was a center of art, culture, and trade, attracting merchants and scholars from across the world. There are differing views on the Vijayanagara Kingdom's impact on Indian history. Some argue that it was a significant force that protected Hinduism and Indian culture from foreign invaders. However, others see the empire as oppressive, particularly towards lower castes and non-Hindus, and an example of the exclusionary nature of Hindu nationalism. Do you think that the reign of Krishnadevaraya inaugurated a new epoch in the history of Vijayanagar? [1983, 20m] Krishnadevaraya's reign (1509-1529) is considered one of the most glorious periods in the history of the Vijayanagar Empire. He was a patron of arts, literature, and architecture, and his court was a center of learning and culture. During his reign, the empire reached its zenith of power and prosperity, with a vast empire that extended from the Deccan Plateau to the southern tip of India. Krishnadevaraya's military campaigns were successful, and he expanded the empire's territory by defeating neighboring kingdoms. He also maintained diplomatic relations with foreign powers, including the Portuguese and the Chinese. Krishnadevaraya's reign marked a new epoch in the history of Vijayanagar, characterized by cultural and economic growth, military expansion, and political stability. However, his successors were unable to maintain the empire's power, and it declined in the following decades. What light do inscriptions and accounts of European travelers throw on the antecedents and legacy of the administrative structure of the Vijayanagar Empire? [1994, 60m] Discuss the social dynamics in the Vijayanagara Empire. [2010, 20m] On the basis of contemporary sources evaluate the system of agriculture and irrigation of the Vijayanagar kingdom. [2013, 15m] To what extent is 'Segmentary State' model relevant for defining the Vijayanagar State? Critically examine. [2014, 20m] Mention the salient features of the polity of Vijayanagara Empire under Krishnadevaraya. [2015, 10m] Evaluate the accounts of foreign travellers about the Vijayanagar Empire. [2017, 10 Marks] Do you agree that convergence of political vacuum and impact of Islamicate culture and polity in peninsular India has much to do with the growth of Vijayanagara kingdom? [2018, 15 Marks] ]]>08.2-medieval-india/6.-15th-and-early-16th-ce/6.3-vijayanagara-empire.html08.2 Medieval-India/6. 15th-and-early-16th-CE/6.3 Vijayanagara-Empire.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>08.2-medieval-india/2.-cultural-traditions-750-1200/nis-art-and-architecture.html08.2 Medieval-India/2. Cultural-Traditions-750-1200/NIS - Art and Architecture.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.2-medieval-india/3.-13th-century/3.1-establishment-of-delhi-sultanate-ghurian-invasions-and-factors-for-its-success.html08.2 Medieval-India/3. 13th-Century/3.1 Establishment of Delhi Sultanate - Ghurian Invasions and Factors for its success.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo ✅ 2023-02-13 Barani, Hemachandra Muhammad Habib : new Turkish fores created economic org superior to the one existed before Economic $ Ibn Battuta : detailed account of food grains, crops, fruits, flower; Soil fertile grew 2 crops per year Some crops basis of village industries ex oil processing, jaggery, indigo etc & Under FST garden : increase in fruit production esp grapes, canals imp prodcutivity Rural Society Hemachandra 12th cent divided rural folk into 4 categories Sharecroppers; plough shares and field labourers; Owner Proprietor aka Malik i Zamin, Khud Kasht; Artisans Dharma Shastras : harrowing poverty for peasants, Padma Purana describes condition of Karshaks. Growth of cash nexus -> Highly unequal village society Hindu chiefs still collected rev $ Afif mentions Peasantry affluence under FST $ Textile major industry Gujarat, Awadh, Bengal were imp centre, Barbossa, Mulla Daud sources Spinning wheel inc production; I Habib - came from Iran Cotton carder/ Dhunia also speeded prod Silkworns reared in Bengal, Shawl from Kashmir Mettalurgy famed, Mehrauli rust free Iron pillar, Damascened swords, Jewellery Temple making, Building flourished, Paper making -> availability of books, tannery, salt making, quarrying, extraction of Iron copper Soldiers paid in cash, Regions that refused to pay land-tax or kharaj called mawas were plundered iqta system Khalisa : revenues directly collected for Sultan's treasury expanded significantly under AK, was area around Delhi, included parts of doab
@ Iltutmish (1210-36) : reported to have assigned in lieu of salaries, "small iqtas" in the Doab to the soldiers of the Sultan's army (hashm qalb). #important Balban tried to resume this but did not succeed. Feroz Shah assigned villages to soldies in lieu of salaries called wajh/ wajhdars. Religious persons and institutions ex dargahs, mosques, madrasas other got grants of rev income called milk, idrar, and inam. @ Kharaj was essentially a share in the produce of the land and not a rent on the land. In recalcitrant areas it was mostly in the form of cattle and slaves. inc in Gold, Silver and Copper coins & No changes were introduced in the beginning it bore the images of Laxmi or bull and horseman etc name inscribed in nagri script coins called Dehliwal @ Iltutmish standardized the coinage system intro gold, silver tankas, copper jital which was 1/48th of a tanka in North India and 1/50 in the Deccan ratio of 1:10 b/w gold and silver was estd $ Barani also mentions dands and dirams in use at Delhi Main source of gold, silver were remittances from Bengal, Deccan in later times decline of silver coinage can be seen from Ghiyasuddin's reign MBT intro Copper, brass alloyed coin and it was valued to that of a silver tanka (token currency) @ Carried 1st time a Persian inscrip could be easily forged In China Qublai khan(1260-94) and Kaikhatu Khan(1293) in Persia had already tried token currency but failed ! According to Irfan Habib, the Ghaznavid and Ghorid invasions N India were partly for acquiring slaves Prices of slaves were fixed under Khalji, also exported from India to other parts @ Feroz Tughluq prohibited the export of slaves Slave system gave the Turks loyal, able bodies men who were great commanders esp popular among the Sultans of Ghor.
https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/44430/1/Unit-17.pdf]]>08.2-medieval-india/3.-13th-century/3.2-economic,-social-and-cultural-consequences.html08.2 Medieval-India/3. 13th-Century/3.2 Economic, Social and Cultural Consequences.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo
Acute factionalism arose b/w Islamised Turks, Non-Islamised, Tajik Nobles, Slave officers aka Chihalghani $ Barani : Chihalghani would not bow or submit to one another RS nominated by Il instead of Ruknuddin his son Depended on political skill to keep opposition divided $ Minhaz : Kingdom became pacified, power widely extended Opposition began after appointing Malik Yakut(Habshi) as Head of Stables Governors of Lahore, Altunia, Nobles of Delhi revolted against $ MS - highly praises RS, prudent, benevolent, benefactor of kingdom despite being a woman RP Tripathi : chief constitutional history of family of Il lies in struggle b/w crown and peers Bahram Shah succeeded only a figureheadstruggle b/w Naib, Wazir, and Mustafi (Auditor General) During this time Balban rose to prominence promoted Nasiruddin Mahmud to throne. Khyber, Bolan passes used; Salt Range and Indus were viable defences Reached upto Beas, Chengiz loitered for 3 months 1221 ! 1234 Oktai invaded Hind, Kashmir; M later captured Salt Ranges and made it their base for further attacks ! 1240 Tair Bahadur attacked Lahore, citizens resistance led to heavy losses TB died More concerned w/ conquest of China, Iraq, Syria, Egypt Both Military and Diplomatic, sent envoy to Halaku who returned favour @ M had captured Lahore, frequently crossed Beas - B adopt forward policy captured Koh I Jud Defensive arrangements in Lahore, Multan under Prince Muhammad - killed by Mongol party 1285 1288 Last attack under Tamar Khan, repulsed 1292 Abdullah invaded later withdrew w/o fight after J Khalji agreement, Tacit acceptance to Mongol possession of West Punjab. @ Ogtai Chaghtai branch rose, 1298 Dawa Khan sent invasion force routed by A Khalji, similar victories followed. 1299 Qutlugh Khan invaded, AK played a waiting game, M won initially killing Zafar Khan. @ AK built wall around Delhi, repaired old forts, Military contingents in Samana, Dipalpur. Reorganised internal adm, recruited large army 1303 Targhi raid, M lacked discipline had become lax, retreated w/o fight 1305 AK defeated a large force, destroyed M image of invincibility. $ Barani Whenever M attacked Delhi were defeated, Single Musalman put to flight hundred Mongols. Threat revived after AK's death, 1320 Dalucha Khan plundered Kashmir valley. 1320, 1326 Tarmashirin invaded def by G Tughlaq MGT recruited 375000 soldiers ]]>08.2-medieval-india/3.-13th-century/3.3-foundation-of-sultanate-and-early-turkish-sultans.html08.2 Medieval-India/3. 13th-Century/3.3 Foundation-of-Sultanate-and-Early-Turkish-Sultans.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>https://www.gktoday.in/gk/iltutmish/> One of Chihalghani, fough against Mongols, raided against rebellious Rajas Zamindars Opposed by certain nobles est Qutlugh Khan Gov of Bihar Killed Raihan his chief competitor, poisoned Sutan Nasiruddin Mahmud Beginning of strong, centralised govt. Adopted Iranian theory of Kingship - king was divine/semi divine answerable only to God. Fundamental diff b/w Nobles and King Claimed descendance from Afraisyab % His theory reconciled w/ Islamic theory of Kingship % Sultan the Shadow of God/ Zil-I-Allah % Everyone present in court perform Paibos, Sijda ! Maintained splendid court under a Mir Hajib, decorated w/ Horses Elephants etc, held parties - for political purpose $ Barani : People came from 100 200 kos to see his procession, if people are not impressed sovereignty and governance cannot be upheld. No sharing of power, poisoned family members @ Looked down upon lower born, did not give them imp posts, racial exclusivism, dismissed ignobles from lower adm. $ Barani : mandate given to him by God to not appoint ignobles, body trembled w/ rage on seeing them $ Barani : Great emphasis on Justice made him popular among subjects, Flogged Gov of Badaun to death, Flogged Superintendent of Arms. No favour to close ones, appointed Barids. Compassionate -> asked son be moderate in levying taxes, helped poor, special care to them while army passed 1st 2 yrs of reign Harsh against Rebellions ex Meos around Delhi, built fort, estd tax free villages. similarly in Doab disobedient iqdars entire villages was destroyed, women, children seized as slaves. Roads freed from dacoits robbers -> prices good slaves dec. Similarly steps for Rebels in Katihar Wrong to apply for all of his policies Reorganised, expanded army directly under his control w/ experienced soldiers, inc remuneration, frequent hunting expedition to keep them alert. Stern enforcement of law -> basis for growth, future expansion of Sultanat Revenues previously appropriated by Chihalgani now went to Gov No large scale building activity, emphasis more on army Kept Mongols at bay, but not able to push them beyond Lahore ! Failed to control Tughril's rebellion ! Resorted to policy of poison, secret assassination of nobles to break Chihalghani's power; Exaggeration of family, ancestry. Both proved counter productive Built a polity not capable of sustaining itself, but had capacity of expansion. More content needed
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https://www.historyforexam.com/2018/12/problems-faced-by-balban.html Internal dissensions from Nobles -> more serious threat, attempt by Rajputs, Rajas, Big Zamindars to expel them ex from Gwalior, Ranthambore Lakhnauti rulers tried to assert their independence ex Yuzbek, Thughril were appt by Balban. Mongol Threat -> Rulers of Ghuz, Ghazni ousted by M captured cis Indus region. Stern enforcement of law -> basis for growth, future expansion of Sultanat Revenues previously appropriated by Chihalgani now went to Gov No large scale building activity, emphasis more on army Kept Mongols at bay, but not able to push them beyond Lahore ! Failed to control Tughril's rebellion ! Resorted to policy of poison, secret assassination of nobles to break Chihalghani's power; Exaggeration of family, ancestry. Both proved counter productive Built a polity not capable of sustaining itself, but had capacity of expansion. What were the problems Balban faced? How far did he succeed in solving them? Was he a trendsetter in his theory of kingship? [1985, 60m]
[Problems faced by Balban during his rule](onenote: Foundation %20of%20Sultanate%20and%20Early%20Turkish%20Sultans§ion-id={5A51B297-DAF0-4F2B-9F7D-19EC7B368605}&page-id={59EB18D8-A88E-4861-8E5C-DCE5AE728FCC}&object-id={9E0DC2AE-6D56-4988-90C0-C05E13C8CBFE}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/13th%20Century.one ) Write a short note on: "Main sources of information for the history of the 13th century." [1987, 20m]
[Sources for the Study of 13th Century History :](onenote: Economic,%20Social%20and%20Cultural%20Consequences§ion-id={5A51B297-DAF0-4F2B-9F7D-19EC7B368605}&page-id={63C9DD27-3A4B-4A70-BAF8-75EEF386A539}&object-id={3AD04EEC-BA3F-484E-B198-A1497F7D8D51}&24&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/13th%20Century.one ) Discuss the salient features of Indian society on the eve of the campaigns of Mahmud of Ghazni, with particular reference to the observations made by Al-Biruni. [1989, 60m]
[1. Discuss the salient features of Indian society on the](onenote:…. Ancient%20HistoryPart%20IIRegional%20States%20during%20Gupta%20Era. one #PYQs %20and%20Answers§ion-id={762B0AE5-2A23-4D1F-9D30-89664CBE1143}&page-id={5E93C217-B8A5-4096-BBBD-899DAAE068C7}&object-id={2809722D-6D66-485E-BF89-BC05CE47F02B}&12&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional ) Comment on "Balban's theory of kingship." [1995, 20m]
[Balban (1266-87) as Ruler/ Balban's theory of Kingship](onenote: Foundation %20of%20Sultanate%20and%20Early%20Turkish%20Sultans§ion-id={5A51B297-DAF0-4F2B-9F7D-19EC7B368605}&page-id={59EB18D8-A88E-4861-8E5C-DCE5AE728FCC}&object-id={6F550886-6B2F-4E8F-962F-A770D032FEA0}&2D&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/13th%20Century.one ) Give an estimate of Ghiasuddin Balban. [1996, 60m]
[Problems faced by Balban during his rule](onenote: Foundation %20of%20Sultanate%20and%20Early%20Turkish%20Sultans§ion-id={5A51B297-DAF0-4F2B-9F7D-19EC7B368605}&page-id={59EB18D8-A88E-4861-8E5C-DCE5AE728FCC}&object-id={9E0DC2AE-6D56-4988-90C0-C05E13C8CBFE}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/13th%20Century.one ) onwards Write a short essay on: "The 'Corps of Forty' and its relations with the Sultans." [2004, 20m]
[Chihalghani](onenote: Foundation %20of%20Sultanate%20and%20Early%20Turkish%20Sultans§ion-id={5A51B297-DAF0-4F2B-9F7D-19EC7B368605}&page-id={59EB18D8-A88E-4861-8E5C-DCE5AE728FCC}&object-id={4F644A84-8977-4445-A1A0-4F38EE55D237}&C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/13th%20Century.one ) Bring out the main features of the administration system under Delhi Sultanate during Turko-Afghan Period. [2006, 60m]
[Central Administration of the Sultanate :](onenote: Polity %20during%20Sultanate%20NIS§ion-id={5A51B297-DAF0-4F2B-9F7D-19EC7B368605}&page-id={6F46B8E3-3154-4E0E-A42C-F8BE4EC2AC75}&object-id={8E0B0ADE-B7A2-40D0-9D50-94261868EB29}&6F&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/13th%20Century.one ) Write a short essay on: "The 'Corps of Forty' and its relations with the Sultan." [2008, 20m]
[Chihalghani](onenote: Foundation %20of%20Sultanate%20and%20Early%20Turkish%20Sultans§ion-id={5A51B297-DAF0-4F2B-9F7D-19EC7B368605}&page-id={59EB18D8-A88E-4861-8E5C-DCE5AE728FCC}&object-id={4F644A84-8977-4445-A1A0-4F38EE55D237}&C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/13th%20Century.one ) Assess the contribution of Iltutmish for the expansion and consolidation of the Delhi Sultanate. [2011, 20m]
[Iltutmish and his rule](onenote: Foundation %20of%20Sultanate%20and%20Early%20Turkish%20Sultans§ion-id={5A51B297-DAF0-4F2B-9F7D-19EC7B368605}&page-id={59EB18D8-A88E-4861-8E5C-DCE5AE728FCC}&object-id={D839A6DB-B7EC-4E15-8266-FC95946192BE}&E&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/13th%20Century.one ) How did the Mongol invasions affect the Delhi Sultanate and the north-western frontier policy of the Delhi Sultans? [2012, 30m]
[The Mongol Problem :](onenote: Establishment %20of%20Delhi%20Sultanate%20%20%20Ghurian%20Invasions%20and%20Factors%20for%20its%20success§ion-id={5A51B297-DAF0-4F2B-9F7D-19EC7B368605}&page-id={FA00F23C-982C-4210-9422-36CAF9C74834}&object-id={F1B4B9A9-D177-4227-9035-2A9901783C13}&98&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/13th%20Century.one ) Analyze the steps taken by Razia Sultan to strengthen her position as an independent ruler despite various obstacles. [2013, 10m]
[Razia Sultan's issues as ruler](onenote: Foundation %20of%20Sultanate%20and%20Early%20Turkish%20Sultans§ion-id={5A51B297-DAF0-4F2B-9F7D-19EC7B368605}&page-id={59EB18D8-A88E-4861-8E5C-DCE5AE728FCC}&object-id={8A2365F0-56BB-442C-9B87-FC3EBE88995E}&E&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/13th%20Century.one ) What measures did Balban adopt to combat the Mongol menace? [2015, 10m]
[Resitance from Balbans reign used both force and diplomacy](onenote: Establishment %20of%20Delhi%20Sultanate%20%20%20Ghurian%20Invasions%20and%20Factors%20for%20its%20success§ion-id={5A51B297-DAF0-4F2B-9F7D-19EC7B368605}&page-id={FA00F23C-982C-4210-9422-36CAF9C74834}&object-id={F1B4B9A9-D177-4227-9035-2A9901783C13}&A9&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/13th%20Century.one ) more content required Critically examine the 'blood and iron' policy of Balban. [2017, 10 Marks]
[Critical Examination of Balban's policy of Blood and Iron](onenote: Foundation %20of%20Sultanate%20and%20Early%20Turkish%20Sultans§ion-id={5A51B297-DAF0-4F2B-9F7D-19EC7B368605}&page-id={59EB18D8-A88E-4861-8E5C-DCE5AE728FCC}&object-id={002CBE57-72CD-4E45-B96A-A9934060E3FB}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/13th%20Century.one ) What measures were initiated by the Sultans for the consolidation of the Delhi Sultanate? Discuss. [2016, 20 Marks]
[Iqta system :](onenote: Consolidation %20-%20Rule%20of%20Iltutmish%20and%20Balban§ion-id={5A51B297-DAF0-4F2B-9F7D-19EC7B368605}&page-id={C198061E-0329-4467-9AEF-E73F697D7455}&object-id={089D56F3-CB6F-4C3C-87E4-79255A4D4B0A}&10&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/13th%20Century.one ) More content required on this To what extent was the Caliphate the source and sanction to the legal authority of the Sultans of Delhi? [2017, 15 Marks]
[Caliphate Sanction to Turkish Rule in India :](onenote: Polity %20during%20Sultanate%20NIS§ion-id={5A51B297-DAF0-4F2B-9F7D-19EC7B368605}&page-id={6F46B8E3-3154-4E0E-A42C-F8BE4EC2AC75}&object-id={023A6B93-CF3F-4BED-8A4F-A384B895C668}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/13th%20Century.one ) "The battles of Tarain and Chandawar laid the foundations of Turkish rule in India". Elaborate. [2018, 10 Marks]
[Ghurian Invasions :](onenote: Establishment %20of%20Delhi%20Sultanate%20%20%20Ghurian%20Invasions%20and%20Factors%20for%20its%20success§ion-id={5A51B297-DAF0-4F2B-9F7D-19EC7B368605}&page-id={FA00F23C-982C-4210-9422-36CAF9C74834}&object-id={F1B4B9A9-D177-4227-9035-2A9901783C13}&22&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/13th%20Century.one ) ]]>08.2-medieval-india/3.-13th-century/3.4-consolidation-rule-of-iltutmish-and-balban.html08.2 Medieval-India/3. 13th-Century/3.4 Consolidation - Rule of Iltutmish and Balban.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#important After the conquest of Ghazni by Mongols/ Genghis Sultanate its rulers ceased to claim suzerainty over Sultanate territories. Earlier theory was spiritual and secular authority of Khalifa. The Sultan was separate entity was given an independent position as long as they accepted theoretical superiority of Caliph. @ During this time max freedom was given to military leaders called decentralised despotism. Changed to centralised after Balban. When Lodi afghans came to power briefly it changed to decentralisation. Legally DS was an independent entity. Legally Sultans became subordinates of Caliphs. But this legal status of sultan was not questioned even when later Sultans such as Mubarak Khalji when he repudiated allegiance to Caliph and decl himself Caliph. Tussle b/w sultan and nobles was constant feature until Balban. ! Nobles consisted of Islamised Turks and Tajiks. Khaljis were also part of it. Some others were Arabs, Yemenis etc. Iltutmish favores Tajiks who were massacred after his death. $ Fakir-i-Muddabir who was a political thinker during the reign of Iltutmish says that posts of Diwan, Shagird and Revenue posts should be given only to ahl-i-qalam who have ancestral history of it. no Sultan in the early Islamic world appeared after disintegration of Caliphate. Delhi Sultans made civil, political regulations for public welfare. Khutba and Sikka were imp attributes of sovereignty. Balban - Sultan as Shadow of God or Zil-al-Allah. Wakil-i-dar looked after entire household and disbursed salaries to Sultans personal staff Amir-i-Hajib was master of ceremonies at court all petitions went through him Wizarat/diwan-i-wizarat (Finance) or had general supervisory authority over others, organized collection of revenue, control over expenditure and alloted iqtas. was helped by mushrif-i-mumalik or accountant general and mustafi-i-mumalik or auditor general Diwan-i-Arz or military dept was headed by ariz-i-mumalik - inspected troops. @ Alauddin Khalji intro Huliya or descriptive roll and the Dagh or branding of horse paid his soldiers in cash 238 tanka + 78 tanka more for his horse. FST not pay soldiers in cash gave them draft called itlaq to claim their salaries from Sultans officers of Khalisa diwan-i insha : looked after State correspondence b/w sultan and other rulers headed by dabir-I Mumalik. barid-i mumalik was head of State news-agency aka spies Munhiyan were another set of reporters. diwan-i risalat was headed by the sadr-us sudur was religious officers Sultan headed the judiciary and was the final court of appeal next to him was qazi-ul mumalik. muhatsibs (public censors) assisted the judicial department they saw that no public infringement of the tenets of Islam took place. separate department of slaves (diwan-i bandagan) was set up. need of royal household met through karkhanas headed by noble with rank of malik or khan. Nobles also maintained their own karkhanas. Khalji rule 1290-1320 saw imp soco economic and adm changes Broadening of social bases of ruling class, IN Muslims, Abyssinians, @ K's approaches to the state - JK put out new concept of state, based on good will, support, policy of not harming even an ant Allowed Hindus to worship idols, preach their beliefs AK did not accept liberal, humanitarian precepts of JK; harsh measures against rebelling nobles, revived spy system Ordered all charitable land donations be reverted back/confiscated; drinking forbidden, imprisoned Women Children of rebels; admitted that Shara not possible in IN
Alauddin Khalji's Agrarian reforms and market refroms should be seen in context of internal restructuring
#todo Some historians have called the Sultanate as extension of Caliphate. Islamic jurists state that estd of Caliphate cultivated a pan Islamic view which created a closely knit group. Iltutmist was 1st to recieve a robe of honour from Caliph of Baghdad -> gave him formal recognition, legitimised his rule. Adopted the title of Nasir Amirl ul Mumin ie helper of the Caliph. Name of caliph was recited in the Khutbah and inscribed on coins. The following sultans only wanted to keep the long going tradition alive in doing so. Caliphs in not way controlled the actions of Sultans. Legally Sultans became subordinates of Caliphs. But this legal status of sultan was not questioned even when later Sultans such as Mubarak Khalji when he repudiated allegiance to Caliph and decl himself Caliph. Later MBT when faced w/ rebellions requested Caliph to issue a certificate of recognition. $ Barani mentions about ambassador from Egypt coming w/ the certificate. MBT walked barefooted to receive them. The Abbasid Caliphate was destroyed by Halagu Khan/Mongols but some family mem went to Egypt to estd a new one. FST twice obtained investiture and robes of honor. ]]>08.2-medieval-india/3.-13th-century/not-in-syllabus-polity-during-sultanate.html08.2 Medieval-India/3. 13th-Century/Not In Syllabus - Polity-during-Sultanate.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTAgrarian %20and%20Economic%20Measures§ion-id={F94DA8F5-7BB6-4F42-A107-C32033C152EE}&page-id={FC503C25-55D2-4B67-9AA0-878E0B922A06}&object-id={44677B4C-5E40-4DE9-8586-A2BBECED7097}&11&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/14th%20Century.one ) Critically examine the views of Balban, Ala-ud-din Khalji and the Tughluq on the nature of Kingship under the Delhi Sultanate. [1982, 60m]
[Balban's theory of Kingship](onenote: Foundation %20of%20Sultanate%20and%20Early%20Turkish%20Sultans§ion-id={5A51B297-DAF0-4F2B-9F7D-19EC7B368605}&page-id={59EB18D8-A88E-4861-8E5C-DCE5AE728FCC}&object-id={9E0DC2AE-6D56-4988-90C0-C05E13C8CBFE}&D&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/13th%20Century.one )
[AKs theory of Kingship](onenote: Alauddin %20Khalji§ion-id={F94DA8F5-7BB6-4F42-A107-C32033C152EE}&page-id={D663DB47-A0A7-4B14-8D4F-DF3A54DF36EB}&object-id={B5F054AE-92BB-4264-8D5C-430A941A7C83}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/14th%20Century.one )
[MBTs theory of Kingship](onenote: Muhammad %20Tughluq%20 (%201325-1351%20)§ion-id={F94DA8F5-7BB6-4F42-A107-C32033C152EE}&page-id={690C0981-5592-458E-93E2-D8B1E2F6058E}&object-id={4AA91305-41EC-49A0-9093-0B7E212D4ED5}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/14th%20Century.one ) Critically examine the economic regulations of Ala-ud-din Khalji. [1983, 60m]
[Alauddin Khaljis Market control are a set of 7 regulations](onenote: Agrarian %20and%20Economic%20Measures§ion-id={F94DA8F5-7BB6-4F42-A107-C32033C152EE}&page-id={FC503C25-55D2-4B67-9AA0-878E0B922A06}&object-id={44677B4C-5E40-4DE9-8586-A2BBECED7097}&11&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/14th%20Century.one ) Critically examine the price control measures of Alauddin Khilji. What was the main objective behind them and how for was he able to put them into effecter? [1987, 60m]
[Alauddin Khaljis Market control are a set of 7 regulations](onenote: Agrarian %20and%20Economic%20Measures§ion-id={F94DA8F5-7BB6-4F42-A107-C32033C152EE}&page-id={FC503C25-55D2-4B67-9AA0-878E0B922A06}&object-id={44677B4C-5E40-4DE9-8586-A2BBECED7097}&11&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/14th%20Century.one ) Write a short essay on: "The significance of Alauddin Khilji economic regulations for his imperialism." [1989, 20m]
[Alauddin Khaljis Market control are a set of 7 regulations](onenote: Agrarian %20and%20Economic%20Measures§ion-id={F94DA8F5-7BB6-4F42-A107-C32033C152EE}&page-id={FC503C25-55D2-4B67-9AA0-878E0B922A06}&object-id={44677B4C-5E40-4DE9-8586-A2BBECED7097}&11&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/14th%20Century.one ) What, in your opinion, was the significance of the extensive military expeditions undertaken during the time of Alauddin Khalji? Do you think his reign is considered significant in terms of such expeditions alone? [1991, 60m]
[Conquests and Territorial Expansions](onenote: Conquests %20and%20Territorial%20Expansions§ion-id={F94DA8F5-7BB6-4F42-A107-C32033C152EE}&page-id={68F1449F-93E5-4D6B-A5D4-74C089B2C859}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/14th%20Century.one ) Examine the significance of Alauddin Khalji's administrative reforms. Was he really successful in implementing these measures? [1993, 60m]
[AK's Administrative features and reforms :](onenote: Alauddin %20Khalji§ion-id={F94DA8F5-7BB6-4F42-A107-C32033C152EE}&page-id={D663DB47-A0A7-4B14-8D4F-DF3A54DF36EB}&object-id={F542BD37-5BB3-4AED-BB28-68134A34B8B6}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/14th%20Century.one ) Discuss the implications of Khalji imperialism with reference to administration and economic regulations on the State and peopIe of India. [1997, 60m]
[Conquests and Territorial Expansions](onenote: Conquests %20and%20Territorial%20Expansions§ion-id={F94DA8F5-7BB6-4F42-A107-C32033C152EE}&page-id={68F1449F-93E5-4D6B-A5D4-74C089B2C859}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/14th%20Century.one )
[AK's Administrative features and reforms :](onenote: Alauddin %20Khalji§ion-id={F94DA8F5-7BB6-4F42-A107-C32033C152EE}&page-id={D663DB47-A0A7-4B14-8D4F-DF3A54DF36EB}&object-id={F542BD37-5BB3-4AED-BB28-68134A34B8B6}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/14th%20Century.one ) Write a short essay on: "Alauddin Khilji was a typical despot" [1999, 20m]
[AK as a despotic Ruler](onenote: Alauddin %20Khalji§ion-id={F94DA8F5-7BB6-4F42-A107-C32033C152EE}&page-id={D663DB47-A0A7-4B14-8D4F-DF3A54DF36EB}&object-id={97351169-E055-477C-882E-E87F0BF03BCB}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/14th%20Century.one ) Assess the impact of the market reforms of Alauddin Khilji on contemporary economy and society. [2001, 60m]
[Impact of AK's market reforms :](onenote: Agrarian %20and%20Economic%20Measures§ion-id={F94DA8F5-7BB6-4F42-A107-C32033C152EE}&page-id={FC503C25-55D2-4B67-9AA0-878E0B922A06}&object-id={53A9284B-F1E9-4F3C-9341-6930A184696F}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/14th%20Century.one ) Discuss Balban's concept of kingship. How was it modified by Alauddin Khalji? [2002, 60m]
[Balban's theory of Kingship](onenote: Foundation %20of%20Sultanate%20and%20Early%20Turkish%20Sultans§ion-id={5A51B297-DAF0-4F2B-9F7D-19EC7B368605}&page-id={59EB18D8-A88E-4861-8E5C-DCE5AE728FCC}&object-id={9E0DC2AE-6D56-4988-90C0-C05E13C8CBFE}&D&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/13th%20Century.one )
[AKs theory of Kingship](onenote: Alauddin %20Khalji§ion-id={F94DA8F5-7BB6-4F42-A107-C32033C152EE}&page-id={D663DB47-A0A7-4B14-8D4F-DF3A54DF36EB}&object-id={B5F054AE-92BB-4264-8D5C-430A941A7C83}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/14th%20Century.one ) Write a short essay on: "The Khalji Revolution" [2006, 20m]
[Recog by historians as great rev in socio-political set](onenote: The %20Khaliji%20Revolution§ion-id={F94DA8F5-7BB6-4F42-A107-C32033C152EE}&page-id={9C600AD5-A0BF-40A4-AD69-7C258BAED8F4}&object-id={D7D534B6-1D70-43B6-91D6-C0854A08E3F4}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/14th%20Century.one ) Examine critically the agrarian and economic reforms of Alauddin Khalji. How did it strengthen the Sultanate? [2011, 20m]
[Agrarian and Economic Measures](onenote: Agrarian %20and%20Economic%20Measures§ion-id={F94DA8F5-7BB6-4F42-A107-C32033C152EE}&page-id={FC503C25-55D2-4B67-9AA0-878E0B922A06}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/14th%20Century.one ) Analyse the ordinances mentioned by Barani which Alauddin Khalji promulgated for market control. [2014, 10m]
[Alauddin Khaljis Market control are a set of 7 regulations](onenote: Agrarian %20and%20Economic%20Measures§ion-id={F94DA8F5-7BB6-4F42-A107-C32033C152EE}&page-id={FC503C25-55D2-4B67-9AA0-878E0B922A06}&object-id={44677B4C-5E40-4DE9-8586-A2BBECED7097}&11&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/14th%20Century.one ) ]]>08.2-medieval-india/4.-14th-century/4.1-the-khaliji-revolution.html08.2 Medieval-India/4. 14th-Century/4.1 The Khaliji Revolution.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo
https://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/ala-ud-dinss-theory-of-kingship/2682AK's Administrative features and reforms :
#todo
http://magadhmahilacollege.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Administrative-reforms-of-Allauddin-Khilji.pdf AK as a despotic Ruler Barani criticises for his policy of excessive bloodshed, harsh and tyrannical behaviour, puts hardships on others to obey his orders
#todo **Dr. Ishwari Prasad** : “The reign of Ala-ud-Din represents the high watermark of despotism.” **Lane-poole** calls Ala-ud-Din “a bloody and unscrupulous tyrant. He has summed up the personality and rule : “Though he might be wrong-headed and disdainful of the low, he was a man of determination, who knew his own mind, saw the necessity of the situation, met it by his own methods, and carried out those methods, with persistence.” “In the words of **Dr. V.A. Smith**, “He was particularly a savage tyrant— exceedingly disgraceful in many respects.” 2020-04-27 12:18:30 J Khalji not have resources nor will to undertake large scale expansionist program. AK 1st expedition after attaining throne against Guj 1299 attracted by wealth Ulugh Khan, Nusrat Khan led Malwa captured in 1305 defeating Rai Mahalak Dev of Mandu, given to Ainul Mulk who further conquered Ujjain, Dhar and Chanderi followed by Simana and Jalor in 1309 Multan captured as policy of consolidation to eliminate any future usurpers Ranthambore was captured in 1300 by defeating Hamir Dev, Chittor was captured in 1303 and given to Maldeo Alauddins first campaign in Devagiri 1296, attacked again in 1306 it was ruled by Rai Ram Chandra Dev Malik Kafur was given the command to capture Deccan Prime motive of deccan expedition not conquest but wealth, details given by Amir Khusrau in Khazain ul Fatah Warangal was cap in 1310 by defeating Rai Rudra dev it was made a protectorate Kafur further captured Dwarasamudra in 1311 reaching as far as Madurai Obj of Deccan campaign was wealth and formal recognition of the authority of Delhi Sultan. Expansion in phases 1st phase Gujarat, Rajasthan, Malwa; 2nd Phase Deccan; 3rd started by AK climaxed in G Tughlaq was control over central Deccan, Bengal Gujarat - Fertile, centre of handicraft ex textile, Khambat trade w/ West Asia, SE Asia, CN; accumulated gold, silver, etc; to ensure supply of Arabi Iraqi Tuki horses Ulugh Khan and Nusral K under AK sent, Rai Karan fled monasteries, Somnath temple plundered, Malik Kafur captured here Rajasthan Hamir Dev of Ranthambore defeated Ulugh and Nusrat K, AK attacked Amir Khusrau accompanied him Chittor surrendered 30000 peasants slaughtered Later AK adopted befriending Rajput rulers Malwa Amir K - so large that geographers could not delimit its fronteir Annexed under Ainul Mulk Maharashtra and South India Land of treasures and gold, handicraft AK attacked Deogir 2wice in lifetime, Kafur led defated Ram Chandra escorted to Delhi treated like a guest. Marriage alliance w/ his daughter and other Rajput princess was followed 1309 - Warangal was next, Rai surrendered followed by Hoysala empire capital at Dvar Samudra Kafur reached Masulipatnam desecrated Chidambram temple at Madras and sacked Madurai from Pandyas Annual payments from subdued rulers could not be ensured 2nd Phase - Annexation of these states Ram Deo's son repudiated allegiance, AK's non annexation policy abandoned by GT and MBT MBT asked by GT to invade Warangal, entire Telangana annexed Mabar w/ capital at Madurai was next in 1323, 1328 Karnataka annexed under MBT Area was vast, far from capital, strained resource, socio cultural traditions were diff - disintegration 2020-04-27 12:18:42 Barani is source 3 groups of rural aristocracy khut (replaced ranas/rais at district/pargana level) , muqaddam, and chaudhuri who collected land revenue called Kharaj were given perquisites (haqq-i khoti) remuneration by state also took some share from peasants (qismat-i-khoti) Every cultivator pay house tax called Ghari, grazing tax - charai Did not pay revenue on their land, shifted burden to peasants Not pay grazing tax Excess wealth made them arrogant, flouted orders State demand half/50% of produce of land, Land measured (masahat) and revenue fixed on yield (wafa-i-biswa) per unit of are Intermediaries, peasants to pay same standard of demand (50%) Perks of intermediaries removed esp in land brought under Khalisa, khuti charges for collecting rev removed Grazing, house tax from intermediaries too Barani - AK brought Doab into Khalisa land revenue highest ever - Rich peasants turned rebels, Peasant made prostrate devastated entire Doab, people fled to jungles leaving fields Intermediaries maintain law order in country side - this function continued caught for embezellment by comparing the Bahi of village patwari to revenue receits collection done in grain for contingencies also use them as lever for price fixation Revolt by Akat Khan made him think of reasons, one of it was the accumulation of wealth so he took steps to curb such revolts Abolished Iqta and Zamindari in crown lands, stopped issue of land grants in lieu of state services but not inaam lands, confiscated jagirs, estates Barani mentions that sultan had to leave the hereditary rights of Hindu dignitaries, the khots, Muqaddams, Chaudhuries, and the Balahars Biswa declared as standard unit of measurement 1st ruler to intro measurement of land as basis of assessment of state demand Barani - same rule for collection of tax applied to all, state revenue officer would string 20 khuts, muqaddams, Chau together by neck and enforce payment by blows Barani - no change of single tanka being taken dishonestly, or as bribery Men looked upon rev officers as worse than fever, clerkship was great crime no man would give his daughter in marriage to a clerk To Bring Villages in closer association w/ Gov, land rev calculated in kind but demanded in cash - farmers selling first to Banjaras/ local market Systematic application of measurement of land was significant during AK's reign Barani - K/M reduced to level of lowest in village society, could not ride horses, their women had to work Adversely affected Cultivators, barely enough for carrying cultivation and food, would sell even wives and cattle to pay land rev Bribe taking reduced, Barani - non of amils/ mutsarrifs could take one, no one would marry their daughters to them System of audits, measurement became basis for future rulers vis Akbar, Sher Shah Furthered the growth of market economy in villages, integrated them w/ towns - improved internal restructuring of DS fixed prices of all commodieties ex grains, cloth, slaves, cattle etc; e, Royal stores set up to check hoarding, cultivators could keep only 10mans Controller of market called shahna-i mandi was appointed, barids and munhiyan (secret spies) were appointed Zawabits/ detailed regulation were framed Grain merchants were placed under the charge of shahna-i-mandi(head of corporation) and depostis were taken from them - allowed to charge moderate profit and cost of transport Barani - heads of caravans brought in chains before Shahna I mandi kept until they conformed Sultan was to receive daily reports from the above mentioned sources Barani - as long as sultan lived scales of prices were maintained irrespective of whether rains were abundant or scanty One of the wonders of the time Junior Shahna received blows for inc in price Firishta - Regrating aka ihtikar ie the practice of buying grains at low rate and selling at high was banned No corn dealer farmer, anyone else could hold back secretly a maund of half of grain Only the grain merchants were to bring supplies to the market and the peasants had to sell to the Kharvanian (grain merchant) near the fields; asked to form a corporate body to ensure proper distribution estd granaries in Delhi and in Chhain in Rajasthan where the the collected Khalisa went. Baranii - Market reforms to counter Mongol menace and to impoverish Hindus, recruit permanent army, counter vicious cycle of inflation and price rise caused due to influx of gold, silver from mil exploits Salary structure fixed 78 Tankas for foot soldier, horseman got 156, 78 extra if maintained his own horse Fixed price of goods based on principle of Bar award 7.5 jitals for wheat, 4 for Barley Rev of Khalisa in kind but in practice taken both in cash and kind 8th regulation provided for rationing of grain in times of drought or famine - every day allocation done Securing low prices of cloth and groceries sold in area called Sarai Adal, cloth under officer called Rais Parwana/ permit officer Markets under diwan I riyasat Malik Yaqub was 1st to be appointed, nazir was superintendent of weights Barani on barbaric punishment given - kept the traders hones, they gave good weights and restrained them from giving short weights Oriented More towards adm/ military necessity than internal restructuring Looked at price control in as systematic manner Set up 3 markets 1 for food grains, 2 - cloth + expensive items called Sarai I Adl, 3rd - horses, slaves, cattle System of rationing during scarcity, each gorcer given a fixed share on basis on pop of area Barani - price did not increase even by a dam/dirham Isami - so many people gathered to collect that 2 3 crushed to death Cloth merchants be registered, rich Multani merhcants given advance to avoid them selling to intermediaries, power for enforcement given to body of merchants themselves Permit for buying costly commodities Horse trade monopolised by Multanis, Afghanis sold by middle men; prices fixed per quality; merchants to sell directly to Diwan I Arz/ Mil Dept; similarly price of slaves fixed intermediaries got back their haqq-i khoti (but not qismat-i khoti), also exempted from the house and cattle tax. procedure of measurement (masahat) was to continue along with observation or "actual yield" Lack of sufficiently competent administration. more spent on controlling the prices around Delhi instead of dispersing it widely - lower revenues K/M etc were too powerful, Mubarak Shah restored them their rights, released prisoners, took back laws Tried to control prices of all goods - often violated invited punishment - resentment ]]>08.2-medieval-india/4.-14th-century/4.2-alauddin-khalji.html08.2 Medieval-India/4. 14th-Century/4.2 Alauddin-Khalji.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTPhilosophy: Skankaracharya and Vedanta, Ramanuja and Vishishtadvaita, Madhva and Brahma Mimansa How did Sankaracharya seek to integrate the different religions cults in India? [1981, 20m]
[purged the objectionable features of devi worship brought by Tantricism](onenote: Shankaracharya %20and%20Vedanta§ion-id={0E28C36C-90D9-474D-BC42-C9C904A4FF0B}&page-id={A33B6E1C-F096-4EA9-AFED-06CCC7962C23}&object-id={5B506D0B-7664-40C5-92F8-B95307785CBE}&1C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/Cultural%20Traditions%20750-1200.one ) Sankaracharya was a prominent Hindu philosopher and theologian who lived in the 8th century CE. He sought to integrate the different religious cults in India through his philosophy of Advaita Vedanta, which emphasized the oneness of all existence. Sankaracharya believed that the ultimate reality was Brahman, which was the same as the inner self (Atman) of every individual. He argued that the different gods and goddesses worshiped in various religious cults were just different expressions of this ultimate reality. Sankaracharya sought to integrate the different religious cults by showing that they were all ultimately seeking the same truth, even if they had different ways of expressing it. He argued that the various Hindu deities were different manifestations of the same ultimate reality, and that the various gods and goddesses worshiped by different religious communities were also ultimately expressions of the same ultimate reality. Through his teachings and writings, Sankaracharya sought to bridge the differences between the various religious communities and create a common ground of understanding. He encouraged dialogue and discussion between different religious traditions, and sought to create a sense of unity and shared purpose. Write a short essay on: "Shankaracharya's philosophy and its impact." [1987, 20m]
[Was exponent of Advaita Vedanta philosophy or Non Dualist](onenote: Shankaracharya %20and%20Vedanta§ion-id={0E28C36C-90D9-474D-BC42-C9C904A4FF0B}&page-id={A33B6E1C-F096-4EA9-AFED-06CCC7962C23}&object-id={5B506D0B-7664-40C5-92F8-B95307785CBE}&31&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/Cultural%20Traditions%20750-1200.one )
[Impact of his philosophy](onenote: Shankaracharya %20and%20Vedanta§ion-id={0E28C36C-90D9-474D-BC42-C9C904A4FF0B}&page-id={A33B6E1C-F096-4EA9-AFED-06CCC7962C23}&object-id={A0BBD2AE-D412-4BB9-AF09-936C27DA0B3B}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/Cultural%20Traditions%20750-1200.one ) more content needed - ! Philosophy mentioned above. Impact : He challenged the dominance of Buddhism and Jainism in India and reasserted the authority of the Vedas. He established four monastic centers (mathas) in different regions of India to propagate his teachings and train disciples. He composed hymns, poems, and texts that are widely revered by Hindus for their devotional and philosophical value. He influenced many later thinkers, such as Ramanuja, Madhva, Vivekananda, Gandhi, Radhakrishnan, etc. "Sankaracharya brought about a synthesis of ideas and philosophies." Discuss the statement and analyse the historical significance of his life and thought. [1990, 60m]
[purged the objectionable features of devi worship brought by Tantricism](onenote: Shankaracharya %20and%20Vedanta§ion-id={0E28C36C-90D9-474D-BC42-C9C904A4FF0B}&page-id={A33B6E1C-F096-4EA9-AFED-06CCC7962C23}&object-id={5B506D0B-7664-40C5-92F8-B95307785CBE}&1C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/Cultural%20Traditions%20750-1200.one )
[Impact of his philosophy](onenote: Shankaracharya %20and%20Vedanta§ion-id={0E28C36C-90D9-474D-BC42-C9C904A4FF0B}&page-id={A33B6E1C-F096-4EA9-AFED-06CCC7962C23}&object-id={A0BBD2AE-D412-4BB9-AF09-936C27DA0B3B}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/Cultural%20Traditions%20750-1200.one ) more content needed Write a short essay on: "The Vedanta of Sankaracharya" [2001, 20m]
[Vedanta aka Uttara mimansa is a monistic (one basic principle](onenote: Shankaracharya %20and%20Vedanta§ion-id={0E28C36C-90D9-474D-BC42-C9C904A4FF0B}&page-id={A33B6E1C-F096-4EA9-AFED-06CCC7962C23}&object-id={5B506D0B-7664-40C5-92F8-B95307785CBE}&26&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/Cultural%20Traditions%20750-1200.one ) - ! Answer from above notes. "The Advaita doctrine of Shankara cut at the very root of Bhaktivada." Do you agree? [2016, 15 Marks]
[Vedanta aka Uttara mimansa is a monistic (one basic principle](onenote: Shankaracharya %20and%20Vedanta§ion-id={0E28C36C-90D9-474D-BC42-C9C904A4FF0B}&page-id={A33B6E1C-F096-4EA9-AFED-06CCC7962C23}&object-id={5B506D0B-7664-40C5-92F8-B95307785CBE}&26&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/Cultural%20Traditions%20750-1200.one ) Historians have presented different interpretations for the above statement. S. Radhakrishnan has said both to be complementary to achieve liberation. Whereas AL Basham argued that both are 2 different expressions underlying the same religious truth. ]]>08.2-medieval-india/2.-cultural-traditions-750-1200/2.1-philosophy.html08.2 Medieval-India/2. Cultural-Traditions-750-1200/2.1 Philosophy.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#todo
#todo
#todo 2020-04-27 12:16:14 Sufism aka tasawwuf was based on the spirit of Quaranic piety. @ it accepted shariat but it did not confine their religious practice to formal adherence. 10th century marked the end of domination of rationalist philosophy and formation of orthodox schools based on Quran and Hadis and around the same time Sufism rose. stressed the importance of sufi path called the Tariqa establishing a direct communion with divine reality/ haqiqat. @ A novice has to pass through succession of stages called maqamat and hal to experience God. under strict Supervision of a shaikh, pir or murshid. Disciple was the murid. organised musical recitals called sama to induces a state of ecstasy. Organisation of various sililahs or orders was another feature. hospice or Khanqah was a center of activities to impart training. Buddhists and Christian monastic systems played an imp role. Fana meant spiritual merger of the devoted w/ God -> led to constant conflict w/ orthodox ulema. Early sufis stressed on repentence - tauba, abstinence, renunciation, poverty etc. & Meccan, Medina, basra and Kufa were early centers. They were disgusted by vulgar display of wealth and degenration of morals. @ Rabia (d. 801) was a woman mystic from Basra. @ Bayazid Bistani (d. 874) from Khurasan was first to employ the concept of Fana (annihilation of the self). He saw the Kaba walking around him and was accused of heresy. @ Al Junaid from the Abassid caliphate and Mansure al Hallaj from Baghdad were other prominent sufi. Hallaj was imprisoned and executed. Mansur proclaimed the doctrine of Anal Haq/ I am Truth/God which was an expression of sufi belief that unificaion w/ God was highest stage of enlightenment. Their execution gave them the status of martyrdom and reputation of being pure of heart, sincere. Zunni Misri of Egypt gave the concept of mustic union w/ God by a process of contemplation. period saw the emergence of the Madrasa system and the Khanqah system Sufis like Abu Hamid al Ghazzali tied to compromise b/w the ulema and the sufis. Sufi Poetry in Persian emerged. Attar and Rumi were 2 of its most prominent exponents. 3rd phase saw the formation of silsilahs after the tariqas or peculiar practices developed. ! Shaikh Shahabuddin founded the Suhrawardi silsila. ! Abdul Qadir Julani founded the Qadiri. ! Muninuddin Chisti founded Chisti and Naqshabandi silsilas. Wandering Nath Panthi Yodis from Peshawar familiarised Sufis w/ practice of hath yoga. Sufi poets such as Sanai 12th century, Attar 13th cent., Iraqi 13th cent, Rumi 13th cent helped spread its message far and wide. Religion: Forms and features of religion, Tamil devotional cult, growth of Bhakti, Islam and its arrival in India, Sufism Give an account of the impact of Islam on Indian culture in respect of society, religion and fine arts. [1980, 60m]
[Impact of arrival of Islam on Society, Culture, Polity, Arts](onenote: Islam %20and%20its%20Arrival§ion-id={0E28C36C-90D9-474D-BC42-C9C904A4FF0B}&page-id={2E32641C-9200-4FD6-9B3F-D036804BE105}&object-id={D92E5187-1C6E-4AD1-B9DA-83C6529F16CD}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/Cultural%20Traditions%20750-1200.one ) Write a short essay on: "Significance of the Bhakti Movement" [1987, 20m]
[Uma Chakravarti -](onenote: Growth %20of%20Bhakti§ion-id={0E28C36C-90D9-474D-BC42-C9C904A4FF0B}&page-id={DD09C15F-1724-4C89-82EF-414E28588096}&object-id={CC98EC2D-BF80-43DA-9D45-21987B6D9009}&15&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/Cultural%20Traditions%20750-1200.one ) Trace influence of Islam on Indian culture and civilization. [1999, 60m]
[Impact of arrival of Islam on Society, Culture, Polity, Arts](onenote: Islam %20and%20its%20Arrival§ion-id={0E28C36C-90D9-474D-BC42-C9C904A4FF0B}&page-id={2E32641C-9200-4FD6-9B3F-D036804BE105}&object-id={D92E5187-1C6E-4AD1-B9DA-83C6529F16CD}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/Cultural%20Traditions%20750-1200.one ) Write a short essay on: "The Sufi Movement and its role in promoting communal harmony" [2000, 20m]
[Sufi Movement](onenote:Society%5eJ%20Culture%5eJ%20Economy%20in%20the%2013th%20-14th%20Cen_. one #Sufi %20Movement§ion-id={FFDB435A-DF3F-455E-B50E-59953F7F18E9}&page-id={C66123F6-3A22-4B23-BEDD-DE7A9121EFF4}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I ) Evaluate the impact of the Sufi and Bhakti Movements on vernacular languages and life and thought of the common people. [2001, 60m] Refer ANKI for Bhakti Saints locations, description
[Role of Sufi saints in dev of Vernacular language, on](onenote:Society%5eJ%20Culture%5eJ%20Economy%20in%20the%2013th%20-14th%20Cen_. one #Sufi %20Movement§ion-id={FFDB435A-DF3F-455E-B50E-59953F7F18E9}&page-id={C66123F6-3A22-4B23-BEDD-DE7A9121EFF4}&object-id={1AB90EC4-B2D5-4928-8A2E-B663B9677662}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I ) Write a short essay on: "Origin of the Bhakti Movement" [2002, 20m]
[Emergence of Bhakti Movement :](onenote: Growth %20of%20Bhakti§ion-id={0E28C36C-90D9-474D-BC42-C9C904A4FF0B}&page-id={DD09C15F-1724-4C89-82EF-414E28588096}&object-id={5DBEED03-201C-44C6-A92F-6C9FF2767336}&10&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/Cultural%20Traditions%20750-1200.one ) Write a short essay on: "Sufi Movements" [2003, 20m]
[Sufi Movement 10th-12th cent](onenote: Sufism §ion-id={0E28C36C-90D9-474D-BC42-C9C904A4FF0B}&page-id={CB217278-5DB4-4F47-B60A-F16DF588E285}&object-id={0E3DB6E8-2745-4318-99F5-E2F32ED7B01B}&3C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/Cultural%20Traditions%20750-1200.one ) [Suhrawadi Silsila in India was founded by Shaikh
Bahauddin Zakariya base](onenote:Society%5eJ%20Culture%5eJ%20Economy%20in%20the%2013th%20-14th%20Cen_. one #Sufi %20Movement§ion-id={FFDB435A-DF3F-455E-B50E-59953F7F18E9}&page-id={C66123F6-3A22-4B23-BEDD-DE7A9121EFF4}&object-id={59D4F863-2E42-464C-9AF8-04289905DA32}&1B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I ) 8."The tenets of Hindu and Muslim mystics were similar enough that the ground was ripe for syncretic movements involving adherents of both religious." Elucidate. [2005, 60m]
[Notes on page "Bhakti Movement "](onenote:Society%5eJ%20Culture%5eJ%20Economy%20in%20the%2013th%20-14th%20Cen_. one #Bhakti %20Movement%20§ion-id={FFDB435A-DF3F-455E-B50E-59953F7F18E9}&page-id={90B0FF08-E970-43E9-961C-37978E721638}&object-id={CEBCB59F-7601-4C52-948D-3D66120199BC}&77&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I ) Write a short essay on: "Sufism in North India" [2006, 20m]
[Growth of Sufism in India :](onenote:Society%5eJ%20Culture%5eJ%20Economy%20in%20the%2013th%20-14th%20Cen_. one #Sufi %20Movement§ion-id={FFDB435A-DF3F-455E-B50E-59953F7F18E9}&page-id={C66123F6-3A22-4B23-BEDD-DE7A9121EFF4}&object-id={59D4F863-2E42-464C-9AF8-04289905DA32}&16&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I ) "The tenets of Hindu and Muslim mystics were similar enough that the ground was ripe for syncretic movements involving adherents of both religious." Elucidate. [2007, 60m]
[Notes on page "Bhakti Movement "](onenote:Society%5eJ%20Culture%5eJ%20Economy%20in%20the%2013th%20-14th%20Cen_. one #Bhakti %20Movement%20§ion-id={FFDB435A-DF3F-455E-B50E-59953F7F18E9}&page-id={90B0FF08-E970-43E9-961C-37978E721638}&object-id={CEBCB59F-7601-4C52-948D-3D66120199BC}&77&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I ) What are the manifestations of Tamil devotional cults? How do you account for their growth between C. 750 and C. 1200 CE? [2008, 60m]
[Tamil and Devotional Cult](onenote: Tamil %20and%20Devotional%20Cult§ion-id={0E28C36C-90D9-474D-BC42-C9C904A4FF0B}&page-id={D3674A9E-F9AC-4581-B5C4-FF5D57A6E5B8}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/Cultural%20Traditions%20750-1200.one ) Assess the contribution of the Acharyas in the development of the ideological basis of Bhakti. [2012, 10m]
[Philosophical underpinning of South Indian Bhakti](onenote: Philosophy §ion-id={0E28C36C-90D9-474D-BC42-C9C904A4FF0B}&page-id={EC340C8B-24A0-4B90-9B52-E56EBF15BCF3}&object-id={098BAD61-BB21-43E1-8F85-E062874237DF}&C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/Cultural%20Traditions%20750-1200.one )
[Ramanuja and Vishisthadvaitha](onenote: Ramanuja %20and%20Vishisthadvaitha§ion-id={0E28C36C-90D9-474D-BC42-C9C904A4FF0B}&page-id={D84B715A-0127-45A6-BF5F-460B93CAFD4D}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/Cultural%20Traditions%20750-1200.one )
[Madhava and Brahma Mimamsa](onenote: Madhava %20and%20Brahma%20Mimamsa§ion-id={0E28C36C-90D9-474D-BC42-C9C904A4FF0B}&page-id={363E3A8D-DF50-40F5-BD3E-11CC8815E474}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/Cultural%20Traditions%20750-1200.one ) Bhakti and mysticism of Lal Ded emerged as a social force in Kashmir. Comment. [2013, 10m] bhakti preacher Lal Ded exercised profound influence on Nuruddin Wali Lal Ded - 14, S, Vatsun/Vakh/ Lal Vak poetry, Kashmiri lit More content Needed "Sufis and medieval mystic saints failed to modify either the religious ideas and practices or the outward structure of Islamic/Hindu societies to any appreciable extent." Comment for/against. [2015, 10m]
[Failure of Sufi and Bhakti Movement :](onenote:Society%5eJ%20Culture%5eJ%20Economy%20in%20the%2013th%20-14th%20Cen_. one #Sufi %20Movement§ion-id={FFDB435A-DF3F-455E-B50E-59953F7F18E9}&page-id={C66123F6-3A22-4B23-BEDD-DE7A9121EFF4}&object-id={0B6A49E3-2188-4EF3-809B-0AC86ABD95FC}&D&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I ) ]]>08.2-medieval-india/2.-cultural-traditions-750-1200/2.2-religion.html08.2 Medieval-India/2. Cultural-Traditions-750-1200/2.2 Religion.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT Under the Patronage of Samant Singh in the mid 18th century. He also wrote poems under the name Nagari Das. Bani Thani painting style is from this school. Nihal Chand was its painter.
It shows local vegetation in details. Sky is painted in different colours. Faces were round with pointed nose Its peculiar characterstics are rich and glowing colours, rising sun in golden colour, crimson red horizon, overlapping and semi naturalistic trees. Mughal influence in visible in refined drawing of faces and element of naturalism in treatment of trees. Text is written in block against yellow background on the top. Ex is Rasikapriya of 17th cent that represents Kishna trying to collect butter from a Gopi.
aka Dhundar school orignated from Bairat. The Amber palace walls and mausoleum has these paintings. Sawai Pratap Singh was its greatest patron 18th century. Showed Ramayana, Rangmala and Bhagwata purana scenes.
Developed around the areas of Jodhpur, Bikaner and Jaisalmer. The 15th and 16th century paintings were depicted wth colourful clothing. Man Singh in early 19th century later commissioned many paintings depicting Shiv purana, Durgacharita and Natacharita.
It is grouped into 2 the Jammu/Dogra School and the Basholi and Kangra school. Paintings focused more on Mythology and Literature. Its famouse painters were Nainsukh and Manaku. expressive faces with a receding hairline and big eyes that are shaped like lotus petals, use of primary colours. Raja Kripal singh comissioned various paintings on Gita Govinda, Ramayana and Rasamajari. patronage by Raja Govardhan Singh reached its zenith under Raja Sansar Chand. paintings were marked with a sensuality and intelligence. Popular subjects were gita govinda, bhagwata purana etc. In the areas of Kullu, chamba and Mandi. shows various musical Ragas. amalgamation of art, poetry and classical music. Ragas personified as colour describing story of a hero/heroine. elucidates the season and the time of day and night in which raga is to be sung. demarcates the specific Hindu deities attached to a raga. six principal ragas present in the Ragamala are Bhairava, Deepak, Sri, Malkaush, Megha and Hindola
famous for its decorative paintings. created on glass and board liberal use of gold leaf and brilliant colour. Paintings depict Krishna and main patron was Sarfoji Maharaj (Marathas).
Themes depict Hindu gods and goddesses. Had many figures in a paintings but 1 figure predominated others.
]]>08.2-medieval-india/11.-culture-in-the-mughal-empire/11.5-provincial-architecture-and-painting.html08.2 Medieval-India/11. Culture-in-the-Mughal-Empire/11.5 Provincial-Architecture-and-Painting.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#todo ]]>08.2-medieval-india/11.-culture-in-the-mughal-empire/11.6-classical-music.html08.2 Medieval-India/11. Culture-in-the-Mughal-Empire/11.6 Classical-Music.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo
#todo Science and technology Write a short essay on: "Sawai jai Singh, the astronomer" [2001, 20m]
Sawai Jai Singh the Astronomer : What was the Indian response to European Technology? [2010, 30m]
Mughal Response to European Tech : Assess the development of Science and Technology in the Mughal period. [2013, 20m]
Akbars reign intro maqulat or raitonal sciences in Madrassas, Karkhanas more content on later emperors needed ]]>08.2-medieval-india/11.-culture-in-the-mughal-empire/11.7-science-and-technology.html08.2 Medieval-India/11. Culture-in-the-Mughal-Empire/11.7 Science-and-Technology.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo Religious policies alienated Hindus Mil campaign against Bijapur, Golconda, Marathas Mughal admn Recurrent wars of succession - weakened mil, JN Sarkar - crisis was of weak emperors countered by Percival spear No later conquests shrank resources, created crisis b/w emperor and aristocracy Incorporation of nobles from deccan, golconda, bijapur created rift - Jagirdari crisis 445 nobles controlled 61% jagirs **JF Richards** : problem artificial made by A by incorporating new captured lands as khalisa **Irfan Habib** jagirdars oppressed peasant, no loyalty due to frequent transfers Price rise, personal insecurity Recurring peasant revolt for political assertion and communitarian identities Zamindars turned against the state, loyalty shifted, defied authority Local power groups emerged **CA Baily** portfolio capital - reconciliation and adjustment, system was prepared to accommodate fitna/sedition **F Perlin** mulitplicity of system of governance and tech led to growth of Khanzadas as locally powerful centres Factors for the decline of the Mughal Empire In which respects did the policies of Aurangzeb contribute to the disintegration of the Mughal Empire? [1979, 60m]
[Aurangzeb :](onenote:Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century. one #Religious %20policies%20of%20Jahangir,%20Shahjahan%20and%20Aurangzeb§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={5BE69AC7-2134-41FE-89C7-4637D4BC59D6}&object-id={13958D4B-1527-4107-B238-D54892E04C34}&27&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II ) Explain with illustrative detail the part played by the following factors in the disintegration of the Mughal Empire: [1981, 60m] (a) Aurangzeb's alleged departure from the policies of his predecessors, [1981, 20m] (b) Inherent defects of the Mansab and Jagir system. [1981, 20m] (c) Growth of new political forces in the provinces. [1981, 20m]
[Aurangzeb :](onenote:Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century. one #Religious %20policies%20of%20Jahangir,%20Shahjahan%20and%20Aurangzeb§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={5BE69AC7-2134-41FE-89C7-4637D4BC59D6}&object-id={13958D4B-1527-4107-B238-D54892E04C34}&27&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II )
[Jagirdari Crisis :](onenote: Factors %20for%20decline%20of%20the%20Mughal%20Empire§ion-id={30386B1C-9406-434A-B7BA-78E4BA561A0D}&page-id={ADECA7A6-8256-41E2-9632-C6F687ADB0EA}&object-id={3F5889E7-EECE-4B80-AE67-4EDA5F1E6D7F}&16&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/18th%20Century.one )
[Regional Principalities](onenote: Regional %20Principalities%20§ion-id={30386B1C-9406-434A-B7BA-78E4BA561A0D}&page-id={47A83DAF-CC72-41B4-857F-89A6ABB8AE73}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/18th%20Century.one ) "The expansion of Mughal Empire in Deccan brought about its decline." Discuss. [1988, 60m]
[17th Century Crisis/ Deccan Ulcer](onenote:Mughal%20Empire%20in%2017th%20Century. one #Late %2017th%20Century%20crisis%20and%20the%20Revolts§ion-id={28246277-2B89-4E79-8E90-9CF1B0AA2733}&page-id={E156AA9E-59D8-44C7-9F1F-83D96F248BB3}&object-id={B559BF10-6BE4-41EF-98F7-2FC4D8A87C0F}&C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II ) Do you think that the agrarian crisis of the 17th century led to the disintegration of the Mughal empire? Discuss. [2016, 20 Marks]
[Agrarian Crisis :](onenote: Factors %20for%20decline%20of%20the%20Mughal%20Empire§ion-id={30386B1C-9406-434A-B7BA-78E4BA561A0D}&page-id={ADECA7A6-8256-41E2-9632-C6F687ADB0EA}&object-id={3F5889E7-EECE-4B80-AE67-4EDA5F1E6D7F}&30&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/18th%20Century.one ) "The Afghan invasions in the Eighteenth Century not only signified the military irrelevance of the Mughal Empire but also hastened its decline". Explain. [2018, 15 Marks]
[Emergence of Afghan Power and Battle of Panipat 1761](onenote: Emergence %20of%20Afghan%20Power%20and%20Battle%20of%20Panipat%201761§ion-id={30386B1C-9406-434A-B7BA-78E4BA561A0D}&page-id={DCB76B07-606A-4728-ABF3-A5FC83A7F2D3}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/18th%20Century.one ) How would you like to characterize the eighteenth century in Indian history? [2005, 60m] What are the distinguishing components of the debate on "The Eighteenth Century"? [2008, 60m]
< https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/20287/1/Unit-35.pdf> #important↩︎
Sekhar Bandyopadhyay↩︎ ]]>08.2-medieval-india/12.-18th-century/12.1-factors-for-decline-of-the-mughal-empire.html08.2 Medieval-India/12. 18th-Century/12.1 Factors-for-decline-of-the-Mughal-Empire.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTMysore 1. Building up a powerful and modern army: Tipu Sultan made significant investments in building up a powerful and modern army equipped with advanced weaponry, which he hoped would help him to defend his kingdom and expand his territory. 2. Building alliances with other Indian states: Tipu Sultan entered into alliances with other Indian states, such as the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad, which the British saw as a threat to their own interests in the region. 3. Building alliances with foreign powers: Tipu Sultan sought to form alliances with foreign powers, particularly the French, in order to counter the British influence in India. 4. Building a navy: Tipu Sultan built a navy to challenge the British naval dominance in the region. 5. Building forts and other military infrastructure: Tipu Sultan invested in building forts, fortifications and other military infrastructure, which the British saw as a potential threat to their interests in southern India 7. Attempts to expand his territory: Tipu Sultan sought to expand his territory through military conquests and by annexing neighboring territories. 8. Attempts to control trade routes: Tipu Sultan sought to control trade routes and ports in southern India, which the British saw as a challenge to their own mercantile interests in the region. Ex. The Rich Malabar trade of the region. 9. Hostility towards British: Tipu Sultan openly expressed his hostility towards the British and their presence in India, which further strained relations between the two powers. 10. Propagation of a anti-British sentiment: Tipu Sultan propagated anti-British sentiment among the people of his kingdom, which further increased the tensions between the two powers. Seen in his Mechanical Tiger killing British troop. The British perceived the threats posed by Tipu Sultan and his kingdom of Mysore as a direct challenge to their own interests in southern India. They saw his efforts to build a powerful and modern army, form alliances with other Indian states and foreign powers, and expand his territory as a direct threat to their own expansionist policies and their ability to control the region. Examine the circumstance which led to the third Mysore War. Could Cornwallis have avoided it? [2006, 60m]
[Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-1792)](onenote: 2.3 Mysore §ion-id={5E4A9EBB-1AE5-4DC9-A50C-4BAC4568E9A7}&page-id={64774158-9486-4F96-A588-F8211B59829A}&object-id={C8F49DED-766C-48D8-9D99-1E3E5DFE2EAD}&2A&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Modern%20History/Part%20I/British%20Expansion.one ) The Third Mysore War, also known as the Third Anglo-Mysore War, was fought between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company from 1789 to 1792. The war was sparked by the rise of the powerful Mysorean ruler, Tipu Sultan, who sought to expand his territory and challenge British dominance in the region. Cornwallis, who served as Governor-General of India from 1786 to 1793, played a key role in the conflict. He had arrived in India with the intention of strengthening British control over the region, and had adopted a policy of aggressive expansion. This put him at odds with Tipu Sultan, who saw the British as a threat to his own ambitions. In the years leading up to the war, Tipu Sultan had made a number of moves that threatened British interests, such as entering into alliances with other Indian states and French. The British also believed that Tipu Sultan was trying to acquire modern artillery and other military equipment from the French. It is possible that Cornwallis could have avoided the war by taking a more conciliatory approach towards Tipu Sultan, rather than trying to confront him head-on. He could have also tried to form alliances with other Indian powers to counterbalance Mysore, rather than trying to defeat them outright. However, it should also be noted that the British were also facing pressure from their own domestic politics, and the East India Company's financial troubles, which could have also pushed them towards war. Historian John Keay has criticized the war as a "monumentally irrelevant" conflict, writing that it "diverted British resources and attention from the more important business of consolidating their gains in Bengal and Bombay." Another historian, Lewis Freeman, has described the war as a "brutal and bloody" conflict in which the British "launched an all-out assault on the kingdom of Mysore in an attempt to crush a rising power that threatened their interests in India." On the other hand, historian Wilks notes that the war was a "decisive victory" for the British, which "broke the power of the Mysorean state and restored British prestige in southern India." 2020-04-27 12:38:43 Chin Qulich Khan 1724 aka Asaf Jah defated Mubariz Khan in 1723 → actual independence from 1740 Coins and Khutba still minted on Emperors name
Nasir Jung vs Muzaffar Jung 2nd Carnatic War Change in composition of nobility Cause for the rise of regional principalities :
#todo Change this topics Note 2020-04-27 12:38:50 Murhsid Quli Khan 1717 became governor given by Aurangzeb reaffirmed by Farrukhsiyar Used to send revenues Encouraged the dev of few powerful zamindars at expense of smaller ones New landed magnates emerged Impetus to merchants and bakers viz Omi chand and Khoja Wajid, Jagat Seth Sarfarz Khan successor ousted by father Shujauddin Muhammad Khan Alivardi Khan succeeded him → break from Mughals Problem of maratha disrupted bengal trade Suceeded by Siraj ud Daula 2020-04-27 12:38:53 Saadat Khan apt Governor in 1722, supported Nadir Shah d. 1740 Succeeded by Safdar Jang seized Farukhabad 1753 was per Richard Barnett "visible secession of Awadh and Allahabad from remainder of dwindling empire" Shuja ud Daula 1754 bcame wazir The regional principalities: Nizam's Deccan, Bengal, Awadh Discuss the causes of the rise and growth of regional kingdoms with special reference to Deccan in the 18th century. [2011, 30m]
[Cause for the rise of regional principalities :](onenote: Nizam 's%20Deccan§ion-id={30386B1C-9406-434A-B7BA-78E4BA561A0D}&page-id={9DAC1277-BAE6-4476-B63A-336E5E52F41E}&object-id={660CEE9F-15DD-4682-9A66-3B6B90197701}&F&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/18th%20Century.one ) Was it the weakening of the Mughal empire or the rise of regional powers that led to the British conquest of India? Discuss. [2016, 15 Marks]
[Cause for the rise of regional principalities :](onenote: Nizam 's%20Deccan§ion-id={30386B1C-9406-434A-B7BA-78E4BA561A0D}&page-id={9DAC1277-BAE6-4476-B63A-336E5E52F41E}&object-id={660CEE9F-15DD-4682-9A66-3B6B90197701}&F&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/18th%20Century.one )
[Empire Centric Approaches for Decline :](onenote: Factors %20for%20decline%20of%20the%20Mughal%20Empire§ion-id={30386B1C-9406-434A-B7BA-78E4BA561A0D}&page-id={ADECA7A6-8256-41E2-9632-C6F687ADB0EA}&object-id={3F5889E7-EECE-4B80-AE67-4EDA5F1E6D7F}&C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/18th%20Century.one ) ]]>08.2-medieval-india/12.-18th-century/12.2-regional-principalities.html08.2 Medieval-India/12. 18th-Century/12.2 Regional Principalities.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo
#todo ✅ 2023-04-13 Combination of Hindu and Mohammedan insitutions. Shahu openly acknowledged the Supremacy of the Mughal emperor which was not the case before. Head of the Empire was Chhtrapati the Raja of Satara. made all high appointments, granted sanads etc. his power dec as Peshwaship became hereditary. Scotwaring remarked that this usurpation neither attarcted observation nor excited surprise it was easy, natural and progressive. He was originally the mem of Ashtapradhan of Shivaji BV made it hereditary and BR-I made it pre-eminent even more powerful than the Raja. Old aristocracy failed to reconised him as superior to the Raja. They saw him as a deputy to him and their equal. Newer nobility saw themselves as his children. this rise in power led to inc individualism. SN Sen : ultimately the ME became the Holy Roman Empire, a loose confederacy of ambitious feudal chiefs and the Emperor only exercised power on territories under his direct personal control. Huzur Daftar was Peshwa's secretariat at Poona. All accounts of Revenue and Expenditure were done here. Rozkirds were daily registers of all rev transaction El Beriz daftar dealt w/ accounts of all sorts and prepared Tarjuma ie an index of all expenditure and Khataunis : abstract of all expenditure in alphabetical order Chalte Daftar : under direct charge of Fadnavis. Big provinces like Khandesh, Gujarat, Carnatic were under a Sarsubahdars. Certain Sarsubahdars had Mamlatdar who reported rev assessment to directly to central govt. They were head of administrative division of Sarkar, Subah or Pant and could head over various dept ex agriculture, civil-criminal justice, control of local militia etc. Deshmukhs were other officers who served as checks on Mamlatdar. They used to corroborate accounts of Mamlatdars. Smaller adm division were called Mahals or Tarfs were run similar to districts. Chief village officer was Patel who had judicial, revenue and adm functions -> acted as link b/w Peswas officials and village. He did not receive any salary from the state. Next to him was Kulkarni who was the village clerk. Chaugula was below the Kulkarni who assisted the Patel. Bara Balutas were 12 village artisans they were assisted by Bara Alutas. Maratha law based on works like Manusmriti, Mitakshara and old customs. Patel was judicial officer in Villages, Mamlatdar in district, Sarsubadar above him then the Peshwa. Raja of Satara was highest. Nyayadhish in towns undertook judicial functions. No sep of executive and Judiciary. No codified law or procedure for trial. Emphasis on amicable settlement. Panchayat main instrument of civil justice aka Panch Parmeshwar. Their decision was binding. Capital punishment not there under Shahu and BBR and for serious crimes like Murder, Treason punishment was imprisonment and confiscation of property. Main idea was reform not retribution. Elphinstone and Tone have applauded policing of M. Tone : After firing of Gun at 10 at night no person can be in streets without being taken up by Patrol. Pehswa was once himself kept prisoner for whole night. Land revenue main source of income. Shivaji preferred share in actual produce of field but Peshwas wanted grant of land on long lease for a fixed state demand. Classification land a/c to fertility was influenced by Mughal Adm. Irrigation sys was very old. Newly brought land under cultivation was lightly taxed. Waste and Rocky lands were granted as Inam or rent free concession offered for 20 yrs. Remission during famines etc. Tagai was state loans at low interest rate. State demand not unfiorm accross empire. Main idea was security of tax payer -> reverted during Baji Rao II who started giving land to hight bidder. Chauth 25% and Sardeshmukhi 10% of total tax collection on areas overrun by Marathas. Chauth was divided among the Raja, Pant Sachiv and Maratha Sirdars for maintaining troops. If these lands were annexed the remaining 65% of land was called Jagir and given out. Revenue from forests, customs, excise, mints etc. Valentia estimated it to be Rs.71 lakh, J Grant as 6 crores inclding chauth, Elphinstone Rs96 Lakh by the end of 18th century.
#todo collapse: open **SN Sen** : Whole adm was combination of democracy and feudal autocracy. **Tone** has called it a Military republic based upon jealousy not confidence. **SM Edwardes** : constitution of govt and army was calculated to destroy rather than to create an empire.
#todo Farrukhsiar came to throne w/ the help of Sayyid brothers Hussain Ali and Abdullah Khan To get rid of Hussain Ali he sent him as viceroy of Deccan and at the same time instigated Daud Khan of Gujarat and Shahu to dispose him -> followed by dec of Abdullah Khan's position in Delhi Hussain Ali was called back so he befriended the Marathas. Maratha ascendancy under the Peshwas Why did the Marathas fail in establishing a lasting empire in India? [1981, 20m]
[Founded by Shivaji - Shambhaji - Rajaram](onenote: Maratha %20Ascendance%20under%20the%20Peshwas§ion-id={30386B1C-9406-434A-B7BA-78E4BA561A0D}&page-id={D9CBFE94-2416-4FBF-AFFE-5069BB32E3DE}&object-id={0C928192-786D-4D05-8BAD-F4289AC8821D}&14&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/18th%20Century.one ) How far did Peshwa Bajirao I succeed in establishing Maratha supremacy in the Deccan and political hegemony in the North? [1983, 60m]
[Founded by Shivaji - Shambhaji - Rajaram](onenote: Maratha %20Ascendance%20under%20the%20Peshwas§ion-id={30386B1C-9406-434A-B7BA-78E4BA561A0D}&page-id={D9CBFE94-2416-4FBF-AFFE-5069BB32E3DE}&object-id={0C928192-786D-4D05-8BAD-F4289AC8821D}&14&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/18th%20Century.one ) Write a short answer on: "Structure and role of the Maratha Confederacy." [1987, 20m]
[Could not bcom empire/alternative to M it was a](onenote: Maratha %20Ascendance%20under%20the%20Peshwas§ion-id={30386B1C-9406-434A-B7BA-78E4BA561A0D}&page-id={D9CBFE94-2416-4FBF-AFFE-5069BB32E3DE}&object-id={0C928192-786D-4D05-8BAD-F4289AC8821D}&2D&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/18th%20Century.one ) Compare the Peshwas' bureaucratic management with that of the Imperial Mughal administration. [2015, 10m] Is it true that the court intrigues and weak revenue system led to the collapse of the Maratha empire? Comment. [2016, 15 Marks]
[Maratha Fiscal and Financial system](onenote: Maratha %20Fiscal%20and%20Financial%20System§ion-id={30386B1C-9406-434A-B7BA-78E4BA561A0D}&page-id={0A38CD02-F629-464A-A4E7-71F32B18D9A4}&object-id={FCEB554A-CE4A-4166-9DFD-F2D39CB9068C}&10&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/18th%20Century.one )
[Court Intrigues](onenote: Maratha %20Ascendance%20under%20the%20Peshwas§ion-id={30386B1C-9406-434A-B7BA-78E4BA561A0D}&page-id={D9CBFE94-2416-4FBF-AFFE-5069BB32E3DE}&object-id={1733D9CD-6E6A-4948-B878-3AE9B632B6D4}&18&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/18th%20Century.one ) How will you view the Maratha policy of expansion? Delineate. [2017, 20 Marks]
[Founded by Shivaji - Shambhaji - Rajaram](onenote: Maratha %20Ascendance%20under%20the%20Peshwas§ion-id={30386B1C-9406-434A-B7BA-78E4BA561A0D}&page-id={D9CBFE94-2416-4FBF-AFFE-5069BB32E3DE}&object-id={0C928192-786D-4D05-8BAD-F4289AC8821D}&14&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/18th%20Century.one ) ]]>08.2-medieval-india/12.-18th-century/12.3-maratha-ascendance-under-the-peshwas-a.html08.2 Medieval-India/12. 18th-Century/12.3 Maratha Ascendance under the Peshwas a.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo #important Land revenue main source of income. Shivaji preferred share in actual produce of field but Peshwas wanted grant of land on long lease for a fixed state demand. Classification land a/c to fertility was influenced by Mughal Adm. Irrigation sys was very old. Newly brought land under cultivation was lightly taxed. Waste and Rocky lands were granted as Inam or rent free concession offered for 20 yrs. Remission during famines etc. Tagai was state loans at low interest rate. State demand not unfiorm accross empire. Main idea was security of tax payer -> reverted during Baji Rao II who started giving land to hight bidder. Chauth 25% and Sardeshmukhi 10% of total tax collection on areas overrun by Marathas. Chauth was divided among the Raja, Pant Sachiv and Maratha Sirdars for maintaining troops. If these lands were annexed the remaining 65% of land was called Jagir and given out. Revenue from forests, customs, excise, mints etc. Valentia estimated it to be Rs.71 lakh, J Grant as 6 crores inclding chauth, Elphinstone Rs96 Lakh by the end of 18th century.
#todo collapse: open **SN Sen** : Whole adm was combination of democracy and feudal autocracy. **Tone** has called it a Military republic based upon jealousy not confidence. **SM Edwardes** : constitution of govt and army was calculated to destroy rather than to create an empire. The Maratha fiscal and financial system Write a short essay on: "Chauth and Sardeshmukhi" [2003, 20m]
Maratha Fiscal and Financeial system Write a short essay on: "The system of the collection of Chauth and Sardeshmukhi by the Maratha rulers." [2004, 20m]
Maratha Fiscal and Financeial system Write a short answer on: "Chauth and Sardeshmukhi of the Maratha rulers." [2007, 20m]
[Maratha Fiscal and Financeial system](onenote: Maratha %20Fiscal%20and%20Financial%20System§ion-id={30386B1C-9406-434A-B7BA-78E4BA561A0D}&page-id={0A38CD02-F629-464A-A4E7-71F32B18D9A4}&object-id={FCEB554A-CE4A-4166-9DFD-F2D39CB9068C}&10&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/18th%20Century.one ) ]]>08.2-medieval-india/12.-18th-century/12.4-maratha-fiscal-and-financial-system.html08.2 Medieval-India/12. 18th-Century/12.4 Maratha Fiscal and Financial System.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo Emergence of Afghan Power, Battle of Panipat: 1761 Write a short essay on: "Third Battle of Panipat" [1998, 20m]
[Emergence of Afghan Power and Battle of Panipat 1761](onenote: Emergence %20of%20Afghan%20Power%20and%20Battle%20of%20Panipat%201761§ion-id={30386B1C-9406-434A-B7BA-78E4BA561A0D}&page-id={DCB76B07-606A-4728-ABF3-A5FC83A7F2D3}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/18th%20Century.one ) Write a short essay on: "Consequences of the Third Battle of Panipat." [2002, 20m]
[Emergence of Afghan Power and Battle of Panipat 1761](onenote: Emergence %20of%20Afghan%20Power%20and%20Battle%20of%20Panipat%201761§ion-id={30386B1C-9406-434A-B7BA-78E4BA561A0D}&page-id={DCB76B07-606A-4728-ABF3-A5FC83A7F2D3}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/18th%20Century.one ) How was the Afghan nobility responsible for the decline of the Afghan Empire? Discuss. [2012, 30m]
[Emergence of Afghan Power and Battle of Panipat 1761](onenote: Emergence %20of%20Afghan%20Power%20and%20Battle%20of%20Panipat%201761§ion-id={30386B1C-9406-434A-B7BA-78E4BA561A0D}&page-id={DCB76B07-606A-4728-ABF3-A5FC83A7F2D3}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/18th%20Century.one ) ]]>08.2-medieval-india/12.-18th-century/12.5-emergence-of-afghan-power-and-battle-of-panipat-1761.html08.2 Medieval-India/12. 18th-Century/12.5 Emergence of Afghan Power and Battle of Panipat 1761.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.2-medieval-india/12.-18th-century/12.6-state-of-politics,-culture-and-economy-on-the-eve-of-british-conquest.html08.2 Medieval-India/12. 18th-Century/12.6 State of Politics, Culture and Economy on the eve of British Conquest.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo
#todo
#todo
#todo ]]>08.2-medieval-india/10.-economy-society-16-17-century/10.4-trade-revolution.html08.2 Medieval-India/10. Economy-Society-16-17-Century/10.4 Trade Revolution.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.2-medieval-india/10.-economy-society-16-17-century/10.5-indian-mercantile-classes.html08.2 Medieval-India/10. Economy-Society-16-17-Century/10.5 Indian-Mercantile-Classes.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo Towns, commerce with Europe through Dutch, English and French companies: a trade revolution. Indian mercantile classes, banking, insurance and credit systems Examine the economic condition of the rural agricultural classes and of the urban artisans and traders during the Mughal period. [1979, 60m]
[Condition of Peasant and Masses](onenote: Conditions %20of%20Peasants%20and%20Women§ion-id={010C4C19-D880-4B52-85A4-D34B3F2E31DD}&page-id={5202860D-1E8B-4932-93A7-2FB9514AD764}&object-id={D86E7FD0-ABEA-4BD6-A01B-86F63458947E}&C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Economy%5eJ%20Society%2016-17%20CE.one ) Examine the factors which were responsible for opening and development of European trade in India during the 16th and 17th centuries. [1981, 60m]
[Factors responsible for opening and dev of trade](onenote: Commerce %20with%20Europe%20through%20Dutch,%20English%20and%20French%20Companies§ion-id={010C4C19-D880-4B52-85A4-D34B3F2E31DD}&page-id={0660F41E-6AC4-4BEC-B66C-E764C5BADA69}&object-id={BFA3014C-15C3-4B9F-8B81-C51A5E369CD8}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Economy%5eJ%20Society%2016-17%20CE.one ) Which were the major European Powers engaged in trade with India in the medieval period? How did they organise their trade and what were the chief items of trade? [1984, 60m]
[Commerce with Europe through Dutch, English and French Companies](onenote: Commerce %20with%20Europe%20through%20Dutch,%20English%20and%20French%20Companies§ion-id={010C4C19-D880-4B52-85A4-D34B3F2E31DD}&page-id={0660F41E-6AC4-4BEC-B66C-E764C5BADA69}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Economy%5eJ%20Society%2016-17%20CE.one ) Write a short essay on: "The Mughals and the European trading companies." [1989, 20m]
[Commerce with Europe through Dutch, English and French Companies](onenote: Commerce %20with%20Europe%20through%20Dutch,%20English%20and%20French%20Companies§ion-id={010C4C19-D880-4B52-85A4-D34B3F2E31DD}&page-id={0660F41E-6AC4-4BEC-B66C-E764C5BADA69}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Economy%5eJ%20Society%2016-17%20CE.one ) Do you agree with the view that the advent of the Turks and the Mughals in India heralded many changes in the means of production? Give reasons in support of your answer. [1995, 60m]
[Changes in the Means of production :](onenote: Trade %20Revolution§ion-id={010C4C19-D880-4B52-85A4-D34B3F2E31DD}&page-id={3A5BF81A-DFBC-4EA7-A40E-EAC0A356D893}&object-id={176D6354-9601-4D8E-88A7-29FBA602ECB6}&D&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Economy%5eJ%20Society%2016-17%20CE.one ) Give your opinion on the urban development in India during the Mughal times. [2005, 60m]
[volume of production was higher than the local consumption. Large](onenote: Trade %20Revolution§ion-id={010C4C19-D880-4B52-85A4-D34B3F2E31DD}&page-id={3A5BF81A-DFBC-4EA7-A40E-EAC0A356D893}&object-id={5D3144D0-29DC-4138-9BF6-71C07CC8C4E7}&10&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Economy%5eJ%20Society%2016-17%20CE.one )
[Indian Mercantile Classes](onenote: Indian %20Mercantile%20Classes§ion-id={010C4C19-D880-4B52-85A4-D34B3F2E31DD}&page-id={96C4CD17-59AE-4D18-9D64-F2E5DE72843D}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Economy%5eJ%20Society%2016-17%20CE.one )
[Banking, Insurance and Credit Systems](onenote: Banking,%20Insurance%20and%20Credit%20Systems§ion-id={010C4C19-D880-4B52-85A4-D34B3F2E31DD}&page-id={11406379-7600-4D19-8AD8-43A8F3889777}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Economy%5eJ%20Society%2016-17%20CE.one ) Critically evaluate various approaches to study medieval Indian towns. [2010, 20m]
[Critical study of Dev of Medieval Indian towns :](onenote: Trade %20Revolution§ion-id={010C4C19-D880-4B52-85A4-D34B3F2E31DD}&page-id={3A5BF81A-DFBC-4EA7-A40E-EAC0A356D893}&object-id={3B814467-F6B6-4C8C-969D-98396A98DF58}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Economy%5eJ%20Society%2016-17%20CE.one ) Discuss the different types of Karkhanas in Mughal India. How was the production organized in the different Karkhanas? [2010, 30m]
[Karkhana/ How was Production organised in them](onenote: Trade %20Revolution§ion-id={010C4C19-D880-4B52-85A4-D34B3F2E31DD}&page-id={3A5BF81A-DFBC-4EA7-A40E-EAC0A356D893}&object-id={A2CF552B-F0CC-43AD-9BEA-B0C12FB99DB9}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Economy%5eJ%20Society%2016-17%20CE.one ) Medieval Indian towns were merely as extension of villages. Comment. [2012, 10m]
[Critical study of Dev of Medieval Indian towns :](onenote: Trade %20Revolution§ion-id={010C4C19-D880-4B52-85A4-D34B3F2E31DD}&page-id={3A5BF81A-DFBC-4EA7-A40E-EAC0A356D893}&object-id={3B814467-F6B6-4C8C-969D-98396A98DF58}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Economy%5eJ%20Society%2016-17%20CE.one ) Give a sketch of Indian trade with Europe during the Mughal period. [2013, 10m]
[Commerce with Europe through Dutch, English and French Companies](onenote: Commerce %20with%20Europe%20through%20Dutch,%20English%20and%20French%20Companies§ion-id={010C4C19-D880-4B52-85A4-D34B3F2E31DD}&page-id={0660F41E-6AC4-4BEC-B66C-E764C5BADA69}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Economy%5eJ%20Society%2016-17%20CE.one ) "India had been for hundreds of years the Lancashire of the Eastern world." Critically examine this view. [2014, 15m] Analyse the Mughal monetary system and examine their policy of minting of coins. [2014, 20m]
[Banking, Insurance and Credit Systems](onenote: Banking,%20Insurance%20and%20Credit%20Systems§ion-id={010C4C19-D880-4B52-85A4-D34B3F2E31DD}&page-id={11406379-7600-4D19-8AD8-43A8F3889777}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Economy%5eJ%20Society%2016-17%20CE.one ) ]]>08.2-medieval-india/10.-economy-society-16-17-century/10.6-banking,-insurance-and-credit-systems.html08.2 Medieval-India/10. Economy-Society-16-17-Century/10.6 Banking, Insurance and Credit Systems.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo Condition of peasants, condition of women Assess the condition of peasantry during 13th to 17th centuries CE. [2017, 15 Marks]
Individual peasants cultivated their land
Condition of Peasant and Masses ]]>08.2-medieval-india/10.-economy-society-16-17-century/10.7-conditions-of-peasants-and-women.html08.2 Medieval-India/10. Economy-Society-16-17-Century/10.7 Conditions of Peasants and Women.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo
Sikhism as a force of Unity #todo Evolution of the Sikh community and the Khalsa Panth Write a short essay on: "Evolution of the Khalsa Panth" Comment. [2008, 20m]
[Evolution of Sikh community and the Khalsa Panth](onenote: Evolution %20of%20Sikh%20community%20and%20the%20Khalsa%20Panth§ion-id={010C4C19-D880-4B52-85A4-D34B3F2E31DD}&page-id={8C257B96-0E2B-4158-B9D0-047BF57FCC3D}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Economy%5eJ%20Society%2016-17%20CE.one ) The religion of the Sikhs was the main force of their unity. Comment. [2017, 10 Marks]
[Evolution of Sikh community and the Khalsa Panth](onenote: Evolution %20of%20Sikh%20community%20and%20the%20Khalsa%20Panth§ion-id={010C4C19-D880-4B52-85A4-D34B3F2E31DD}&page-id={8C257B96-0E2B-4158-B9D0-047BF57FCC3D}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Economy%5eJ%20Society%2016-17%20CE.one ) ]]>08.2-medieval-india/10.-economy-society-16-17-century/10.8-evolution-of-sikh-community-and-the-khalsa-panth.html08.2 Medieval-India/10. Economy-Society-16-17-Century/10.8 Evolution of Sikh community and the Khalsa Panth.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT Humayun retained his literary taste till very end Din Panah and Sher Mandal in Delhi were his personal libraries Akbar - popularise study of Persian language, literature Imperial library in Agra Art of medieval Indian historiography reached it perfection during his reign A reign was renaissance in fields of Persian and Hindi literature Ibn Har Karan translated Ramayana into persian Munshi Banvali Das translated Prabodh Chandrodaya into Persian Abdur Rashid rendered Bijaganit from Sans to Persian Abdul Hamid Lahori, Khafi Khan during SJ reign Persian histories and other literature. Hindi and other religious literature Identify the traces of Persian and Rajput traditions and show how they were synthesized in the field of painting, architecture and literature at the Mughal court. [1981, 60m]
[Provincial Architecture and Painting](onenote: Provincial %20Architecture%20and%20Painting§ion-id={F2E53E2C-6BC4-44B8-8617-CBFBF5C7389F}&page-id={A9F4C82E-9B1B-4A12-9274-7137345713D8}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Culture%20in%20the%20Mughal%20Empire.one )
[Influence of Rajput style on Mughal painting and Art](onenote: Mughal %20Painting§ion-id={F2E53E2C-6BC4-44B8-8617-CBFBF5C7389F}&page-id={3788D971-669B-47F4-A861-6B6E665C5962}&object-id={D37F7F70-BB0D-4D1F-BC88-269E5C6D5BC5}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Culture%20in%20the%20Mughal%20Empire.one )
[Influence of Rajput arch on Mughal Arch](onenote: Mughal %20Architecture§ion-id={F2E53E2C-6BC4-44B8-8617-CBFBF5C7389F}&page-id={7CD343AB-98EE-4B80-8115-C3753AA4F946}&object-id={DD971949-84E8-4343-8D4B-2057BEAA3F1F}&E&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Culture%20in%20the%20Mughal%20Empire.one ) What was the contribution of the Mughals to the development of education and literature? [1984, 60m]
[Hindi and Other Religious Literature](onenote: Hindi %20and%20Other%20Religious%20Literature§ion-id={F2E53E2C-6BC4-44B8-8617-CBFBF5C7389F}&page-id={4D897985-9BCA-4950-A4CA-7E825F727C04}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Culture%20in%20the%20Mughal%20Empire.one ) Education Write a short essay on: "Mughal official histories and auto-biographical works." [1992, 20m]
[Persian Histories and Other Literature](onenote: Persian %20Histories%20and%20Other%20Literature§ion-id={F2E53E2C-6BC4-44B8-8617-CBFBF5C7389F}&page-id={10A929CB-F431-4D6F-B888-804F798894DB}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Culture%20in%20the%20Mughal%20Empire.one )
And from [Survey of Sources](onenote:.. Sources. one #Survey %20of%20Sources§ion-id={97584A34-29F6-499E-BBFA-9CE1FD104A73}&page-id={B23D00D2-9174-447A-AF32-6A5ADF3479A0}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India ) Write a short essay on: "Babarnama as a source of history." [2002, 20m]
[Babars Memoirs](onenote: Persian %20Histories%20and%20Other%20Literature§ion-id={F2E53E2C-6BC4-44B8-8617-CBFBF5C7389F}&page-id={10A929CB-F431-4D6F-B888-804F798894DB}&object-id={1C4B8D14-C2A1-4324-9A28-33BD3FC5F515}&13&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Culture%20in%20the%20Mughal%20Empire.one ) Write a short Essay on the development of Literature during Mughal Period. [2006, 60m]
[Hindi and Other Religious Literature](onenote: Hindi %20and%20Other%20Religious%20Literature§ion-id={F2E53E2C-6BC4-44B8-8617-CBFBF5C7389F}&page-id={4D897985-9BCA-4950-A4CA-7E825F727C04}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Culture%20in%20the%20Mughal%20Empire.one ) Provide a comparative analysis of the development of Arabic and Persian historiography. [2010, 20m]
[Persian Histories and Other Literature](onenote: Persian %20Histories%20and%20Other%20Literature§ion-id={F2E53E2C-6BC4-44B8-8617-CBFBF5C7389F}&page-id={10A929CB-F431-4D6F-B888-804F798894DB}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Culture%20in%20the%20Mughal%20Empire.one ) How does Tuzuk-i-Babri testify that Babar had been a cultures man? [2015, 10m]
[Tuzuk I Baburi](onenote: Persian %20Histories%20and%20Other%20Literature§ion-id={F2E53E2C-6BC4-44B8-8617-CBFBF5C7389F}&page-id={10A929CB-F431-4D6F-B888-804F798894DB}&object-id={DF52DFDC-8324-45B6-9B37-11AAEDE53BB5}&13&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Culture%20in%20the%20Mughal%20Empire.one ) Discuss the literature written in Hindi in Mughal India. [2018, 10 Marks]
[Literary renaissance in Hindi Literature under A](onenote: Hindi %20and%20Other%20Religious%20Literature§ion-id={F2E53E2C-6BC4-44B8-8617-CBFBF5C7389F}&page-id={4D897985-9BCA-4950-A4CA-7E825F727C04}&object-id={FED607E0-4535-4350-B45F-22F97499F207}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Culture%20in%20the%20Mughal%20Empire.one ) ]]>08.2-medieval-india/11.-culture-in-the-mughal-empire/11.1-persian-histories-and-other-literature.html08.2 Medieval-India/11. Culture-in-the-Mughal-Empire/11.1 Persian Histories and Other Literature.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>08.2-medieval-india/11.-culture-in-the-mughal-empire/11.2-hindi-and-other-religious-literature.html08.2 Medieval-India/11. Culture-in-the-Mughal-Empire/11.2 Hindi and Other Religious Literature.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo Mughal architecture Write a short essay on: "The zenith of Mughal architecture under Shahjehan" [2001, 20m]
[Shah Jahan :](onenote: Mughal %20Architecture§ion-id={F2E53E2C-6BC4-44B8-8617-CBFBF5C7389F}&page-id={7CD343AB-98EE-4B80-8115-C3753AA4F946}&object-id={25568B79-5DB8-4D28-9E7C-5E95D61F9E57}&43&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Culture%20in%20the%20Mughal%20Empire.one ) more content needed Explain the principal features of architecture during Akbar's rule. What changes were made in them by Shahjahan? [2002, 60m]
[Architecture under Akbar :](onenote: Mughal %20Architecture§ion-id={F2E53E2C-6BC4-44B8-8617-CBFBF5C7389F}&page-id={7CD343AB-98EE-4B80-8115-C3753AA4F946}&object-id={D2FD3F70-1CA2-43E6-9D16-A0CCAB044398}&10&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Culture%20in%20the%20Mughal%20Empire.one ) "The art of building was carried to to highest degree of perfection under Shahjahan". Illustrate by giving architecture details of two of his most celebrated buildings. [2018, 15 Marks]
[Shah Jahan : more content needed](onenote: 07 GS-4/1. Human-Values/PYQ §ion-id={F2E53E2C-6BC4-44B8-8617-CBFBF5C7389F}&page-id={BB6CC2EC-FC1C-4CEC-B08C-D64D8AE90F76}&object-id={87159144-1080-49E5-A68F-0CFF7B995A6F}&F&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Culture%20in%20the%20Mughal%20Empire.one ) ]]>08.2-medieval-india/11.-culture-in-the-mughal-empire/11.3-mughal-architecture.html08.2 Medieval-India/11. Culture-in-the-Mughal-Empire/11.3 Mughal Architecture.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo Artificial elements with reduced liveliness. European influence. Use of Charcoal, pencil and gold and silver were seen to make drawings. The Padshahnanma showing courtiers and servants of the kings was an imp work of this period. Art declined as he was not enthusiastic but this led to the dev of regional school.
#todo Mughal painting Write a short essay on: "Narrative paintings under Jahangir and Akbar." [1994, 20m]
[Narrative Painting under Akbar and Jehangir](onenote: Mughal %20Painting§ion-id={F2E53E2C-6BC4-44B8-8617-CBFBF5C7389F}&page-id={3788D971-669B-47F4-A861-6B6E665C5962}&object-id={2A07D412-961E-4455-ADA5-738B453157A4}&E&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Culture%20in%20the%20Mughal%20Empire.one ) Write a short essay on: "During the reign of Jahangir Mughal painting reached its zenith." [2000, 20m]
[Jahangir :](onenote: Mughal %20Painting§ion-id={F2E53E2C-6BC4-44B8-8617-CBFBF5C7389F}&page-id={3788D971-669B-47F4-A861-6B6E665C5962}&object-id={FF280CB6-E505-412E-8F5D-7FCF565E94F2}&36&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Culture%20in%20the%20Mughal%20Empire.one ) more content needed Write a short Essay on: "Mughal painting" [2005, 20m]
[Mughal Painting](onenote: Mughal %20Painting§ion-id={F2E53E2C-6BC4-44B8-8617-CBFBF5C7389F}&page-id={3788D971-669B-47F4-A861-6B6E665C5962}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Culture%20in%20the%20Mughal%20Empire.one ) Write a short Essay on: "Mughal painting" [2007, 20m]
[Mughal Painting](onenote: Mughal %20Painting§ion-id={F2E53E2C-6BC4-44B8-8617-CBFBF5C7389F}&page-id={3788D971-669B-47F4-A861-6B6E665C5962}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Culture%20in%20the%20Mughal%20Empire.one ) Mughal paintings reflect the contemporary socio-political conditions. - Discuss. [2011, 30m]
[Mughal Painting](onenote: Mughal %20Painting§ion-id={F2E53E2C-6BC4-44B8-8617-CBFBF5C7389F}&page-id={3788D971-669B-47F4-A861-6B6E665C5962}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Culture%20in%20the%20Mughal%20Empire.one ) Delineate the development of the Mughal painting during the reign of Jahangir. [2016, 10 Marks]
[Jahangir :](onenote: Mughal %20Painting§ion-id={F2E53E2C-6BC4-44B8-8617-CBFBF5C7389F}&page-id={3788D971-669B-47F4-A861-6B6E665C5962}&object-id={FF280CB6-E505-412E-8F5D-7FCF565E94F2}&36&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Culture%20in%20the%20Mughal%20Empire.one ) "Mughal paintings reflect social harmony in contemporary society." Discuss. [2017, 15 Marks]
[Mughal Painting](onenote: Mughal %20Painting§ion-id={F2E53E2C-6BC4-44B8-8617-CBFBF5C7389F}&page-id={3788D971-669B-47F4-A861-6B6E665C5962}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Culture%20in%20the%20Mughal%20Empire.one ) Mughal paintings were a reflection of the contemporary society of the Mughal Empire. They depicted various aspects of Mughal life, including courtly scenes, hunting, and historical events. These paintings were commissioned by the Mughal rulers and were created by skilled artists. The paintings were a reflection of the society in which they were created and therefore, provide valuable insights into the social and cultural life of the Mughal Empire. One of the significant features of Mughal paintings is their depiction of social harmony. The Mughal Empire was a diverse society, with people from different religions and cultures living together. The Mughal rulers were known for their religious tolerance, and this is reflected in their paintings. The paintings often depict people from different religions and cultures living together in harmony. For example, paintings of the court often show people from different religions, such as Hindus, Muslims, and Christians, interacting with each other. Moreover, Mughal paintings also reflect the social hierarchy of the society. The paintings often depict the Mughal rulers and their courtiers, who were at the top of the social hierarchy. However, they also depict people from lower social classes, such as farmers, artisans, and merchants. These paintings show how people from different socia ]]>08.2-medieval-india/11.-culture-in-the-mughal-empire/11.4-mughal-painting.html08.2 Medieval-India/11. Culture-in-the-Mughal-Empire/11.4 Mughal-Painting.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTwas regular use of advanced agri tech, plough cultivation and - ! Answer from above notes. - $ Under points such as Agricultural Productivity, Landownership, Villages, Taxation, Caste System, Feudal organisation of landownsership, Economic growth etc. ]]>08.2-medieval-india/1.-early-750-1200-ad/1.3-agrarian-economy-and-urban-settlements.html08.2 Medieval-India/1. Early-750-1200-AD/1.3 Agrarian Economy and Urban Settlements.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTDecline of Coinage : The term "monetary anemia" refers to a shortage of currency, which can lead to a contraction of economic activity. During the early medieval period in India, the commercial economy did experience some degree of monetary anemia, although the extent of this phenomenon is a matter of debate among historians. Some historians argue that the early medieval period in India saw a significant decline in commercial activity due to the scarcity of currency. This scarcity was caused by a variety of factors, including the decline of long-distance trade, the weakening of central authority, and the hoarding of precious metals by powerful elites. The lack of currency made it difficult for merchants to conduct business, which in turn contributed to a contraction of the commercial economy. Other historians, however, have challenged the idea that monetary anemia was a major factor in the decline of the commercial economy during this period. They argue that there is little evidence to suggest that there was a significant shortage of currency, and that other factors, such as the decline of long-distance trade and the rise of regional economies, were more important. 1. R.S. Sharma: R.S. Sharma, a well-known historian, argued that the lack of currency was a significant problem during the early medieval period in India. According to him, this led to a decline in long-distance trade and a contraction of the commercial economy. 2. D.N. Jha: D.N. Jha, another prominent historian, challenged the idea that there was a significant shortage of currency during this period. Instead, he argued that the commercial economy declined due to other factors, such as the rise of regional economies and the weakening of central authority. 3. Irfan Habib: Irfan Habib also questioned the idea of monetary anemia as a major factor in the decline of the commercial economy. He argued that the rise of regional economies and the decline of long-distance trade were more important factors. 4. Shireen Moosvi: Shireen Moosvi suggested that while there may have been a shortage of currency in some regions, this did not necessarily affect the entire commercial economy. She argued that the impact of monetary anemia varied depending on the specific context and region. Explain the ingredients of the transitory nature of the early medieval India. [2016, 15 Marks] This transitory nature of early medieval India is a shift away from the conventional model of early medieval India. The conventional model of early medieval India is based on the assumption that there was a continuity of ancient Indian polity, culture, and society in this period1. According to this model, early medieval India was dominated by large, centralized, unitary kingdoms with strong bureaucracies, such as the Guptas, Harshavardhana, Chalukyas, Pallavas, Rashtrakutas, Pratiharas, Pala etc. This model also implies that there was no significant change or decline in trade, urbanism, or social mobility in this period1. However, this model has been challenged by various scholars who have pointed out the limitations and contradictions of this view. They have argued that there were major changes and transformations in early medieval India that cannot be explained by this model. Some of these changes include: The emergence of new regional identities and languages1. The expansion of agriculture and rural settlements4. The proliferation of land grants and revenue assignments to various groups43. The decline of long-distance trade and urban centers43. The rise of feudal relations and caste differentiation43. The fragmentation of political authority and decentralization of states153. The transitory nature of early medieval India refers to the changes that occurred in various aspects of Indian society, economy, polity and culture between c. 600 – 1200 CE12. Alternative models try to capture the diversity, complexity and dynamism and emphasised on its tranitory nature. Some of the ingredients of this transition are: The decline of trade, urbanism and centralized states that marked the ancient period3. The emergence of regional kingdoms with decentralized administration and land grants to various groups124. The expansion of agriculture, rural settlements and caste system as a basis of social hierarchy13. The development of new religious movements such as Bhakti, Tantrism and Islam that challenged Brahmanical orthodoxy15. There are different models to explain this transition, such as feudalism, peasant state and society, and integrative state and social formation. The Indian feudalism model, which argues that early medieval India was characterized by a self-sufficient, closed rural economy with a bipolar world of lords and peasants, decentralized feudal states, and proliferation of castes1. However, it has been criticized for being too Eurocentric, ignoring regional variations, and overlooking the continuities with ancient India The peasant state and society model, which proposes that early medieval India was marked by a Brahmana-peasant alliance and segmentary state with pyramidal repetition of structures in autonomous segments (Nadus)1. it has been challenged for being too idealistic, neglecting other social groups, and overestimating the autonomy of Nadus3. The integrative state and social formation model, which suggests that early medieval India witnessed the phased structural evolution of imperial kingdoms or regional/supra regional states and societies across regions. It has the strength of demonstrating the diversity, dynamism, and complexity of early medieval India across regions4. However, it has been questioned for being too optimistic, underestimating feudal tendencies, and glossing over conflicts and contradictions3. ]]>08.2-medieval-india/1.-early-750-1200-ad/1.4-trade-and-commerce.html08.2 Medieval-India/1. Early-750-1200-AD/1.4 Trade and Commerce.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTSociety %20%20The%20status%20of%20the%20Brahman%20and%20new%20Social%20Order§ion-id={BB0A07AE-1800-4625-807B-7B5D32FCAC8D}&page-id={0BF7932C-8A76-4CBA-8153-FDD905A273D1}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/Early%20750-1200%20AD.one ) - ! Can be answered from above notes on society. Society in northern and central India since the death of Harsha to the Muslim conquest of North India was dominated by various Rajput dynasties who claimed high descent from Aryan heroes and other mythical figures. Write a short essay on: "Social structure of the Rajputs." [1998, 20m]
[Rajput Society/ Polity](onenote: Origin %20and%20the%20Rise%20of%20Rajputs§ion-id={BB0A07AE-1800-4625-807B-7B5D32FCAC8D}&page-id={EF013279-7EC6-4F7D-A7D7-3005563ED5BB}&object-id={417A8A25-516F-45FC-883F-4945E11C0DC8}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/Early%20750-1200%20AD.one ) more content needed - ! Answered elsewhere.
1.6 Condition of Women]]>08.2-medieval-india/1.-early-750-1200-ad/1.5-society-status-of-brahmans-and-new-social-order.html08.2 Medieval-India/1. Early-750-1200-AD/1.5 Society - Status of Brahmans and New Social Order.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTBHIC-132E.xps (egyankosh.ac.in) Critically analyze the changing nature of caste and gender relations during the early medieval period. [2018, 15 Marks]
[New Social changes](onenote: Society %20%20The%20status%20of%20the%20Brahman%20and%20new%20Social%20Order§ion-id={BB0A07AE-1800-4625-807B-7B5D32FCAC8D}&page-id={0BF7932C-8A76-4CBA-8153-FDD905A273D1}&object-id={73900411-DD71-4061-B1F9-78C1FB941C3B}&99&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/Early%20750-1200%20AD.one ) Gender was one of the multiple axes of social inequality in medieval India, along with caste and community. Patriarchal structures, customs and institutions varied among different castes and regions, creating distinct conceptions of wifehood, motherhood, love, sexuality and filial relationships. The high-born castes imposed strict norms on women’s behavior, while the lower castes and tribal societies had more flexible traditions. However, women were generally subordinated to men in all social strata, and the state often supported this agenda. IGNOU MA : [BHIC-132E.xps (egyankosh.ac.in)](https://www.egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/61929/1/Unit-14.pdf) ]]>08.2-medieval-india/1.-early-750-1200-ad/1.6-condition-of-women.html08.2 Medieval-India/1. Early-750-1200-AD/1.6 Condition of Women.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.2-medieval-india/1.-early-750-1200-ad/1.7-indian-science-and-technology.html08.2 Medieval-India/1. Early-750-1200-AD/1.7 Indian Science and Technology.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.2-medieval-india/1.-early-750-1200-ad/nis-literary-sources-of-medieval-india-(overview).html08.2 Medieval-India/1. Early-750-1200-AD/NIS---Literary-Sources-of-Medieval-India-(Overview).mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo
#todo Population, agricultural production, craft production Discuss the patterns of land revenue system developed in Medieval India and examine their significant features. [1980, 60m]
[Local and Regional Trade - land revenue was realized in](onenote: Trade %20Revolution§ion-id={010C4C19-D880-4B52-85A4-D34B3F2E31DD}&page-id={3A5BF81A-DFBC-4EA7-A40E-EAC0A356D893}&object-id={5D3144D0-29DC-4138-9BF6-71C07CC8C4E7}&16&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Economy%5eJ%20Society%2016-17%20CE.one ) More Content needed on this Review briefly the methods of land-revenue assessment adopted by the Mughals. [1983, 60m]
[Land Revenue Assessment under Mughals](onenote: Population,%20Agriculture%20production,%20Craft%20Production§ion-id={010C4C19-D880-4B52-85A4-D34B3F2E31DD}&page-id={5C6BF548-0811-4405-8CE8-303F04B259A2}&object-id={AAD9F19C-5C4B-42D2-81E3-60ECE282480F}&10&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Economy%5eJ%20Society%2016-17%20CE.one ) Analyses the distinguishing features of the land revenue system under the Mughals and point out its influence on the strength of the Mughal State. [1989, 60m]
[Land Revenue Assessment under Mughals](onenote: Population,%20Agriculture%20production,%20Craft%20Production§ion-id={010C4C19-D880-4B52-85A4-D34B3F2E31DD}&page-id={5C6BF548-0811-4405-8CE8-303F04B259A2}&object-id={AAD9F19C-5C4B-42D2-81E3-60ECE282480F}&10&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Economy%5eJ%20Society%2016-17%20CE.one ) Delineate the striking features of agricultural and craft production during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in India. How did they impact the social fabric of the country? [2008, 60m]
[Agriculture Production-](onenote: Population,%20Agriculture%20production,%20Craft%20Production§ion-id={010C4C19-D880-4B52-85A4-D34B3F2E31DD}&page-id={5C6BF548-0811-4405-8CE8-303F04B259A2}&object-id={64D292E7-2061-4A9F-AE6C-A55830FAD601}&36&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Economy%5eJ%20Society%2016-17%20CE.one )
[Craft Production -](onenote: Population,%20Agriculture%20production,%20Craft%20Production§ion-id={010C4C19-D880-4B52-85A4-D34B3F2E31DD}&page-id={5C6BF548-0811-4405-8CE8-303F04B259A2}&object-id={64D292E7-2061-4A9F-AE6C-A55830FAD601}&A4&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Economy%5eJ%20Society%2016-17%20CE.one ) Impact of Social Fabric through own analysis Write a short essay on: "Estimates of population of Mughal India." [2009, 20m]
[Population -](onenote: Population,%20Agriculture%20production,%20Craft%20Production§ion-id={010C4C19-D880-4B52-85A4-D34B3F2E31DD}&page-id={5C6BF548-0811-4405-8CE8-303F04B259A2}&object-id={64D292E7-2061-4A9F-AE6C-A55830FAD601}&F7&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Economy%5eJ%20Society%2016-17%20CE.one ) State the structure of medieval village society in Northern India. What were the passive forms of resistance of the peasants in the medieval period? [2012, 30m]
[Conditions of Peasants and Women](onenote: Conditions %20of%20Peasants%20and%20Women§ion-id={010C4C19-D880-4B52-85A4-D34B3F2E31DD}&page-id={5202860D-1E8B-4932-93A7-2FB9514AD764}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Economy%5eJ%20Society%2016-17%20CE.one )
[Passive forms of resistance :](onenote: Conditions %20of%20Peasants%20and%20Women§ion-id={010C4C19-D880-4B52-85A4-D34B3F2E31DD}&page-id={5202860D-1E8B-4932-93A7-2FB9514AD764}&object-id={9E684ACA-F6E6-43CF-AC24-7160C21F4C3A}&10&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Economy%5eJ%20Society%2016-17%20CE.one ) Will it be correct to say that the rural economy in Mughal India was relatively self-sufficient? [2015, 10m]
[Local and Regional Trade - land revenue was realized in](onenote: Trade %20Revolution§ion-id={010C4C19-D880-4B52-85A4-D34B3F2E31DD}&page-id={3A5BF81A-DFBC-4EA7-A40E-EAC0A356D893}&object-id={5D3144D0-29DC-4138-9BF6-71C07CC8C4E7}&16&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Economy%5eJ%20Society%2016-17%20CE.one )
[Banking, Insurance and Credit Systems](onenote: Banking,%20Insurance%20and%20Credit%20Systems§ion-id={010C4C19-D880-4B52-85A4-D34B3F2E31DD}&page-id={11406379-7600-4D19-8AD8-43A8F3889777}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Economy%5eJ%20Society%2016-17%20CE.one )
[Indian Mercantile Classes](onenote: Indian %20Mercantile%20Classes§ion-id={010C4C19-D880-4B52-85A4-D34B3F2E31DD}&page-id={96C4CD17-59AE-4D18-9D64-F2E5DE72843D}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Economy%5eJ%20Society%2016-17%20CE.one ) "An important feature of agriculture in Mughal India has been the large number of crops raised by the peasants". Illustrate by giving examples. [2018, 15 marks]
[Agriculture Production-](onenote: Population,%20Agriculture%20production,%20Craft%20Production§ion-id={010C4C19-D880-4B52-85A4-D34B3F2E31DD}&page-id={5C6BF548-0811-4405-8CE8-303F04B259A2}&object-id={64D292E7-2061-4A9F-AE6C-A55830FAD601}&36&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20II/Economy%5eJ%20Society%2016-17%20CE.one ) ]]>08.2-medieval-india/10.-economy-society-16-17-century/10.1-population,-agriculture-production,-craft-production.html08.2 Medieval-India/10. Economy-Society-16-17-Century/10.1 Population,-Agriculture-production,-Craft-Production.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.2-medieval-india/10.-economy-society-16-17-century/10.2-towns.html08.2 Medieval-India/10. Economy-Society-16-17-Century/10.2 Towns.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo The significant aspect, of foreign trade during this period is the corning of the Europeans this increased India's foreign trade manifold especially exports. Exports - Textiles, saltpetre and indigo formed the major share of Indian exports. Other important items were sugar, opium spices and other sundry commodities. Mughals, Khorasanis, Iraqis and Armenians who carried them to Central Asia, Persia and Turkey were traders before Europeans. Saltpetre, one of the important ingredients for making gunpowder. Coromandal, Gujarat and Agra used to export these to the Dutch and later the English. Indigo was very high in demand among the Portuguese, Dutch and English. It was produced in Sarkhej apart from Bayana. Armenians also used to purchase it. Apart from this opium was bought by the French, Dutch and English from Bihar and Malwa. Ginger was exported by the Dutch. Turmeric, ginger and aniseed by the Armenians. Iron and fiiodgrains were supplied were exported to Nepal, Tibet and Bhutan. Imports Silver was the main item of import other was Copper, Lead and mercury. Silk and porcelain from China. wine, carpets and perfumes were brought from Persia. cut glass, watches, silver utensils, woollen cloths and small weapons from Europe were in demand by the aristocracy in India. Horses from Central Asia were imported. Musk was brought from Nepal and Bhutan. Borax was also imported from Tibet and Nepal French doctor, political philosopher and historian. He lived in India for 12 years from 1658 - 1670 and was physician to Dara Shikoh. His accounts are in the form of letter to Louis XIV of France and other influential officials and ministers. He described the situation in India as bleak in comparison to Europe. His book is 'Travels in the Mughal Empire' he contantly compared Mughal India with Europe and emphasized superiority of the latter presentin it inferior to the Western world. His points were lack of private property in India. Which prevented the rise of improving landlords with a concern to maintain and improve the land -> uniform ruination of agriculture, excessive oppression of peasantry and a continuous decline in living standards of all sections of society. He said that there were only richest of the rich and poorest of the poor and there was no middle state in India
#todo ]]>08.2-medieval-india/10.-economy-society-16-17-century/10.3-commerce-with-europe-through-dutch,-english-and-french-companies.html08.2 Medieval-India/10. Economy-Society-16-17-Century/10.3 Commerce with Europe through Dutch, English and French Companies.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT Nasik inscriptions by mother of Gautamiputra Satkarni gives details about him. He counterstruck coins of Kshatrapa Nahapana. $ Periplus mentions about the Greek ships being guarded and escorted from Kalyan to Bharuch because of this rivalry. @ He was suceeded by Pulumavi. He consolidated his power in the Deccan. His inscriptions are found in Amravati. Yajnasri Satakarni was the last imp ruler. Later coins had bilingual legends in Prakrit and local language(Tamil/Telugu). ~ The details about relation b/w Satvahanas with Maharathi and Mahabhojas are little. Some details about Maharathis can be found at inscription from Karle and about Mahabhojas from west coast. Pre Satvahana and Satvahana levels at sites such as Veerapuram have coins with title Maharathi on them. Many other coins have been found with the name of local rulers suggesting numerous small political principalities. @ These rulers were the Rathikas and Bhojas during the Ashokan period. The Puranas identify the Satvahanas as the Andhras viz the Matsya, Brahmanda and the Vayu. Their coins have been found in Kotalingala and Sangareddy in Karimnagar but rule started in the western Deccan around Pratishthana and moved east. Founder of the dynasty was Simuka . The conflict b/w Satavahanas and the Shakas was for the control of the ports of Bhrigukacha, Kalyan and Sopara. Vishishtaputra Pulamayi was the successor of Satakarni I. The coins of another king Yajnashri Satakarni depicts single and double masted ships. Nasik inscription provides some details about it. During Gautamiputras reign entire Deccan was divided into aharas. 5 aharas mentioned are : West coast had many famous ports at Bharuch, Kalyan, Sopara and Chaul. Inland areas in the western countries were Nasik, Junnar. Excavations at Ter and Paithan have given materila remains. Karad and Kolhapur were rich in soil and may have been agricultural sites. Manusmriti and Dharmashatra mention some details but they are inaccurate. practiced matronomy but were not matriarchs, were Brahmanas Traders and Merchants flourished. Other imp sections were blacksmiths, gardeners and fishermen. Yavanas or foreigners were another imp category of donators. Women also made donations and their names come up in inscriptions. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/9.-early-state-and-society-in-east-deccan-south/9.2-satvahanas.html08.1 Ancient-History/9. Early-State-and-Society-in-East-Deccan-South/9.2 Satvahanas.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure> Have been mentioned in poems as having emotions. Keezhadi excavation new dating shows Sangam was older than expected 580 BC. Findings: Tamil Brahmi is as old as 6th century BC. Inscribed pots implied people were literate had agrarian pastoral society, brick and roof tiles made of silica and lime of good quality - high standard of living shown by terracota ring wells used for drainage, water storing; iron nails etc were also found, child burial also found Refer Anki for Puhar (Kaveripatnam), Muziris, Korkai as port sites of the time. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/9.-early-state-and-society-in-east-deccan-south/9.3-tamil-sates-of-sangam-age.html08.1 Ancient-History/9. Early-State-and-Society-in-East-Deccan-South/9.3 Tamil Sates of Sangam Age.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>]]>08.1-ancient-history/9.-early-state-and-society-in-east-deccan-south/9.4-administration.html08.1 Ancient-History/9. Early-State-and-Society-in-East-Deccan-South/9.4 Administration.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure> Trade was facilitated by the increase in money economy, issuance of small denominational coins. $ Dinara was a gold coin, purana a silver one and karshapana a copper coin. Roman denarii was in circulation in the south, die struck coins were issued by the Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas. @ Dharmashastras like the Yajnavalkya and Manu Smriti mentions the prescriptions of taxes, profit etc but they were not followed. It suggest punishment for non-compliance for traders. It fixes 5 percent as the tax on the profit of the traders it was also flexible based on the Varna. Sangam texts mentions of trader in the Tamilakam in the markets of Puhar trading in items like flowers, garlands, jewellery etc. It mentions caravans called chattu carrying out movt of goods. The important trading sites were located along the Uttarpatha which connected cities from Mathura, Ujjain, Mahishmati, Surat. Another route connected Kaushambi with Vidisha. $ Periplus has mentioned ports like Bhrigukaccha, Sopara, Kalyan etc. Various goods that were traded were cotton textiles, steel weapons, horses and camels, elephants etc. Jatakas mention the head of a sailors guild as the niyamakjettha and the Sangam texts mentions Romans as Yavanas bringing goods to ports. $ Ships have been mentioned as having 3 masts, rigging, sails, planks and oars. Onesicritis and Pliny have mentioned about the peculiarity of the Indian boats increase in wealth of trader increased the donations to religious organisation and it helped them become more institutionalised and organised. statues of seafaring merchants were found in Bharhut, Mathura along with Hero stones of fallen merchants in the Konakan coast. Donations to Buddhist monasteries increase and in turn they started providing services to merchants like wine, incense and precious stones. led to spread of Buddhism in China Trade with Chinese was dominated by Silk. Frankincense and styrax were 2 fragrances that were common in demand in Central asia and exported by the Chinese @ Animal hides were imported from Central Asia. Other items that were transported from India were pearls, corals, glass and fragrances. ~ The dissociation of the Byzantine empire and the collapse of the Kushana hampered trade Southeast Asia has been referred to as Suvarnadwipa like the Milindapanha Indian artefacts have been discovered in Thailand and Malayasia like galls, faceted carnelian, etched agate etc. Emergence of kingdoms, ranked society, expansion of crafts etc in the 1st century in Southeast helped increase the volume of trade. Trade was done through barter or use of cowrie shells. Imports were gold, spices like cinnamon, cloves etc other goods were aromatics, sandalwood and camphor. Exports included cotton cloth, sugar, beads, pottery. $ Sangam texts mention ships sailing on Periyar river bringing gold and wine and taking awas black pepper. Pattupattu mentions unloading of merchandise onto Yavana ships. $ Periplus gives the details about the sailing schedules, routes, trade, ports and merchandise, about rulers, flora and fauna, life and culture of the people. Pliny and Dio Chrysostom refers to the drain of Roman gold into India @ Roman coins mostly of emperors Augustus and Tiberius are found. Gold ones were called aurei and silver as denarii. Silver coins are more numerous. concentrated in Coimbatore area of TN and Krishna valley. Roman pottery like the Amphorae jars and Terra Sigillata are found. Excavations at Arikamedu have given evidences of warehouses, area for dying muslin cloth, a storage area with tanks and drains, Roman amphorae jars and arrentine ware was found.
Impact on Indian Society? #todo Muziris, Korkai, Woraiyur, Madurai descriptions in Anki The Indo-Roman trade brought in unprecedented levels of prosperity for the Indian rulers and the merchant classes. One of the most conspicuous impacts of this was the growth of numerous Buddhist monasteries in western Maharashtra.
More on Indo Roman Trade @ The practice of donating revenue to Brahmana villages started during this period. These donations were proclaimed first in the Nigama Sabha, then was written down on a copper plate and give to a record keeper. Earliest known land grants were made by them Nanaghat inscriptions mention the donation of villages to officiating priests of shrauta and ashvamedha sacrifices. Nashik inscription mentions about a donor who gave 16 villages to Brahmanas, and a grant of field to Buddhist monks. Some land grants made by Satakarni mentions special privileges like not be disturbed by Royal troops, be dug for salt, free from control of state officials. Various Buddhist texts like Angavijja, Lalitvistara, Milindpanha, Mahavastu mention various types of crafts during this period. & They include potters, carpenters, Metal smiths, foresters, hunters, fowlers etc. Crafts had localised and were concentrated in certain streets. $ Sangam literature mentions specialised crafts like gem working, weaving, shell working etc. $ Jataka stories mentions various crafts attaching the suffix of the kula ie family to craft terms viz setthikula for bankers, Kumbhakarakula for potters. There was a distinct increase in the no of guilds during this period Jatakas and Mahavastu mentions various such guilds of wood workers, smiths, leather workers etc. Inscriptions in western Deccan mentions guilds like potters, flour makers, oil millers, bamboo workers etc so does inscription in Junnar and Nashik. Tamil Brahmi inscription from Madurai mentions a Kavitti Antai Assutan who was the head of the guild of the Pandyas. Guilds had close relationship with the kings and they used to escort kings in their entourage as mentioned in the Mugapakkha Jataka. Smritis mentions the punishment to unruly guilds and also specified the functions and powers of guild members. @ Guilds also worked as bankers where the interest from the invested money was to be given for religious causes as mentioned in the Mathura inscription of Huvishka, Junnar insc and Nashik inscription of Nahapana. They issued coins, seals and sealings with the names of their locality/region or with their own names. Coins with the name of Pamchanekame referring to 5 guilds and Hiranyasvami have been found. Examine the role of guilds in the economic life of ancient India. [1982, 20m]
CRAFTS AND GUILDS : Guilds played a major role in the economic life of ancient India. A guild was an association of traders, craftsmen, and artisans who worked in a particular sector of the economy. They regulated the standards of production and commerce and invested in the infrastructure required for production. Guilds also had a social role, providing a network of support and protection, and helping to ensure that the high quality of craftsmanship was maintained. The guilds had a close relationship with royal courts, and were given incentives such as tax exemptions and other privileges. They were also expected to provide financial support for the court’s projects and festivals. Guilds also played a role in inter-state commerce, and were important contributors to the local economy. Guilds were responsible for the maintenance and growth of trade and the spread of new products. They also helped provide the necessary infrastructure for the transport, safe storage and efficient distribution of goods. These guilds were especially important for luxury goods such as spices and cloth, which required careful handling in order for them to remain intact for sale. By the 13th century, the guilds in India had become highly organized, with a formal system of training and certification of artisans and craftsmen. This system helped to protect the artisans from unfair competition and ensured that consumers had access to quality products. The guilds also played a major role in the promotion of social and economic activities among diverse communities. They held meetings in which artisans and craftsmen shared knowledge and ideas, and often collaborated in joint ventures. This allowed for the exchange of resources and the sharing of knowledge, making the guilds an important part of life in ancient India. How was overseas trade organized in South India up to 300 A.D.? Discuss this with special reference to Roman trade and point out its impact on Indian economy. [1984, 60m]
Long Distance overseas trade
TRADE WITH EAST AND SOUTH EAST ASIA :
INDO ROMAN TRADE : Up to 300 AD, overseas trade in South India was mainly organized by the private traders who operated either independently or with support of merchants' guilds, such as the famous Sangam guilds. The Sangam guilds controlled the distribution of goods in the Tamil country, and were responsible for keeping an eye on traders to ensure that trade was conducted in an ethical manner. At this time, the Roman Empire had a major influence on South India's overseas trade. Since the beginning of the 1st century BCE, Rome had regular contact with South India through traders from the Red Sea kingdom of Egypt who worked in the port city of Muziris (present day North Paravur in Kerala). From the port city, Roman merchants imported large quantities of pepper, cardamom and other spices as well as handcrafted items such as cloths, pottery, and gold jewellery. On the other hand Indian traders imported wine and glass from Rome, which were widely used in South India. The trade between Rome and South India had a significant impact on the Indian economy. Through this exchange, South India was able to gain access to advanced technologies such as paper manufacturing, metallurgy and glassblowing, while Roman traders gained access to valuable commodities such as pre-fabricated ivory toys, pepper, and even Buddhist and Hindu religious manuscripts. Moreover, Rome's presence in Southern India had a major influence on the local culture and religion, as evidenced by the number of Roman traders and emperors who made annual donations to Hindu temples. The growth of South India's overseas trade in the early centuries can be indicated by the number of ports that flourished during that period. There were more than 60 such ports, including the major ones like Banavasi (Karnataka), Kaveripoompattinam (Tamil Nadu), Kodungallur (Kerala) and Sounagiri (Andhra Pradesh). All these ports enabled the development of a variety of trading activities such as sea trade, inland trade, and local, regional and interstate trade. Overall, the arrival of Roman traders in South India stimulated the growth of trade and led to a significant increase in the economic activity in the region. It opened up new opportunities for traders to interact with foreign cultures and enabled them to access new resources and products from other parts of the world. Write a short essay on: "The role of guilds in the economic life of India from c. 200 B.C. to c. A.D. 300." [1986, 20m]
CRAFTS AND GUILDS : Guilds have long played a significant role in the economic life of India. Between c. 200 B.C. and c. A.D. 300, guilds flourished and helped to define and shape the economy of the nation. Guilds were associations of artisans and merchants that grouped together for mutual advantage. They helped to promote and protect their own members, coordinate prices and production, and build relationships with banks, traders and financiers. They often provided important tools and resources to members, such as loans or shared workspace. Guilds had a large presence throughout India during this period. Examples of famous guilds include the silk weavers of Ujjain, the coppersmiths of Karnataka, and the cotton traders of Tamil Nadu. These guilds served as powerful economic forces, setting prices and standards for their respective industries. Guilds had close ties with the ruling dynasties at this time, and exacted taxes from their members in return for providing stability and protection. During this period, guilds also became heavily involved in foreign trade. Their commitment to international merchants, maintaining quality and standard, made them important actors in the India-to-the-Mediterranean trade along with the Egyptian, Parthian and Roman empires. In conclusion, the role of guilds in the economic life of India from c. 200 B.C. to c. A.D. 300 was tremendous, enabling the nation to power through an age of immense social, political and economic changes. By using their influence to coordinate pricing and production, and fostering relationships with overseas markets, guilds helped India develop into the diverse and thriving nation it is today. Assess the role of guilds and trade organizations in the development of early Indian economy. [2010, 30m]
CRAFTS AND GUILDS :
Trade and Traders (300 BC -300 CE) Guilds and trade organizations played an important role in the early development of the Indian economy. Guilds, which were primarily composed of merchants, regulated the prices of goods, provided loans to traders, and even helped to enforce the law. Trade organizations were responsible for establishing relationships between merchants and local governments, helping to create a prosperous environment for commerce. These organizations were also instrumental in forming political and cultural alliances between various ethnic groups. For example, the Mughal Empire did not exist until various Muslim trading organizations formed. In addition to helping to facilitate commerce, guilds and trade organizations provided security and stability to Indian markets. This allowed merchants to engage in long-term investments and to undertake large projects that would otherwise have been too risky. Through their efforts, the guilds and trade organizations helped create jobs and grow the economy. By enforcing laws and mediating disputes between merchants, they contributed to the growth of agriculture and industry. Overall, guilds and trade organizations were key components in the development of the early Indian economy. By fostering political and economic relationships, they helped create an environment in which commerce flourished. Furthermore, by providing financial stability and enforcing laws, they ensured that merchants could engage in long-term investments and projects that further stimulated the economy. Justify Pliny's statement the Rome was being drained out of its gold by India during the first century of the Christian era. [2012, 30m]
[INDO ROMAN TRADE :](onenote: Economy,%20Land%20Grants,%20Coinage%20and%20Trade%20Guilds§ion-id={63D8A857-79B0-4DC4-B118-EA32081A36BA}&page-id={D04BBEDD-3DEF-4BE6-9D54-B78E9DA77283}&object-id={36A30FF3-38F3-4AC7-8196-83978D072B92}&2E&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Early%20State%20and%20Society%20in%20East%5eJ%20Deccan%5eJ%20South.one ) Pliny's statement that Rome was being drained out of its gold by India during the first century of the Christian era is backed up by historical records. Indian trade with Rome flourished during this period, with Indian gold and spices being highly sought after. Roman imports of gold from India rose steadily during the first century of the Christian era, leading to a net outflow of gold from Rome. This is also evidenced by Roman coins from the era, which indicate a drop in gold content due to the diminished availability of gold in Rome. Furthermore, the influx of gold from India helped to fuel growth in India, leading to their increased trade with Rome. Thus, Pliny's statement that Rome was being drained out of its gold by India during the first century of the Christian era is justified. Trace the role of guilds and trade organizations in the development of early Indian economy. [2015, 15m]
[CRAFTS AND GUILDS :](onenote: Economy,%20Land%20Grants,%20Coinage%20and%20Trade%20Guilds§ion-id={63D8A857-79B0-4DC4-B118-EA32081A36BA}&page-id={D04BBEDD-3DEF-4BE6-9D54-B78E9DA77283}&object-id={D0B3BA52-19E6-4EAD-AB5A-E2471C8F4AE1}&D&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Early%20State%20and%20Society%20in%20East%5eJ%20Deccan%5eJ%20South.one )
[Trade and Traders (300 BC -300 CE)](onenote: Economy,%20Land%20Grants,%20Coinage%20and%20Trade%20Guilds§ion-id={63D8A857-79B0-4DC4-B118-EA32081A36BA}&page-id={D04BBEDD-3DEF-4BE6-9D54-B78E9DA77283}&object-id={D0B3BA52-19E6-4EAD-AB5A-E2471C8F4AE1}&5A&base-path= < https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Early%20State%20and%20Society%20in%20East%5eJ%20Deccan%5eJ%20South.one ) - ! Answered above ]]>08.1-ancient-history/9.-early-state-and-society-in-east-deccan-south/9.5-economy,-land-grants,-coinage-and-trade-guilds.html08.1 Ancient-History/9. Early-State-and-Society-in-East-Deccan-South/9.5 Economy, Land Grants, Coinage and Trade Guilds.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#todo Social Aspects of Buddhism and its Decline Explain the social aspects of Buddhism and account for its decline in India. [2004, 60m]
[Social Aspects of B](onenote: Buddhist %20Centers§ion-id={63D8A857-79B0-4DC4-B118-EA32081A36BA}&page-id={FF231310-AB0A-437E-9C0C-E22F2D1C0227}&object-id={E5A80E7C-0D67-475F-8FEB-4EF07C8FC95C}&C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Early%20State%20and%20Society%20in%20East%5eJ%20Deccan%5eJ%20South.one ) Buddhism is a religion and philosophy which originated in ancient India and spread throughout Asia, becoming one of the major world religions. Buddhism is a central aspect of the culture and everyday life in much of Asia and its effects can be seen not only in religious institutions and spiritual practices, but also in social and economic organizations, political structures, and even everyday behaviours. Buddhism encourages a peaceful and harmonious social life, with a strong emphasis on respect, tolerance and compassion for others. This is based on the principle of ahimsa (non-harm), which encourages a life in which all creatures, human and non-human, are treated with kindness and consideration. Even in war and conflict, Buddhists strive to uphold justice and avoid unnecessary suffering. Buddhism also places great emphasis on family ties, with a particular respect for elders, and encourages monks and nuns to stay connected to their families, providing a stable and loving connection to home even when away from it. Buddhism provided in India a framework for a strong sense of social togetherness, which in turn provided a basis for social cohesion and economic security. As a result, many communities across India were able to rely on each other and develop a level of support system that ensured their success as a group. The values of compassion and respect towards all creatures also provided a powerful foundation for ethical behavior and social justice, leading to a generally equitable and peaceful society. Despite these many positive aspects, Buddhism has declined over time in India for many reasons. A major contributing factor was the influence of Brahmanical Hinduism which promoted a hierarchical caste system and prioritized faith over action, an approach that clashed with the central Buddhist teaching of mindfulness and non-attachment. The arrival of other religions such as Islam and Christianity also had an effect, subsuming the majority of India’s population and weakening the unity among Buddhists. Finally, the rise of British colonial rule in India in the late 1700s spread Western ideals and undermined traditional religious communities and social systems, including Buddhism. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/9.-early-state-and-society-in-east-deccan-south/9.6-buddhist-centers.html08.1 Ancient-History/9. Early-State-and-Society-in-East-Deccan-South/9.6 Buddhist Centers.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo #important ⏫ 📅 2022-12-18 ✅ 2023-01-16 When were the Sangam texts composed? What are its 2 types? B/w 3th Century BC - 3rd Century CE. It is divided into Akam dealt with love and Puram about war. 3 Sangam assemblies took place at different places under the patronage of Pandya kings of Madurai. Sangam Literature is Divided into 2 groups :
Narrative called Melkannakku or 18 works having 8 anthologies called Ettutokkai and 10 short poems called Pattupattu. Works deal with glorification of heroes who participated in wars etc. Early ones : Ettutokai, Pattuppattu and 1st 2 books of Tolkappiyam - is a book on grammar Origin of Tamil epic narrative lies in late Sangam compositions such as the Kalittokai and Paripatal.
Didactic works are called Kilkannakku or 18 minor works. They prescribe a code of conduct for the king and his court and various social gorups and occupations. **AK Ramanujan** has described puram poetry as public poetry that dealt with themes such as good and evil, community and kingdom. Tamil didactic were written post 5/6th century are : Tirukkural on ethics, polity and love. Silappadikaram or Song of the Anklet. Zvelebil : "complex treatment of guilt, multi layered characters with human flaws and frailties are features." Manimekalai about alms bowl of a buddhist nun : considered inferior to SIlappadikaram, has strident buddhist tones, characters have simplistic features. Sangam Age lasted from 3rd century BCE to 3rd cent. AD. The Sangam culture refers to the Iron Age culture of Southern India, particularly in the southernmost parts of the Indian subcontinent, including present-day Tamil Nadu, Kerala and parts of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. The period is known to scholars as the Sangam Era of Tamil literature, which is generally dated to the late centuries BCE to early centuries CE. Archaeologically, this period corresponds to the Chalcolithic and early Iron Age periods of South India.This Iron Age culture is postulated to have been the source of the development of Dravidian culture in general, and the Tamil language in particular. The most comprehensive source of information about the Sangam period is the corpus of Sangam literature comprised of 2,381 poems in Tamil composed by 473 poets, some with their patron kings named. These poems are classified under seven known anthologies and are generally divided into the Eighteen Greater Texts and the Ten Idylls or Lesser Texts.Other sources of information about this era include archaeological data such as excavations around the modern cities of Chennai and Kaveri River valley. Graeco-Roman sources such as the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea and Strabo’s Geography, as well as the writings of various Roman historians, including Pliny, Plutarch, Dionysius and Tacitus, are also important sources of information about the Sangam period. This period was also when the Indian Bhagavata, Jaina, and Pancharatra religious philosophies were gaining prominence in the southern part of India, which may have been further influenced by early Buddhist ideas coming from what is now Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Thailand.The art, architecture, and coins of this period also provide important clues about the nature of the Sangam culture. Coins of this period often bear symbols, such as the bull, fish, and thunderbolt, that are still used as symbols of Dravidian culture today. In addition, cave paintings from the Vijayanagara period (13th to 17th centuries) depict figures that reflect the style of the early Sangam period.The archaeological data from the Sangam age have also revealed several artifacts, including tools and pottery from residential sites, graves, and storage pits, as well as seals and figurines of horses and warriors, which provide valuable insights into the social, religious, and cultural life of this period. How do recent archaeological findings and Sangam literary texts enlighten us about the early state and society in South India? [2008, 60m]
Early state and Society : 1. The Sangam literature, a collection of poems and songs written between 300 BC and 300 AD, provides valuable insights into the social, political, and economic aspects of early South Indian society. 2. The texts mention the existence of three major kingdoms: the Cheras, Cholas, and Pandyas, who were involved in frequent wars and political alliances. 3. The Sangam literature also describes the hierarchical caste system, where Brahmins occupied the highest social status and various occupations such as farmers, hunters, and fishermen were assigned to different castes. 4. Archaeological excavations have revealed evidence of urbanization, with the presence of well-planned cities and fortifications, suggesting the development of strong political systems. 5. The discovery of Roman and Greek coins in South India points to the existence of trade connections with the ancient Mediterranean world, which is also described in the Sangam texts. 6. The excavations of megalithic burials and iron age sites provide evidence of the early iron-using societies of South India, which is an important development in the history of human civilization. 7. The Sangam literature mentions various religious practices, including the worship of nature gods and the performance of rituals and sacrifices, pointing to a rich cultural and spiritual tradition. 8. The texts also describe the importance of agriculture and the use of irrigation systems, reflecting the development of early agricultural practices and the central role of agriculture in the South Indian economy. 9. The discovery of early Tamil-Brahmi script and rock inscriptions highlights the early development of the Tamil language and the use of writing for political and social purposes. 10. The integration of archaeological and literary evidence has helped to paint a more complete picture of early South Indian society and the role it played in shaping the cultural, economic, and political landscape of the region. "Not only does ancient Tamil literature furnish an accurate picture of widely disparate classes; it also describes the social condition of Tamil country as it was." Discuss. [2015, 10m]
Early state and Society : Ancient Tamil literature contains a wealth of information about the social conditions of Tamil country, providing an accurate picture of the diverse classes of society in the ancient world. Not only do these texts discuss the major ruling elites, but they also provide insight into the lives of common people, peasants, laborers and traders. One of the earliest texts, the classical Sangam literature, gives us a glimpse into the lives of the three major classes of ancient Tamil society – the rulers, the agriculturists and the pastoral nomads. The literature discusses the social stratification, everyday life of various communities, the trading and agricultural work and the various laws governing Tamil society. It also sheds light on the hierarchical caste system which was prominent in those days, along with the prevailing practices of dowry and arranged marriages. Another example of ancient Tamil literature which provides information on social conditions is Jain literature, which was written primarily between the 4th and 10th centuries AD. This literature gives insights into the economy and trading practices, along with details of how the various classes interacted, both intimately and in public. It also describes the various restrictions, privileges and duties that each class had to adhere to in order to maintain the status quo. The accurate picture of the complex socio-cultural milieu of Peninsular India is presented in the early Sangam literature. Delineate. [2017, 15 Marks]
Sangam Literature and Culture
[Early state and Society :](onenote: Tamil %20Sates%20of%20Sangam%20Age§ion-id={63D8A857-79B0-4DC4-B118-EA32081A36BA}&page-id={AB3C81F0-F93C-44A8-A90D-E071F90E878B}&object-id={C2E5FAD1-F896-48D4-B4AB-2B22608C0A06}&12&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Early%20State%20and%20Society%20in%20East%5eJ%20Deccan%5eJ%20South.one ) The early Sangam literature is a rich source of information about the complex socio-cultural milieu of Peninsular India. It consists of eight anthologies of poems (Ettuttokai), ten long poems (Pattupattu), and a grammar and rhetoric treatise (Tolkappiyam). The poems are divided into two main categories: akam (love) and puram (heroism, war, politics, etc.). The Sangam literature reflects the following salient features of the cultural traditions of South India: - The Sangam literature depicts a vivid picture of the geography, flora, fauna, climate, seasons, and natural phenomena of the region. It also mentions the names of various kingdoms, cities, rivers, mountains, and forests. The poems are classified into five landscapes (tinai) based on the nature and mood of the poems: kurinji (hilly region), mullai (pastoral land), marutam (agricultural land), neital (coastal land), and palai (desert land)²⁹. - The Sangam literature reveals the social structure, occupations, customs, beliefs, and values of the people. The society was divided into four castes: arasar (kings and nobles), antanar (Brahmins and priests), vanigar (merchants and traders), and vellalar (farmers and landowners). There were also other groups such as hunters, fishermen, artisans, and warriors. The poems mention various occupations such as farming, herding, hunting, fishing, weaving, blacksmithing, carpentry, shipping, and trading[^10^] ⁹. - The Sangam literature portrays the status and role of women in the society. Women were respected and educated. They participated in various fields such as literature, arts, religion, politics, and warfare. Some women poets such as Avvaiyar, Nachchellaiyar, and Kakkaipatiniyar contributed to the Sangam literature. Some women warriors such as Alli, Velu Nachiyar, and Velir Kilar fought bravely in battles. Some women rulers such as Sivagami, Nayanar, and Mangaiyarkkarasi governed their kingdoms wisely⁹ [^10^]. - The Sangam literature reflects the religious and philosophical thoughts of the people. The people worshipped various gods and goddesses, such as Murugan, Siva, Vishnu, Indra, Varuna, and Korravai. They also revered the ancestors, spirits, and natural forces. They believed in karma, rebirth, and liberation. They followed various ethical codes and moral values, such as aram (virtue), porul (wealth), inbam (pleasure), and veezham (fate). They also practiced various rituals, sacrifices, festivals, and pilgrimages²⁹. - The Sangam literature exhibits the artistic and literary excellence of the people. The poems are composed in various meters, rhyme schemes, and styles. They use various figures of speech, such as similes, metaphors, alliterations, and personifications. They also employ various symbols, imagery, and allegories. The poems are rich in emotions, expressions, and imagination. They convey various themes, such as love, war, heroism, patriotism, loyalty, friendship, and wisdom²⁹. Thus, the early Sangam literature presents an accurate picture of the complex socio-cultural milieu of Peninsular India. It is a valuable treasure of the ancient Tamil culture and civilization²⁹. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/9.-early-state-and-society-in-east-deccan-south/9.7-sangam-literature-and-culture.html08.1 Ancient-History/9. Early-State-and-Society-in-East-Deccan-South/9.7 Sangam Literature and Culture.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT They were made under the Kalinga King Kharavela in 1st-2nd century BC. The cave complex has both man-made and natural caves. There are 18 caves in Udayagiri and 15 in Khandagiri. famous for the Hathigumpha inscription which is carved out in Brahmi script. highlights various military campaigns undertaken by the King Kharavela. Ranigumpha cave in Udayagiri is double-storied
Developed on the banks of Krishna river under the patronage of the Satvahana rulers. @ More emphasis on the use of dynamic images or narrative art. Excessive use of the Tribhanga posture ie body with 3 bends. @ Used White marbles for making sculptures. It depicts life stories of Buddha, Jataka tales etc. Nagarjunakonda, Amaravati. Goli, Ghantasala, Jaggayyapeta etc were main centers. Various sculptural forms are railings, plinths and other parts of several Stupas. ~ The depiction of Buddha taming a wild elephant is the most important sculpture depicted in the relief on a medallion are well modelled with long legs and slender frames. physical beauty and sensual expressions command this art. Central characters are human beings and nature is supplementary. kings, princes and palace figure prominently in representations. Other depiction are of six bathing women with water pots story of king Udayana and his queen, his march with elephants, horses etc is another.
24 Buddhist Caves dev during 1st century AD. Caves are Hinayana but Mahayana influence can be seen through use of motifs and symbols like throne and footprints. excellent system of water mgt tanks were carved out of rocks. Votive tablets known as Ayagapata were used for donation and worship in Jainism in early centuries were dicovered in kanakali tila near Mathura. It is decorate with objects and designs sucha stupa, dharmachakra and triratna They were similar to Shilapats which were stone tablets for the worship of Yakshas. Source : Art and Architecture 200 BCE - 300 CE Chapter from Upinder Singh.]]>08.1-ancient-history/9.-early-state-and-society-in-east-deccan-south/9.8-art-and-architecture.html08.1 Ancient-History/9. Early-State-and-Society-in-East-Deccan-South/9.8 Art and Architecture.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>]]>08.2-medieval-india/1.-early-750-1200-ad/1.1-major-political-development-in-northern-india.html08.2 Medieval-India/1. Early-750-1200-AD/1.1 Major-Political-Development-in-Northern-India.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>12.2 Major-Stages-in-Evolution-of-Art-and-Architecture > Khajuraho School of Chedi country ruled from Tripuri/ Jabalpur Rajashekahara's drama Viddhashalabhanjika is staged in the court of King Yuvaraja ruled during the 7th century around south east Rajasthan Mewar capital from Nagda-Ahada and Kishkindha ruled around Hariyana capital at Dillika Mehrauli pillar inscription Anangpala established Delhi Chandels of Kalinjar and Mahoba, Chauhans of Sakambari, Rajasthan, Paramars of Malwa, Chalukyas of Gujarat Feudal in org, split into various clans, all land w/ ruling chief - distributed among lesser chiefs called Thakurs, paid fixed revenue or tribute Village community governed by panchayats Laws based on customs and traditions Courage, chivalry, honest, generous, hospitable, sword of arm
More : 1.5 Society - Status of Brahmans and New Social Order Lack of centralized power : After fall of GP empire, no single state took its place. Small states : Gahadavalas in Kannauj, Parmaras in Malwa, Chalukyas in Gujarat, Chauhans in Ajmer, Tomars in Delhi, Chandellas in Bundelkhand rose but they quarreled among themselves peculiar social hierarchy $ Fakhr Mudabbir in his Adab-ul Harb wa'al Shuja excluded majority of pop from mil training, concept of untouchability led soldiers who were high caste do all of the menial works themselves Use iron stirrup and horse shoes increased striking power,mobility and stamina of cavalry Area around Ghur was rich in iron, tradition of weapons production constant feud b/w states of central Asia - to their militarisation, horses well bred, cavalry skilled, fast moving, Elephants slow moving Ghazi spirit -> defending and spreading Islam Iqta system -> to collect land revenue, taxes only, was to furnish troops to the sultan Subuktigin defeated the Hindu Shahi ruler Jayapal annexed Kabul and Jalalabad paved way for early inroad. Ghazni gave patronage to Firdausi. Invasions period was of great flux and confusion Prithviraj during his conquest of North India isolated himself politically ABM Habibullah - success of Ghori was the consumption of a process which extended over whole of 12th century Breaching of outer defence/ Base of operation formed after Ghazni's conquests Lack of strategic insights among the Rajputs - no anti turk alliance formed due to lack of political unity and absence of dominant power in NW India Successors of Ghazni were always on the offensive Inferior org + leadership, no unified command, slow moving ex Elephants, Agility and mobility of Turkic warriors, accustomed to maintaining large armies, Troops paid in cash, Iqta system Slave system gave them loyal, able bodies men who were great commanders Samanta systems/ Feudatories - hereditary wanted to get independent, difficult to control vis a vis Centralised system of Turks, Iqtas not hereditary KS Lambden - Patriotism not known among Central Asians, Sultan expected them to pay taxes did not receive loyalty from common man. Rajput loyalty towards caste, clan, village, city to defence of home Greater social mobility among Turks, R had untouchability concept Narrow perspective among the IN society Al Biruni - Hindus belive there is not country but theirs, no nation, no Kings, no science like theirs - perpetuated ignorance, growing insularity, loss of strategic perspective - growth of structurally weaker states Polity: Major political developments in Northern India and the Peninsula, origin and the rise of Rajputs Bring out the salient features of the polity & social structure of the Rajputs. To what extent were they responsible for the weakness of the Rajputs to the foreign invaders? [1988, 60m]
Society - [Feudal ranks emerged cutting across varna distinctions, open to all](onenote: Society %20%20The%20status%20of%20the%20Brahman%20and%20new%20Social%20Order§ion-id={BB0A07AE-1800-4625-807B-7B5D32FCAC8D}&page-id={0BF7932C-8A76-4CBA-8153-FDD905A273D1}&object-id={F853AC3C-35FC-40EA-9B03-E1D1848A9587}&39&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/Early%20750-1200%20AD.one )
Polity - [Rajput Society/ Polity](onenote: Origin %20and%20the%20Rise%20of%20Rajputs§ion-id={BB0A07AE-1800-4625-807B-7B5D32FCAC8D}&page-id={EF013279-7EC6-4F7D-A7D7-3005563ED5BB}&object-id={417A8A25-516F-45FC-883F-4945E11C0DC8}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Medieval%20India/Part%20I/Early%20750-1200%20AD.one ) Self-Analysis 1. Military culture: The Rajputs were primarily a military caste, and their society was centered around the military. They were skilled in warfare, horsemanship, and archery, and placed a great emphasis on personal honor and bravery. 2. Ruling classes: The Rajputs were a ruling class in medieval India, with their own kingdoms and principalities. They were often divided into numerous clans, each with its own ruling family. 3. Patriarchal society: The Rajput society was largely patriarchal, with male members holding most of the power and authority. Women were considered subordinate to men and were not allowed to participate in warfare or hold positions of power. 4. Joint families: The Rajputs had a tradition of living in joint families, with several generations living together under one roof. The eldest male member of the family was the head of the household and had the final say in all matters. 5. Feudal society: The Rajputs lived in a feudal society, with the king or ruler at the top, followed by a hierarchy of nobles and vassals. The nobles were expected to provide military support to the king in exchange for land and other privileges. 6. Rajput chivalry: The Rajputs had a code of chivalry called "Rajputana dharma," which emphasized bravery, honor, and loyalty. The Rajputs were expected to protect the weak and defend their honor at all times, even if it meant going to war. weaknesses were: Lack of political unity among different Rajput states Lack of economic resources due to lavish spending and frequent plundering by foreigners Lack of moral and ethical flexibility in warfare, such as adhering to rigid codes of conduct and not adopting new techniques or strategies Lack of cultural openness and curiosity, such as not learning from other civilizations or religions "The inferior cavalry of the Rajputs was not the only cause of their defeat at the hands of Turko-Afghans and Mughal." Comment. [2001, 60m] - ! Answered in details in the notes. 1. Satish Chandra: According to Satish Chandra, a noted Indian historian, the primary cause of the Rajput defeat was their inability to adapt to changing military tactics. The Mughals introduced new technologies and tactics that the Rajputs were unable to match. 2. Jadunath Sarkar: Jadunath Sarkar, another prominent historian, argued that the Rajputs were too proud and chivalrous, which made them vulnerable to Mughal military tactics. The Mughals were more pragmatic and willing to use deception and surprise to win battles. 3. R. C. Majumdar: R. C. Majumdar, a well-known historian of medieval India, believed that the Rajputs were weakened by their internal divisions and infighting. This made it difficult for them to unite and mount an effective resistance against the Mughals. 4. K. S. Lal: K. S. Lal, a controversial historian, argued that the Rajputs were not defeated by the Mughals due to their military prowess, but because they were weakened by centuries of internal decay and corruption. ]]>08.2-medieval-india/1.-early-750-1200-ad/1.2-origin-and-the-rise-of-rajputs.html08.2 Medieval-India/1. Early-750-1200-AD/1.2 Origin and the Rise of Rajputs.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTRevenue administration -
Economy
fess108.pdf - Vital Villages, Thriving towns
fess109.pdf - Traders, Kings and Pilgrims]]>08.1-ancient-history/7.-mauryan-empire/7.7-economy.html08.1 Ancient-History/7. Mauryan-Empire/7.7 Economy.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT Large number of terracotta figurines. Art mostly related to religions practised Buddha images now showed a departure from earlier representations of him in the form of Bodhi tree, Stupa, foot prints etc construction of Stupas, Chaityas and Viharas became popular art forms and all of their symbolic representations were not exclusive to any particular religion. Stupas also represent along w/ Brahmanical figures such as yakshas, Nagas, Yakshinis etc carving of many scenes which were observed in nature along with religious ideas in stupas. Non-Indian art elements were inculcated. Inscription of proclamations on pillars was prevalent in the west Achaemenid empire Polished surface of pillars and animal capitals Use of Aramaic script Persian pillars stand on bases like rectangular block or bell shaped while Mauryan pillar have inverted lotus on top of pillar Motifs of Ashokan pillar have rich and variety Persian pillars have fluted surface while Mauryan have smooth Pataliputra capital : strong Greek stylistic influence, including volute, bead and reel, meander or honeysuckle designs. “media/Pataliputra_capital,_Bihar_Museum,_Patna,_3rd_century_BCE.jpg_!_400x400.jpg” could not be found. Divided into 2 categories : Milindpanha is source Archaeological sources and Literary sources describe cities with moats, ramparts, gate houses, towers etc. Earliest known temples from this period are : Temple at Jhandial (Taxila) Sankarshana temple at Nagari (Rajasthan) temple at Besnagar (Madhya Pradesh) apsidal temple at Nagarjunakonda The worship of Stupas led to their ornamentation and a specific type of architecture developed for their construction Harmika : translates to the abode of the Gods was the flat top portion here the burial remains were kept in a gold or silver casket A wooden rod Yashti was placed in its middle and the bottom of the rod was fixed on the top of the Stupa Stupas were burialmounds prevalent in India from the Vedic period In this relics and ashes of the dead were kept The core of the stupa was made of unburnt brick outer part was made of burnt The medhi and the torana were decorated by wooden sculptures Piprahwa stupa in Uttar Pradesh is the oldest one
Asoka got a 'Bodhi-Manda' constructed only remains from Sunga period are found has three Stupas all with gateways around them most imp one is the Great Stupa built by Ashoka in 250 BC was doubled during the Sunga period by adding stones instead of bricks and a Vedika. One of the gates was donated by Satkarni Northern gate has stories from Jataka, buddhas life, birds and animals, lotus and wishing vines, unique representation of forest animals.
toranas which are imitations in stone of wooden gateways Railings spreading out from the gateways have carvings of Yakshas, Yakshis and other divinities

built with white marble was large 42 m in diameter and 29 meters in height Jataka and Buddha's life were carved torana of the Stupa depicts four lions on the Vedika, lotuses have been carved Model Of the Stupa
two circular walls, one at the hub and the other at the outer end, were joined by spoke like wall intervenneing space was filled with mud or small stones or pieces of brick top of the drum was decorated with lime and mortar work It shows gods praying to Boddhisatvas to take rebirth on earth, Buddha's entry into the womb, Birth of Buddha Marshall excavated the Chira-Tope Stupa Stupa at Shah ji Ki dheri near Peshavar was also found made by Kanishka referred to by Fa Hien Jhandial Stupa was found to be built in Scytha Parthian style Maurya period saw the emergence of rock cut cave architecture They were generally used as Viharas. Early Caves were used by Ajivikas The caves during Mauryan period were marked by a highly polished finish of the interior walls and decorative gateways long rectangular hall ending in a semi-circle at the rear end long hall is internally divided into a nave, an apse and two side aisles aisles are separated from the nave by two rows of pillars hall has a barrel-vaulted ceiling doorway is usually placed facing the votive Stupa facade has a horse-shoe shaped window called the chaitya window
have a square or oblong hall in the centre hall is preceded in front by a pillared veranda number of small square cells are provided Cells and halls are usually provided with raised benches for the use of monks
symbol of the state to commemorate battle victories propagate imperial sermons Its features were : average 40ft in height made up of Chunar sandstone. A long Shaft formed the base and made up of a single piece of stone or monolith. On top of it lay the capital, which was either lotus or bellshaped. Above the capital, there was a circular or rectangular base known as the abacus on which an animal figure was placed.
In the abacus of the Sarnath pillar, four animals are shown representing four directions a galloping horse (west) → horse Kanthaka which Buddha used to go away from Princely life a bull (east) → zodiac of taurus, month in which Buddha was born an elephant (south) → represents dream of Maya a lion (north) → Enlightenment Mauryan record that mentions famine relief efforts Sohgaura is a place currently located in Gorakhpur district. The plate has 4 holes in the corner meant that it was attached to a wall. It has 4 lines in Prakrit language and Brahmi script and 7 symbols arranged at the top. It recorded an order issues from Manavasiti by a mahamatra of Shravasti. It stated that in the outbreak of drough the contents of storehouses Triveni, Mathura, Chanchu, Modama and Bhadra were to be distributed and not withheld. it was earlier connected to Mauryan King Chandragupta and Jaina great famine by historian KP Jayswal but thies was very speculative.
Write a short essay on: "Mauryan court art as an alien grafting" [1988, 20m]
Art :
Influence of Persian and Greek on Mauryan art The Maurya Empire, which was ruled by Emperor Ashoka and his descendants, was one of the largest and most powerful empires in ancient India. One of the key policies of the Maurya Empire was the regulation and control of economic activities. The Mauryan state was characterized by a highly centralized administration and a well-developed system of taxation and revenue collection. One of the key components of the Mauryan policy of regulating and controlling economic activities was the implementation of a tax system. The Mauryans levied taxes on various sources of income, such as land, trade, and commerce. The taxes were collected by state officials and used to finance the administration, the army, and public works projects. In addition to taxes, the Mauryans also regulated trade and commerce, by setting tariffs and standards for goods, and by controlling the production and distribution of certain goods. Another important aspect of the Mauryan policy of regulating and controlling economic activities was the promotion of agriculture. The Mauryans encouraged the cultivation of crops and the expansion of irrigation systems, which helped to increase agricultural productivity and provide food for the growing population. In addition to promoting agriculture, the Mauryans also encouraged the growth of trade and commerce, by building roads, ports, and other infrastructure that facilitated the movement of goods and people. One of the most innovative aspects of the Mauryan policy of regulating and controlling economic activities was the creation of a standardized system of weights and measures. This system was used to regulate trade and commerce, and to prevent fraud and cheating in the marketplace. The Mauryans also established mints to produce standardized coins, which were used as a medium of exchange throughout the empire. The Mauryan policy of regulating and controlling economic activities also had a significant impact on the development of the artisan and manufacturing industries. The Mauryans encouraged the growth of these industries, by providing subsidies and tax incentives, and by setting standards for the quality of goods produced. This helped to increase the production of goods, and to create jobs for the growing population. One of the most prominent historians to view Mauryan court art as an "alien grafting" was Ernst Waldschmidt, who argued that Mauryan art was heavily influenced by Hellenistic and Persian styles. He pointed to the use of Greek-style motifs and techniques, such as the depiction of animals and foliage in a naturalistic style, as evidence of this influence. Another historian who views Mauryan court art as an "alien grafting" is Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, who argued that Mauryan art was heavily influenced by Hellenistic and Persian styles. He pointed to the use of Greek-style motifs and techniques, such as the depiction of animals and foliage in a naturalistic style, as evidence of this influence. However, there are also scholars who do not view Mauryan court art as an "alien grafting." These scholars argue that Mauryan art was a unique fusion of different styles and techniques, reflecting the diversity of the Mauryan Empire. They point to the use of indigenous motifs and techniques, such as the depiction of Hindu gods and goddesses, as evidence of this fusion. One of the most prominent historians to argue against the "alien grafting" theory is Romila Thapar, who has argued that Mauryan art was not a foreign import, but was instead a reflection of the indigenous art traditions of India. She points to the use of indigenous motifs and techniques, such as the depiction of Hindu gods and goddesses, as evidence of this indigenous influence. Write a brief essay on: "Similarities and differences between the Maurya columns and Achaemenian pillars." [1993, 20m]
[Influence of Persian and Greek on Mauryan art](onenote: Art,%20Architecture%20and%20Sculpture§ion-id={C0CC9BD8-A1E3-4D8E-BE38-44EB6ABF19EE}&page-id={6D5D6F10-CF67-4176-A889-938F6FB81AFA}&object-id={4734F935-F7B6-4FE3-A634-F04F331EF79A}&1B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Mauryan%20Empire.one ) Similarities between the Maurya columns and Achaemenian pillars: 1. Material: Both the Maurya columns and Achaemenian pillars were made of stone, usually sandstone or marble. 2. Columnar shape: Both the Maurya and Achaemenian pillars are characterized by a tall, cylindrical shape, with a fluted surface and a capital at the top. 3. Capital design: Both the Maurya and Achaemenian pillars feature capitals that are elaborately carved and decorated. 4. Use of motifs: Both the Maurya and Achaemenian pillars feature a variety of motifs, including animals, foliage, and abstract designs. 5. Use of inscriptions: Both the Maurya and Achaemenian pillars were frequently inscribed with religious or political messages, usually in the form of inscriptions or reliefs. 6. Symbolism: Both the Maurya and Achaemenian pillars were used as symbols of power and authority, reflecting the strength and stability of the ruling dynasties. 7. Regional diversity: Both the Maurya and Achaemenian pillars show regional diversity, reflecting the varied cultural and artistic traditions of the different regions within the empires. Differences between the Maurya columns and Achaemenian pillars: 1. Historical context: The Maurya columns were created in the Maurya Empire of ancient India, while the Achaemenian pillars were created in the Achaemenian Empire of ancient Persia. 2. Iconography: The Maurya columns feature Hindu and Buddhist iconography, while the Achaemenian pillars feature Persian and Zoroastrian iconography. 3. Style: The Maurya columns tend to be more elaborate and ornate, with more intricate carving and decoration, while the Achaemenian pillars tend to be more simple and austere, with more emphasis on form and structure. 4. Reliefs: The Maurya columns feature more elaborate reliefs, depicting a variety of scenes and subjects, while the Achaemenian pillars feature simpler reliefs, often depicting scenes of battle or hunting. 5. Size: The Maurya columns tend to be smaller and more slender than the Achaemenian pillars, which are often massive and imposing. 6. Use of materials: The Maurya columns are often made of softer, more easily carved stone, such as sandstone or marble, while the Achaemenian pillars are made of harder, more durable stone, such as granite or basalt. 7. Decorative elements: The Maurya columns are often decorated with more elaborate and ornate decorative elements, such as figurative sculptures and intricate carvings, while the Achaemenian pillars are decorated with simpler, more abstract elements, such as floral or geometric patterns. Write a short essay on: "The architectural and artistic features of the great stupa at Sanchi" [1997, 20m]
[Sanchi Stupa :](onenote: Art,%20Architecture%20and%20Sculpture§ion-id={C0CC9BD8-A1E3-4D8E-BE38-44EB6ABF19EE}&page-id={6D5D6F10-CF67-4176-A889-938F6FB81AFA}&object-id={DD5A9616-09A2-4531-9BF4-D0A95EFAACCE}&A0&base-path= < https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Mauryan%20Empire.one ) The Great Stupa at Sanchi is one of the most important and well-preserved examples of Buddhist architecture and art from ancient India. Here are ten key architectural and artistic features of the Great Stupa at Sanchi: 1. The Hemispherical Shape: The Great Stupa is a large, hemispherical dome-like structure, symbolizing the Buddhist concept of the universe. 2. The circular base: The stupa is built on a circular base, which symbolizes the cycle of birth and death in Buddhist teachings. 3. The Harmika: The harmika, a square or rectangular structure located at the center of the stupa, symbolizes the axis of the universe and the path to enlightenment. 4. The Umbrellas: The stupa is topped by a series of graduated umbrellas, symbolizing the Buddhist teachings and the progress of the soul towards enlightenment. 5. The Railings: The stupa is surrounded by a series of stone railings, which are adorned with intricate carvings depicting scenes from the life of the Buddha and Buddhist legends. 6. The Gateways: The stupa has four elaborately decorated gateways, each facing a different direction and symbolizing the four cardinal directions and the universality of Buddhism. - The Toranas: The gateways are topped by large arch-like structures known as toranas, which are richly decorated with sculptures and carvings. 8. The Relief Sculptures: The stupa is adorned with a wealth of relief sculptures, depicting scenes from the life of the Buddha, Buddhist legends, and various aspects of Buddhist teachings. 9. The Narrative Panels: The stupa is surrounded by a series of narrative panels, which depict the story of the Buddha's life and teachings in a series of scenes. 10. The Stylistic Diversity: The Great Stupa at Sanchi reflects the diverse stylistic traditions of ancient India, combining elements of local, regional, and pan-Indian styles. The relief sculptures and other decorative elements are characterized by a rich and sophisticated use of form, line, and color, as well as a highly developed sense of composition and spatial organization. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/7.-mauryan-empire/7.8-art,-architecture-and-sculpture.html08.1 Ancient-History/7. Mauryan-Empire/7.8 Art, Architecture and Sculpture.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>Notes on page "External Contacts" The reign of Emperor Ashoka (268-232 BCE) marked a significant turning point in the history of ancient India, as he transformed the Mauryan Empire from a war-torn realm to a realm of peace, justice, and prosperity. In terms of domestic and foreign policies, the reign of Ashoka saw both elements of change and continuity. Change in Domestic Policy: 1. Abolition of War and Conquest: Ashoka renounced war and conquest, and instead sought to spread his message of peace and non-violence through his famous edicts. 2. Promotion of Dhamma: Ashoka adopted the policy of Dhamma, which was a moral and ethical code that emphasized compassion, self-control, and generosity. He sought to propagate this code throughout his empire and beyond, through a network of rock edicts, pillars, and cave inscriptions. 3. Establishment of a Bureaucratic System: Ashoka established a sophisticated system of administration, with a large bureaucracy to manage the affairs of his empire. Continuity in Domestic Policy: 1. Centralized Authority: Despite his adoption of the policy of Dhamma, Ashoka maintained a strong centralized authority over his empire, with a powerful army and administration to enforce his policies. 2. Taxation System: The Mauryan taxation system, which was based on land and commerce, remained largely unchanged under Ashoka, as he continued to rely on this system to finance his administration and army. Change in Foreign Policy: 1. Expansion of Diplomacy: Ashoka pursued a policy of diplomacy, rather than war and conquest, and sent missions to various neighboring states to establish diplomatic relations and promote his message of peace and non-violence. 2. Support for Buddhism: Ashoka became a patron of Buddhism and actively supported the spread of the religion beyond his borders. Continuity in Foreign Policy: 1. Maintaining Ties with the Hellenic World: Despite his adoption of Buddhism, Ashoka continued to maintain strong ties with the Hellenic world, which had a significant impact on his foreign policies and the spread of Buddhism. 2. Tribute and Trade: Ashoka continued the Mauryan tradition of tribute and trade with neighboring states, which helped to maintain stability and peace in the region. Delineate the nature and impact of India's contact with Western Asia and the Mediterranean world during the Mauryan period. [2015, 15m]
[External Contacts](onenote: External %20Contacts§ion-id={C0CC9BD8-A1E3-4D8E-BE38-44EB6ABF19EE}&page-id={85406B2A-C473-44FF-9F97-274E875C0A5C}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Mauryan%20Empire.one ) During the Mauryan period (321-185 BCE), India had significant contact with Western Asia and the Mediterranean world, which had a profound impact on the development of the Mauryan Empire and its culture. The nature of this contact was characterized by trade, diplomacy, and religious exchange. 1. Trade: The Mauryan period saw the expansion of trade between India and Western Asia, as the Mauryan Empire established commercial relationships with the Hellenic kingdoms and other neighboring states. The primary items traded were spices, textiles, and precious stones, which were highly valued in the Mediterranean world. 2. Diplomacy: The Mauryan emperors maintained diplomatic relations with various Western Asian states, including the Seleucid Empire, which helped to maintain peace and stability in the region. 3. Religious Exchange: The Mauryan period saw a significant exchange of religious and philosophical ideas between India and Western Asia. Buddhism, which was introduced to India during this period, was greatly influenced by Hellenic thought and art. At the same time, the spread of Buddhism beyond India had a profound impact on the religious and philosophical development of Western Asia. The impact of India's contact with Western Asia and the Mediterranean world during the Mauryan period was far-reaching and profound. It helped to shape the cultural, religious, and philosophical landscape of both India and Western Asia, and contributed to the development of a cosmopolitan and diverse cultural identity in the region. In terms of the political and economic impact, the exchange of ideas and goods between India and Western Asia contributed to the development of the Mauryan Empire and its sophisticated system of administration and taxation. The expansion of trade and diplomacy helped to establish a stable and prosperous region, and contributed to the growth of cities and the development of urban culture. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/7.-mauryan-empire/7.9-external-contacts.html08.1 Ancient-History/7. Mauryan-Empire/7.9 External Contacts.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT Sakas have been referred to as Scythians as also Parthians as Saka-Pahlawa. Various branches of them settled in areas of Indus, Punjab (Taxila), Mathura and areas of Western and Central India. They destroyed the Greek rule in Bactria after being ousted from Central asia by the Yueh Chi tribes The details about their rules comes from Chinese sources, numismatics, Mahabhasya and certain Graeco-Roman sources The first king of this line was Maeus or Moga ruled from Gandhara. A copper plate inscription bearing his name has been discoverd in Taxila/Takht I Bahi. He was succeeded by Azes
The ascension of Azes 1 marks the Vikrama era 58/57 BC. #important Satraps issued their own coins and inscriptions Shakas are known from their coins King Moga and his Kshatrapa governor Patika are named in coins Silver coins show the greek god zeus and Nike It shows that they ruled co jointly.
Their 2 imp lines were 1. the Kshaharatas : included Bhumaka and Nahapana and 2. the Kardamakas. Nahahpana had the title as Mahashatrapa and Rajan in his later coins, these coins were found in Ajmer, Nashik areas. He ruled from Minnagra near Ujjain and Broach. His inscription has been found in Junnar and in Nashik and Karle caves. They were in constant feud with the Satvahanas and Nahapana said to have been killed in battle by Gautamiputra Satkarni. Satkarni had re-struck the coins of Nahapana and inscribed his eulogy in Nashik and Pune. The Kardamakas came into foray around the time of the decline of the Kshaharatas. Was founded by Chashtana. They had a practice of a senior and junior ruler ie a Mahashtrapa and a Kshatrapa. Rudraman I(130-152 AD) was its imp ruler. his rule extended from Sindh to Western Deccan. Rudramans inscription is there in Junagadhdated 150 AD it mentions the repair and maintenance of the Sudarshana reservoir. It contains his eulogy and mentions the genealogy of the Kardamaka rulers. It mentions the extent of his empire, conflict and win over the Yaudehas, Satvahanas. The most famous Saka ruler was Rudradaman I It was written in Sanskrit. Sakas along with Parthians introduced the Satrap system of Govt which was similar to the Seleucid and Achaemenid system. Mahakshtrapa's were miltiary governors who ruled each provinces and under them were the Kshatrapas. Gondophares was most prominent.
St Thomas who was one of the Apostles travelled from Israel to India during his reign. #important It is marked by conspicuous absence of Silver coins. He was succeeded by Abdagases. Joint coins in the name of both the rulers have been found. He is mentioned in the inscription at Takht i Bahi. Their governors were called Kshatrapas or Mahashatrapas.
succeeded The Parthians and were one of the 5 Yuech Chi or Tocharians tribe that were displaced from China. They are mentioned in Epics and Puranas and other literature. The empire was founded by Kujula Kadphises who is said to have united the 5 Yuech Chi tribes and established himself in Kabul and Kashmir. His coins had a Roman style male bust on it. He was succeeded by Vima Kadphises. He introduced a new phase of coinage in India, Gold goins increased, a weight system based on the the Roman one was introduced. Kushana coins called the Puri Kusana coins have been found at sites in lower Ganga valley and Orissa coast.
Vima was succeeded by Kanishka I who was the greatest of the Kushana Rulers. He is said to have ascended the throne in 78 AD which is popularly regarded as the Saka era. Purushapura and Mathura were the 2 capitals during his reign. He was a Buddhist patron and organised the 4th Buddhist council. Credited with the starting of the Mahayana form of Buddhism. Patronised art and sanskrit literature and arts. The Kushana expansion towards Malwa would have been because of the diamond mines in Akara and also the lucrative trade esp from that of the Makran coast. Kanishka had patronised Buddist scholars like Ashvaghosha and Vasumitra. His coins represented various gods and goddesses from Buddha, Shiva to Persian Fire and sun gods, Greek dieties like Helios, Selene etc. showing his religious eclecticism. The rock inscription at Hunza in Afghanistan mentions the names of Kadhphises, Kanishka, Huvishka etc. They used the title as devaputra He patronised Ashvaghosa, Vasumitra, Nagarjuna, and Charaka in his court.
The period of Indian History from 3rd century B.C.E. to 5th century C.E. was the period of innovation and interaction. How will you react? [2017, 20 Marks]
Literature and Science - content needed
External trade -
Long Distance overseas trade
TRADE WITH EAST AND SOUTH EAST ASIA :
[INDO ROMAN TRADE :](onenote:Early%20State%20and%20Society%20in%20East%5eJ%20Deccan%5eJ%20South. one #Economy ,%20Land%20Grants,%20Coinage%20and%20Trade%20Guilds§ion-id={63D8A857-79B0-4DC4-B118-EA32081A36BA}&page-id={D04BBEDD-3DEF-4BE6-9D54-B78E9DA77283}&object-id={36A30FF3-38F3-4AC7-8196-83978D072B92}&2E&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II ) This was a time of significant cultural, religious, and intellectual exchange, as well as technological advancements and the formation of new political entities. 1. Cultural Exchange: During this period, India saw significant cultural exchange with other regions of the world, including Central Asia, Western Asia, and the Mediterranean. This exchange led to the development of a cosmopolitan culture that blended elements of Indian and foreign cultures. 2. Religious Interaction: The period saw the spread of Buddhism beyond India, as well as the arrival of new religious movements and philosophical schools from Western Asia and the Mediterranean. This religious interaction led to the growth of a diverse and dynamic religious landscape, with new ideas and practices influencing Indian culture and thought. 3. Technological Advances: The period saw significant technological advancements, particularly in the fields of metallurgy and engineering. For example, the Mauryan period saw the construction of monumental structures like the Great Stupa at Sanchi, as well as the development of sophisticated road networks and water management systems. 4. Political Interaction: The period saw the formation of new political entities, such as the Gupta Empire, as well as significant political and diplomatic interactions between India and neighboring regions. This political interaction helped to maintain peace and stability in the region, and contributed to the growth of cities and the development of urban culture. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/8.-post-maurayan-(indo-greeks-shakas-kushanas)/8.1-contact-with-outside-world.html08.1 Ancient-History/8. Post-Maurayan (Indo-Greeks-Shakas-Kushanas)/8.1 Contact with Outside World.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>
Coinage of Kushana, Satvahana #todo ✅ 2022-12-01 Post Mauryan From this 8. 200 B.C - 300 C.E.pdf How does numismatic evidence of the period reflect the political and economic outlook of the Kushanas and the Satavahanas? [2016, 15 Marks]
Coinage of Kushana, Satvahana Numismatic evidence provides valuable insights into the political and economic outlook of the Kushanas and the Satavahanas. Coins produced during this period offer information about the political, religious, and cultural ideologies of the ruling dynasties, as well as the economic conditions of the time. Here are ten ways in which numismatic evidence reflects the political and economic outlook of the Kushanas and the Satavahanas: 1. Political Ideology: Coins produced by the Kushanas and the Satavahanas often depict the ruling monarchs, offering insight into their political ideologies and their views of themselves as rulers. 2. Economic Status: The designs and materials used in the coins reflect the economic prosperity of the ruling dynasty. For example, the use of gold coins indicates a high level of wealth and economic stability. 3. Cultural Symbolism: Coins produced by the Kushanas and the Satavahanas often feature cultural symbols, such as religious images, reflecting the cultural and religious values of the ruling dynasty. 4. Tribute to Gods: The use of religious images on coins can also indicate the importance of religion in the political and economic systems of the time. Coins featuring images of Hindu gods and goddesses, for example, suggest the importance of Hinduism in the Kushana and Satavahana societies. 5. International Trade: The use of a common currency across a large region, as seen with the Kushana coinage, reflects the existence of an extensive trade network, linking regions across a large geographic area. 6. Regional Integration: Coins produced by the Kushanas and the Satavahanas often feature images and symbols from different regions, reflecting the political and cultural integration of different areas within their empires. 7. Political Stability: The widespread use of a single currency, such as the Satavahana coinage, suggests a high level of political stability, as a single currency requires a strong central authority to maintain. 8. Representation of Wealth: Coins featuring precious metals, such as gold and silver, serve as a representation of the wealth and economic power of the ruling dynasty. 9. Advertising Power: Coins were often used to advertise the power and prestige of the ruling dynasty, as seen with the large size and intricate designs of the Kushana coins. 10. Historical Evidence: Coins offer valuable historical evidence, providing information about the political and economic systems of the time, as well as the ruling dynasties and their rulers. What was the impact of trans-regional and trans-continental trade in the post Mauryan period on social and cultural life of India? [2018, 20 Marks]
External trade -
Long Distance overseas trade
TRADE WITH EAST AND SOUTH EAST ASIA :
INDO ROMAN TRADE : Trans Continental
Internal Trade -
Local Trade : Trans-regional and trans-continental trade played a significant role in shaping the social and cultural landscape of India during the post-Mauryan period. Here are six impacts of trans-regional trade and six impacts of trans-continental trade on the social and cultural life of India: Trans-regional trade impacts: 1. Spread of Buddhism: Trans-regional trade networks facilitated the spread of Buddhism, as merchants and traders helped to spread the religion along trade routes. 2. Cultural exchange: The exchange of goods, ideas and people along trans-regional trade routes led to a rich exchange of cultural traditions and practices. 3. Development of urban centers: The growth of trans-regional trade led to the establishment of large urban centers, which became centers of cultural, intellectual and artistic activity. 4. Development of new economic systems: The growth of trans-regional trade brought new economic systems, such as a money economy, which replaced barter and other forms of exchange. 5. Growth of new crafts and industries: Trans-regional trade allowed for the growth of new crafts and industries, as merchants and traders brought new ideas, goods and techniques to different regions. 6. Emergence of new social classes: The growth of trans-regional trade also led to the emergence of new social classes, such as merchants and traders, who became important players in the social and economic life of the region. Trans-continental trade impacts: 1. Influence of foreign cultures: Trans-continental trade brought Indian culture into contact with the cultures of the Mediterranean, Central Asia and China, leading to a rich exchange of cultural influences. 2. Spread of Hinduism and Islam: Trans-continental trade networks also helped to spread Hinduism and Islam beyond India's borders, as merchants and traders took their religions with them to new regions. 3. Increase in wealth and power: Trans-continental trade led to a significant increase in wealth and power for those involved in the trade, leading to the rise of powerful trading states and empires. 4. Development of new technologies: The exchange of goods and ideas along trans-continental trade routes led to the development of new technologies and innovations, such as the use of paper money and the introduction of new forms of transportation. 5. Growth of cities and urban centers: The growth of trans-continental trade led to the expansion of cities and urban centers, which became centers of commerce, culture and artistic activity. 6. Increase in cultural diversity: The growth of trans-continental trade led to an increase in cultural diversity, as people from different regions and cultures interacted and intermingled, creating a rich tapestry of cultural influences and traditions. How justified are we in characterizing the post-Mauryan five centuries as the 'Dark Period' of Indian History? Give reasons in support of your answer. [2008, 60m]
[Decline of Urban Centres](onenote:Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans. one #Decline %20of%20Urban%20Centres§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={1A2A2EF9-E3F6-4854-BF8E-6E966D470A4C}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II ) The characterization of the post-Mauryan period, from around 185 BCE to 320 CE, as the "Dark Period" of Indian history is a matter of debate among historians. While some see it as a time of political instability, others view it as a period of creative ferment and cultural development. Here are some reasons for both perspectives: Reasons for considering it as a 'Dark Period': 1. Political instability: After the fall of the Mauryan Empire, India was divided into several smaller kingdoms, many of which were in constant conflict with each other. This political instability led to frequent wars and instability, making it difficult for any one kingdom to establish itself as a dominant power. 2. Lack of centralized power: The absence of a strong central government meant that there was little order or stability in the country. Local rulers and warlords held sway, and there was little control over law and order. 3. Decline in trade and commerce: The absence of a strong central government and the frequent wars between small kingdoms had a negative impact on trade and commerce. This led to a decline in the economy and a reduction in the standard of living for many people. 4. Lack of historical records: The absence of a centralized government also meant that there was a lack of historical records from this period. As a result, much of what we know about this period comes from later, often more biased, accounts. Reasons against considering it as a 'Dark Period': 1. Cultural and intellectual development: Despite the political instability, the post-Mauryan period saw significant cultural and intellectual development. Buddhism, Jainism and other religious and philosophical traditions flourished, and there was a thriving artistic and literary scene. 2. Emergence of new political systems: The absence of a strong central government led to the emergence of new forms of political organization and administration, such as the Gupta Empire, which ruled much of India for over three centuries. 3. Growth of regional kingdoms: The division of India into smaller kingdoms led to the growth of regional cultures and traditions. This was a time of great diversity and cultural creativity, with each region developing its own unique artistic and literary traditions. 4. Expansion of trade and commerce: Despite the decline in trade and commerce, there was still significant commercial activity, with goods and ideas being exchanged between India and other parts of Asia and the Mediterranean. Historians who view the period as "dark": 1. Romila Thapar: In her book "Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300," Thapar characterizes the post-Mauryan period as a time of political instability and economic decline. She notes the absence of a strong central government and the frequent wars between small kingdoms, which had a negative impact on trade and commerce. 2. D. D. Kosambi: In his book "An Introduction to the Study of Indian History," Kosambi also views the post-Mauryan period as a time of political instability and economic decline. He argues that the absence of a strong central government led to a lack of order and stability in the country. Historians who do not view the period as "dark": 1. Irfan Habib: Habib argues that the post-Mauryan period was a time of creative ferment and cultural development. He notes the flourishing of Buddhism, Jainism, and other religious and philosophical traditions, as well as the emergence of new political systems, such as the Gupta Empire. 2. R. C. Majumdar: In his book "The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Classical Age," Majumdar argues that the post-Mauryan period was a time of significant cultural and intellectual development. He notes the growth of regional cultures and traditions, as well as the expansion of trade and commerce, despite the absence of a strong central government. How does numismatic evidence of the period reflect the political and economic outlook of the Kushanas and the Satavahanas? [2016, 15 Marks]
Coinage of Kushana, Satvahana Kushanas: 1. Centralized rule: The uniformity in the design and style of the Kushana coins suggest the existence of a central authority with a strong grip on the administration. 2. Influence of Hellenistic art: The depiction of Greek gods and the use of Greek script on some of the Kushana coins indicates the influence of Hellenistic art and culture in their kingdom. 3. Religious tolerance: The depiction of Hindu, Buddhist, and Zoroastrian gods on the coins reflects the religious tolerance of the Kushana rulers. 4. Strong economy: The abundance and diversity of the Kushana coins suggest a thriving economy based on agriculture, trade, and commerce. 5. Military power: The depiction of military conquests and weapons on the coins indicate the military power of the Kushana kingdom. 6. Trade network: The distribution of Kushana coins in different regions and the use of different languages and scripts on the coins reflect their extensive trade network. Satavahanas: 1. Representation of the king: The Satavahana coins often depicted the king or his emblem, demonstrating the importance of royalty and the centralization of authority. 2. Cultural and religious symbolism: The Satavahana coins often depicted various cultural and religious symbols, reflecting the dynasty's embrace of diverse traditions and the role of religion in politics. 3. Economic prosperity: The widespread use of coins and their high quality suggest the growth of trade and commerce during the Satavahana period. 4. Regional diversity: The use of different local symbols and languages on Satavahana coins indicates the presence of regional diversity within the empire. 5. Political stability: The consistent use of coins and their wide distribution suggest political stability and a strong central government. 6. Promotion of Buddhism: The depiction of Buddhist symbols on Satavahana coins suggests the dynasty's support for Buddhism and its role as a dominant religion in the empire. What was the impact of trans-regional and trans-continental trade in the post Mauryan period on social and cultural life of India? [2018, 20 Marks]
External trade -
Long Distance overseas trade
TRADE WITH EAST AND SOUTH EAST ASIA :
INDO ROMAN TRADE : Trans Continental
Internal Trade -
[Local Trade :](onenote:Early%20State%20and%20Society%20in%20East%5eJ%20Deccan%5eJ%20South. one #Economy ,%20Land%20Grants,%20Coinage%20and%20Trade%20Guilds§ion-id={63D8A857-79B0-4DC4-B118-EA32081A36BA}&page-id={D04BBEDD-3DEF-4BE6-9D54-B78E9DA77283}&object-id={16B76FB1-EC19-4B5D-ACB4-3032DE98036D}&1D&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II ) - ! Answered above Write a short essay on "Indian participation in the silk trade through Central Asia." [1990, 20m] Refer Anki for silk route sites ]]>08.1-ancient-history/8.-post-maurayan-(indo-greeks-shakas-kushanas)/8.2-growth-of-urban-centers,-economy,-coinage.html08.1 Ancient-History/8. Post-Maurayan (Indo-Greeks-Shakas-Kushanas)/8.2 Growth of Urban Centers, Economy, Coinage.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#PrelimsPYQ They believed in sunyata or void, mantras, in numerous Buddhas. Various sects emerged in different parts of the country Buddhas was deified and worshipped as a God. Bodhisattvas came to be revered as incarnation of Buddha. Ideas of rebirth and merits strengthened. Merits could also be transferred from one person to another. Kharavela kings patronised it and built caves in Udaygiri. Under Kushana Mathura school of Art developed depicting images of Tirthankaras. Athiyan Neduman dedicated a cave to Jaina's in South Arcot. The migration of Bhadrabahu to Shravanabelagola was a mission to tackle famine and also to spread religion. A number of inscriptions at Kanaki Tila in Mathura testify its existence there. Kalcharya refers to Jaina expansion in Malwa. Apart from Svetambara and Digambara another sect Yapaniya sect developed around 1st century AD. They believed that even Women could attain mosksha and that Kevalins should take thier food in Morsals. Pushyamitra Shunga and Satakarni I were some of the patrons of it. Gradual crystallization of Puranic Hinduism took place. Its central features were gods and goddesses and not rituals . Shiva and Vishu gained supreme status leading to dev of Shaivism and Vaishnavism. The idea of trinity fo Brahma as the creator Vishnu as preserver and Shiva as destroyer emerged. Local Traditions were assimilated ex Tamil deities mentioned in the Sangam literature. Worship of Yama, Kubera, Varuna and Vasava were also worshipped. Animals like Elephants, cows etc were revered. Naga worship was popular in all parts and trees and tree spirit were also worshipped. Many coins with a sacrificial posts called Yupa have been found. Ex coins of Yadheya and Arjunayanas. Clay seal from Sambha aslo shows a yupa. Rajasthan has yielded sanskrit inscriptions inscribed on stone yupas. Excavations at Mathura has given animal bones, ashes etc suggesting sacrifices. Isapur in Mathura has given yupa with Sanskrit incription of Brahmana performing a 12 day sacrifice. Kaushambi has yielded a brick altar in shape of an eagle along with bones of animals and humans including a skull suggesting purushamedha sacrifice. Similar Garuda shaped structure has been found with head towards east and tail towards west in Uttarkashi in Uttarakhand. Sanghol has given a number of fire altars/ havan kundas with ash, loose soil, wood charcoal, charred grains, seeds and fruit remains. Vedic sacrifices continued to have importance and was basis for political legitimation for rulers. Different Types of fire altars including an eagle shaped one.
This time period was the formative phase for the dev of Hindu pantheon. Certain textual references in Baudhayana Grihasutra mentions worship of images of deities. Gautama Dharmashastra and Patanjali's Mahabhasya refers to images of deities being worshipped. This was the times Hindu temples came into foray. Besnagar pillar inscription of Heliodorus mentions about a Vasudeva temple nearby. 2nd century Nagari inscription mentions temple of Samrakshana and Vasudev. Remains of temple dedicated to Matrikas/ Seven Mothers at Sonkh Lakshmi Temple at Atranji khera Shiva temple at Gudimallam and Vishu and Shiva temples at Nagarjunakonda have been found. Above examples are earliest evidences of Hindu temples in the subcontinent. This was accompnied by gradual push of the Yaksha, Yakshini and Naga, nagis cult. Hindu gods were closely related with performing complementary functions. Ex Brahma associated with Rajas/ creative principles, Vishnu with sattav/ passive principles and Shiva with Tamas/ fierce principle. Shiva is worshipped in linga/ phallus form. Vima Kadphises was an ardent devotee of Shiva. Vima Kadphises and Kanishka coins had Shiva image holding a trident. Prakrit text Gathasptasati of Satvahana king Hala mention Shiva worship in areas around Andhra. Tamil Sangam works define Shiva as the greatest of all gods and said to have destroyed the 3 heavenly cities (Tripurantaka). Akanuru refers to Shiva as a 3 eyed god who wears Konrai flowers, bears crescent moon on his matted locks and Uma is his consort. Nakkirar a Pandya king refers Shiva as god of death and destruction. Parvati came to assumed an imp place and worshipped as Sati particulary worshipped by Satvahana kings. Skanda also known as Kartikeya and Kumara was worshipped. Ganesha aka Vinayaka was a lesser deity during this time. Vajanaseyi Samhit describes Rudra shiva as a powerful and fierce god. Shvetashvatara Upanishad calls him god of destruction and one who grants ultimate release. Ashtadhyayi refers many names of Shiva. Mahabhasya has Rudra Shiva with medicinal herbs and one who is offered animal sacrifices. Pasupata sect was dev by Lakulin/ Nakulin in Gujarat in 2nd century AD, worshipped Pashupati as Shiva. But some other texts have suggested Shrikantha. It was the earliest Shaiva sect and had ascetic and mystic association. The Kapalika and Kalamuka sect dev later. Sculptural representation of Shiva lingas can be found in Bhuteshwar in Mathura dated 2nd cent BC. Mukh Linga ie Lina with more than one faces is found in Gudimallam in AP. Taxila and Ujjain coins have phallic emblems and some have Shiva and Bull. aka Bhagvatism, it owed its origin from Upanishads. Rig Veda has 5 hymns dedicated to Vishnu described as a powerful god living in the mountains. Taittiriya Samhita and Shatapatha Brahmana connect him with dwarfs. Initially sect was confined to Mathura region. Amalgamation of deities like Vishnu, Narayana, Vasudeva Krishna, Shir and Lakshmi as one was done probably to check Buddhism. Narayan is believed to be a non vedic god mentioned in Rig Veda and Shatpatha Brahmana. Is associated with 5 day sacrifice called panchratra sattra. Mahabharata has called him a great yogi. Worship of Vasudeva Krishna originated in the Mathura region. Ashtadhyayi had the earliest mentions of Vasudeva Krishna. Megasthenes has mentioned him as Herakles. Chhandogya Upanishad mentions a sage name Krishna Devakiputra. First detailed account of Krishna occurs in Harivamsha, a part of Mahabharata. Various Puranas sucha as Vishnu, Padma, Brahmavaivarta and Bhagavata give further details about Krishna's life in Vrindavan. The Besnagar pillar of Bhopal made by Heliodorus the greek ambassador of Antiocchus showed that he was a vaishanva. Vishnu was worshipped in many avataras. Various emblems like Garuda, Chakra etc was associated with him. Initially Baladeva was considered more imporatant than Krishna. Lakshmi was the consort of Vishnu. 1st cent BC inscription from Chittorgarh in Rajasthan records the construction of a stone enclosure for the place of worship in honour of Samkarshana and Balaram. 2nd cent BC Indo Greek coins found at Ai Khanoum in Afghanistan depict Krishna and Balarama. Was issued by king Agathocles. These coins have the earliest depictions of images of these gods and show that their worship had spread beyond the Mathura region. Pastoral setting of stories of Krishna's childhood may have come from the Abhira tribes, foreign tribe who settile in Punjab in 1st cent BC. Vaishanva pantheon came to include goddess Shri Lakshmi. Shri Sukta describes Shri as a moon like golden coloured deer decorated with ornaments made of gold and silver. But earlier texts such as Vajnaseyi Samhita and Taittitiya Aranyaka suggest tha Shri and Lakshmi were initially 2 different goddessess. Gaja Lakshmi sculpture is most frequent representation. It is also frequently represented on coins of kings such as Jyeshtamitra of Shungas and Scytho Parthian kings like Azes II and Azilies. [Fig Shows Gaja Lakshmi coin of Azilies]
Idea of Avatara is important in the Vaishnava doctrine. Conventionally it is 10 but the names may vary in different texts. Worship of goddesses associated with fertility is one of the oldest. Puranas tried to bring some goddesses together presenting them as different manifestations of the female principle. Durga Gayatri in Taittiriya Aranyaka. Durga is an impetuos and energetic. Daughter of the sun. Mundaka Upanishad mentions Kali and Karali as tounges of Agni. Periplus refers to Comari that may be a reference to Kanyakumari. In Mahabharat Yudhishthira and Arjuna recite Durga stotra on 2 different occasions. Has been associated with hills, rivers, caves, forests, gardens and animals. Devi Mahamatya that incorporated into the Markandeya Purana contains verses in praise of Devi. Mathura has yielded large no of Durga images including those of Mahishasuramardini from 200BC - 300CE.
#todo Devotional worship of images became a cornerstone of religious life during this period. Most striking new characterristic during this period was the beginning of new devotional practices within Buddhism, Jainism and emergence of early Hinduism.
Construction stone shrines gave them greater permanence and prominence. It acted as a social space where people participated in community worship. #concept Coomaraswamy has argues that their worship became the source of devotional bhakti. Yakshas were deities connected with water, fertility, trees, forest and wilderness. They transformed from benevolent, powerful diety to demonic, terrifying, subsidiary attendent figure in later times. Yakshis were their female counterparts had had similar development. They were associated with fertility, childbirth and considered as protectress of children with power to ward off diseases. Many stone images of them have been found in Mathura etc show that they were produced for urban clients in urban workshops and were not merely rural dieties. Various smaller stone and teracotta images show that they were worshipped in private too. Nagas and Nagis were also associated with water and fertility. Were worshipped exclusively and later accomodated into the dominant religion. 7 hooded naga image was found in Mathura with an inscription mentioning Dadhikarna, lord of the nagas made by stone masons, Chhandaka brothers. A brick and stone temple was found in Sonkh, Mathura and another newar Rajagriha. Krishna triumphing over naga could be seen as vicotry of vaishnavism over popular naga cult. Votive tanks are places where religious objects are deposited without the intention of recovery or use often done for religious purposes. Goddesses were worshipped for fertility, prosperity, childbirth, safeguaring of children and protection against diseases. Such figurines have been found in places near Mathura and in later periods show greater stylistic refinement, technical innovations inc in number and variety. Have prominent breats, broad hips, wear ornaments ex necklaces, bracelets, earrings, girldles. Terracotta figurines were most common votive offerings and votive tanks have been found in Chirand, Mathura. Brief out the salient features of the religious development in the Post-Maurya period. How was contemporary art influenced by it? [1988, 60m]
Development of Religions 1. Development of Puranas: The Hindu scriptures known as the Puranas were compiled during this time period, which provided a wealth of information on Hindu myths, legends, and beliefs. 2. Spread of Buddhism: Buddhism continued to spread across India during this time period, attracting a large following and influencing the development of various schools of thought. 3. Development of Buddhist scriptures: The Buddhist scriptures known as the Pali Canon were compiled during this time period, which provided a comprehensive record of Buddhist teachings and beliefs. 4. Emergence of Mahayana Buddhism: The Mahayana school of Buddhism emerged during this time period, which emphasized the possibility of attaining enlightenment in a single lifetime and the role of bodhisattvas as spiritual guides. 5. Growth of Jainism: Jainism also saw significant growth during this time period, with the development of new religious texts and the creation of a robust Jain community. 6. Development of Jain scriptures: The Jain scriptures, known as the Agamas, were compiled during this time period, which provided a comprehensive record of Jain beliefs and practices. 7. Emergence of Hinduism: Hinduism saw significant growth and development during this time period, with the emergence of new schools of thought and the creation of Hindu scriptures such as the Puranas. 8. Reinterpretation of the Vedas: The Vedas, the ancient Hindu scriptures, were reinterpreted during this time period, leading to new interpretations of Hindu beliefs and practices. 10. Development of religious art: The religious developments of this time period inspired the creation of a variety of religious art, including rock-cut temples, sculptures, and paintings. 11. Religious syncretism: The diverse religious developments of this time period led to a unique form of religious syncretism, where different religious beliefs and practices were blended to create a new and unique religious landscape. - ! rest points from above Write a brief essay on: "Buddhist writing in Sanskrit in the post-Maurya period." [1993, 20m]
[Buddhist Writings in Sanskrit Post M period :](onenote: Literature %20and%20Science§ion-id={157806DC-CEF2-4D2B-998E-EF8934A61834}&page-id={A4D76809-6FE9-49F5-B1C4-83EC35264875}&object-id={74B9444E-8992-4C51-9C6C-EC03DAFBDE98}&C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Post%20Maurayan (Indo-Greeks%5eJ%20Shakas%5eJ%20Kushanas). one) 1. The Ashvaghosha's "Buddhacarita": This is an epic poem that narrates the life of the Buddha and is considered to be one of the first biographies of the Buddha written in Sanskrit. 2. The Saddharmapundarika Sutra (Lotus Sutra): This text, which is one of the most important scriptures in Mahayana Buddhism, was written in Sanskrit and emphasizes the importance of the bodhisattva path to enlightenment. 3. The Avatamsaka Sutra (Flower Ornament Sutra): This text, which is considered to be one of the foundational texts of Mahayana Buddhism, was written in Sanskrit and provides an extensive description of the Buddhist universe and the path to enlightenment. 4. The Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra: This text was written in Sanskrit and focuses on the teachings of the Buddha in his final days, including his explanation of the nature of reality and the path to liberation. "The centuries between c. 200 B.C. and c. A.D. 300 constitute a landmark in the socio-religious history of India." Analyses the proposition. [1995, 60m]
[Development of Religions](onenote: Development %20of%20Religions§ion-id={157806DC-CEF2-4D2B-998E-EF8934A61834}&page-id={679EBDB3-EF0B-485E-8A33-858394E98603}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Post%20Maurayan (Indo-Greeks%5eJ%20Shakas%5eJ%20Kushanas). one) The proposition that the centuries between c. 200 B.C. and c. A.D. 300 constitute a landmark in the socio-religious history of India is largely accurate. During this time period, India saw significant changes in its religious landscape, which had far-reaching impacts on the social, cultural, and political spheres. 1. Emergence of new religions: The period saw the emergence of new religious traditions such as Buddhism and Jainism, which challenged the dominance of Brahmanism and the caste system. These new religions provided alternative spiritual and philosophical perspectives, and offered a more egalitarian approach to spirituality. 2. Spread of Buddhism: Buddhism rapidly spread across India during this time period, attracting a large following and influencing the development of various schools of thought. It had a significant impact on Indian society, culture, and politics, particularly through its teachings of non-violence, compassion, and social equality. 3. Development of Jainism: Jainism also saw significant growth and development during this time period, with the development of new religious texts and the creation of a robust Jain community. Jainism's teachings of non-violence and asceticism had a lasting impact on Indian society and culture. 4. Reinterpretation of Hinduism: Hinduism also saw significant changes during this time period, with the reinterpretation of the Vedas and the emergence of new schools of thought such as Bhakti. The Bhakti movement, which emphasized devotion to a personal deity, marked a departure from the traditional caste-based system of Hinduism. 5. Religious syncretism: The diverse religious developments of this time period led to a unique form of religious syncretism, where different religious beliefs and practices were blended to create a new and unique religious landscape. 6. Influence on art and culture: The religious developments of this time period also had a significant impact on Indian art and culture, inspiring the creation of a variety of religious art and architecture, such as rock-cut temples, sculptures, and paintings. Examine the significance of the deities depicted on coins of the Kushanas. [2010, 30m]
[Kushana coins called the Puri Kusana coins have been found at sites](onenote: Growth %20of%20Urban%20Centers,%20Economy,%20Coinage§ion-id={157806DC-CEF2-4D2B-998E-EF8934A61834}&page-id={5C8F6499-C329-4A50-8C11-643F28261E8D}&object-id={BAF09DD7-88DF-459C-8BAE-AF2F83FE3F47}&12&base-path= < < https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Post%20Maurayan>> (Indo-Greeks%5eJ%20Shakas%5eJ%20Kushanas). one) 1. Representation of divinities: The coins of the Kushanas depict a variety of divinities, including Hindu, Buddhist, and Zoroastrian gods and goddesses. The depiction of these deities reflects the religious diversity of the Kushana empire, which was influenced by multiple religious traditions. 2. Royal patronage: The depiction of divinities on coins was also a way for the Kushana rulers to show their royal patronage of the various religious traditions, thereby earning the support of their subjects. 3. Propagation of religion: The depiction of divinities on coins was also a way for the rulers to propagate their religious beliefs and to spread their religious messages to a wider audience. 4. Influence on art and culture: The depiction of divinities on Kushana coins also had a significant impact on Indian art and culture, serving as a model for future depictions of gods and goddesses in different media. 5. Historical significance: The coins of the Kushanas are also significant from a historical perspective, as they provide valuable evidence of the religious and cultural landscape of ancient India during the time period ]]>08.1-ancient-history/8.-post-maurayan-(indo-greeks-shakas-kushanas)/8.3-development-of-religions.html08.1 Ancient-History/8. Post-Maurayan (Indo-Greeks-Shakas-Kushanas)/8.3 Development of Religions.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#PrelimsPYQ They consisted of generosity/dana, good conduct/shila, patience forbearance/kshanti, mental strength/ virya, meditation/ dhyana, wisdom / prajna , skilfulnees in means/ upaya kaushalya, determination/ pranidhana, power / bala and knowledge / jnana. 2 major sects that represented it were in Madhyamaka and Yogachara. Madhyamaka was founded by Nagarjuna in 2nd cent and ]]>08.1-ancient-history/8.-post-maurayan-(indo-greeks-shakas-kushanas)/8.4-mahayana.html08.1 Ancient-History/8. Post-Maurayan (Indo-Greeks-Shakas-Kushanas)/8.4 Mahayana.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo How justified are we in characterizing the post-Mauryan five centuries as the 'Dark Period' of Indian History? Give reasons in support of your answer. [2008, 60m]
[Decline of Urban Centres](onenote:Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans. one #Decline %20of%20Urban%20Centres§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={1A2A2EF9-E3F6-4854-BF8E-6E966D470A4C}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II ) - ! Answered elsewhere ]]>08.1-ancient-history/8.-post-maurayan-(indo-greeks-shakas-kushanas)/8.5-social-conditions.html08.1 Ancient-History/8. Post-Maurayan (Indo-Greeks-Shakas-Kushanas)/8.5 Social Conditions.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT Greek and Roman sculptors, which influenced the local traditions. Also came to be known as Greco-Indian School of Art. @ It flourished in 2 stages the 1st stage is known for its use of bluish-grey sandstone, the later school used mud and stucco for making the sculptures. They mainly made Buddhist imagery and were patronised by Kushanas. @ Buddha is shown in a spiritual state, with half closed eyes, with very few ornaments, seated in yogi posture with a protruberance in his head showing his omniscience. Included the valley of Peshawar, Svata, Buner and Bajjora. Chief patrons were Sakas and the Kushanas. Drapery is transparent, Buddha's hair is curly. & Jalalabad, Hadda, Bamaran, Begram and Taxila were main centers. Examples are Drum of Chira Stupa has decorated images of Bodhisattvas. Sehribhelol stupa images of Buddha and incidents from his life has been carved Bronze sculptures of Buddha, Kusana kings and flying geese(symbol of monks) was found at Shah ji ki Dheri. Gold reliquary and Ivory plaques have been found from Bagram.
@ Influenced by the stories and imageries of all three religions of the time -- Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism. Images of kings etc were also produced. Images were modelled on Yaksha images. Showed a striking use of symbolism in the images. $ The Hindu Gods were represented using their avayudhas. Halo around the head of Buddha is Larger than in Gandhara School decorated with geometrical patterns. Used locally available white spotted red sandstone to make sculptures. @ Dev around the areas of Mathura, Sonkh and Kankalitila - famous for jain sculptures. Buddha is shown smiling, dress is tight, figure is masculine, face and head is shaven and seated in Padmasana. it depicted various patterns of life on the votive pillars viz scenes from forests where men and women are collecting flowers, women playing with cranes, offering fruits etc. Votive pillar from Kankali Tila is an example of this.
#todo 🔼 This school was centered in the region of Andhra Pradesh in southern India and was known for its elaborately decorated stupas and stone sculptures, which featured intricate reliefs and carvings.
#todo 🔼 Centred in Central Northern and Central India was known for its representation of the Buddha and other Buddhist figures, as well as for its intricate carvings and reliefs.
#todo 🔼 Sarnath image of standing Boddhisattva was installed in the reign of Kanishka I. Buddha images are either sitting or standing. Image of Buddha found in Katra shows Buddha sitting under Bodhi tree, Right hand in Abhaya mudra, Dharma Chakra and tri ratna are chiseled, head is shaven except one lock.
Kanakali Tila has yielded large numbers of Sculptures, Ayaqapatas or stone slabs with Jaina figures carved at the Center. Prashvanatha and Rishabhanatha are the 2 identifiable Tirthankaras from here.
@ Siva, Lakshmi, Surya and Sankarshana or Balarma figures have been found. During the Kushana period Karttikeya, Vishnu, Sarasvati, Kubera and certain other gods, including Naga images, were represented. Shiva had been represented by his Chaturmukha linga form ie linga with 4 human faces. $ Surya in the Kushana age is shown riding a chariot driven by two horses, wearing a heavy coat, boots, a sword and a lotus. Balaram has heavy turban on his head. Saraswati and Durga/Mahishasurmardani have been also depicted.
Kanishka, Wima and Chastana have been sculpted Sculptures of Sythian dignitaries have been found showing Gandhara influence here Write a short essay on "Indian participation in the silk trade through Central Asia." [1990, 20m] Refer Anki for silk route sites ![[Pasted image 20230213165838.jpg]] Explain as to how the early Buddhist Stupa art, while using folk motifs and narratives and common cultural symbols, succeeded in transforming these themes for expounding the Buddhist ideals. [2013, 20m] The early Buddhist stupa art, which was created during the time of the Buddha's teachings in India and during the following centuries, transformed traditional folk motifs, narratives, and cultural symbols by imbuing them with Buddhist meaning. This allowed the artists to communicate Buddhist ideals to a wide audience using symbols and motifs that were already familiar to them. For example, the use of Hindu gods and goddesses in Buddhist art was transformed by depicting them as supporters of the Buddha and his teachings, rather than as the objects of worship in their own right. This conveyed the message that even the traditional gods recognized the superiority of the Buddha's teachings. Similarly, traditional folk tales and narratives were transformed by highlighting the Buddhist moral lessons they embodied. For instance, the story of the bodhisattva prince who renounced his royal status to become a monk was interpreted as a symbol of the importance of seeking spiritual knowledge and wisdom over material wealth and power. The use of common cultural symbols, such as the lotus flower, was also transformed in Buddhist art. In traditional Hindu art, the lotus was a symbol of creation, but in Buddhist art, it came to symbolize the pure and perfect nature of the Buddha and the path to enlightenment. In this way, early Buddhist stupa art was able to transform common cultural symbols, folk tales, and narratives into powerful tools for expounding Buddhist ideals. This allowed the Buddha's teachings to be communicated to a wide audience in a way that was both accessible and meaningful to them, and helped to ensure the spread and preservation of the Buddha's teachings for future generations. Review critically the evolution of different schools of art in the Indian subcontinent between the second century BCE and the third century CE and evaluate the socio-religious factors responsible for it. [2014, 20m]
[Art, Architecture and Culture](onenote: Art,%20Architecture%20and%20Culture§ion-id={157806DC-CEF2-4D2B-998E-EF8934A61834}&page-id={ABBD3931-A70E-4994-BE28-A7D482EF112E}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Post%20Maurayan (Indo-Greeks%5eJ%20Shakas%5eJ%20Kushanas). one) - ! Answered below. "The changes in the field of art from the Kushana period to early medieval period are mere reflection of changing outlook." Comment. [2016, 20 Marks] Post Kushana
[Art and Architecture](onenote:Early%20State%20and%20Society%20in%20East%5eJ%20Deccan%5eJ%20South. one #Art %20and%20Architecture§ion-id={63D8A857-79B0-4DC4-B118-EA32081A36BA}&page-id={D97C172A-7DEA-413C-A9FA-21DCD6933CCA}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II )
[Art and Culture](onenote:Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans. one #Art %20and%20Culture§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={53ADDDB9-C9C2-4885-8240-339ECC95F583}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II )
[Growth of Art and Architecture](onenote:Regional%20States%20during%20Gupta%20Era. one #Growth %20of%20Art%20and%20Architecture§ion-id={762B0AE5-2A23-4D1F-9D30-89664CBE1143}&page-id={59379BDD-BA65-467A-BD24-93DDC65F29D3}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II ) - ! Answered elsewhere. Write a short essay on: "Origins, chronology, characteristics and geographical spread of Gandhara art." [1991, 20m]
Gandhara School: - ! Answered elsewhere. Furnish a critical and comparative account of various schools of art in the Post -Mauryan period (c. 200 B.C. - c. 300 A.D.) [1998, 60m]
Art, Architecture and Culture - ! Answered elsewhere. Explain as to how the early Buddhist Stupa art, while using folk motifs and narratives and common cultural symbols, succeeded in transforming these themes for expounding the Buddhist ideals. [2013, 20m] The early Buddhist Stupa art was highly successful in transforming common cultural symbols and folk motifs and narratives into representations of Buddhist ideals. These monuments were often large sculptures, constructed at important Buddhist pilgrimage sites, and designed to honor Buddhist teachings and the deeds of the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas. The Buddha figure at the center of the stupa served as a powerful visual metaphor for the teachings on enlightenment and nirvana. The stupa’s four sides symbolized the four directions one must travel to attain enlightenment, while the shape of the stupa itself was meant to resemble the mountains symbolizing the elevation of enlightenment. Other familiar motifs like sun and stars, trees, flowers, animals, and even chariots surrounded the main Buddha figure in a mix of narrative and abstract expressions. The way that these symbols were employed and reconfigured in the stupas expressed multiple layered meanings and it allowed the early Buddhist artists to use familiar symbols to illustrate complex Buddhist concepts. By combining these symbolic and figurative elements, the early Buddhist stupas created powerful visual messages that utilized and transformed traditional themes to reach a wide audience and effectively expound the Buddhist ideals. Review critically the evolution of different schools of art in the Indian subcontinent between the second century BCE and the third century CE and evaluate the socio-religious factors responsible for it. [2014, 20m]
[Art, Architecture and Culture](onenote: Art,%20Architecture%20and%20Culture§ion-id={157806DC-CEF2-4D2B-998E-EF8934A61834}&page-id={ABBD3931-A70E-4994-BE28-A7D482EF112E}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Post%20Maurayan (Indo-Greeks%5eJ%20Shakas%5eJ%20Kushanas). one) "The changes in the field of art from the Kushana period to early medieval period are mere reflection of changing outlook." Comment. [2016, 20 Marks] Post Kushana
[Art and Architecture](onenote:Early%20State%20and%20Society%20in%20East%5eJ%20Deccan%5eJ%20South. one #Art %20and%20Architecture§ion-id={63D8A857-79B0-4DC4-B118-EA32081A36BA}&page-id={D97C172A-7DEA-413C-A9FA-21DCD6933CCA}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II )
[Art and Culture](onenote:Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans. one #Art %20and%20Culture§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={53ADDDB9-C9C2-4885-8240-339ECC95F583}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II )
[Growth of Art and Architecture](onenote:Regional%20States%20during%20Gupta%20Era. one #Growth %20of%20Art%20and%20Architecture§ion-id={762B0AE5-2A23-4D1F-9D30-89664CBE1143}&page-id={59379BDD-BA65-467A-BD24-93DDC65F29D3}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II ) The Kushana period was one of the most prosperous ancient Indian cultures, known for its artistic and architectural achievements. The main art forms of this period include stone sculpture, metal sculpture, murals, wall paintings, textiles, jewellery, and coins. The main themes depicted in the Kushana art describe the life of the royal court, the gods and goddesses, and the scenes from the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. In the early medieval period, the art forms took a more religious turn with the emergence of Hinduism and Buddhism. This is seen in the rise of temple architecture like the magnificent temples at Ellora and Ajanta. The artwork during this period depicted themes from the religious texts, but with a more stylized approach. For example, sculpture became more ornate with intricate carvings and a focus on detail. Paintings used bright colors, vibrant figures, and religious themes like the images of Lord Vishnu and Lord Shiva. Overall, the changes in art from the Kushana period to the early medieval period can be seen as a reflection of the changing outlook of people. As religion and spirituality took center stage, the artwork shifted from depicting scenes from court life to religious figures and texts. This reflects the changing beliefs and values that were being espoused in the early medieval period. Write a short essay on: "Origins, chronology, characteristics and geographical spread of Gandhara art." [1991, 20m]
Gandhara School: Gandhara art is a type of Greco-Buddhist art that was created in the region of Gandhara during the 1st to the 7th centuries CE. This region covered much of modern Pakistan and Afghanistan, and was heavily influenced by the cultures of its Hellenistic, Indian and Persian neighbors. It is seen by some as the fusion of Western and Eastern art, and is a key influence in Buddhist art. The origins of the art form date back to the Greek conquests of Alexander the Great and its subsequent Seleucid dynasty. As with much of the Art of the period, Gandhara artists blended classical Greek traditional motifs with local Hindu images, to create a style of art that was influenced by both cultures. It is likely that the art of the region is an example of cultural exchange as opposed to a singular artistic movement. It was during the Kushan period in the 2nd century CE, that the art form saw a truly large scale expansion. The main characteristics of Gandhara art revolve around the use of human figures in narrative settings. figural representations of the Buddha were often given certain stylistic techniques associated with Greco-Roman art, such as drapery, hair parted in the middle, and almond shaped eyes. This style of artistic expression was not just reserved for the Buddha, but popularly was associated with representations of Bodhisattvas, saints and the Hindu gods. These figures were often depicted in scenes from Buddhist texts and stories, allowing for dynamic narrative pieces. Along with sculpture, these artists used literary and wall paintings as a medium for their works. Considering the geographically expansive region that the art of Gandhara was created in, it was heavily spread out. This included much of modern day Pakistan and Afghanistan and was also found in Modern day Kashmir, China, Tibet, and India. After the 7th century, the art form was largely replaced by the Kashmiri style of art, while the Greco-Buddhist styles still influenced the art of the region. Gandhara art is a crucial part of Indian and Greco-Roman histories and is important for understanding further the art and culture of the region. It is still studied and appreciated today and is a testament to the creative genius of these ancient cultures. Furnish a critical and comparative account of various schools of art in the Post -Mauryan period (c. 200 B.C. - c. 300 A.D.) [1998, 60m]
[Art, Architecture and Culture](onenote: Art,%20Architecture%20and%20Culture§ion-id={157806DC-CEF2-4D2B-998E-EF8934A61834}&page-id={ABBD3931-A70E-4994-BE28-A7D482EF112E}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Post%20Maurayan (Indo-Greeks%5eJ%20Shakas%5eJ%20Kushanas). one) The post-Mauryan period (c. 200 B.C. - c. 300 A.D) saw the rise of many regional schools of art, as well as a few general trends that influenced all of them. These trends developed out of the previous Mauryan period, and went on to shape art for centuries afterwards. One of the earliest regional schools of art was the Gandhara School of Art, which originated in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent. The Gandhara School focused heavily on Buddhist and Hindu iconography, with a Greco-Roman flavor that was derived from the works of the Bactrian kings. This style fused together the naturalism of Greek sculpture and the religious sensibilities of Hindu and Buddhist art, creating a unique hybrid visual style. The Mathura school of art was another significant regional school during this period. Originating in the town of Mathura, this school focused much more on Hindu iconography than the Gandhara School. This art was much more abstract in nature and focused heavily on elegant, curvilinear lines and a colored palette that included blues, pinks, and reds. The Amaravati School of Art was the third main regional school of this period. Located in the Deccan region at the mouth of the Krishna River, the Amaravati School was heavily influenced by Buddhist imagery and iconography. Art was heavily stylized and geometric in nature, making use of bold patterns and minimal figures. In addition to these regional schools of art, there were also a few general trends that occurred throughout the post-Mauryan period. One such trend was the increasing popularity of painted murals and sculptures. Stone carving was also becoming increasingly popular, as were comical terracotta figures and pottery. These works depicted everything from everyday life to religious iconography. The rise of regional schools of art alongside general trends in painting and sculpting cemented the post-Mauryan period as a major turning point in the history of Indian art. These schools and trends went on to influence art for centuries afterwards, and provided a basis for the further development of Indian art.
Brahmanical Imagery in the Kuṣāṇa Art of Mathurā: Tradition and Innovations on JSTOR↩︎ ]]>08.1-ancient-history/8.-post-maurayan-(indo-greeks-shakas-kushanas)/8.6-art,-architecture-and-culture.html08.1 Ancient-History/8. Post-Maurayan (Indo-Greeks-Shakas-Kushanas)/8.6 Art, Architecture and Culture.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#todo Jatakas Milindpanha and Lalitvistara Jaina texts and Puranas give details of political life, emergence of Hindu cults and religious practices Later Dharmasutras and Smritis like Manava Dharmashastras aka Manu Smriti, Yajnavalkya Smriti Literature during this period saw the emergence of Sanskrit drama viz Ashvaghosha's Sariputraprakaranana. He also wrote Saundarananda and Buddhacharita. Works of Charaka and Sushruta are scientific works of this period. Sangam literature that comprises of the 6/8 poems of etuttokai, 9/10 patupattus, first 2 books of tolkapiyyam. Graeco Roman texts of Arrian, Strabo, Pliny the elder and Periplus. Chinese texts like Chien Hans Shu and Hous Hans Shu give information about the migration of people from Central Asia. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/8.-post-maurayan-(indo-greeks-shakas-kushanas)/8.7-literature-and-science.html08.1 Ancient-History/8. Post-Maurayan (Indo-Greeks-Shakas-Kushanas)/8.7 Literature and Science.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTSources of History from 200BC to 300AD The sources for the study of Mauryan dynasty are mainly derived from the archaeological and literary sources. The archaeological sources include the remains of the monuments, coins, inscriptions, seals and other objects unearthed from the sites associated with the Mauryan dynasty. The literary sources include the works of ancient writers like Megasthenes, Strabo, Arrian, Pliny, Diodorus, Justin, Kautilya, Patanjali, Buddhist and Jain texts. The archaeological sources are considered to be the primary source of information about the Mauryan dynasty. Although these sources provide valuable information about the Mauryan period, they have certain limitations. Firstly, they provide limited information about the socio-cultural aspects of the Mauryan period. Secondly, they are limited in terms of geographical coverage, as most of the remains have been unearthed from the northern part of India. Thirdly, most of the archaeological sources are in fragments, which makes it difficult to interpret them correctly. The literary sources are considered to be the secondary source of information about the Mauryan dynasty. These sources provide valuable insights into the socio-cultural aspects of the Mauryan period. However, these sources have certain limitations. Firstly, most of these sources are written by foreign authors who may not have an in-depth knowledge of the Mauryan period. Secondly, some of these sources contain exaggerated accounts and biased opinions about the Mauryan period. Thirdly, they are incomplete or fragmentary in nature, which makes it difficult to interpret them correctly. - ! Numismatics : ? Despite the limitations of the sources, they are still very useful in understanding the Mauryan administration. The archaeological sources provide valuable information about the political structure of the Mauryan Empire and the administrative system adopted by the Mauryan rulers. The literary sources provide valuable insights into the social and economic conditions of the Mauryan period. They also provide information about the various measures adopted by the Mauryan rulers to maintain law and order in their kingdom. In conclusion, the sources for the study of Mauryan dynasty are useful in understanding the Mauryan administration. However, these sources have certain limitations which should be taken into consideration while interpreting them. Discuss critically the relative importance of the different source for the history of the Mauryan period. [1986, 60m]
[Sources of History from 200BC to 300AD](onenote: Sources %20from%20200BC-%20300AD§ion-id={C0CC9BD8-A1E3-4D8E-BE38-44EB6ABF19EE}&page-id={DD539256-5E7A-48AA-A70A-8F7C0ECB064C}&object-id={C327A81E-64E1-443D-B8DD-9682B33B4393}&22&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Mauryan%20Empire.one ) The Mauryan period, which lasted from 321 BCE to 185 BCE, is one of the most significant periods in Indian history, and there are several sources available to study this period. However, the relative importance of each source varies, as each has its own strengths and weaknesses. Here are five sources of information for the study of the Mauryan period, along with five examples for each source: 1. The Arthashastra by Kautilya: This is a treatise on statecraft and politics, and provides valuable insights into the administrative and economic systems of the Mauryan empire. - Example 1: The Arthashastra details the responsibilities of various government officials, including the role of spies and informers. - Example 2: It also outlines the tax collection and revenue management systems, including the classification of taxes into direct and indirect taxes. 2. The Buddhist texts: Buddhism was a major religion during the Mauryan period, and several Buddhist texts, including the Jatakas and the Buddhist scriptures, provide valuable information on the social, cultural, and religious practices of the time. - Example 1: The Jatakas provide accounts of the life of the Buddha and his previous lives, as well as stories that highlight the social norms and values of the time. - Example 2: The Buddhist scriptures also provide information on the spread of Buddhism and its interaction with other religious and cultural traditions. 3. Greek and Roman accounts: The Mauryan period saw significant interaction between the Indian subcontinent and the Hellenic world, and the accounts of Greek and Roman writers provide valuable insights into this relationship. - Example 1: The Greek historian Megasthenes wrote an account of his travels in India, which provides valuable information on the geography, culture, and political systems of the Mauryan period. - Example 2: The Roman writer Pliny the Elder also wrote about India, and his accounts provide information on trade and commerce between the two regions. 4. Inscriptions and rock edicts: The Mauryan emperor Ashoka issued several rock edicts throughout the empire, which provide valuable information on his policies and principles, as well as on the administration of the empire. - Example 1: The Rock Edict XIII, for instance, outlines Ashoka's policy of non-violence and religious tolerance. - Example 2: The Minor Rock Edicts provide information on Ashoka's social and administrative policies, including the appointment of officers to maintain the welfare of the people. 5. Archaeological evidence: Archaeological evidence provides information on the material culture and daily life during the Mauryan period, including details on architecture, trade, and industry. - Example 1: Excavations at sites like Sarnath and Sanchi have revealed the ruins of Buddhist monasteries and stupas, which provide information on the spread of Buddhism and its material culture. - Example 2: Excavations at sites like Taxila have also revealed the remains of urban centers and industrial workshops, providing information on trade and commerce during the Mauryan period. Determine the veracity of Megasthenes' descriptions of Indian society and economy with the help of other contemporary evidences. [1994, 60m]
Critical Examination of Megasthenes Indica and other sources Megasthenes was a Greek historian and ambassador who lived in the 4th century BCE and was sent by Seleucus I Nicator, the ruler of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire, to the court of the Mauryan emperor Chandragupta Maurya. His work, "Indika," provides valuable insights into Indian society and economy during the Mauryan period. However, the veracity of Megasthenes' descriptions of Indian society and economy has been the subject of debate among historians. On the one hand, some of Megasthenes' descriptions are considered to be largely accurate and based on firsthand observation, while on the other hand, others have been criticized as being distorted or exaggerated. One issue with Megasthenes' descriptions is that they are heavily influenced by Greek cultural and philosophical norms and biases, and may not accurately reflect the reality of Indian society and economy. For example, Megasthenes describes Indian society as being divided into seven classes, including philosophers, farmers, and soldiers, which may not accurately reflect the complex and hierarchical caste system of India at the time. Moreover, Megasthenes' descriptions are often limited by the limited time he spent in India and the limited access he had to certain parts of the country and to certain social groups. As a result, his descriptions may not accurately reflect the diversity and complexity of Indian society and economy. 1. Agricultural Economy: Megasthenes describes India as an agricultural economy, where agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for the majority of the population. This is supported by the descriptions of the land and water management systems in India as well as Ashoka's rock edicts, which mention the importance of agriculture and the development of irrigation systems. 2. Trade and Commerce: Megasthenes describes the thriving trade and commerce in India, with a network of merchants, sea ports, and land-based trade routes. This is supported by the descriptions of the Mauryan administration and policies, which encouraged trade and commerce, as well as the evidence of a thriving trade network in the form of ancient trade routes, such as the Silk Road. 3. Caste System: Megasthenes describes Indian society as being divided into seven classes, including philosophers, farmers, and soldiers. This is consistent with the descriptions of the caste system in ancient Indian texts, such as the Manusmriti, which outline the social and occupational divisions in ancient Indian society. However, the 7 fold division of society has not been supported by any contemporary sources. 4. Urban Centers: Megasthenes describes the presence of large and well-planned cities in India, with a complex system of administration and governance. This is supported by the descriptions of the Mauryan administration and the existence of urban centers, such as Pataliputra, which was a thriving metropolis and the capital of the Mauryan empire given in the Arthashastra. 5. Religious Practices: Megasthenes describes the presence of multiple religious beliefs and practices in India, including the worship of multiple gods and the practice of animal sacrifice. This is consistent with the descriptions of religious practices in ancient Indian texts, such as the Vedas, as well as the Buddhist texts, which describe the widespread presence of multiple religious beliefs and practices in ancient India. Examine sources of information for Mauryan dynasty. Throw light on historical significance of Ashoka's inscriptions. [1999, 60m]
[Sources from 200BC300AD](onenote: Sources %20from%20200BC-%20300AD§ion-id={C0CC9BD8-A1E3-4D8E-BE38-44EB6ABF19EE}&page-id={DD539256-5E7A-48AA-A70A-8F7C0ECB064C}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Mauryan%20Empire.one ) ]]>08.1-ancient-history/7.-mauryan-empire/7.1-sources-from-200bc-300ad.html08.1 Ancient-History/7. Mauryan-Empire/7.1 Sources from 200BC-300AD.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT Megasthenes' Indica" data-href="7.1 Sources from 200BC-300AD#Megasthenes' Indica" href="08.1-ancient-history/7.-mauryan-empire/7.1-sources-from-200bc-300ad.html#Megasthenes' Indica" class="internal-link" target="_self" rel="noopener nofollow">Indica.
The book does not survice. Later writers that have quotes his writings are Pliny the elder, Strabo and Arrian. ? #issue Conquest and subjugation of Saurashtra/ Kathiawar mentioned in Junagadh Rock inscription of Rudraman Pushyagupta the governor of Chandragupta constructed the Sudarshana lake. Tamil writers of the Sangam text mention Moriyar Bindusara succeeded Chandragupta Mahabhasya refers to him as Amitraghata and Greek accounts as Amitrochates or Dionysius Bindusara is called as Amitrochates by classical sources. In his reign that Mauryan control of the Deccan and Mysore was concluded followed Ajivika sect Magadha : triumph of monarchial form of political organisation over other forms such ex gana-sangha Deimachos was a greek ambassador at his court. Mauryas was centralized bureaucratic empire. Established through the military and other exploits of individuals unified centralized - decision making is monopolized often replacing earlier traditional/local authorities Geo political factors shape their activities Administration was expected to work for exploitative purposes. High degree of inequality in society Idea of an emperor was expressed through the Sanskrit term Chakravarti and the his sphere of rule was a Chakravartin Kshetra as mentioned in Arthashastra. mentions the 7 limbs or angas which made a rashtra (FATAL EK prem katha). They are : King ministers (mantri) ally,(mitra) taxes (kara) army (sena) fort (durga) land or territory (desh) enemy (shatru)
#todo State formation in India had been slow. Mauryan hinterlands did not have agressive shiefs and princes looking to fight M imperialists. M infact indirectly initiated state formation in such areas. Iron from the chotanagpur areas helped create a greater agriculture surplus. Large Standing army and Civil services Administrative structure Alexanders Invasion hastened decline of Nandas caused a vacuum that was filled by CM Religio-Cultural uniformity created by Ashoka. Per Romila Thapar this was to make administration of fringe areas easy and also to make people conform to the ideals of state. Determine the extent of the Mauryan empire. [2005, 60m]
Ashoka (268 - 232 BCE) : - ! Extent based on the 13th Major rock edict. As mentioned in Edicts Notes. Do you agree with the popular view that Mauryas established a unitary and highly centralized if not monolithic state system? [2018, 20 Marks]
Was the state highly centralised or decentralised ? - ! Nature of the Mauryan State debate from Notes. The Mauryan Empire was one of the largest and most powerful empires in ancient India, covering a vast territory stretching from present-day Afghanistan to Bangladesh, and from Tibet to the Bay of Bengal. At its peak, the Mauryan Empire was considered to be the largest empire in the world, covering an area of approximately 5 million square kilometers. The empire was centralized, with a strong and efficient administrative system. The capital city was Pataliputra, which was located in modern-day Patna, India. The Mauryan Empire was ruled by a powerful king, who was advised by a council of ministers and oversaw a hierarchical system of administration. The empire was divided into provinces, which were further divided into smaller administrative units. The Mauryan army was well-organized and efficient, and it played a key role in maintaining the stability and security of the empire. The army was made up of both infantry and cavalry units, and it was equipped with advanced weapons and tactics. The Mauryan navy was also powerful, and it played a crucial role in protecting the empire's coastal areas and facilitating trade. The Mauryan Empire was a hub of cultural, economic, and intellectual activity. The empire's capital city, Pataliputra, was a center of learning and scholarship, and it was home to a large number of scholars, artists, and intellectuals. The Mauryan era also saw the rise of Buddhism, and many Buddhist monasteries and temples were built throughout the empire. Analyse the causes of the success of the Magadhan imperialism upto the reign of Ashoka the Great. [2001, 60m]
Causes of Success of Mauryan Empire : The success of the Magadhan imperialism during the reign of Ashoka the Great was the result of a number of factors, including the following: 1. Strong centralization: The Mauryan Empire was highly centralized, with a strong and efficient administrative system. This allowed the empire to effectively control its vast territory and maintain stability and security throughout the realm. 2. Military power: The Mauryan army was well-organized, well-equipped, and efficient, and it played a key role in maintaining the stability and security of the empire. The army was made up of both infantry and cavalry units, and it was equipped with advanced weapons and tactics. 3. Economic prosperity: The Mauryan Empire was a hub of economic activity, with a thriving trade system that facilitated the exchange of goods and ideas between different parts of the empire and beyond. The empire was also rich in natural resources, including precious minerals, fertile farmland, and abundant forests. 4. Cultural diversity: The Mauryan Empire was home to a diverse and thriving population, and its capital city, Pataliputra, was a center of learning and scholarship. The empire's culture was shaped by a number of different influences, including Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism, among others. 5. Diplomacy and conquest: The Mauryan rulers were skilled diplomats, and they were able to forge alliances and secure peace treaties with neighboring states and kingdoms. At the same time, they were also successful in military conquest, and they were able to expand the empire through strategic campaigns and territorial gains. 6. Administration and governance: The Mauryan administration was efficient and well-organized, and it was able to maintain law and order throughout the empire. The empire was divided into provinces, which were further divided into smaller administrative units, and the king was advised by a council of ministers who helped to govern the empire. 7. Legacy of the Nanda dynasty: The Mauryan Empire was preceded by the Nanda dynasty, which had already established a strong and centralized empire in the region. The Mauryans were able to build on this legacy and continue the process of centralization and expansion. Magadhan imperialism theory was put forward by Indian historians such as Radha Kumud Mookerji who started the concept and later expanded upon by D. D. Kosambi, and R. C. Majumdar. Some scholars argue that the Mauryan Empire should not be considered an empire in the traditional sense, as it was not based on territorial conquest but rather on a system of alliances and treaties. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/7.-mauryan-empire/7.2-foundation-of-mauryan-empire.html08.1 Ancient-History/7. Mauryan-Empire/7.2 Foundation of Mauryan Empire.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo Women were employed as spies under the M empire. Kautilya says that they were more efficient than men. Lusting for women was considered one of the Vices by Kautilya along w/ gambling, drinking. women have been shown as supporting men. Women as wives have been presented only as rearer of children. Says that W do not have brain of their own. Women ex widows are not mentioned as inhertor of property. If there were no heirs king took the property. During remarriage she was to leave her property to either the husband or his sons from the first marriage. But there are also reference to rich widows. Emphasis is laid on chastity before marriage which was to be punished if not conformed with. Defines the age of puberty ofr girls as 12. Certain sexual relations were prohibited. Thus, A tried to control the sexuality of women in Mauryan society. Adultery was a crime with punishment being amputation of nose and ears. Rape was a punishable offence with varying degree from death to fines from 12 panas onwards. Punishment to city guards for misbehaving w/ women. Punishments depended on the status of women. Abortion was a crime. Worked in agricultural fields and pastures along w/ men. Spinning sector of textile was reserved for women, particularly for those who had no other means of livelihood Ex widows, cripples, mothers of prostitutes. But cheating in these sectors were punished severely. Women, Children were employed in collecting and preparing ingredients making alcoholic liquor. Occupation mentioned are shampooing, preparing bath, making garland, perfumery etc. Employed by the state for prostitution, women entertainers, actresses. Who were often used as assassins. A female bonded labour was not to be beaten, treated violently etc. Contract made by woman dependent on here husband or son was not valid. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/7.-mauryan-empire/7.3-chandragupta,-kautilya-and-arthashastra.html08.1 Ancient-History/7. Mauryan-Empire/7.3 Chandragupta, Kautilya and Arthashastra.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo Haraprasad Sastri has suggested that Pushyamitra Sunga's coup showed Brahmanical revolution as a result of Ashoka's Dhamma. It is possible that Ashoka's ban on animal sacrifices may have annoyed Brahmana livelihood. Appointment of Dhamma Mahamatas may have struck Brahmana prestige as custodians of social morality. However Sastri's interpretations are wrong since in his edicts Ashoka had mentioned to respect both the Sramana and Brahmanas. Ashoka's followed a pacifist policy as a result of his Dhamma. However, he was pragmatic and did not disband the army and also warned the tribal communities to not make nuisance. He also did not abolish capital punishment. Reasons for downfall have to searched on the weakness of the political structure and lack of later able rulers in the dynasty than in Dhamma. Unable to restructure economy and the tendency of the fringes to act independent were some other reasons. Romila Thapar has mentioned the lack of nationalism, idea of loyalty to state, lack of popular representative institution. Both the Vedas and Buddhist canonicals have the concept of Dhamma in them. Rig Veda mentions it at least 56 times the root of the word means to uphold or support. In most cases it means religious rites and in some other cases it meant 'fixed principles or rules of conduct'. In Chandogya Upanishad there is an important passage a/c to which there are 3 branches of dharma : one is constituted by sacrifice, study and charity; second is constituted by austerities and third is the brahmacharin dwelling in house of his teacher and making himself sudy with the family of the teacher till last. All of them attain immortality. In Taittiriya Upanishad it is 'Speak the truth, practice your dharma' here it means the standard conduct as a mem of Aryan community as member of one caste as a person in a particular stage of life. The Vedas are however the source of Dharma. Dhamma in Buddhism is interpreted to mean 'the teaching of the Buddha'. Accorting to him it is overcoming suffering or dukkha. It gives people a way of life to achieved enlightenment by following the noble eigthfold path. Many of the Buddhas views in the eightfold path found mentions in the vedas and upanishads. Both say to follow dhamma but their definition of dhamma is different wherein lie the dissimilarity.
#todo The Dhamma that was mentioned in his inscriptions and the concept of Buddhist Dhamma were different. Historians hold different views about the nature of Ashokas Dhamma. It has been seen as a sort of universal religion containing common elements of other religious traditions. It has been interpreted as a form of raja-dharma/ Dharma of a king consisting of political and moral principles. It has been understood as a form of Buddhist Upasaka dhamma. And also been seen as all of the above rolled into one. Romila Thapar's Views on Dhamma Thapar has underlined the political rationale behind the propagation of dhamma. She has minimised the Buddhist elements in his Dhamma asserting that there was no connection b/w personal beliefs of Ashoka and his public proclamations. It was an ideological tool to consolidate his large empire and to get support of non orthodox elements. as being a bond for the empire, common social way of life A/c to her Dhamma was Ashoka's own invention for a way of moral life for people in general to follow. Ashoka's Dhamma meant righteousness. For Ashoka it was to give him socio-political order in his empire that would make it easy to govern. Upinder SIngh Ashokas inscriptions do not contain ideas of Buddhas teaching ex Dukkha, 8 fold path etc. But there is a definitve Buddhist core clear from ther repeated emphasis on ahimsa and in the 3rd century BC Buddhism along with Jainism were prominent sects that emphasised ahimsa. There is also similarity b/w duty oriented ethics of inscriptions and Buddhist upasaka dhamma as mentioned in Sigalvada Sutta. Bhabru rock edict lists 6 Buddhist texts as texts on dhamma. His ideas that king owes debt to all his subjects has Buddhist connotation. Buddhist element can also been seen in his sculpture as well ex Girnar rock mentions white elephant bringing happiness to the world. Elephant appears in Dhauli inscription as well. Buddhist archaeological remains have been found around many Ashokan pillars. Discuss the nature of Ashoka's Dhamma. Was it responsible for the downfall of his empire? [1979, 60m]
Role of Dhamma on the downfall of empire :
https://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/causes-of-the-decline-of-the-mauryas-in-the-time-of-asokas/2429 Ashoka's Dhamma was a moral and ethical code that was central to his reign as emperor of the Mauryan Empire in ancient India. It was based on the principles of non-violence, compassion, and respect for all living beings, and it aimed to promote peace and harmony within the empire and beyond. Ashoka's Dhamma was not a religious doctrine, but rather a set of ethical guidelines that were intended to govern the behavior of the emperor and his subjects. It emphasized the importance of moral conduct, tolerance, and selflessness, and it was reflected in the laws and policies of the empire, as well as in the edicts that Ashoka inscribed on rocks and pillars throughout the empire. - ! Then mention the views of Romila Thapar and Upinder Singh on this. The extent to which Ashoka's Dhamma was responsible for the downfall of the Mauryan Empire is a matter of debate among historians. Some argue that the empire was weakened by internal factors, such as economic decline and political instability, and that the focus on moral and ethical principles may have contributed to this decline. Others believe that Ashoka's Dhamma was a positive force that helped to promote peace and stability within the empire, and that its downfall was the result of external factors, such as invasions from neighboring kingdoms. Analyze Ashoka's policy of Dhamma and account for its failure. [1983, 60m]
Concept of Dharma - Analysis on the policy of Dhamma. Ashoka's policy of Dhamma was a set of principles and policies implemented by the Indian Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. The policy was based on the principles of non-violence, justice, morality, and compassion, and it aimed to promote social harmony and improve the lives of the people. Ashoka implemented the policy through the creation of a network of pillars and rock edicts throughout his empire, which carried messages promoting the principles of the Dhamma. Historian Romila Thapar states that Ashoka's Dhamma was "a new moral and ethical code for governance and for the behaviour of individuals." Ashoka's Dhamma was not based on any specific religious tradition, but rather on universal moral principles, and it was intended to be followed by all members of society, including the emperor himself. In one of his rock edicts, Ashoka stated, "Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, desires that all religions should reside everywhere, for all of them desire self-control and purity of heart." Another historian, K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, notes that Ashoka's Dhamma was not just a policy but "a way of life," and that it was intended to create a society where "the weak and the strong are alike in their privileges and obligations." Ashoka's Dhamma was intended to promote peace and compassion, and it included policies aimed at alleviating suffering and promoting the welfare of all members of society. In one of his rock edicts, Ashoka stated, "Everywhere King Piyadasi (Ashoka) has occupied the hearts of the people with love for him, and the love of one's own religion and the love of others, and by the practice of the Dhamma." Thapar states that many people in India at the time were deeply rooted in their own cultural, religious, and social traditions, and they were resistant to the idea of changing their ways of life. This made it difficult for Ashoka to fully implement his policy of Dhamma. Another historian who has criticized the policy for lack of enforcement is K.A. Nilakanta Sastri. Sastri notes that, although Ashoka tried to promote the Dhamma, there was no mechanism in place to enforce it, and many people continued to engage in violent and unjust practices. 1. Irfan Habib: Irfan Habib is a noted historian of India and has written extensively on Ashoka and his empire. Habib has praised Ashoka's policy of Dhamma for its efforts to promote non-violence and compassion, but has also noted that the policy faced challenges in its implementation. 2. D. D. Kosambi: D. D. Kosambi was an Indian mathematician, statistician, and historian who studied Ashoka's policy of Dhamma. Kosambi has noted that the Dhamma was an important factor in Ashoka's rule and that it helped to create a sense of unity and social harmony in India. 3. N. G. Majumdar: N. G. Majumdar was a historian of India and has written extensively on Ashoka's policy of Dhamma. Majumdar has praised the policy for its efforts to promote peace, justice, and compassion, and has noted that it had a significant impact on Indian society. 4. Upinder Singh: Upinder Singh is a historian and professor of ancient Indian history and culture, who has studied and written about Ashoka's policy of Dhamma. Singh has praised the Dhamma for its efforts to promote social harmony and improve the lives of the people, and has noted that it helped to create a more just and compassionate society in India. Write a short essay on: "Contents of Asoka's dhamma and reasons for Asoka's keenness to propagate dhamma." [1991, 20m]
Concept of Dharma - Contents of his Dhamma : 1. Non-violence and compassion: One of the core principles of the Dhamma was non-violence and compassion towards all living beings. Ashoka sought to promote peace and reduce violence, both within his empire and beyond its borders. 2. Respect for all religions: Ashoka believed that all religions had value and should be respected. He encouraged tolerance and respect for different beliefs and practices, and sought to promote social harmony between different religious and ethnic groups. 3. Moral and ethical behavior: The Dhamma emphasized moral and ethical behavior, including honesty, integrity, and fairness. Ashoka encouraged people to lead virtuous lives and to avoid negative actions such as theft, violence, and deceit. 4. Service to others: The Dhamma encouraged people to serve others, particularly those who were in need. This included providing food, shelter, and medical care to those who were suffering. 5. Promotion of education: Ashoka believed that education was an important means of promoting the Dhamma and improving society. He encouraged the spread of knowledge and the education of both men and women. 6. Environmental conservation: The Dhamma emphasized the importance of preserving the natural environment and protecting wildlife. Ashoka promoted the planting of trees and the conservation of forests, and encouraged people to act responsibly in their use of natural resources. Discuss different interpretations of historians about the nature of Asoka's 'Dhamma'. Did his principle of 'Dhamma-vijaya' render the Mauryan Empire militaristically weak? [2014, 20m]
Historians Views on Dhamma The nature of Ashoka's "Dhamma" has been interpreted in different ways by various historians over the years. Some of the notable interpretations include: 1. Secular interpretation: According to this interpretation, represented by historians such as Romila Thapar and Irfan Habib, Ashoka's Dhamma was a secular code of conduct that had nothing to do with religion. It was seen as a political tool to unify his empire and maintain order. 2. Buddhist interpretation: According to this interpretation, represented by historians such as Ananda Coomaraswamy and Paul Mus, Ashoka's Dhamma was a form of early Buddhism that sought to spread the teachings of the Buddha and bring the empire under Buddhist influence. 3. Hindu interpretation: According to this interpretation, represented by historians such as R.C. Majumdar and H.C. Raychaudhuri, Ashoka's Dhamma was an expression of Hinduism, drawing on the principles and values of Vedic and Upanishadic literature. 4. Jain interpretation: According to this interpretation, represented by historians such as Johannes Bronkhorst, Ashoka's Dhamma was influenced by Jainism and reflected Jain principles such as non-violence and compassion. 5. Syncretic interpretation: According to this interpretation, represented by historians such as Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, Ashoka's Dhamma was a synthesis of various religious and philosophical traditions, including Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism, reflecting a syncretic approach to religion and spirituality. The principle of "Dhamma-vijaya," or the conquest through righteousness, has been seen by some historians as contributing to the militaristic weakness of the Mauryan Empire. However, this view is not universally accepted, and there is evidence to support both sides of the debate. Arguments in favor of the idea that Dhamma-vijaya made the empire weak include: 1. Rejection of violence: Ashoka's emphasis on non-violence and compassion, as expressed in his inscriptions, may have limited his ability to engage in military conquests and maintain control over his vast empire. 2. Decreased military power: By rejecting the use of force and relying on moral persuasion, Ashoka may have reduced his military power, making the empire vulnerable to attack by neighboring states. Arguments against the idea that Dhamma-vijaya made the empire weak include: 1. Political stability: The principle of Dhamma-vijaya may have contributed to political stability and social cohesion within the empire, reducing the need for military conquest. 2. Diplomatic influence: By spreading his Dhamma through his empire and beyond, Ashoka may have exerted a moral influence that enhanced his diplomatic power and reduced the need for military intervention. 3. Continued expansion: Despite his emphasis on non-violence, Ashoka still expanded his empire through diplomacy and strategic marriages, suggesting that his military power was not necessarily weakened by his adoption of Dhamma-vijaya. Historians such as Romila Thapar and Irfan Habib argue that Dhamma-vijaya did not render the Mauryan Empire militarily weak, as the empire continued to expand and maintain its power through diplomacy and political savvy. On the other hand, historian Ananda Coomaraswamy has argued that Ashoka's rejection of violence weakened the empire and reduced its military power "The concept of Ashoka's Dhamma as found through his inscriptions had its roots in Vedic---Upanishadic literature." Discuss. [2017, 15 Marks]
Ideas of Dhamma in Vedas, Upanishads Ashoka's Dhamma, as found through his inscriptions, can indeed be traced back to Vedic and Upanishadic literature. Here are ten points that illustrate this connection: 1. Concept of Dharma: The concept of Dharma, which is central to Ashoka's Dhamma, is derived from the Vedic literature, where it refers to the moral and ethical laws that govern human behavior. 2. Emphasis on non-violence: The Upanishads, specifically the Mahabharata and the Bhagavad Gita, emphasize the importance of non-violence and compassion, concepts that are also central to Ashoka's Dhamma. 3. Concept of ahimsa: The principle of ahimsa, or non-harm, is a fundamental tenet of both Vedic and Upanishadic literature and is also emphasized in Ashoka's inscriptions as a key component of his Dhamma. 4. Emphasis on self-control: The Vedic literature places a strong emphasis on self-control and inner discipline, which are also central to Ashoka's Dhamma as expressed in his inscriptions. 5. Concept of karma: The concept of karma, which is the law of cause and effect, is also present in both Vedic and Upanishadic literature and is central to Ashoka's understanding of the moral and ethical laws that govern human behavior. 6. Emphasis on compassion: The Upanishads emphasize the importance of compassion and kindness, concepts that are also central to Ashoka's Dhamma as expressed in his inscriptions. 7. Concept of moksha: The concept of moksha, or liberation from the cycle of birth and death, is a central tenet of Upanishadic literature and is also mentioned in Ashoka's inscriptions as a goal for those who follow his Dhamma. 8. Emphasis on ethical conduct: Both the Vedic and Upanishadic literature place a strong emphasis on ethical conduct and the importance of moral behavior, concepts that are also central to Ashoka's Dhamma. 9. Concept of samsara: The concept of samsara, or the cycle of birth and death, is present in both Vedic and Upanishadic literature and is also mentioned in Ashoka's inscriptions as a fundamental aspect of human existence. 10. Emphasis on wisdom: The Upanishads emphasize the importance of wisdom and self-realization, concepts that are also central to Ashoka's Dhamma as expressed in his inscriptions.
fess107.pdf - Our Pasts I NCERT | Ashoka, the Emperor who gave up war.
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< https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zr7ck2p/revision/1>↩︎ ]]>08.1-ancient-history/7.-mauryan-empire/7.4-ashoka,-concept-of-dharma.html08.1 Ancient-History/7. Mauryan-Empire/7.4 Ashoka, Concept of Dharma.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTMajor Rock Edicts 13 more content needed
Disintegration of the Empire - Present in Dhauli, Odisha among other places written in Brahmi script and ### 13th Major Rock Edict When he had been consecrated eight years the Beloved of the Gods, the king Piyadassi, conquered Kalinga. A hundred and fifty thousand people were deported, a hundred thousand were killed and many times that number perished. Afterwards, now that Kalinga was annexed, the Beloved of the Gods very earnestly practised Dhamma, desired Dhamma, and taught Dhamma, On conquering Kalinga the Beloved of the Gods felt remorse, for, when an independent country is conquered the slaughter, death, and deportation of the people is extremely grievous to the Belovedof the Gods, and weighs heavily on his mind. What is even more deplorable to the Beloved of the Gods, is that those who dwell there, whether brahmans, sramanas, or those of other sects, or householders who show obedience to their superiors, obedience to mother and father, obedience to their teachers and behave well and devotedly towards their friends, acquaintances, colleagues, relatives, slaves, and servants - all suffer violence, murder, and separation from their loved ones. Even those who are fortunate to have escaped, and whose love is undiminished [by the brutalizingeffect of war], suffer from the misfortunes of their friends, acquaintances, colleagues, and relatives. This participation of all men in suffering, weighs heavily on the mind of the Beloved of the Gods. Except among the Greeks, there is no land where the religious orders of brahmanas and sramanasare not to be found, and there is no land anywhere where men do not support one sect or another. Today if a hundredth or a thousandth part of those people who were killed or died or were deported when Kalinga was annexed were to suffer similarly, it would weigh heavily on the mind of the Beloved of the Gods, The Beloved of the Gods believes that one who does wrong should be forgiven as far as it is possible to forgive him. And the Beloved of the Gods conciliates the forest tribes of his empire, but he warns them that he has power even in his remorse and he asks them to repent, lest they be killed. For the Beloved of the Gods wishes that all beings should he unharmed, self-controlled, calm in mind, and gentle. The Beloved of the Gods considers victory by Dhamma to be the foremost victory. And moreover the Beloved of the Gods has gained this victory on all his frontiers to a distance of six hundred yojanas [i.e.about 1500 miles], where reigns the Greek king named Antiochus, and beyond the realm of that Antiochus in the lands of the four kings named Ptolemy, Antigonus, Magas, and Alexander; and in the south over the Colas and Pandyas as far as Ceylon. Likewise here in the imperial territories among the Greeks and the Kambojas, Nabhakas and Nabhapanktis, Bhojasand Pitinikas, Andhras and Parindas, everywhere the people follow the Beloved of the Gods' instructions in Dhamma. Even where the envoys of the Beloved of the Gods have not gone, people hear of his conduct according to Dhamma, his precepts and his instruction in Dhamma, and they follow Dhamma and will continue to follow it. What is obtained by this is victory everywhere, and everywhere victory is pleasant. This pleasure has been obtained through victory by Dhamma yet it is but a slight pleasure, for the Beloved of the Gods only looks upon that as important in its results which pertains to the next world. Ths inscription of Dhamma has been engraved so that any sons or great grandsons that I may have should not think of gaining newconquest, and in whatever victories they may gain should be satisfied with patienceand light punishment. They should only consider conquest by Dhamma to be a true conquest, and delight in Dhamma should be their whole delight, for this is of value in both this world and the next. [^1] Write a short essay on: "Inscriptions of Ashoka" [1995, 20m] Refer Anki for Site locations
[Major Rock Edicts (14)](onenote: Edicts §ion-id={C0CC9BD8-A1E3-4D8E-BE38-44EB6ABF19EE}&page-id={D939EEA5-2726-4FB3-BD25-B6D6B8272A53}&object-id={BF85D0F3-6DCD-4C30-84C5-E98082BAAA1E}&62&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Mauryan%20Empire.one ) onwards The Inscriptions of Ashoka are a series of edicts and inscriptions that were inscribed on rocks and pillars across the Mauryan Empire by the Indian emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. These inscriptions are an important source of information about the empire, its administration, and Ashoka's policies and reforms. Here are ten of the most significant inscriptions of Ashoka, along with a brief description of their content: 1. Rock Edict I: This edict announces Ashoka's adoption of non-violence and his commitment to promoting moral values. 2. Rock Edict II: This edict instructs all citizens to respect the teachings of the Buddha and to practice moral values such as non-violence and truthfulness. 3. Rock Edict III: This edict calls for the protection of all living beings, including animals, and instructs all citizens to practice compassion and kindness. 4. Rock Edict IV: This edict instructs the king's administrators to govern justly and to treat all citizens fairly and equitably. 5. Rock Edict V: This edict announces Ashoka's personal involvement in the spread of Buddhism and his commitment to building Buddhist monasteries and providing support to Buddhist monks. 6. Rock Edict VI: This edict instructs the king's administrators to maintain the public welfare and to provide aid to those in need. 7. Rock Edict VII: This edict instructs the king's administrators to promote the welfare of all sects and to avoid discrimination based on religion or caste. 8. Rock Edict VIII: This edict instructs the king's administrators to promote the growth of agriculture and commerce, and to encourage the spread of trade and commerce throughout the empire. 9. Rock Edict IX: This edict calls for the protection of all forests and wildlife, and instructs the king's administrators to preserve the environment for future generations. 10. Rock Edict X: This edict instructs the king's administrators to promote the welfare of all citizens, including women, children, and the elderly. These inscriptions provide a valuable glimpse into the administration, policies, and reforms of Ashoka, and they serve as an important reminder of his commitment to ethical governance, compassion, and non-violence. They also demonstrate the extent of Ashoka's influence, as they were inscribed on rocks and pillars across a large portion of the Mauryan Empire, and they remain a significant part of India's cultural heritage to this day. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/7.-mauryan-empire/7.5-edicts.html08.1 Ancient-History/7. Mauryan-Empire/7.5 Edicts.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT Girnar Rock Edicts of Asoka mention about the function of the council - Rock Edict II - Parishad was expected to see that new administrative measures were carried Rock Edict VI - mentions that the ministers can discuss the King's policy during his absence; suggest amendments; decide upon any important matter which the king has left them to do. primary role remained that of an advisory body Ministers should be purest of all and an inner council called Mantrins should be consulted on issues of immediate attention eighteen departments (Tirthas) of the central government have been mentioned Karmantika looked after the industries, the Antarvamsika looked after the King's security and the Sannidhata looked after the treasury Arthashastra mentions a small consultative body of mantrin called Mantri parishad. Megasthenes mentions a sumbouloi and Edit 3 states palisa/parishad is there to direct officers called yuktas to discharge their duties. Megasthenes tells us that Pataliputra was administered by thirty officials who were divided into six Committees of five members each. Of these 4 were related to economic activities they dealt with industrial arts, trade and commerce, the supervision of the public sale of manufactured goods and the collection of tax on articles sold other two committees were concerned with the welfare of foreigners and the registration of births and deaths. Various official that have been mentioned in Arthashastra are :
#more Ashokan Officers and Designation Sannidhata - treasurer Samharata - collector of revenue, helped by Bhagadhuk Amatya - civil servants/ admin personnel Rajuka - punishing or rewarding people Adhyaksha - 27 are mentioned in Arthashastra, heads of dept Akshapataladhyaksha - accountant general/currency Sitadhyaksha - agriculture Akaradhyaksha - mining Navadhyaksha - Ports Panyadhyaksha - Commerce Samshadyaksha - Markets Sulkadhyaksha - customs and tolls Pradeshika - overall incharge of a district Rajuka - surveyor/ assessor of land Yukta - subordinates, secretaries, accountants Gopa - Accountant to a group of village Sthanika - worked directly under Pradesika Grambhojaka/Gramini/Gramika - head of village assisted by Gram Viddhas Pramukha - president of a guild/sreni Jetthaka - was elected member of guild or alderman Greek and Indian literary sources refer to Chandragupta raising an army of mercenary soldiers. There were various branches that consisted of : Infantry Cavalry Elephants Chariots Transport Admiral of the Fleet The 1st 4 were called the Chaturangabala it was the main component of the army. Each branch was looked after by a committee of 5 members. Ayudhagaradhyaksha looked after maintenance and production of armaments Rathadhyaksha for chariots Hiastyadhyaksha after the elephant force Espionage over ministers, gov officials, collecting impression regarding the feelings of citizens, against foreign rulers. They were cooks, barbers etc.
Gramika had judicial powers at the village level there were also courts at the level of Janapada and the centre. 2 kinds of courts have been mentioned in the Arthashastra - Dharmasthiya courts which decided personal disputes Kantakasodhan courts that decided matters related to individuals and the state. The sources of law were Dharma, Vyavahara - current legal codes, Charitra - customs , Rajasasana - royal decree. Penalties in arthashastra was based on Varna hierarchies for the same kind of offence. cities collected revenues in the form of fines, sales tax (Sulka), exercise on sale of liquor etc. gamblers had to part with five per cent of their winnings to the state merchants had to pay when their weights were tested and certified

Irrigation was one of the most imp public works taken especially in arid/semi-arid areas through dams, ponds, canals etc. Medicine men like physicians (Chikitsakah), midwives (Garbhavyadhi) etc were there for both Men and Animals State helped during natural calamities Looked after orphans, old unattended women etc Laying down and repair of roads and opening inns were taken head was the Kumara (royal prince) who used to govern as representative of the King. Ashoka was the Kumara of Ujjaini. 4 provincial capitals were : Tosali Ujjain Suvarnagiri Taxila There were also other governors have been mentioned in Junagadh inscription the Tushaspa a yavna as its governor. Mahamatras were senior officials. Dhamma Mahamatras looked after religion. They were appointed by both king and the Kumaras. Amatyas were also high category of officials having special powers. Pradeshika, Rajuka and Yukta were some of the officials they looked after : survey and assessment of land tours and inspections revenue collection maintaining law and order 4th Pillar Edict - Asoka grants to the Rajukas "independent authority" to carry out pillar works Yukta was a junior officer gave secretarial assistance to the other two. Gramika were officials appointed and assisted by the Villagers
#todo Problems with sources Arthashastra might differ on what is written and the actual way the state was governed. Megasthenes Indica : most of its parts are lost and have several discrepancies and inaccuracies. Ashoka's Inscriptions mostly deal with dhamma and only offere a fleeting, incidental reference to administration To understand the nature of the Mauryan state we need to juxtapose information from these sources into one. Question is what sort of an Empire was it? What it meant to be absorbed into the empire? Degrees of Control? How effective was the control? Earlier belief that Mauryan empire was highly centralised was not correct. **Gerard Fussman** argued that given the extent of empire and communication of the time Mauryan Empire could not have been centralised. - It was superimposed on various existing political units that enjoyed certain degrees of autonomy. - Ashokas personal supervision applied only to propagation of Dhamma not to details of administration. **Romila Thapar** : Initially presented it as a new form of govt marked by centralised control and planning. But subsequently reconsidered it as being culmination of different economies, polities and life-ways. - Empire should be considered as a metropolitan center and peripheral areas. These peripheral areas constituted no of per state societies. Certain new features of Mauryan empire was that they were significantly larger having an imperial ideology and vision. Its emperors were not insular or inward looking but looked beyond the limits of the subcontinent. Arthashastra was 1st to define a state. Its concept of saptanga rajya considers tate as consisting of 7 inter related limbs. King was the central figures and focus of power. Mentioning him as Devampiya and Piyadasi meant suggests linking of gods and kings. Arthshastra emphaises moral obligation of kingship by elaborating the Kings duties and obligations. Ashokas ideas of Kingship partially mathces that mentioned in the Arthashastra. Discuss the comparative merit of the Arthasastra, the Indica and Ashokan Inscriptions as sources for the administration, socio-economic conditions and religious life in the Mauryan period. [1989, 60m]
Chandragupta, Kautilya and Arthashastra - ! Write the info that these sources provide for administration, socio-economic conditions and religious life. Then give the merits and demerits of Literary and Archaeological sources in the construction of history. Write a short essay on: "Mauryan municipal administration." [1996, 20m]
City Administration - - ! City Administration as mentioned above. Examine the nature of the Mauryan State. Bring out the features of their administrative system. [2002, 60m]
[Nature of Mauryan State :](onenote: Polity,%20Administration§ion-id={C0CC9BD8-A1E3-4D8E-BE38-44EB6ABF19EE}&page-id={08E1D93E-F45B-43E6-9A30-6BFEA591E5D7}&object-id={924F286F-ACC1-46CF-B3FA-A1B7C846A617}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Mauryan%20Empire.one ) - ! Nature of the Mauryan state given above Examine the role of adhyaksha in the Mauryan administration. [2012, 30m]
[Various official that have been mentioned in Arthashastra are](onenote: Polity,%20Administration§ion-id={C0CC9BD8-A1E3-4D8E-BE38-44EB6ABF19EE}&page-id={08E1D93E-F45B-43E6-9A30-6BFEA591E5D7}&object-id={B1772557-76DC-4040-BC63-AE0C12A68795}&59&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Mauryan%20Empire.one )
[Ayudhagaradhyaksha looked after maintenance and production of armaments](onenote: Polity,%20Administration§ion-id={C0CC9BD8-A1E3-4D8E-BE38-44EB6ABF19EE}&page-id={08E1D93E-F45B-43E6-9A30-6BFEA591E5D7}&object-id={DD46A083-3B5F-4C5D-8531-75C473DBECB6}&53&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Mauryan%20Empire.one ) https://littleflowercollege.edu.in/upload/e_contents/files/a83ca02f119bde3b33f2b362012a9aef.pdf How did Ashoka contribute to the moral and administrative welfare of his people? [2000, 60m]
[Ashoka (268 - 232 BCE) :](onenote: Ashoka,%20Concept%20of%20Dharma§ion-id={C0CC9BD8-A1E3-4D8E-BE38-44EB6ABF19EE}&page-id={24C33B3B-BD97-429D-8F88-EC3E0C009316}&object-id={971B4C1A-0010-4F3E-AABA-A780D1976F56}&10&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Mauryan%20Empire.one ) - ! Write about Ashoka's Dhamma and form of moral and administrative welfare of its people. **Major Rock Edict IV** comments that because of the policy of Dhamma the lack of morality and disrespect towards Sramanas and Brahmans, violence, unseemly behavior to friends, relatives and others, and evils of this kind have been checked. The killing of animals to a large extent was also stopped. The author also explores the concept of "ethical infrastructure," which refers to the systems, institutions, and cultural practices that support and promote moral and ethical behavior. The author argues that Ashoka's reign marked a turning point in the development of India's ethical infrastructure, as he laid the foundations for a more compassionate and just society. According to the author, Ashoka's legacy can serve as a model for contemporary leaders who wish to promote moral and ethical governance, and inspire people around the world to work towards a more just and equitable society. In this article - https://aeon.co/essays/ashokas-ethical-infrastructure-is-carved-into-indias-rocks ]]>08.1-ancient-history/7.-mauryan-empire/7.6-polity-administration.html08.1 Ancient-History/7. Mauryan-Empire/7.6 Polity Administration.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>7.4 Ashoka, Concept of Dharma > Concept of Dharma He sent his son Mahinda and daughter Sanghamitta to Sri Lanka who convinced Tissa the king to adopt Buddhism and make it the state religion. Missions were also sent ot West Asia, Greece and South East Asia. Buddism became popular in Afghanistan, Thailand, North Asia including Siberia. Third Buddist council was convened. C Maurya renounced his throne to join Jain monks. He died at Shravanabelagola in Karnataka after observing the ritual fast called Sallekhana at Chandragiri hills. Jain texts mention that Chandragupta followed non Jain ascetice with wrong view of religion and lusted for women. Samprati the grandson of Ashoka also patronised Jainism. He was influenced by monks like Suhastin and built many jain temples called Derasars ex in Ahmedabad, Viramgam, Ujjain etc. He sent messengers to Greece, Persia and Middle east to spread Jainism. Jaina sources say that before Bindusara's death he adopted Jainism. Certain Ajivika chornicles talk about prophising the greatness of Ashoka during reign of Bindusara. Divyadana mentions this man to be Pingalavatsa. AL Basham concluded that Bindusara was a patron of Ajivikas. Pingalavatsa is said to have then left the court on the advice of the Queen. Barabar Cave Inscription mentions Ashoka donating a cave in Bihar to them The Lomas Rishi, Sudama, Visvakarma and Karna chopar caves here had been donated by Ashoka to the Ajivikas. were sudra sanyasins established by Nanda Vachcha -> Kisa Sankichcha. 3rd chief was Makkali Gosala : denied the theory of 'karma' argued that man is subject to the laws of nature believed that the thought and deed of an individual were predetermined (decided before birth). The believed there was no special cause for the misery of human beings believing that all creatures had to face misery. Sect was centered around the capital of Kosala, Sravasti. Niyata (fate) was a central idea and human effort was of no consequence. Karma and transmigration existed but human effort had no role in it. Meetings took place in sabhas suggesting they had a corporate organisation. They practices severe ascetism and ahimsa. Bhagvati sutra mentions that they were allowd to eat meat. They did not practice discrimination on the basis of caste or class. Buddhist texts such as Anguttara Nikaya denounce Gosala showing bitter rivalry. Mahavamsa suggest that it had spread to Sri Lanka. Samantapasadika and Mahavamsa suggest that Bindusara followed Brahmanism. The Adi parva section of mahabharat that deals with the Origin of dieties and daitya allude to the names of Mauryan kings. Names are anachronistic in nature and have been attributed to Asuras'/Daityas which implies that antagonitic nature of Brahmanical followers towards Mauryan kings. Status of women declined slowly and underwent some changes. Girls were kept away from forma education and treated as second class citizens. Factors such as caste systesm, lack of education, rigid and strict rules were the reason for it. Yajnavalka smriti and its commentary the Mitakshara by Vijaneshwara talks in details about the rules that women were to follow. Only men could achieve Purushartha/ultimate goals. Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas could have 3,2,1 wives respectively. Minority religions such as Zoroastrianisma and other Greek pantheons were practiced during the reign of C Maurya. Women in Religious literatures like Dharmashastra and Arthashastra
#todo Women were employed as spies under the M empire. Kautilya says that they were more efficient than men. Lusting for women was considered one of the Vices by Kautilya along w/ gambling, drinking. women have been shown as supporting men. Women as wives have been presented only as rearer of children. Says that W do not have brain of their own. Women ex widows are not mentioned as inhertor of property. If there were no heirs king took the property. During remarriage she was to leave her property to either the husband or his sons from the first marriage. But there are also reference to rich widows. Emphasis is laid on chastity before marriage which was to be punished if not conformed with. Defines the age of puberty ofr girls as 12. Certain sexual relations were prohibited. Thus, A tried to control the sexuality of women in Mauryan society. Adultery was a crime with punishment being amputation of nose and ears. Rape was a punishable offence with varying degree from death to fines from 12 panas onwards. Punishment to city guards for misbehaving w/ women. Punishments depended on the status of women. Abortion was a crime. Worked in agricultural fields and pastures along w/ men. Spinning sector of textile was reserved for women, particularly for those who had no other means of livelihood Ex widows, cripples, mothers of prostitutes. But cheating in these sectors were punished severely. Women, Children were employed in collecting and preparing ingredients making alcoholic liquor. Occupation mentioned are shampooing, preparing bath, making garland, perfumery etc. Employed by the state for prostitution, women entertainers, actresses. Who were often used as assassins. A female bonded labour was not to be beaten, treated violently etc. Contract made by woman dependent on here husband or son was not valid. Dharmashastra accepted certain types of inter-varna marriages ie man of higher varna and woman of lower it was called anuloma. Pratiloma unions were not approved. Their mention suggests such marriages happened and varnas were not strictly endogamous.
Mishra, S. C. “OBSCURE MAURYAN KINGS: FRESH PERSPECTIVES (FROM THE HISTORY OF BUDDHISM IN INDIA) BY TARANATH.” Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 73, Indian History Congress, 2012, pp. 35–45, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4415618↩︎
http://puneresearch.com/media/data/issues/5b6a7d4c22a35.pdf↩︎ ]]>08.1-ancient-history/7.-mauryan-empire/7.10-religion,-spread-of-religion.html08.1 Ancient-History/7. Mauryan-Empire/7.10 Religion, Spread of Religion.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo Literary sources Empire witnessed less literary contribution during this time. It was composed either in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Pali languages. Chanakya was a well known author in the court of Chandragupta Maruya. His Arthashastra is a detailed treatise on statecraft. Bhadrabahu was a Prakrit author during the time a contemporary of Chandragupta Mauryas. He was the disciple of Yashobhadra whoe lived and wrote during Chandragupata. He composed many Jaina works ex Kalpasutra. Buddhist Kathavatthu was the only Pali work during the Mauryan period ascribed to Mogaliputta Tissa. Composed during the reign of Ashoka. Social norms for women in the Dharmasastra and Arthasastra tradition were framed in accordance with the Varnashrama tradition. Evaluate critically. [2013, 20m]
[Women in Religious literatures like Dharmashastra](onenote: Religion,%20Spread%20of%20Religion§ion-id={C0CC9BD8-A1E3-4D8E-BE38-44EB6ABF19EE}&page-id={B38901C0-A1A8-4DBE-8215-69F37274D7F7}&object-id={3A801F6D-0669-47E9-BC29-B6E4EFCD3616}&C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Mauryan%20Empire.one ) The Dharmasastra and Arthasastra traditions are two ancient Indian philosophical texts that have been used to shape the social norms of women in India. These texts are based on the Varnashrama tradition, which is an ancient Indian system of social stratification based on caste, class, and gender. This system is rooted in the Vedic texts of Hinduism and is composed of four classes (varnas) and four stages of life (ashramas). According to this system, the highest class is the Brahmin, followed by the Kshatriya, the Vaishya, and the Shudra. The four stages of life are Brahmacharya (student life), Grihastha (householder life), Vanaprastha (retirement life), and Sannyasa (renunciation life). The Dharmasastra and Arthasastra texts provide guidelines for the social norms of women in accordance with the Varnashrama tradition. The texts prescribe specific roles for women in each of the four classes and stages of life. For example, in the Brahmin class, women were expected to be obedient and submissive to their husbands and fathers; they were expected to be chaste, modest, and virtuous; and they were expected to be dedicated to their family and to religious activities. In the Kshatriya class, women were expected to be courageous and skilled in warfare; they were expected to be loyal to their husbands and families; and they were expected to be educated and knowledgeable in the laws and customs of the kingdom. In the Vaishya class, women were expected to be hardworking and industrious; they were expected to be involved in the family business; and they were expected to be knowledgeable in the laws and customs of the kingdom. In the Shudra class, women were expected to be obedient and submissive to their husbands and families; they were expected to be engaged in manual labor; and they were expected to be devoted to their families and religious activities. Although the Dharmasastra and Arthasastra texts provide guidelines for the social norms of women in accordance with the Varnashrama tradition, there are some criticisms of this system. For example, the texts are patriarchal in nature and place women in a subordinate position to men. Additionally, the texts are based on a rigid hierarchical system, which can be oppressive and exclusionary. Furthermore, the texts are based on traditional values and beliefs, which may not be relevant to modern society. Overall, the Dharmasastra and Arthasastra texts provide guidelines for the social norms of women in accordance with the Varnashrama tradition. However, there are criticisms of this system, as it is patriarchal in nature and based on a rigid hierarchical system that may not be relevant to modern society. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/7.-mauryan-empire/7.11-literature.html08.1 Ancient-History/7. Mauryan-Empire/7.11 Literature.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTMore
Do you think that the economic factors were alone responsible for the disintegration of the Mauryan Empire? [1982, 20m]
Disintegration of the Empire - ! Mention the points given in above notes No Economic reasons were not the only factor that was responsible for the disintegration of the Mauryan Empire as emphasised by DD Kosambi. Examine the administrative system of the Mauryas and discuss briefly the causes of disintegration of the Mauryan Empire. [1984, 60m]
[Polity, Administration](onenote: Polity,%20Administration§ion-id={C0CC9BD8-A1E3-4D8E-BE38-44EB6ABF19EE}&page-id={08E1D93E-F45B-43E6-9A30-6BFEA591E5D7}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Mauryan%20Empire.one ) - ! Need to think on Bureaucracy, Provinces, Taxation, Military, Laws, Trade, Religion and Art and Culture, Agriculture and Education The Mauryan Empire was one of the largest and most powerful empires in the ancient world, and its administrative system was a major factor in its success. The Mauryan administrative system was based on a centralized bureaucracy, with a strong emphasis on efficient and effective government. This system was designed to ensure that the rulers had complete control over the population, and that the resources of the empire were managed in an efficient manner. 1. Centralized Bureaucracy: The Mauryan Empire was ruled by a centralized bureaucracy, which was headed by the emperor himself. The emperor was the ultimate authority and had the power to appoint and dismiss officials, as well as to issue orders and decrees. The bureaucracy was divided into several departments, each with its own set of officials and rules. 2. Provinces: The Mauryan Empire was divided into provinces, each of which was governed by a governor. The governors were responsible for the administration of their respective provinces, and they reported directly to the emperor. 1. Local Administratoin : the Mauryan administration was divided into smaller units such as districts and villages. These units were governed by officials appointed by the governor, and their primary responsibility was to maintain order and enforce the law. 3. Taxation: The Mauryan Empire had a complex taxation system, which was used to fund the government and its various projects. Taxation was based on land ownership, and taxes were collected from both the rich and the poor. 4. Military: The Mauryan Empire had a powerful military, which was used to protect the empire from external threats. The military was organized into divisions, each of which was commanded by a general. 1. Spy System : 1. Spy system: The Mauryan administration had a well-developed spy system, which was used to gather intelligence and monitor the activities of local governors and officials. This system was an important tool in maintaining central control over the empire. 5. Laws: The Mauryan Empire was governed by a set of laws, which were enforced by the courts. These laws were designed to ensure justice and order in the empire. 6. Trade: The Mauryan Empire had a strong trading network, which connected it to other parts of the world. Trade was an important source of revenue for the empire, and it helped to spread the wealth of the empire. 7. Religion: The Mauryan Empire was a predominantly Hindu society, and the religion was an important part of the empire's culture. The emperor was a patron of Buddhism, Jainism etc , and he encouraged its practice throughout the empire. 8. Education: Education was highly valued in the Mauryan Empire, and there were many schools and universities throughout the empire. These institutions provided education to the people, and they also served as centers of learning and research. 9. Art and Culture: The Mauryan Empire was known for its art and culture, which were highly valued by the rulers and the people. Art, music, and literature flourished during this period, and many of the works from this period are still admired today. 10. Agriculture: Agriculture was an important part of the Mauryan economy, and it was heavily taxed. The government also provided assistance to farmers, such as providing them with seeds and tools. These are the main features of the Mauryan administrative system. The Mauryan Empire was an example of a powerful and successful empire, and its administrative system was a major factor in its success. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/7.-mauryan-empire/7.12-disintegration-of-the-empire.html08.1 Ancient-History/7. Mauryan-Empire/7.12 Disintegration of the Empire.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#todo
]]>08.1-ancient-history/7.-mauryan-empire/7.13-sungas-and-kanvas.html08.1 Ancient-History/7. Mauryan-Empire/7.13 Sungas and Kanvas.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>Rise of Urban Centres What role did iron play in changing their political and economic life? [1998, 60m]
Impact of Iron technology : Iron was a major game-changer in the political and economic life of people in the Indian subcontinent from 2000 BCE to 200 CE. Iron was first discovered in the Indian subcontinent during the Vedic period (c. 1500–500 BCE) and it quickly became the metal of choice for weapons and tools. This had a profound impact on the political and economic life of the people in the region. Iron allowed for the production of better weapons, which allowed for the emergence of large and powerful states. The increased military power of these states allowed them to expand their territories, resulting in the emergence of the first major empires in the region. The most notable example of this was the Maurya Empire, which was founded in the 4th century BCE and spanned much of the Indian subcontinent. The Mauryan Empire was the first to unify the region, which had been divided into many small kingdoms prior to its emergence. This unification allowed for increased trade and economic integration, which in turn allowed for the emergence of a more advanced economy. Iron also allowed for the development of better agricultural tools, which allowed for increased production of food. This allowed for the growth of larger and more complex societies, as well as the emergence of cities due to surplus appropriation. This increased population growth and urbanization led to the emergence of a more complex economy and the development of a money-based economy. This new economic system allowed for the emergence of a merchant class, which in turn allowed for increased trade and the development of a more diversified economy. The increased military power of the states and the emergence of a more complex economy allowed for increased social mobility. This allowed for the emergence of a more stratified society, with a distinct upper class and lower class. This stratification allowed for the emergence of a more complex political system, with the upper classes having more power and influence. This in turn allowed for the emergence of more organized and powerful states, which allowed for the emergence of a more centralized government. Iron played a major role in transforming the political and economic life of people in the Indian subcontinent. It enabled the production of weapons and tools, which allowed for the emergence of new social classes and the formation of larger political organizations. As historian Romila Thapar notes, “Iron was the major technological innovation that transformed the lives of people in the subcontinent.” Historian Upinder Singh adds that “iron gave the people of the subcontinent access to a range of weapons and tools, and this allowed for the emergence of new social classes and larger political organizations.” Iron also enabled the production of agricultural tools, which allowed for the intensification of agricultural production and the emergence of a more complex economy. Historian Sanjay Subrahmanyam further argues that “iron was central to the emergence of the early state systems in the Indian subcontinent, as it allowed for the production of weapons and tools that could be used in warfare and state formation.” Iron also enabled the production of tools and weapons that allowed for the expansion of trade and commerce. Evaluate the introduction of iron technology in the development of human history of ancient India. [2011, 20m]
[Impact of Iron technology :](onenote: 5. PYQs %20and%20Answers%20§ion-id={27B0F6C8-0CAF-4E34-BF56-5CB9AD14C82B}&page-id={235D41E2-2497-4945-AB29-978F2052A17E}&object-id={02957E22-5988-41A5-9886-FA28386138B0}&F&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Mahajanapadas.one ) The introduction of iron technology in ancient India was a major step forward in the development of human history. Iron technology allowed for the production of tools and weapons that were more durable and effective than those made from stone and other materials. This technology allowed for the growth of civilizations, the development of trade networks, and the spread of new ideas and technologies. Iron technology was first developed in the Indian subcontinent during the late Harappan period, around 1500 BCE. It is believed that the technology was introduced to India by people from the Middle East, who brought the knowledge of smelting and forging iron with them. Iron technology was quickly adopted by the local populations and spread to other parts of the subcontinent. The introduction of iron technology had a profound impact on the development of ancient India. Iron tools and weapons were much more durable and effective than stone tools, allowing for the development of more efficient agricultural techniques. Iron tools also allowed for the construction of larger and more complex structures, such as forts and palaces. This allowed for the growth of cities and the development of more complex societies. The use of iron tools also allowed for the development of trade networks. Iron tools and weapons could be traded between different regions, allowing for the spread of new ideas and technologies. This allowed for the growth of commerce and the development of new technologies, such as the spinning wheel and the chariot. Iron technology also allowed for the development of more effective weapons. Iron weapons were more durable and effective than stone weapons, allowing for the development of more effective armies. This allowed for the growth of empires and the spread of new ideas and technologies. The introduction of iron technology also had a major impact on the religious and cultural development of ancient India. Iron tools and weapons were used to construct religious and cultural artifacts, such as temples and sculptures. This allowed for the spread of new religious and cultural ideas, such as the Vedic religion and the development of Hinduism. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/6.-mahajanapadas/6.3-rise-of-urban-centres.html08.1 Ancient-History/6. Mahajanapadas/6.3 Rise of Urban Centres.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.1-ancient-history/6.-mahajanapadas/6.4-trade-routes.html08.1 Ancient-History/6. Mahajanapadas/6.4 Trade Routes.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTSocial Life NIS but imp Economy
Rise of Urban Centres
Trade Routes
Economic Growth
Introduction of Coinage How far is it correct to say that changes in the post-Vedic economy gave birth to new religious movements in India? [2015, 15m] Economy
Rise of Urban Centres
Trade Routes
Economic Growth
Introduction of Coinage
[Rise of new religious ideas -](onenote: Spread %20of%20Jainism%20and%20Buddhism§ion-id={27B0F6C8-0CAF-4E34-BF56-5CB9AD14C82B}&page-id={328F536D-11CE-49C3-8DB2-4785D1423CB2}&object-id={ABE427CF-97D6-4FE3-A323-C143F0FD1D01}&12&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Mahajanapadas.one ) ]]>08.1-ancient-history/6.-mahajanapadas/6.5-economic-growth.html08.1 Ancient-History/6. Mahajanapadas/6.5 Economic Growth.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.1-ancient-history/6.-mahajanapadas/6.6-introduction-of-coinage.html08.1 Ancient-History/6. Mahajanapadas/6.6 Introduction of Coinage.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#GS4 Buddhist emphasis on ahimsa involved a critique of Brahmanical animal sacrifices monastic order of monks, and ultimately also of nuns, was created within the Buddha's lifetime Vinaya Pitaka gives an account of the estd of Sangha and rules that govern it. Vinaya Pitaka has two main sections-the Sutta Vibhanga → that has Pattimokkha a set of rules and Khandaka. It regulated the monks and nuns and defined the relation b/w Sangha and laity. Members of the Sangha taught dhamma to the laity. For the laity giving dana/alms lead to accumulation of punya/merit.
The male followers of laity were called Upasakas and the female followers were called upasikas. #PrelimsPYQ Buddha's doctrine was more socially inclusive than the Brahmanical one but it did not aim the abolishing of social differences. He saw social relationships as fetters. Buddhists considered varna as man-made ordering. Most monks in were either Kshatriya or Brahmanas belonging to families of high status. One of the reason for this was that there was internal dissension among the Brahmanical fold as not all Brahmans were ritual specialists. Monks could take food from anyone irrespective of their social hierarchy. Buddha's dhamma must have appealed to the laity because it offered a coherent code of conduct. Nibbana was possible for women too. Buddhist texts were stereotypical of the women. It was not open to pregnant women, mothers of unweaned children, rebellious women. Samyutta Nikaya refers to Khema and her discourse to king Pasenadi. Anguttara Nikaya about Dhammadinna. Therigatha consists of 73 poems and is supposed to have been composed by 72 nuns. spread fast in Magadha, Kosala and Kausambi. In republics of Sakyas, Vajjis and Mallas also followed the process. It appealed to large masses due to
Emphasis on practical morality, simple philosophy, social equality. #GS4 Merchants like Ananthpindika and courtesans like Amrapali accepted the faith because they were respected in it. Use of popular language ie Pali. patronage extended by kings Sangha organised the spread very effectively Sangha was the religious order membership was open to all above 15 yrs of age. Criminals, lepers and persons affected by infectious diseases were not given admission into the Sangha. Ananda and his foster mother Mahapatapati Gotami requested the admission of Women into the sangha fold. During the rainy season they took shelter called as vasa. Sangha promoted education among the people. It was governed by democratic principles 1st Buddhist Council was held in 483 B.C.E. in the Saptapmi cave near Rajagriha 3 months after the death of Buddha. Mahakassapa presided over the assembly. Ananda and Upali were other leading personalities. Its agenda was to preserve the teachings (Sutta) and monastic disciplines / Vinaya. All the teachings of Buddha were divided into two Pitakas. the Vinaya Pitaka and the Sutta Pitaka. Vinaya Pitaka was established under the leadership of Upali and those of Sutta Pitaka was settled under the leadership of Ananda. Sutta, Vinaya and Abhidhamma pitakas were recited in the council. 2nd Buddhist Council was held at Vaishali in 383 B.C.E. Council was presided by Sabbakami under the patronage of Kalasoka. Dispute arose on the 10 points of monastic discipline that was to be followed. monks of Vaisali and Pataliputra had accepted certain rules which were declared as contrary to the teaching of Buddha by the monks of Kausambi and Avanti. Council failed to bring about a compromise leading to the formation of Sthaviravadins and Mahasangikas. Stharviravadins were orthodox and followed Vinaya Pitaka. 3rd Buddhist Council was held in 253 B.C.E. at Pataliputra during the reign of Asoka under the chairmanship of Moggaliputta Tissa. Its objective was to reconcile different schools of Buddhism and purify the Buddhist movt from opportunistic factions that only wanted royal patronage. Attempt was made to free Buddhist council from dissidents and innovation. Many monks were expelled. Philosophical interpretations of the doctrines of Buddha were collected into Abhidhamma Pitaka. The last chapter of Abhidhamma Pitaka, Kathavatthu had questions and disputes recorded on it. Abhidhamma Pitaka was compiled and Tripitika was formed. 4th Buddist Council was held in 72 A.D. during the reign of Kanishka in Kashmir and was presided by Vasumitra and Ashvaghosa was his deputy. It compiled three commentaries (Vibhashas) on each of the three Pitakas. It decided certain controversial questions of differences that arose between the Sarvastivada teachers of Kashrnir and Gandhara. A settlement of dissidence was done and the council recognized all 18 sects as the repositories of genuine buddhavachana. This council was a gathering of Hinayanists of North India. Parshvanath believed in the eternity of matter. He advocated 4 principles Truth Non Violence Non possession Not to receive anything not voluntarily given eg Brahmacharya Teachings of Mahavira - He believed that soul(jiva) and matter(ajiva) are 2 basic elements. Soul can be liberated with means of continued efforts. Moksha can be attained by observing the following 3 principles Right belief Right Knowledge Right Action advocated a life of severe asceticism and extreme penance believed that the world was not created by any supreme creator all objects, animate and inanimate had a soul rejected the authority of Vedas and objected to Vedic rituals The following had to be observed by a householder : non-injury non-stealing non-adultery speaking the truth non-possession householder should feed cooked food to the needy everyday Teachings were contained in 14 old texts known as purvas. Sthulabhadra divided the Jaina canon into 12 angas or sections. Digambaras refused to accept this change. At 2nd council at Vallabhi new addition in the form of Upangas or minor sections were made. Held in 512 AD. It was presided by Devardhi Kshemasarmana. By this time the 12th Anga of the 1st council was lost. Among the 12 angas the Acharanga sutta - code of conduct for the monks and Bhagavati sutta - later expounds of Jaina canon, are the most important. Mahavira had eleven disciples known as Ganadharas or heads of schools Arya Sudharma was the only Ganadhara who survived Mahavira and became the first 'Thera' (chief preceptor) of the Jaina order The sixth Thera was Bhadrabahu. was given royal patronage by Udayin the successor of Ajatshatru. Chandragupta Maurya travelled to the south with Bhadrabahu to spread Jainism. Monks could have been seen during the invasion of Alexander on the banks of river Indus. They used popular dilect Prakrit. The 3rd council was held after the return of Bhadrabahu from Shravanabelagola in Pataliputra iaround 300 BC. In this teachings of Mahavira was divided into 12 angas. It split into Digambaras and Shvetambaras. During later year more splits took place the ones who devoted worship of the scriptures were called Terapanthis among Svetambaras and the Samaiyas among the Digambaras.(6th century AD) Jaina doctrine is much older than the Buddhist one. Jaina means victor teaches to attain moksha. Jaina conception of time consists of an endless sequence of half-cycles called utsarpinis and avasarpinis(regressive happiness) lasting vast amount of time. Rishabhadeva was the 1st tirthankara. Neminatha was 22nd, Prashvanath was 23rd and 24th was Mahavira born 250 yrs after Parshvanath. Jinas had superhuman insights and knowledge. Acharanga Sutra tells about the life of Mahavira. Jaina doctrine says that reality is manifold/anekanta. Everything has 3 aspects substance (dravya), quality (guna), and mode (paryaya). anekantavada (doctrine of the manifold) holds that reality is very complex and has multiple aspects. Syadavada (the doctrine of maybe) emphasize the relativity of all knowledge. Reality cannot be grasped in its entirety. There are infinite beings called jivas and have 3 main qualities conciousness(chaitanya), bliss(sukha) and energy(virya) who transmigrate to Karma triratna (three gems) of Jainism consists of right faith (samyagdarshana), right knowledge and right conduct(samyog-charitra). It also has 5 vows for monks and nuns. Ahimsa is central to Jainism. Jaina texts also criticize Brahmanical sacrifice and stereotype women.
#todo What are Upanishads? What are Heteredox/ Nastika sects? Upanishadic thoughts are ideas, values and modes of thinking that have beginnings from Upanishadic texts. Birhadaranyak, Chandogya and Aitreya were pre Buddhist. Both Up and B texts believed in undesirability of worldly existence and wanted liberation from it. Both disregarded priestly rites and rituals. Monier Williams - Buddha was a metaphysician and had great sympathy w/ Up philosophy. Albrecht F Weber - Teaching in B is absolutely nothing new, is entirely identical and corresponding w/ Brahmanical doctrines. other historians like Ranade and Mahadevan say that they merge into each other. Oldenberg says not even one philosophy was known to Buddha. Identification of self w/ the world and not w/ one of the 5 factors of existence/Khandas seems borrowed from Up. Early Buddhists might not have been acquainted w/ Up. What were the causes of the origin of the heterodox sects in the sixth century BC? [1984, 20m]
Rise of new religious ideas - Discuss the social & economic factors for the rise of Buddhism. How far was it influenced by Upanishadic thought? [1987, 60m]
Buddha's doctrine was more socially inclusive than the Brahmanical
Influence of Upanishadic thought on Heterodox sects Write a short essay on: "The intellectual revolution in the Sixth Century B.C." [1988, 20m]
Rise of Buddhism :
[Rise/Spread of Jaininsm :](onenote: Spread %20of%20Jainism%20and%20Buddhism§ion-id={27B0F6C8-0CAF-4E34-BF56-5CB9AD14C82B}&page-id={328F536D-11CE-49C3-8DB2-4785D1423CB2}&object-id={44D0973D-8C4C-42E5-9588-E0C39E3D183A}&58&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Mahajanapadas.one ) Write a short essay on: "Essence of early Jainism" [1995, 20m]
Rise/Spread of Jaininsm : "The Sixth century B.C. was a period of religious and economic unrest in India." Comment. [2003, 60m]
[Spread of Jainism and Buddhism](onenote: Spread %20of%20Jainism%20and%20Buddhism§ion-id={27B0F6C8-0CAF-4E34-BF56-5CB9AD14C82B}&page-id={328F536D-11CE-49C3-8DB2-4785D1423CB2}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Mahajanapadas.one ) Economy
[Rise of Urban Centres](onenote: Rise %20of%20Urban%20Centres§ion-id={27B0F6C8-0CAF-4E34-BF56-5CB9AD14C82B}&page-id={BA53C740-1AF9-42B9-8EF6-CDCDE4D59AE3}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Mahajanapadas.one )
[Trade Routes](onenote: Trade %20Routes§ion-id={27B0F6C8-0CAF-4E34-BF56-5CB9AD14C82B}&page-id={DEDCEF7F-6B63-40C7-8C2D-18C77ACD4703}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Mahajanapadas.one )
[Economic Growth](onenote: Economic %20Growth§ion-id={27B0F6C8-0CAF-4E34-BF56-5CB9AD14C82B}&page-id={C4E712A1-3406-4A7A-8965-9B4D97FB9107}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Mahajanapadas.one )
[Introduction of Coinage](onenote: Introduction %20of%20Coinage§ion-id={27B0F6C8-0CAF-4E34-BF56-5CB9AD14C82B}&page-id={6B80A7A7-5918-4213-BA33-4F0118229F5A}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Mahajanapadas.one ) Write what you know of the rise and spread of Buddhism before the first century A.D. [2007, 60m]
[Spread of Jainism and Buddhism](onenote: Spread %20of%20Jainism%20and%20Buddhism§ion-id={27B0F6C8-0CAF-4E34-BF56-5CB9AD14C82B}&page-id={328F536D-11CE-49C3-8DB2-4785D1423CB2}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Mahajanapadas.one ) Assess the importance of Jain tenets and their relevance to humanity. [2011, 30m]
[Rise/Spread of Jaininsm :](onenote: Spread %20of%20Jainism%20and%20Buddhism§ion-id={27B0F6C8-0CAF-4E34-BF56-5CB9AD14C82B}&page-id={328F536D-11CE-49C3-8DB2-4785D1423CB2}&object-id={44D0973D-8C4C-42E5-9588-E0C39E3D183A}&58&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Mahajanapadas.one ) Buddha's teachings to a large extent could be helpful in understanding and resolving the problems of today's society. Analyse critically. [2014, 15m]
[Rise of Buddhism :](onenote: Spread %20of%20Jainism%20and%20Buddhism§ion-id={27B0F6C8-0CAF-4E34-BF56-5CB9AD14C82B}&page-id={328F536D-11CE-49C3-8DB2-4785D1423CB2}&object-id={44D0973D-8C4C-42E5-9588-E0C39E3D183A}&C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Mahajanapadas.one ) Buddhism and Jainism were social movements under the umbrella of religion. Comment. [2017, 15 Marks]
Spread of Jainism and Buddhism The concept of Shramanic religions, with particular reference to Buddhism, had their roots in Upanisadic ideas. Discuss. [2018, 15 Marks]
[Influence of Upanishadic thought on Heterodox sects](onenote: Spread %20of%20Jainism%20and%20Buddhism§ion-id={27B0F6C8-0CAF-4E34-BF56-5CB9AD14C82B}&page-id={328F536D-11CE-49C3-8DB2-4785D1423CB2}&object-id={E6673AB2-9598-4419-9783-5AF6C5F03C42}&D&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Mahajanapadas.one )
fess106.pdf - New Questions and Ideas]]>08.1-ancient-history/6.-mahajanapadas/6.7-spread-of-jainism-and-buddhism.html08.1 Ancient-History/6. Mahajanapadas/6.7 Spread of Jainism and Buddhism.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.1-ancient-history/6.-mahajanapadas/6.8-rise-of-magadha-and-nandas.html08.1 Ancient-History/6. Mahajanapadas/6.8 Rise of Magadha and Nandas.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo
https://selfstudyhistory.com/2015/02/25/iranian-and-macedonian-invasions-and-their-impacts/]]>08.1-ancient-history/6.-mahajanapadas/6.9-iranian-and-macedonian-invasions-and-their-impacts.html08.1 Ancient-History/6. Mahajanapadas/6.9 Iranian and Macedonian Invasions and their impacts.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.1-ancient-history/6.-mahajanapadas/nis-social-life-but-imp.html08.1 Ancient-History/6. Mahajanapadas/NIS - Social Life but imp.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.1-ancient-history/6.-mahajanapadas/nis-various-sources-for-600-300bc-but-important.html08.1 Ancient-History/6. Mahajanapadas/NIS Various Sources for 600-300BC but important.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTRise of Magadha and Nandas The rise of Magadhan imperialism can be traced back to the 6th century BCE, when the state of Magadha, located in the modern-day state of Bihar, emerged as one of the most powerful states in ancient India. Over the centuries, Magadha became known for its strong central government, efficient administration, and well-trained army. This allowed the state to gradually expand its territory and influence over its neighbors, eventually leading to the establishment of a vast empire that dominated much of northern India. One of the key factors that contributed to the success of Magadhan imperialism was its policy towards the non-monarchical states. Unlike many other states in India, Magadha was not content to simply coexist with its neighbors but instead sought to expand its territory and influence. The state's rulers were often able to achieve this by offering favorable terms to smaller states in exchange for their loyalty and cooperation. For example, the ruler Bimbisara of Magadha formed alliances with several smaller states and allowed them to retain their autonomy, as long as they paid tribute to Magadha and provided troops in times of war. Another factor that contributed to the success of Magadhan imperialism was the state's military might. The Magadhan army was well-trained and well-equipped, and was able to effectively defend the state against invaders and expand its territory through conquest. The state's rulers were also able to maintain control over their subjects by establishing a strong central administration and by creating a system of taxation that ensured the flow of resources to the state. The most notable example of Magadhan imperialism was the rule of the Nandas, who came to power in the 4th century BCE. The Nandas were able to expand the Magadhan empire to its greatest extent, controlling much of northern India and establishing themselves as one of the most powerful states in the region. The Nandas were also known for their policies towards the non-monarchical states, which allowed them to maintain control over their subjects and expand their territory. One of the key factors that contributed to the success of the Nandas was their use of diplomacy and economic incentives to maintain control over their subjects. The Nandas were able to establish favorable trade agreements with their neighbors and offer incentives such as tax exemptions and trade privileges to maintain their loyalty. This helped to reduce the likelihood of resistance and allowed the Nandas to maintain control over their vast empire. Give an account of the republics in the pre-Maurya period. Discuss the factors which contributed to their decline. [1992, 60m]
Republics and Monarchies
Vajji , Malla, Sakyas of Kapilavastu before being taken over by Kosala The pre-Mauryan period in India is known as the period of the Mahajanapadas. This period is marked by the rule of sixteen major republics and oligarchies, which were spread across the Indian subcontinent. These republics were known as Mahajanapadas and were located in the present-day states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, and some parts of West Bengal and Karnataka. They were known to be oligarchies and republics, which were characterized by their decentralized political structure. This decentralized political structure was based on the concept of gana or sangha, which was an assembly of people from all strata of society. The gana or sangha was headed by a raja or ganapati, who was elected by the assembly and had the power to make decisions on behalf of the people. The Mahajanapadas were also known for their complex social and economic structure. The Mahajanapadas were known to be prosperous and powerful states. They had strong and well-developed trade and commerce networks, which connected them to the rest of the world. The Mahajanapadas also had strong military power, which made them a formidable force in the subcontinent. The decline of the Mahajanapadas is attributed to a number of factors. The most important of these factors was the rise of the Mauryan Empire. The Mauryan Empire was a powerful and centralized empire, which was able to consolidate power in the subcontinent. This led to the weakening of the Mahajanapadas, which were unable to compete with the Mauryan Empire. The Mahajanapadas were also weakened by internal conflicts and rivalries. These conflicts were often caused by the emergence of new rulers, who sought to expand their power and influence. This led to a weakening of the Mahajanapadas and their eventual decline. The decline of the Mahajanapadas is also attributed to the rise of Buddhism and Jainism. These two religions had a great influence on the Mahajanapadas and led to the decline of their power and influence. The decline of the Mahajanapadas has been studied by many historians. Some of the prominent historians who have studied the decline of the Mahajanapadas include Romila Thapar, D.D. Kosambi, and R.S. Sharma. In conclusion, the decline of the Mahajanapadas is attributed to a number of factors, including the rise of the Mauryan Empire, internal conflicts and rivalries, and the rise of Buddhism and Jainism. The decline of the Mahajanapadas has been studied by many historians, including Romila Thapar, D.D. Kosambi, and R.S. Sharma. - Romila Thapar views the decline as a result of a combination of internal reasons such as the weakening of central authority and the rise of local power centers, as well as external factors such as invasions by outside groups and the expansion of the Magadha empire. - D.D. Kosambi saw the decline as a result of the rise of centralized monarchies and the weakening of the republican systems of government in the Mahajanapadas. He believed that the growth of cities and trade led to the concentration of wealth in the hands of a few, which allowed for the rise of powerful monarchs. - R.S. Sharma saw the decline as largely a result of the rise of the Magadha empire, which absorbed the smaller states and centralized power. He also believed that internal factors such as the weakening of the republican systems of government and the growth of cities contributed to the decline of the Mahajanapadas. Give an account of gana-sanghas (non-monarchical state systems)? Why did they decline? [2018, 15 Marks]
[Republics and Monarchies](onenote: Republics %20and%20Monarchies§ion-id={27B0F6C8-0CAF-4E34-BF56-5CB9AD14C82B}&page-id={5206E917-9496-4617-92D3-1BFE5964C5EC}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Mahajanapadas.one ) - ! Answered above
fess105.pdf - Kingdoms, Kings and an Early Republic | Our Pasts.]]>08.1-ancient-history/6.-mahajanapadas/6.2-republics-and-monarchies.html08.1 Ancient-History/6. Mahajanapadas/6.2 Republics and Monarchies.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT Pit, Urn Burials in south Indian neo-chalco sites and 2 burials marked by stones were found at Watgal. Sarchophagus burial at Inamgaon**. Megaliths of Vindhyas belong to per iron chalcolithic context Megaliths in peninsular India is associated with iron What does the separation of places of the living and the dead signify? Shift in social organisation There are 3 basic types of megaliths : chamber tombs unchambered tombs and megaliths not connected with burials Unchambered burials are of 3 types Pit burials, urn burials sarcophagus burials. Q.) In megalithic culture, if the chamber in underground it is known as a? Cist Q.) If he chamber in partly underground it is known as a? Dolemnoid cist found at Porkalam
Q.) If the chamber is full above the ground it is known as a? Dolmen Q.) Chambers are sometimes divided into vertical slabs are called? Transepts Q.) If a pit burial is marked by a circle of large stones it is known as? Pit Circle Q.) If a pit burial has a heap of large stones piled on top it is known as a ? Cairn Q.) If both stone circle and pile up stones are present in a burial it is known as a? Cairn stone circle Q.) If a pit burial is marked by a single large standing stone slab it is called a ? Menhir



Refer Anki Discuss the extent, settlement patterns and subsistence economy of the megalithic cultures. [2012, 30m] Refer ANKI
Megalith Megalithic cultures in India refer to the cultures that existed in different parts of India between the 2nd millennium BCE and the 1st millennium BCE, and are known for their use of megaliths, which are large stone structures used for funerary and ritual purposes. The extent of megalithic cultures in India was quite widespread, covering a large area of present-day India, including the southern states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka, as well as the eastern states of Odisha, West Bengal, and Assam. The megalithic cultures also extended to the western regions of Maharashtra and Gujarat, and the northeastern region of Meghalaya. The settlement patterns of megalithic cultures in India were diverse, with different regions exhibiting different patterns of settlement. In the southern states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala, the megalithic settlements were mainly located in the coastal regions and were characterized by a high density of population. In the eastern states of Odisha and West Bengal, the megalithic settlements were mainly located in the upland regions and were characterized by a lower density of population. The subsistence economy of the megalithic cultures in India was mainly based on agriculture and animal husbandry. The megalithic people practiced a variety of subsistence strategies such as shifting cultivation, settled cultivation and pastoralism depending on the region they lived. They also had a good knowledge of irrigation and water management, which helped them to cultivate crops in regions with semi-arid and saline groundwater. The megalithic people also relied on hunting and gathering for their subsistence. They were skilled in metal working and were known for their production of iron and other metals. In conclusion, the megalithic cultures in India existed between the 2nd millennium BCE and the 1st millennium BCE.e ]]>08.1-ancient-history/4.-megalithic-culture/4.1-distribution-outside-of-indus.html08.1 Ancient-History/4. Megalithic-Culture/4.1 Distribution outside of Indus.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#todo It was initially understood to be settlements of nomadic pastoralists. But evidence suggests that they lived on a combination of of agriculture, hunting, fishing, animal husbandry. Craft was well developed and living was sedentary. People ate cereals, millets and pulses. Charred grains of horse gram, green gram, ragi was found in Paiyampalli. Rice husk at and charred grains of rice was found in Coorg and Hallur. Pestles and grinding stones have been found. Hunting scenes painted at Kerala and Karnataka sites gives evidence about subsistence patterns. Domestication and Hunting was common practice. Fish Hooks have been found at certain places.
fess104.pdf - Different Burials | NCERT In what ways can the Megalithic culture be considered a foundational phase of the history of peninsular India? [2014, 15m]
Development of Community Life, Settlement and Agriculture more content needed
Refer Megalith The megalithic culture can be considered a foundational phase of the history of peninsular India in several ways. First, the megalithic culture was one of the earliest complex societies in peninsular India, predating the development of later cultures and civilizations such as the Vedic and Mauryan civilizations. The existence of megalithic culture provides a glimpse of the early social, economic and cultural development of the region. Second, the megalithic culture was known for its use of advanced agricultural techniques, such as irrigation and terrace cultivation, which laid the foundations for later agricultural practices in the region. The megalithic people were skilled in water management, which allowed them to cultivate crops in semi-arid regions and helped to support the growth and development of their culture. Third, the megalithic culture was known for its use of megaliths, which are large stone structures used for funerary and ritual purposes. These structures are considered to be important archaeological and cultural heritage sites in India, and their presence indicates a high level of architectural and engineering skill among the megalithic people. Fourth, the megalithic culture was known for its metalworking skills and the production of iron and other metals, which was an important economic activity in the region. This was a crucial development for the region as it provided the necessary tools for agriculture, trade and other activities. Examples of megalithic culture in peninsular India include the dolmens and menhirs found Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka, the stone circles found in Odisha. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/4.-megalithic-culture/4.2-development-of-community-life,-settlement-and-agriculture.html08.1 Ancient-History/4. Megalithic-Culture/4.2 Development of Community Life, Settlement and Agriculture.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo Rock paintings found at megalithic sites show fighting scenes, dancing figures, horse riders, flor, birds and sun motifs. They give insight about lives and experience of the people. Piklihal shows megalithic painting of horse riders carrying metal axes. In central India many tribes of Jharkahand such as Munda, Oraon, Gonds etc still practice Megalithic paintings. Megalithic age in Jharkhand has been dated to 3000BC. Evidence of well developed traditions of specialised crafts. Differenk kinds of Pottery have been found including BRW. Pots with lids decorated in shape of birds and animals suggest ceremonial wares. Evidence of bead making. Grave goods have given etched carnelian beads and beads of other materials. Copper and Bronze artefacts such as utensils, bowls and bangles some of which are silver and gold have also been found. Anthropomorphic figures have also been found at Mottur in Tamil Nadu embedded by digging the bedrock. A pedestal makes it look like a sitting figure. They may have been connected with Ancestral worship. Some sites must have been centres of craft production. The distribution of non local items of precious and semi precious metals suggest Inter regional trade. Gold ornaments have been ofund in Adichannlur that is not endemic to the place along with Tamil brahmi inscriptions. Iron objects outnumber any other metals in megalithic sites. Ex Utensils, weapons like arrowhead, spearheads, swords; carpentary tools like axes, chisels, adzes and Agricultural equipments like sickles, hoes etc. At Pazhayannur and Machad Iron artefacts have been found of considerable purity and evidence of other materials that suggest Megalithic people knew the art of making alloys. Reference : Upinder Singh Megalithic Chapter ]]>08.1-ancient-history/4.-megalithic-culture/4.3-crafts,-pottery-and-iron-industry.html08.1 Ancient-History/4. Megalithic-Culture/4.3 Crafts, Pottery and Iron Industry.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#Brahmanical %20Religious%20Literature§ion-id={CC847531-CFF3-446A-9D8A-1840987282A0}&page-id={DB848192-2A0A-44CA-B5A4-2721195D70E6}&object-id={019CDED6-1343-4A57-BABE-A646EC7B0742}&C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I ) Little archaeological evidence for Aryan invasion The term ‘Aryan’ is a contested one, with a complex history that has been used to refer to a range of different groups of people, from ancient Indo-Iranian peoples to those of the modern era. While the term is often used to refer to a racial or ethnic group, its meaning has been used in various ways throughout history. As such, it is not surprising that archaeology knows of no Aryans, as the term has been used in different contexts throughout history. In its most common usage, the term ‘Aryan’ is used to refer to a group of people who are thought to have originated in the Indian subcontinent, spreading out to other parts of the world. This group is often associated with the Indo-European language family and is thought to have played an important role in the development of many of the world’s major religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. However, there is no archaeological evidence to support this theory. While there is evidence of a migration of people from the Indian subcontinent to other parts of the world, there is no evidence to suggest that this migration was related to the development of any particular religion or language. The term ‘Aryan’ has also been used to refer to a group of people who are thought to have originated in Central Asia, and who were responsible for the spread of the Indo-European language family to Europe. This theory is based largely on linguistic evidence, as there is no archaeological evidence to support it. Similarly, the term has been used to refer to a group of people who are thought to have originated in the Middle East and who are responsible for the spread of the Semitic languages to Europe. Again, there is no archaeological evidence to support this theory. Finally, the term ‘Aryan’ has been used in literature to refer to a race of people who are thought to be superior to other races. This idea has been used in various works of fiction, such as J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings, and is often associated with Nazi ideology. However, this is not an idea that is supported by archaeological evidence, and is instead a literary construct. In conclusion, it is accurate to say that archaeology knows of no Aryans, as the term has been used in different contexts throughout history and has no archaeological basis. While there is evidence of migrations of people from the Indian subcontinent to other parts of the world, as well as evidence of the spread of the Indo-European language family, there is no evidence to suggest that these migrations or languages are related to any particular ethnic or racial group. Similarly, the idea of an Aryan race is a literary construct, and is not supported by archaeological evidence. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/5.-aryans-and-vedic-period/5.1-expansions-of-aryans-in-india.html08.1 Ancient-History/5. Aryans and Vedic Period/5.1 Expansions of Aryans in India.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT Vendangas" data-href="1.2 Literary Sources#Vendangas" href="08.1-ancient-history/1.-sources/1.2-literary-sources.html#Vendangas" class="internal-link" target="_self" rel="noopener nofollow">Vedanga Sutras contemporary w/ Buddhism dated 600-200BC Later Vedic literature includes Books 1, 8, 9, 19 of Rig Veda Samhita Sama, Yajur, Atharva Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas and Upanishads Rig Veda 300 loan words indicating iteration w/ Dravidian Munda languages God Varuna in Rig Veda is associated with Kshatra (secular power), Sovereignty, Kingship. Also associated with Maya -> ability to construct forms. Ashvins are twin gods associated with war and fertility. Certain goddess mentioned in Rig Veda are : Ushas -> represents dawn Aditi -> freedom from sickness, harm etc. Raka Sinivali -> bestows children Vach -> speech Ida Sarasvati Chandogya Upanishad provides a list of subjects of study. includes Veda, Itihasa Purana, spiritual knowledge, grammar, mathematics etc. Upanayana ceremony - induct young boy into brahmacharya is referred in Shatapatha Brahmana. Upanishad means to sit near someone or connection. oldest Up are Brihadaranyaka → considered both aranyaka upanishad and Chhandogya Upanishad contains concepts of Karma, Rebirth, Idea of eternal reality, meditation and yoga are especially concerned with the concepts of Atman and Brahman Brahman - ultimate reality pervading the universe as mentioned in Mundaka Up, Brihadaranyaka Up, Taittiriya Up and Kena Up Atman - ultimate reality within as described in the Chhandogaya Up Idea of cycle and rebirth presented in Shatapatha Brahmana Maya or illusion and Yogic meditation appears in the Shvetashvatara Up goal of Up thought is realisation of Brahman, Moksha from Samsara Upanishads are anti-sacrifice, anti-Brahmana, are considered shruti literature Brahmanas, Upanishads and Aranyakas cannot be considered as texts reflecting popular beliefs and practices. Atharva Veda on the other hand deals with a number of charms, spells for wealth etc. Lived in area of Sapta-sindhu or area of 7 rivers which were Sindhu, Vitasta (Jhelum), Asikni (Chenab), Parushni (Ravi), Vipash (Beas), Shutudri (Sutlej) and the Sarasvati. Gradually Moved towards eastern UP and North Bihar. had detailed knowledge of geographical area they lived in. Nadi Sukta hymn in RV mentions 21 rivers including Ganga and Kubha/Kabul. Mountains Himalayas and Mujavant are located in the north as mentioned in the Vedas. Arjika, Silament/Suleiman Range are some other Mt ranges mentioned. Samudra mentioned in connection w/ Saraswati which drains into the ocean. Battle of 10 Kings b/w Sudas and Kurus took place near Parushini/Ravi river. Bharatvarsha was used as name for whole country. RV does not mention about land south of the Yamuna. Has used to the word Maru fro desert mounds near Kurukshetra in Taittriya Aranyak. Did not know about Deserts.
Vedic Literature
Various Vedas and their parts
Shruti and Smriti Literature
Augments of Veda
Discuss the political pattern and the major religious ideas and rituals of the Vedic age. [1980, 60m]
Polity - Early V
Polity - Later V
Religion - E V
Religion - Later V
Which god is most closely identified with sacrifice and is The Vedic age was a period of great religious, political, and social development in the Indian subcontinent. This period lasted from 1500 BCE to 500 BCE and is considered the foundation of Hinduism. During this time, the Vedic religion emerged, which included the worship of a pantheon of gods, rituals, and the development of the Vedic texts. The political pattern of the Vedic age was characterized by the emergence of a number of small tribal kingdoms, known as janapadas. These janapadas were ruled by chieftains and were often in competition with each other. During this period, the Vedic Aryans also established a number of large kingdoms, such as the Kuru-Pancala, which eventually united the small tribal kingdoms into one larger political entity. The major religious ideas and rituals of the Vedic age centered around the worship of a pantheon of gods, including Indra, Agni, Varuna, and Surya. These gods were believed to control various aspects of the natural world, such as rain, fire, and the sun. The Vedic people also believed in a number of rituals, such as sacrifices, prayers, and offerings, which were believed to please the gods and bring them blessings. The Vedic texts, known as the Vedas, were also composed during this period. These texts contain a wealth of information on the religious and social practices of the Vedic people. The four Vedas, Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, and Atharvaveda, include hymns, prayers, and rituals dedicated to the gods. The Vedas also contain information on the caste system and the laws of the Vedic people. The Vedic age was also a period of great intellectual and philosophical development. The Upanishads, a collection of philosophical texts, were composed during this period and contain the ideas of karma and reincarnation, which are still important aspects of Hinduism today. - Political: The Vedic age was characterized by small, decentralized chiefdoms and tribes that were led by chieftains or rajas. There was no central government or unified political authority. - Religion: The religion of the Vedic age was primarily focused on the worship of a pantheon of gods and goddesses, particularly the gods of the natural world such as the sky god, the storm god, and the fire god. - Major religious ideas: The Vedic religion had a strong emphasis on ritual sacrifice, particularly the offering of animals and other items to the gods. The ultimate goal of the religion was to attain release from the cycle of reincarnation through knowledge and meditation. - Rituals: The major religious rituals of the Vedic age included the performance of sacrifices, the recitation of hymns and mantras, and the use of the sacred drink Soma. - Social Structure: The Vedic society was divided into four classes: Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaishyas (merchants), and Shudras (servants). The caste system was not rigid as it was later on. - Literature: The Vedic literature is the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism and is composed of hymns, mantras and religious instructions in early Sanskrit. - Concept of God: The Vedic concept of God is the cosmic, eternal, and ultimate reality, who is the creator, preserver, and destroyer of the universe. Examine the contribution of Vedic culture in the sphere of social institutions and religion. Was there any continuity between the Indus and the Vedic cultures in this respect? [1983, 60m]
Society- E V
Society - L V
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Religion - L V Continuity b/w Indus and Vedic culture through own analysis The Vedic culture made significant contributions to the development of social institutions and religion in ancient India. Some of the key contributions are: - Caste system: The Vedic texts introduced the concept of the caste system, which divided society into four classes: Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaishyas (merchants), and Shudras (servants). The caste system became a fundamental aspect of Indian society and has had a lasting impact on social structures and hierarchies in India. - Marriage: The Vedic texts also outlined the concept of marriage and prescribed different types of marriages, such as the brahma marriage, which was the most prestigious and involved the bride and groom being chosen by a priest, and the asura marriage, in which the bride's father gave her away to the groom. - Religion: The Vedic religion was based on the worship of a pantheon of gods and goddesses, particularly the gods of the natural world, such as the sky god, the storm god, and the fire god. The religion also emphasized ritual sacrifice and the recitation of hymns and mantras. - Literature and Education : The Vedic literature is the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism and is composed of hymns, mantras, and religious instructions in early Sanskrit. They are considered as the foundation of Hinduism. Education was imparted orally and this institution was very well developed. As for the continuity between the Indus and the Vedic cultures, it is a matter of debate among scholars. Some argue that there is a continuity between the two cultures, pointing to similarities in religious practices and social structures. However, others argue that there is little evidence of continuity and that the Indus and Vedic cultures were distinct and separate. The Indus script has not yet been deciphered, making it hard to establish the continuity of religious and social practices. Overall, the Vedic culture had a significant impact on the development of social institutions and religion in ancient India, and it is the foundation of Hinduism. The continuity between Indus and Vedic cultures is still debated among scholars. What was the position of Varuna in the Vedic system of Gods? [1984, 20m]
Bogaz Koi inscription b/w a Hittite and a Mitani
Varuna was god of water. He was the upholder of
God Varuna in Rig Veda is associated with Kshatra (secular
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Varuna Varuna was an important Vedic God who was associated with the cosmic order (ri) and the upholding of the Dharma or cosmic law. He was one of the Adityas, the sons of Aditi, and was the most important of the Vedic Gods. He was the God of the heavens/sky, the sea, and the underworld and was responsible for the maintenance of the cosmic order. He was the protector of truth and justice and was the guardian of cosmic law. Varuna was also the God of the waters and was the one who controlled the flow of the rivers, the seas, and the oceans. He was the one who could grant fertility to the land and was the one who could bring rain and make the land fertile. He was the one who could grant fertility to the land and was the one who could bring rain and make the land fertile. He was the one who could grant boons to those who asked for them and could also take away the boons if they were misused. He was the one who judged the souls of the dead and was the one who could grant boons to those who asked for them and could also take away the boons if they were misused. Write a brief essay on: "The Vedic Gods of terrestrial region." [1993, 20m]
[Ashvins are twin gods associated with war and fertility.](onenote: Vedic %20Period%20-%20Religious%20and%20Political%20Literature§ion-id={4778BCE5-4524-4EE4-A84F-0DD565BDF3E0}&page-id={74025235-8A33-4475-9DB7-7DCAB5A7A80B}&object-id={5A86B207-1476-40C8-BA13-5FE804D9E7C6}&17&base-path= < https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Aryans%20and%20Vedic%20Period.one ) More content required Terrestrial (Prithivisthana) e.g. Prithivi, Agni, Soma, Brihaspati, and Rivers Agni was valued as the messenger between the earth and the heaven, present among all gods Sometimes conceived as animals The Gods were divided into three categories – Terrestrial, Aerial, and Celestial: - Terrestrial Gods – Agni, Soma, Brihaspati, Prithvi, Various River gods such as Saraswati - Aerial Gods – Rudra, Vayu, Indra, Maruts, Prajanya - Celestial Gods – Varuna, Dyayus, Surya, Savitri, Mitra, Vishnu, Asvin, Usha, Pusha The Vedic gods, also known as the devas, were a group of deities. They were said to reside in the terrestrial region, also known as the Prithvisthan. - ! Given very well in the above book. Write a short essay on: "Vedic literature" [1995, 20m]
[In the Hindu tradition, the Vedas have the status of Shruti.](onenote: Sources. one #Brahmanical %20Religious%20Literature§ion-id={CC847531-CFF3-446A-9D8A-1840987282A0}&page-id={DB848192-2A0A-44CA-B5A4-2721195D70E6}&object-id={019CDED6-1343-4A57-BABE-A646EC7B0742}&C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I ) Vedic literature refers to the sacred texts of the ancient Indian religion known as Vedism, which later developed into Hinduism. These texts, written in the ancient Sanskrit language, consist of hymns, prayers, and rituals that were used by the priests and scholars of the time to communicate with the gods and understand the nature of the universe. The oldest and most important of the Vedic texts are the four **Vedas**: the Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, and Atharvaveda. The Rigveda, the oldest of the Vedas, contains over 1,000 hymns and is considered the most sacred of the texts. It is divided into 10 books, and each book is divided into hymns known as suktas. The Yajurveda contains liturgical material and is used in the performance of sacrifices. The Samaveda contains hymns that were used to accompany the sacrifices, and the Atharvaveda contains spells and incantations used for healing and protection. In addition to the Vedas, there are also several other important texts that make up the Vedic literature. The **Brahmanas** are commentaries on the Vedas and contain explanations of the rituals and ceremonies described in the Vedas. The **Aranyakas** are texts that focus on the symbolic meaning of the rituals and ceremonies, and the **Upanishads** are texts that focus on the philosophical and spiritual teachings of the Vedas. The Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads form the Shruti literature. The Vedic literature also includes other texts such as the **Vedangas**, which are texts that provide information on the pronunciation and grammar of the Sanskrit language, and the **Sutras**, which are concise, aphoristic texts that summarize the teachings of the Vedas. Whereas the Vedangas and Sutras are part of the Smriti literature. The Vedic literature has played a significant role in the development of Indian culture and civilization. The hymns and prayers of the Vedas are still used in Hindu religious ceremonies today, and the teachings of the Upanishads have been influential in the development of various Indian philosophical and spiritual traditions. The Vedic literature is also significant in the study of ancient Indian history and culture, as it provides a window into the beliefs and practices of the people of that time. Write a short essay on: "Vedic rituals" [1997, 20m]
[Which god is most closely identified with sacrifice and is](onenote: Political,%20Social%20and%20Economic%20Life§ion-id={4778BCE5-4524-4EE4-A84F-0DD565BDF3E0}&page-id={2C956D19-1A93-46F6-9722-353459DC7D68}&object-id={60C755E9-1265-4C79-B89A-D0B2551CEA9A}&86&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Aryans%20and%20Vedic%20Period.one )
[ritual of sacrifice also led to the growth and development](onenote: Political,%20Social%20and%20Economic%20Life§ion-id={4778BCE5-4524-4EE4-A84F-0DD565BDF3E0}&page-id={2C956D19-1A93-46F6-9722-353459DC7D68}&object-id={74741CE1-3E45-4663-BBB9-BBCD2894B9DC}&90&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Aryans%20and%20Vedic%20Period.one ) Vedic rituals, also known as Vedic yajnas, are a central aspect of early Indian religion. They are a set of ceremonies and rituals that are performed to appease the gods and goddesses, and to gain their blessings and favors. These rituals have been passed down for thousands of years and continue to be an important part of Hindu religious practice today. The Vedas are the oldest and most sacred texts of Hinduism. They contain hymns, prayers, and other spiritual teachings that form the basis of Vedic rituals. These rituals are performed by trained priests, who are known as Brahmins. The priests are responsible for the proper performance of the rituals and for interpreting the meaning of the hymns and prayers. The most important Vedic ritual is the yajna, which is a fire ceremony called the agnihotra. This ritual involves the offering of various materials, such as ghee (clarified butter), grains, and fruits, into a fire. The fire is believed to be a conduit between the human and divine realms, and the offerings are made to the gods and goddesses to gain their blessings and favors. The yajna is also seen as a symbol of the unity of all things, and the fire is believed to purify and transform the offerings into spiritual energy. Other Vedic rituals include the sandhya, which is a daily ritual performed by householders, and the upanayana, which is a rite of passage for young boys. The sandhya is performed twice a day, at sunrise and sunset, and involves reciting hymns and prayers, and offering oblations to the gods and goddesses. The upanayana is a ceremony in which a young boy is initiated into the study of the Vedas and is given a sacred thread to wear around his neck. This ceremony marks the beginning of the boy's spiritual journey and his entry into adulthood. Vedic rituals also include the performance of various sacrifices, such as the ashvamedha and the rajasuya. The ashvamedha is a horse sacrifice that is performed to gain the favor of the gods and to ensure the prosperity and well-being of the kingdom. The rajasuya is a royal consecration ceremony that is performed to establish the king's authority and to confirm his status as a ruler. These rituals are performed to appease the gods and goddesses, to gain their blessings and favors, and to purify and transform the offerings into spiritual energy. They include a wide range of ceremonies and rituals, such as the yajna, sandhya, upanayana, and various sacrifices. These rituals not only hold spiritual significance but also serve as a way of preserving the cultural heritage of ancient India. Discuss briefly the development of religious ideas and rituals in the Vedic age. Do they show any parallelism with the religion of the Indus Civilization? [1989, 60m]
[Religion -](onenote: Political,%20Social%20and%20Economic%20Life§ion-id={4778BCE5-4524-4EE4-A84F-0DD565BDF3E0}&page-id={2C956D19-1A93-46F6-9722-353459DC7D68}&object-id={74741CE1-3E45-4663-BBB9-BBCD2894B9DC}&7C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Aryans%20and%20Vedic%20Period.one ) E V
[Religion -](onenote: Transformation %20from%20Rig%20Vedic%20to%20later%20Vedic§ion-id={4778BCE5-4524-4EE4-A84F-0DD565BDF3E0}&page-id={CD63AF07-965E-4820-B24E-3BBADD4C4C34}&object-id={108CC11D-097F-4F8C-AE92-2920D390E326}&C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Aryans%20and%20Vedic%20Period.one ) Later V
[Which god is most closely identified with sacrifice and is](onenote: Political,%20Social%20and%20Economic%20Life§ion-id={4778BCE5-4524-4EE4-A84F-0DD565BDF3E0}&page-id={2C956D19-1A93-46F6-9722-353459DC7D68}&object-id={60C755E9-1265-4C79-B89A-D0B2551CEA9A}&86&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Aryans%20and%20Vedic%20Period.one ) Similarity from own analysis The Vedic Age was an important period in the development of religious ideas and rituals in India. It was during this period that the earliest forms of Hinduism emerged, and the Vedic texts, such as the Rigveda, the Yajurveda, the Sama Veda, and the Atharvaveda, were composed. These texts contain hymns, prayers, and rituals that are still used in Hinduism today. The Vedic religion was polytheistic, with several gods and goddesses being worshipped. The most important gods were Indra, Agni, and Varuna. Indra was the god of war and storms, Agni was the god of fire and sacrifice, and Varuna was the god of the sky and the ocean. Other gods included Surya, the sun god, and Ushas, the goddess of dawn. The Vedic religion also included the concept of karma, the idea that one’s actions in this life will determine one’s fate in the next. The Vedic religion also had a number of rituals and ceremonies associated with it. These included the yajna, a ritual sacrifice of animals and other offerings to the gods. Other rituals included the soma sacrifice, in which a special drink was offered to the gods, and the agnihotra, in which offerings of ghee and other substances were made to the fire. The religion of the Indus Civilization appears to have some similarities to the Vedic religion. Both religions were polytheistic, and both had rituals involving the offering of sacrifices and other offerings to the gods. In addition, both religions appear to have had some concept of karma, although the exact nature of this concept is not known. However, there is not enough evidence to draw any firm conclusions about the similarities between the two religions. Evaluate the contribution of the Puranas in disseminating secular knowledge among the masses in ancient India. [2013, 15m] The Puranas, which are a group of texts that were composed during 3rd cent CE to 10th cent CE, played a significant role in disseminating secular knowledge among the masses. The Puranas contain a wide range of information, including cosmology, geography, genealogies, and stories about the gods and goddesses. This knowledge helped to educate the general population about the world around them and the beliefs of their culture. One of the most notable contributions of the Puranas is their emphasis on the importance of dharma, or moral and ethical conduct. The texts provide detailed explanations of the principles of dharma and how they apply to different aspects of life, such as family, society, and government. This helped to promote a sense of morality and social responsibility among the masses. The Puranas also helped to disseminate knowledge about science and technology. For example, the texts contain detailed descriptions of various forms of architecture, including the construction of temples and palaces. They also contain information about metallurgy, agriculture, and medicine. This knowledge helped to promote technological advancements among the masses and improve their quality of life. Furthermore, the Puranas played an important role in preserving and transmitting the cultural heritage of ancient India. The texts contain a wealth of information about the history, customs, and traditions of the country, and they helped to keep this knowledge alive among the masses. They also helped to preserve the literary tradition of ancient India by providing a vast corpus of literature that could be passed down through the generations. They have dedicated chapters to "secular subjects such as poetics, dramaturgy, grammar, lexicography, astronomy, war, politics, architecture, geography and medicine as in Agni Purana, perfumery and lapidary arts in Garuda Purana, painting, sculpture and other arts in Vishnudharmottara Purana". [Om Prakash (2004), Cultural History of India pg. 33-34] "The copious references to the preservation of Varnashrama system by the kings eulogized in inscriptions are mere reflection of the Smriti tradition." Discuss. [2016, 15 Marks] The Varnashrama system is an important concept in Hinduism that is based on the four Vedas and the Smritis. It is a social structure in which individuals are divided into four varnas (castes) and four ashrams (stages of life). The four varnas are Brahmanas (priests and intellectuals), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaishyas (merchants and traders), and Shudras (servants and labourers). The four ashrams are Brahmacharya (student life), Grihastha (householder life), Vanaprastha (retirement life), and Sannyasa (renunciation). This system is believed to have been in place since ancient times and is still followed in some parts of India today. Throughout the centuries, many kings and rulers have eulogized the Varnashrama system in their inscriptions, praising it for its role in maintaining order and harmony in society. For example, the inscription of the Gupta King Chandragupta II (375-415 CE) states that he was a “protector of the Varnashrama system” and that he “established the four varnas in their respective places”. Similarly, the inscription of the Chola King Rajaraja I (985-1014 CE) states that he “protected the four varnas and the four ashrams”. This shows that the rulers of the past were aware of the importance of the Varnashrama system and sought to uphold it. The references to the preservation of Varnashrama system in inscriptions are a reflection of the Smriti tradition. Smriti is a term used to refer to the body of religious texts that were composed by sages and thinkers over the centuries. These texts contain instructions and guidelines for living a moral and ethical life, and many of them discuss the importance of the Varnashrama system. For example, the Manusmriti, one of the most important Smriti texts, states that the four varnas and four ashrams are the basis of a harmonious society. It also states that each varna and ashram have their own duties and responsibilities, and that individuals should strive to uphold these duties. Therefore, it is clear that the references to the preservation of Varnashrama system in inscriptions are a reflection of the Smriti tradition. The rulers of the past sought to uphold the teachings of the Smriti texts, and this is evident in the inscriptions that they left behind. These inscriptions serve as a reminder of the importance of the Varnashrama system and its role in maintaining order and harmony in society. Evaluate the various approaches to the understanding of Vedic religion. [2009, 30m] There are several approaches to understanding Vedic religion, which is the ancient religion of India that is reflected in the Vedic texts. These approaches include the historical-critical approach, the structural-functional approach, and the phenomenological approach. The historical-critical approach is based on the study of the historical and cultural context in which the Vedic texts were composed. This approach focuses on the historical development of Vedic religion and the social and cultural factors that influenced its evolution. This approach is useful in understanding the origins and development of Vedic religion and its relationship to other religious traditions. The structural-functional approach is based on the study of the structure and function of the rituals and practices of Vedic religion. This approach focuses on the role of the rituals in maintaining social order and their significance in the religious and cultural life of ancient India. This approach is useful in understanding the social and cultural context of Vedic religion and the ways in which it shaped the religious and cultural life of ancient India. Louis Renou: A French Indologist, who proposed the structural-functional approach to the study of Vedic religion. He suggested that the rituals and practices of Vedic religion played a crucial role in maintaining social order and that they reflect the political and economic organization of ancient Indian society. The phenomenological approach is based on the study of the subjective experience of the practitioners of Vedic religion. This approach focuses on the ways in which the rituals and practices of Vedic religion are experienced and understood by the individuals who participate in them. This approach is useful in understanding the personal and spiritual dimensions of Vedic religion and the ways in which it is experienced and understood by the practitioners. David Frawley: An American Indologist, who has suggested a spiritual-phenomenological approach to the study of Vedic religion. He suggests that the Vedic religion is based on the experiential realization of the ultimate reality, and that the rituals and practices of Vedic religion are means to attain self-realization. Feminist Approach by Wendy Doniger, an American Indologist, who has proposed a feminist approach to the study of Vedic religion. She suggests that the Vedic texts are patriarchal in nature, and that they reflect the dominant position of men in ancient Indian society and the subjugation of women. Evaluate the conceptual basis of the Vedic deities. [2011, 30m] The Vedic deities, also known as the Vedic gods, form an important part of the belief system and religious practices of Vedic religion. The conceptual basis of these deities can be evaluated by examining their role and significance in the religious and cultural life of ancient India. One of the key concepts of the Vedic deities is that they are seen as personifications of natural forces and elements. For example, the god Indra is associated with thunder and lightning, and is considered to be the ruler of the heavens. Similarly, the god Agni is associated with fire and is considered to be the messenger between the gods and humans. This conceptualization of the Vedic deities as personifications of natural forces reflects the close relationship between ancient Indian society and nature. Another important concept of the Vedic deities is that they are considered to be powerful, benevolent beings who can be invoked through rituals and sacrifices to ensure the well-being of the community. The Vedic texts contain many hymns and prayers that were recited to invoke the blessings of the gods and to ensure that the natural elements were in balance. This conceptualization of the Vedic deities as powerful, benevolent beings reflects the importance of religion in ancient Indian society and the belief in the power of rituals to shape the world. A third important concept of the Vedic deities is that they are considered to be part of a pantheon of gods, each with their own specific roles and responsibilities. For example, the god Varuna is considered to be the ruler of the cosmic order and the god of the sky and the god Soma is associated with the ritual drink of the same name, used in rituals and is identified as the god of plants and vegetation. This conceptualization of the Vedic deities as part of a pantheon reflects the complex and diverse nature of ancient Indian religion. Examine the view that sacrifice was a ritual and a form of social exchange in Vedic India. [2010, 30m]
[Which god is most closely identified with sacrifice and is](onenote: Political,%20Social%20and%20Economic%20Life§ion-id={4778BCE5-4524-4EE4-A84F-0DD565BDF3E0}&page-id={2C956D19-1A93-46F6-9722-353459DC7D68}&object-id={60C755E9-1265-4C79-B89A-D0B2551CEA9A}&86&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Aryans%20and%20Vedic%20Period.one )
[ritual of sacrifice also led to the growth and development](onenote: Political,%20Social%20and%20Economic%20Life§ion-id={4778BCE5-4524-4EE4-A84F-0DD565BDF3E0}&page-id={2C956D19-1A93-46F6-9722-353459DC7D68}&object-id={74741CE1-3E45-4663-BBB9-BBCD2894B9DC}&90&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Aryans%20and%20Vedic%20Period.one ) Sacrifice was an integral part of the religious and cultural life of ancient India, and it played a central role in the rituals and practices of Vedic religion. The view that sacrifice was a ritual and a form of social exchange in Vedic India is supported by a number of historical and anthropological studies. One of the key aspects of sacrifice in Vedic India was that it was considered to be a form of social exchange. Through the performance of sacrifices, individuals and communities could gain access to the blessings and favors of the gods, while at the same time, they were fulfilling their obligations to the gods and to society. This view is supported by the fact that many of the sacrifices in Vedic India were performed by communities or groups of individuals, rather than by individuals alone. Another important aspect of sacrifice in Vedic India was that it was seen as a ritual that helped to maintain social order and balance. The sacrifices performed in Vedic India were often intended to ensure the well-being of the community and to bring about harmony and balance between the different elements of the natural world. This view is supported by the fact that many of the sacrifices in Vedic India were performed at important social and political events, such as the installation of a new king or the consecration of a new temple. Sacrifice in Vedic India was also considered to be a way of expressing gratitude and devotion to the gods. In the Vedic texts, the gods are often described as being pleased with the offerings and sacrifices made to them and in return, they grant blessings, prosperity and fertility to the community. This view is supported by the fact that many of the sacrifices in Vedic India were performed as part of religious festivals and ceremonies, such as the Agnicayana, which was a complex ritual performed over several days to honor the god Agni, who was considered the god of fire and the messenger between gods and men. Finally, sacrifice in Vedic India was also considered a way to achieve spiritual enlightenment. Some of the texts, such as the Upanishads, suggest that the ultimate goal of sacrifice is not the attainment of material blessings, but the attainment of self-realization or liberation from the cycle of birth and death. This view is supported by the fact that many of the sacrifices in Vedic India were performed by priests and ascetics who were seeking spiritual enlightenment. "The Upanishadic principles embody the epitome of the Vedic thought." Discuss. [2014, 15m]
[Chandogya Upanishad provides a list of subjects of study.](onenote: Vedic %20Period%20-%20Religious%20and%20Political%20Literature§ion-id={4778BCE5-4524-4EE4-A84F-0DD565BDF3E0}&page-id={74025235-8A33-4475-9DB7-7DCAB5A7A80B}&object-id={E3439672-5033-49FD-976F-ADA1AC592ED8}&C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Aryans%20and%20Vedic%20Period.one ) The Upanishads are a collection of philosophical texts that are considered to be the epitome of Vedic thought. They are considered to be the culmination of the Vedic tradition and contain some of the most profound and abstract ideas found in Indian philosophy. The Upanishadic principles embody the ultimate teachings of the Vedic tradition and have had a significant influence on the development of later Indian philosophy and spirituality. One of the key Upanishadic principles is the concept of Brahman, the ultimate reality and the source of all things. Brahman is considered to be the unchanging, eternal, and absolute reality that underlies and pervades the entire universe. This concept is central to the Upanishads and is seen as the ultimate goal of spiritual realization. The Upanishadic texts state that the goal of human life is to realize the identity of the individual self (Atman) with Brahman. This concept is known as Advaita Vedanta, meaning non-dualism. It is the idea that there is only one ultimate reality and that the individual self and the ultimate reality are identical. Another important Upanishadic principle is the concept of Karma, the law of cause and effect. The Upanishads state that every action has a corresponding reaction, and that the actions of an individual determine their fate in future lives. This principle is closely related to the concept of rebirth and the cycle of death and rebirth. Karma is the principle that explains why some people are born into prosperity while others are born into poverty. It's the principle that explains the inequalities in the world and that everything that happens is due to the actions of the individual. The Upanishads also emphasized the importance of knowledge and self-realization. They state that the attainment of knowledge is essential for the attainment of liberation, and that self-realization is the ultimate goal of human life. This principle is closely related to the concept of Jnana Yoga, which is the path of knowledge and self-realization. It suggests that one can achieve liberation by gaining knowledge of the ultimate reality, which is Brahman. Finally, the Upanishads also emphasized the importance of ethical conduct. They state that ethical conduct is essential for the attainment of liberation and that one should lead a life of non-violence, truthfulness, and non-stealing. This principle is closely related to the concept of Bhakti Yoga, which is the path of devotion and self-surrender. It suggests that one can achieve liberation by devotion to God. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/5.-aryans-and-vedic-period/5.2-vedic-period-religious-and-political-literature.html08.1 Ancient-History/5. Aryans and Vedic Period/5.2 Vedic Period - Religious and Political Literature.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="https://i.imgur.com/A1lSOwQ.png"></figure>How does the puranas describe the Universe and Bharata? more content needed
Society- Early V
Society - Later V
earliest reference to the division of society into four strata - ! 1st part answered elsewhere. During the Vedic times, the society was primarily agrarian and organized into small tribes or chiefdoms. The social life during this period can be described as follows: - Caste system: The society was not divided into caste line. The institution of the four varnas/classes, which were based on birth: Brahmins (priests and scholars), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaishyas (merchants and farmers), and Shudras (servants and labourers) became prevalent only during the Later Vedic age. - Gender roles: The Later Vedic society became patriarchal, and men had more social and economic power than women. Men were responsible for performing religious rituals and went on hunting, looting raids. While women were expected to take care of the household and children. Women could also participate in religious rituals, but they had fewer rights and opportunities than men. - Marriage: Marriage was considered a sacrament and was an essential rite of passage for both men and women. Different types of marriages came to be prescribed later in the Vedic texts, such as the brahma marriage, in which the bride and groom were chosen by a priest, and the asura marriage, in which the bride's father gave her away to the groom. Child marriage and polygamy were prevalent. - Family: The family was the basic unit of Vedic society, and extended families lived together in large, joint households. Families were patriarchal and were headed by the eldest male member. Rig veda lays great emphasis on Family and family life. Words such as Grama, Vij, Gahpati have denote family, village life. Various sacrifices at family level have been prescribed ex agnihotra. - Economy: The economy of the Vedic society was primarily agrarian. People also engaged in pastoralism, trade and craftsmanship, and metalworking. The barter system was prevalent. In Early Rig Vedic age Panis were said to be traders who did not follow the vedic religion. Ramprasad Chanda has identified as the Harappan people. - Religion: Religion played a central role in the daily life of the Vedic people. They believed in a pantheon of gods and goddesses and performed sacrifices and rituals to appease them. The ultimate goal of their religion was to attain release from the cycle of reincarnation through knowledge and meditation. Write a short essay on: "Democratic elements in the political system of the early Vedic period." [1986, 20m]
Polity - The early Vedic period of Indian history was characterized by a political system that was largely democratic in nature. This period, which lasted from 1500 to 500 BC, was the formative period of Indian civilization and saw the development of the first cities and the emergence of the Vedic religion. The political system of the early Vedic period was based on a tribal system of government. This system was largely decentralized and democratic, with a strong emphasis on local autonomy. Each village was self-governing, and the chief of the village was elected by the people. This system was based on consensus and was characterized by a lack of hierarchy and central authority. - Sabha: The sabha was a council of tribal leaders and elders who made decisions on behalf of the tribe. The sabha was responsible for maintaining law and order, settling disputes, and making decisions on issues such as trade and alliances. The sabha was headed by the chief of the tribe, who was known as the raja. - Samiti: The samiti was a general assembly of all the members of a tribe. It was a more democratic institution where all adult members of the tribe could participate and express their views. The samiti was responsible for making decisions on matters of common concern, such as war and peace, and for approving decisions made by the sabha. - Vidhata: Was a local meeting that was held to socio religious functions. The early Vedic period also saw the emergence of the Brahmanas, a class of priests who served as the religious and political leaders of the early Vedic society. The Brahmanas were responsible for ensuring the continuity of the Vedic religion and for maintaining social order. They were chosen by the people and their authority was based on their knowledge and wisdom. The early Vedic period also saw the emergence of the concept of kingship. Kings were chosen by the people and were expected to uphold the values of the Vedic religion and to protect the people from external threats. However, the king's authority was limited and he was expected to consult with the people before making any important decisions. There are instances of the King being chosen by the tribe. In conclusion, the political system of the early Vedic period was largely democratic in nature. This system was based on local autonomy, consensus, and the authority of the Brahmanas and the king. This system provided a foundation for the development of the Indian civilization and helped to shape the political system of India today. Write a short essay on: "Position of women in the Rig Vedic society" [1988, 20m]
Vedic Household was patriarchal and patrilineal women enjoyed little control over material
Various works related to women in later Vedic texts were
Women had the right to chose their husbands, they enjoyed
women were considered subordinate to men, and were not involved
The Vajapeya and Rajasuya sacrifices required women to have unnatural - ! Divide the answer into parts such as social position, economic position, religious and political position of women. The position of women in the Rig Vedic society was complex and varied. Rigveda, the oldest sacred text of Hinduism, provides some insights into the roles and status of women in this society. In general, the Vedic society was patriarchal, and men had more social and economic power than women. Men were responsible for performing religious rituals, while women were expected to take care of the household and children. However, Rigveda also suggests that women had some agency and participated in religious and social activities. They are described as "active partners" in marriage, and they also held property and inheritance rights. Additionally, some hymns in the Rigveda also suggest that women had a degree of autonomy and freedom in their personal lives. On the other hand, women also faced restrictions and limitations in the Rig Vedic society. They had limited access to education, and their participation in religious rituals was more limited than men's. They were also expected to be subservient to men, and were not allowed to participate in decision-making processes. Child marriage was prevalent and polygamy was also practiced. In terms of economic participation, women were mainly involved in domestic tasks, however, some women also engaged in occupations such as weaving and brewing. The Rigveda also mentions women participating in trade and commerce, but it is not clear how common this was. Write a short essay on: "The formulation of social system in the later Vedic period." [1990,20m]
Society - The later Vedic period, also known as the Brahmanic period, saw the emergence of a more complex and hierarchical social system. This period, which lasted from around 1000 BCE to 600 BCE, was characterized by the development of new religious, political, and economic institutions. One of the major developments of the later Vedic period was the emergence of the caste system. The caste system, which was originally based on occupation, became more rigid and hierarchical. The society was divided into four classes, known as varnas: Brahmins (priests and scholars), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaishyas (merchants and farmers), and Shudras (servants and labourers). The Brahmins, who were considered the highest caste, held a great deal of social and religious power, and were responsible for performing religious rituals and interpreting the Vedic texts. The Kshatriyas, who were the warrior and ruling class, held political power, while the Vaishyas and Shudras were mainly involved in agriculture and trade. The caste system became more rigid over time, and people were not allowed to move between castes, except for a few exceptions, such as the Shudras who could become Vaishyas, if they had the means to do so. Another important development of the later Vedic period was the emergence of the monarchical state. The earlier Vedic period had been characterized by small, decentralized chiefdoms, but the later Vedic period saw the emergence of larger kingdoms and empires. These kingdoms were ruled by powerful kings, who were often supported by powerful warrior and priestly classes. The kings were responsible for maintaining law and order, collecting taxes, and leading their armies in war. The later Vedic period also saw the emergence of new religious institutions and practices. The Vedic religion, which had been primarily focused on sacrifices and rituals, began to evolve into a more complex and diverse system. The Upanishads, which were written during this period, introduced new concepts such as the idea of the self (atman) and the ultimate reality (brahman), and emphasized the importance of knowledge and meditation as a means of attaining release from the cycle of reincarnation. This period also saw the emergence of new religious sects, such as Buddhism and Jainism, which rejected the caste system and the authority of the Vedic texts. In terms of economy, there was a shift from a primarily agrarian economy to one that was more diversified, with increased trade and commerce. The later Vedic period saw the growth of new economic institutions such as guilds and corporations, which regulated trade and industry. Compare the economic, social and religious life of the Indus Valley (Harappan) people with that of the early Vedic people and discuss the relative chronology of the Indus and the early Vedic cultures. [1987, 60m]
Trade and Economy - onwards for H
Economy and Economy - onwards for Early and Later V
Chronology of Harappan culture : Chronology of EV - Early Vedic Period (1500-1000 BC) Later Vedic Age 1000-600 BC The Indus Valley (Harappan) people and the early Vedic people were two distinct cultures that existed in ancient India at different times. The Indus Valley civilization, also known as the Harappan civilization, flourished between 2600 BCE and 1900 BCE and was one of the earliest urban civilizations in the world. The early Vedic people, on the other hand, were a group of semi-nomadic tribes who lived in northwest India and Pakistan around the same time, and are known to us through the Rigveda, the earliest of the Vedic texts. Economy: The Indus Valley civilization was primarily an agricultural society, but also had a significant urban population. They had an advanced system of irrigation and a well-developed trade network. They traded with Mesopotamia and Central Asia, and had a complex system of weights and measures. In contrast, the early Vedic people were primarily semi-nomadic pastoralists, with a small agricultural component. They were also involved in trade, but on a smaller scale than the Indus Valley civilization. Social: The Indus Valley civilization had a highly developed urban society, with well-planned cities, public buildings, and a complex system of drainage and sanitation. They had a complex system of social hierarchy and governance. The early Vedic people, on the other hand, were organized into small, decentralized tribes, led by chieftains or rajas. They had a relatively simple social structure, and their political system was based on councils of elders and general assemblies known as Sabha, Samiti and Vidhata. Religion: The Indus Valley civilization is believed to have had a pantheon of gods and goddesses, but the details of their religion are not well understood. They had a system of symbols, seals, and amulets which may have had religious significance. The early Vedic people, on the other hand, had a complex system of religious rituals and sacrifices, centered around the worship of natural forces, such as the sky, fire, and the sun. In terms of chronology, the Indus Valley civilization predates the early Vedic culture by several centuries. The Indus Valley civilization flourished between 2600 BCE and 1900 BCE, while the early Vedic people are believed to have lived in northwest India and Pakistan around 1500 BCE to 600 BCE. The Indus Valley civilization was in decline by the time the early Vedic people began to settle in the region. The exact relationship between the two cultures is not well understood, but it is believed that the early Vedic people may have been influenced by the Indus Valley civilization in some way, either through direct contact or through the assimilation of elements of their culture. However, it is also possible that the two cultures developed independently and had little or no direct contact. Some interaction has been deduced by Historians such as Ramprasad Chanda who has identified the destruction of Haryupriya in Rig Veda as Aryan invasion destroying Harappa. He has also cites 'Panis' or traders as non vedic people. In conclusion, the Indus Valley civilization and the early Vedic people were two distinct cultures that existed in ancient India at different times. They had different economies, social structures, and religions, and their chronology is separated by several centuries. While the exact relationship between the two cultures is not well understood, it is believed that the early Vedic people may have been influenced by the Indus Valley civilization in some way. Give a brief account of the social and economic conditions of the Later Vedic Aryans. [1998, 60m]
[Economy](onenote: Political,%20Social%20and%20Economic%20Life§ion-id={4778BCE5-4524-4EE4-A84F-0DD565BDF3E0}&page-id={2C956D19-1A93-46F6-9722-353459DC7D68}&object-id={74741CE1-3E45-4663-BBB9-BBCD2894B9DC}&3A&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Aryans%20and%20Vedic%20Period.one ) EV
[Economy -](onenote: Transformation %20from%20Rig%20Vedic%20to%20later%20Vedic§ion-id={4778BCE5-4524-4EE4-A84F-0DD565BDF3E0}&page-id={CD63AF07-965E-4820-B24E-3BBADD4C4C34}&object-id={427A87DD-FEA0-4982-BCEC-647964B21A46}&4A&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Aryans%20and%20Vedic%20Period.one ) LV
[Society-](onenote: Political,%20Social%20and%20Economic%20Life§ion-id={4778BCE5-4524-4EE4-A84F-0DD565BDF3E0}&page-id={2C956D19-1A93-46F6-9722-353459DC7D68}&object-id={74741CE1-3E45-4663-BBB9-BBCD2894B9DC}&48&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Aryans%20and%20Vedic%20Period.one ) EV
[Society -](onenote: Transformation %20from%20Rig%20Vedic%20to%20later%20Vedic§ion-id={4778BCE5-4524-4EE4-A84F-0DD565BDF3E0}&page-id={CD63AF07-965E-4820-B24E-3BBADD4C4C34}&object-id={427A87DD-FEA0-4982-BCEC-647964B21A46}&99&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Aryans%20and%20Vedic%20Period.one ) LV The Later Vedic Aryans were a group of Indo-Aryan people who lived in India during the later Vedic period (1000-500 BCE). This period was marked by the development of large and complex societies, as well as the emergence of the caste system. These societies were characterized by a hierarchical structure, with the Brahmin priests at the top and the Shudra laborers at the bottom. The Later Vedic Aryans were mainly agrarian, relying on the monsoon rains to irrigate their fields. They cultivated a variety of crops, including wheat, barley, millet, sesame, and pulses. They also raised cattle, sheep, and goats for meat and milk. The Aryans were also skilled in metallurgy and used iron to make weapons and tools. The Later Vedic Aryans had a highly stratified society, with four main castes: Brahmin priests, Kshatriya warriors, Vaishya merchants, and Shudra laborers. The Brahmin priests were at the top of the social hierarchy and held the most power. They were responsible for performing religious rituals and sacrifices, as well as teaching the Vedic scriptures. The Kshatriya warriors were the rulers and warriors of the society. They were responsible for protecting the kingdom and ensuring law and order. The Vaishya merchants were the traders and businessmen of the society. They were responsible for trading goods and services, as well as collecting taxes. The Shudra laborers were the lowest class in the hierarchy. They were responsible for manual labor such as farming, herding, and carpentry. The Later Vedic Aryans also had a complex economic system. They used a barter system to exchange goods and services, as well as a system of taxation. They also developed a system of weights and measures, as well as a system of coins. The Aryans also used a system of loans, which allowed them to borrow goods and services from each other. The Later Vedic Aryans were also a highly religious people. They worshipped a variety of gods and goddesses, such as Indra, Agni, Varuna, and Ushas. They also believed in the concept of karma, which was the belief that one’s actions in this life would determine one’s fate in the next life. They also believed in the concept of reincarnation, which was the belief that one’s soul would be reborn in a new body after death. The Later Vedic Aryans were a highly advanced society, and their culture had a lasting impact on India. The caste system, religious beliefs, and economic systems they developed are still in use today. Their contributions to Indian culture are still evident, and they are an important part of India’s history. Describe the social life of the later Vedic people. How was it different from the Rig Vedic life? [2004, 60m]
[Society -](onenote: Transformation %20from%20Rig%20Vedic%20to%20later%20Vedic§ion-id={4778BCE5-4524-4EE4-A84F-0DD565BDF3E0}&page-id={CD63AF07-965E-4820-B24E-3BBADD4C4C34}&object-id={427A87DD-FEA0-4982-BCEC-647964B21A46}&99&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Aryans%20and%20Vedic%20Period.one ) L V
[Society-](onenote: Political,%20Social%20and%20Economic%20Life§ion-id={4778BCE5-4524-4EE4-A84F-0DD565BDF3E0}&page-id={2C956D19-1A93-46F6-9722-353459DC7D68}&object-id={74741CE1-3E45-4663-BBB9-BBCD2894B9DC}&48&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Aryans%20and%20Vedic%20Period.one ) E V The later Vedic period, was an era of significant social, religious and political development in ancient India. This period, which lasted from roughly 1000-500 BCE, saw the emergence of new social classes, the rise of the Brahmanical priesthood, and the development of the Hindu caste system. The social life of the later Vedic people was based on the fourfold division of society into Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. The Brahmanas were the highest class in the later Vedic society and were seen as the guardians of knowledge, law and religion. They were responsible for the performance of religious rituals, the preservation of the Vedic texts, and the education of the other classes. They were also given the highest social status and were given the most respect in the society. The Kshatriyas were the rulers and warriors of the later Vedic period. They were responsible for the protection of the people and the maintenance of law and order. They were also expected to lead by example and to live a life of austerity and simplicity. The Vaishyas were the merchants, farmers and artisans of the later Vedic period. They were responsible for the production and distribution of goods and services and for the economic prosperity of the people. They were also expected to lead a life of honesty and integrity. The Shudras were the lowest class in the later Vedic society and were seen as servants of the other classes. They were responsible for manual labor and were given the least amount of respect in the society. It is to be noted that the 5th division known as the outcastes had not developed during this period. The later Vedic life was quite different from the Rig Vedic life. In the Rig Vedic period, there were only two social classes, the Brahmanas and the Kshatriyas. The Brahmanas were the highest class and were responsible for the performance of religious rituals, the preservation of the Vedic texts, and the education of the other classes. The Kshatriyas were the rulers and warriors of the Rig Vedic period and were responsible for the protection of the people and the maintenance of law and order. Raids were mostly for capturing cattles and the idea of private property and territory was not well develped. In contrast, the later Vedic period saw the emergence of two additional classes due to the surplus appropriation, the Vaishyas and the Shudras. The Vaishyas were the merchants, farmers and artisans of the later Vedic period and were responsible for the production and distribution of goods and services. The Shudras were the lowest class in the later Vedic society and were seen as servants of the other classes. They were responsible for manual labor and were given the least amount of respect in the society. Evaluate various views regarding human settlements as gleaned from the Vedic sources. [2013, 15m] Vedic sources provide valuable insights into the understanding of human settlements during the Vedic period in ancient India. The Vedas, which are a collection of sacred texts, contain information on various aspects of society, including the organization of human settlements. However, different scholars have proposed different views on the nature of human settlements during this time period, based on their interpretation of the Vedic texts. One view is that the Vedic society was primarily made up of small, decentralized settlements. This view is based on the fact that the Vedic texts make no mention of large cities or centralized political power. Rather, the texts suggest that the society was made up of small, autonomous villages, with each community having its own leader and council. This view is supported by the fact that the Vedic gods are often associated with natural features such as rivers and mountains, rather than with urban centers. Another view is that the Vedic society was made up of large, urban settlements. This view is based on the fact that the Vedic texts contain references to trade and commerce, which would suggest the existence of urban centers. Furthermore, the texts contain descriptions of architectural structures such as forts and palaces, which would have required a significant level of organization and resources to build. This view is supported by the fact that some of the Vedic gods are associated with wealth and material prosperity, which would suggest the existence of urban centers where such wealth would be concentrated. A third view is that the Vedic society was a mixture of small, decentralized settlements and large, urban centers. This view suggests that while the society was primarily made up of small, autonomous villages, there were also large urban centers that served as centers of trade and commerce. This view is supported by the fact that the Vedic texts contain references to both small, autonomous communities and large, organized centers. A fourth view is that the Vedic society was nomadic, with people moving from place to place in search of pasture for their cattle. This view is based on the fact that the Vedic texts contain references to cattle herding and the importance of cattle in the society. Furthermore, the texts also mention the use of chariots, which would have been useful for people who were constantly on the move. This view is supported by the fact that some of the Vedic gods are associated with cattle and the natural environment, rather than with urban centers. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/5.-aryans-and-vedic-period/5.3-political,-social-and-economic-life-in-early-vedic.html08.1 Ancient-History/5. Aryans and Vedic Period/5.3 Political, Social and Economic Life in Early Vedic.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTTransformation %20from%20Rig%20Vedic%20to%20later%20Vedic§ion-id={4778BCE5-4524-4EE4-A84F-0DD565BDF3E0}&page-id={CD63AF07-965E-4820-B24E-3BBADD4C4C34}&object-id={427A87DD-FEA0-4982-BCEC-647964B21A46}&99&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Aryans%20and%20Vedic%20Period.one ) L V
[Society-](onenote: Political,%20Social%20and%20Economic%20Life§ion-id={4778BCE5-4524-4EE4-A84F-0DD565BDF3E0}&page-id={2C956D19-1A93-46F6-9722-353459DC7D68}&object-id={74741CE1-3E45-4663-BBB9-BBCD2894B9DC}&48&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Aryans%20and%20Vedic%20Period.one ) E V The early Vedic society was characterized by a relatively egalitarian social structure, with a simple division of society into various classes, including priests, warriors, and commoners. However, as the Vedic period progressed, this simple social structure became more complex, leading to a significant shift in the egalitarian character of Vedic society. One of the major changes was the emergence of a strong caste system, which divided society into four main castes: Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaishyas (traders), and Shudras (servants). This system placed great importance on birth, with individuals inheriting their caste status from their parents. This hierarchical structure reduced social mobility and reinforced the distinctions between castes, making it more difficult for individuals to move between them. Another factor that contributed to the shift away from equality in Vedic society was the emergence of a powerful landed aristocracy. This group of wealthy landowners controlled much of the land and wealth in the society, which gave them significant economic and political power. The increasing wealth and power of this group helped to reinforce the caste system, as they used their resources to maintain their position at the top of the social hierarchy. The changing economic conditions of the later Vedic period also contributed to the shift away from equality. As the population grew and resources became scarcer, the competition for land and resources intensified. This led to the growth of a merchant class, which further reinforced the caste system and created new economic and social inequalities. The changing religious beliefs of the later Vedic period also contributed to the shift away from equality. The early Vedic religion was based on a simple, nature-based pantheon of gods, but as the period progressed, the religion became more complex, with the addition of new gods and rituals. This growing complexity reinforced the importance of the priests, who held a monopoly on religious knowledge and controlled access to the gods. The priests used this power to maintain their position at the top of the social hierarchy, further reinforcing the caste system. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/5.-aryans-and-vedic-period/5.4-transformation-from-rig-vedic-to-later-vedic.html08.1 Ancient-History/5. Aryans and Vedic Period/5.4 Transformation from Rig Vedic to later Vedic.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo How Political, Social, Economic, Religious and Cultural features of Vedic period influenced these dimension in later times and how they are still prevalent in Modern day. Vedic age of is called the heroic age and was the formative period when the foundation of Indian civilisation were laid down. It laid down the basis of the caste system with the domination of the Priestly class that is still prevalent in the Indian society. This social division and the rigidity of the caste system was the reason for the emergence of other religions such as Buddhism and Jainism. Sanskrit language became part of the elite and stayed so for centuries to come and is still used at various places. Bring out the elements of change and continuity between the Early Vedic and Later Vedic Cultures. [1993, 60m] The Early Vedic period, also known as the Rigvedic period, is characterized by a relatively egalitarian society, where individuals were free to pursue their own goals and where social distinctions were based on merit rather than birth. It was also marked by absence of Gender based discrimination and Women enjoyed a significant postion in society. On the other hand, the Later Vedic period, which is marked by the emergence of the other three Vedas, the society underwent significant changes and the egalitarian character of the early Vedic society was altered. One of the main elements of continuity between the Early and Later Vedic cultures is the presence of the Vedic religion. The Vedic religion, which is based on the worship of natural forces and elements, remained a fundamental aspect of both societies. However, during the Later Vedic period, there was an evolution of religious beliefs and practices, with the emergence of a more complex pantheon of gods and goddesses, and the introduction of new religious practices such as the use of fire sacrifices and the performance of elaborate rituals. Another element of continuity is the presence of the Vedas themselves, which remained an important source of religious and cultural knowledge throughout both periods. The Vedas were considered sacred texts and were passed down from generation to generation. In terms of changes, one of the main elements of change between the Early and Later Vedic cultures is the emergence of a caste system. The Rigveda makes no mention of caste distinctions, but by the time of the later Vedas, the caste system had become an integral part of society. This system was based on the belief that individuals were born into a certain caste based on the actions of their ancestors and that they were destined to remain in that caste for their entire lives. This change in society's organization was reflected in the religious texts of later Vedic period, where the Brahmins, who were the priests and scholars, came to hold a position of great prestige and power. As far as the varna division are concerned, they became entrenched into religion. The four fold varna system with the Brahmanas on top was soldified as more religious texts were written during the time. This varna division was rigid and based on birth. Another significant change was the emergence of a powerful and centralized state. The early Vedic society was primarily made up of small, autonomous villages, but during the later Vedic period, large kingdoms and empires emerged. This is reflected in the later Vedas, which contain references to powerful kings and their armies, as well as to large cities and urban centers. The kings were often seen as divine figures, and the state became an important religious institution. This change in political organization led to the emergence of a ruling class, which came to hold significant power and wealth. Cattle raids now became full fledged wars as the Rulers and the ruled became more conscious about the territory they lived in. Concept of private property started to develop. Analyse the differences and similarities between Indus Valley and Vedic Cultures. [1992, 60m] The Indus Valley and Vedic cultures are two of the oldest and most important civilizations in the Indian subcontinent. The Indus Valley civilization was the first major urban civilization in the region and flourished between 2600 and 1900 BC. The Vedic culture was the culture of the Vedic period in India, which lasted from roughly 1500 to 500 BC. Both cultures had a significant impact on the development of Indian culture, society, and religion. The most striking difference between the Indus Valley and Vedic cultures is their geographical locations. The Indus Valley civilization was centered in the Indus Valley, which is now in Pakistan, while the Vedic culture was largely centered in the Gangetic Plain in northern India. This difference in location is reflected in the different cultural influences that each civilization had. The Indus Valley civilization was heavily influenced by the Mesopotamian and Persian cultures, while the Vedic culture was heavily influenced by the cultures of the Central Asian steppes. Another major difference between the two cultures is their religious beliefs. The Indus Valley civilization is believed to have had a polytheistic religion, with many gods and goddesses associated with different aspects of nature. The Vedic culture, on the other hand, had a more organized religion, centered around the worship of a single god, Brahman. This single god was believed to be the creator of the universe and was worshipped through rituals and sacrifices. Despite these differences, the Indus Valley and Vedic cultures also had many similarities. Both cultures were highly stratified, with a strong emphasis on caste and class. Both cultures also had a strong agricultural base, with a focus on the cultivation of wheat, barley, and other grains. Additionally, both cultures had a strong social and political structure, with kings and rulers at the top of the hierarchy. Both cultures also had a strong emphasis on art and literature. The Indus Valley civilization is known for its elaborate seals and sculptures, while the Vedic culture is known for its hymns and religious texts. Both cultures also had a strong emphasis on education, with a focus on the study of mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy. Finally, both cultures had a strong influence on the development of Indian culture and religion. The Indus Valley civilization is believed to have had a major influence on the development of Hinduism, while the Vedic culture is credited with the development of the Vedic religion and the development of the Upanishads, which are considered to be the foundation of Hinduism. Overall, the Indus Valley and Vedic cultures had many differences and similarities. Despite their different geographical locations and religious beliefs, both cultures had a major influence on the development of Indian culture, society, and religion. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/5.-aryans-and-vedic-period/5.5-significance-of-vedic-age.html08.1 Ancient-History/5. Aryans and Vedic Period/5.5 Significance of Vedic Age.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTTransformation %20from%20Rig%20Vedic%20to%20later%20Vedic§ion-id={4778BCE5-4524-4EE4-A84F-0DD565BDF3E0}&page-id={CD63AF07-965E-4820-B24E-3BBADD4C4C34}&object-id={427A87DD-FEA0-4982-BCEC-647964B21A46}&9E&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Aryans%20and%20Vedic%20Period.one )
[Initially there was some ambiguity about positions of higher Varnas](onenote: Political,%20Social%20and%20Economic%20Life§ion-id={4778BCE5-4524-4EE4-A84F-0DD565BDF3E0}&page-id={2C956D19-1A93-46F6-9722-353459DC7D68}&object-id={60C755E9-1265-4C79-B89A-D0B2551CEA9A}&7D&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Aryans%20and%20Vedic%20Period.one ) The Varna concept is a theoretical model of social stratification that has been used to describe the social hierarchy of Ancient India. The Varna system is a four-tier system of social organization based on the division of labor, with each tier representing a different class of people. The four Varnas are Brahmin (priests and scholars), Kshatriya (warriors and rulers), Vaishya (merchants and traders), and Shudra (laborers and servants). This system of social stratification is believed to have been in place since the Vedic period of Indian history. The Varna concept has been used to explain the social structure of Ancient India, and it is often seen as a reflection of the spiritual and moral values of the time. According to this system, each Varna had a specific role to play in society, and each was expected to fulfill their duties in order to maintain harmony and balance. The Varna system was also seen as a way of ensuring that the needs of the society were met, with each Varna having a specific role to play in the functioning of the society. However, while the Varna concept may have been used to explain the social structure of Ancient India, it is important to note that it was never an actual description of society. This is because the Varna system was a theoretical model, and it was never actually implemented in practice. The Varna system was never a legally binding system, and it was never enforced by any governing body. In addition, the Varna system was never a static system, and it was constantly evolving over time. This is because the Varna system was based on the division of labor, and as the needs of society changed, so too did the roles of each Varna. For example, during the medieval period, the Kshatriya Varna began to take on more administrative roles, while the Brahmin Varna began to focus more on spiritual matters. Certain texts also put the Kshatriya varna above the Brahamanas in social hierarcy during this period. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/5.-aryans-and-vedic-period/5.6-evolution-of-monarchy-and-varna-system.html08.1 Ancient-History/5. Aryans and Vedic Period/5.6 Evolution of Monarchy and Varna System.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT The emergence of Janapadas signified the birth of geography in Indian history. In vedic society people were not attached to one area. Villages. towns and clties were the units where the people lived. this was the time when kings and monarchs emerged. This was also the age of intense philosophical speculation. Buddhism, Jainism and many other heterodox sects emerged The Brahmanas and the Upanishads were composed from 800 BC they mention many janapadas and Mahajanapadas. Vinaya Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka tells about the social life of people. Jatakas dealing with the stories of the previous births of the Buddha are part of the Sutta Pitaka. Various archaeological evidences from Ahichchhatra, Ujjain, Hastinapur, Atraji Khera, Sravasti, Vaishal etc. They have given a distinctive pottery called NBPW. During the later vedic phase people took up agriculture and began to settle down, these places were known as Janapadas. The texts that mention about the Mahajanapadas are : Anguttara Nikaya Mahavastu Bhagavati Sutra → not reliable master of an individual household which owned land, which became an imp form of wealth. Bigger one cultivated their lands with the help of slaves or hired labourers called the karmakara and Shudras Setthi, meaning 'a person having the best' is referred to in Buddhist texts. By the 6th century BC trade and merchandise became an independent source of economic activity led to the emergence of free peasants and merchants. Free from clan obligations of sharing surplus food or wealth. Concept of Private property had emerged. The rulers of this period ruled over their lineage and the notion of ruling over a territory had not emerged. taxes collected from the kinsmen were largely voluntary tributes There are references to Krsaka i.e. peasants who paid taxes to the king The Praja included people from the non-lineage groups also they were not related with kinship ties to the Ruler. Raids now changed into organised campaigns in which territory annexed and agriculturists and traders were forced to pay taxes. Bhagadugha collected bhaga i.e. a share of the agricultural produce. Survey of the agricultural land was done by an official called Rajjugahaka Jivaka was the court physician of Bimbisara who also looked after Buddha. Villages - Gama/Grama was the equivalent to a unit of settlement in a Mahajanpada. In villages people generally pursued agricultural activities. Dasas, karmakaras and porisas were labourers. Villages inhabited by non-kinship groups also came into existence. Kassaka and ksetrika denoted the common peasants who were generally of the Sudra jati. The leaders of the villages were called Gamini Towns and cities dominated by Kings and merchants are variously referred to as Pura, Nigma and Nigama cities had emerged as the focus of power and control over the Mahajanapada Examine the relationship among economic growth, urbanization and State formation from c. 7th century to 3rd century BCE. [2016, 15 Marks]
[Formation of States](onenote: Formation %20of%20States§ion-id={27B0F6C8-0CAF-4E34-BF56-5CB9AD14C82B}&page-id={81934C3C-8135-48B9-9B47-3886F245D8A9}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20I/Mahajanapadas.one ) The relationship between economic growth, urbanization, and state formation in ancient India from the 7th century to 3rd century BCE is complex and intertwined. During this period, the development of agriculture and trade led to increased economic growth, which in turn supported the growth of cities and the formation of large states or "Mahajanpadas". One of the key features of this period was the development of the iron age, which allowed for the creation of new tools and weapons. This, in turn, led to a growth in agriculture, as the iron tools allowed for more efficient cultivation of land. This growth in agriculture was one of the main drivers of economic growth, as it allowed for the production of surplus food, which could be traded and sold. The growth in trade and commerce also led to the development of cities, as merchants and traders sought to take advantage of the economic opportunities provided by the new markets. Cities such as Kashi, Kaushambi, Panchala, and Magadha became centers of trade, commerce, and culture, attracting people from all over India. The growth of these cities was also accompanied by the growth of various industries, such as weaving and metalworking, which supported the local economies and created new jobs. As the cities and economies grew, the need for strong and centralized political systems also grew. The development of large states or "Mahajanpadas" was a response to this need, as rulers sought to control and regulate the growing economies and populations. These states were characterized by a centralized administration, an effective system of taxation, and a well-trained army, which allowed the rulers to maintain order and control over the territory. One of the most prominent examples of these Mahajanpadas was Magadha, which was located in the modern-day state of Bihar. Magadha became one of the most powerful states in India, with a strong central government, an efficient administration, and a well-trained army. The state was also home to several major cities, such as Rajgir and Pataliputra, which were centers of trade, commerce, and culture. Another example was the state of Kashi, located in modern-day Uttar Pradesh. Kashi was one of the most important cities in India, with a rich cultural heritage and a thriving economy. The state was also known for its production of fine textiles and was a major center of trade and commerce. The growth of agriculture and trade led to increased economic growth, which in turn supported the growth of cities and the formation of large states or "Mahajanpadas". These states were characterized by a centralized administration, an effective system of taxation, and a well-trained army, which allowed the rulers to maintain order and control over the territory. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/6.-mahajanapadas/6.1-formation-of-states.html08.1 Ancient-History/6. Mahajanapadas/6.1 Formation of States.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>08.1-ancient-history/2.-pre-and-proto-history/2.1-geographical-factors.html08.1 Ancient-History/2. Pre-and-Proto-History/2.1 Geographical Factors.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTNeolithic helpful in understanding social, cultural patterns Emergence of villages, sophisticated microliths, agriculture sites like Chopani Mando, Mehrgarh etc Ashmounds - religious significance, urn burials, child burials, particular directions, burial with dogs, barter sys, Harappan goods, lapis lazuli, conch shells, contact with sites in Afghanistan Archaeological materials are essential for understanding the progress of Neolithic man in India. Neolithic man was the first human species to begin using stone tools and to develop agriculture in the region. Archaeological materials provide evidence of the lifestyle, culture, technology, and subsistence strategies of Neolithic man in India. Archaeological materials provide direct evidence of the tools and objects used by Neolithic man in India. These artifacts include **stone tools, pottery, and jewelry**. **Stone tools** are the earliest evidence of Neolithic man in India, and they provide insight into the types of activities they were engaged in. For example, stone tools have been found in the Deccan region of India that date back to the Middle and Late Neolithic period. These tools include axes, scrapers, and hammerstones, which indicate that Neolithic man was engaging in activities such as hunting and gathering, as well as woodworking and stone tool production. **Pottery** is another type of archaeological material that provides insight into the lifestyle of Neolithic man in India. Pottery was first produced during the Neolithic period in India, and it is believed to have been used for a variety of purposes. Pottery has been found in the Deccan region of India that dates back to the Middle and Late Neolithic period. The pottery found in this region is decorated with geometric patterns and human figures, indicating that Neolithic man was engaging in activities such as ritual and religious practices. **Jewelry** is another type of archaeological material that provides insight into the lifestyle of Neolithic man in India. Jewelry was first produced during the Neolithic period in India, and it is believed to have been used for a variety of purposes. Jewelry has been found in the Deccan region of India that dates back to the Middle and Late Neolithic period. The jewelry found in this region includes beads, pendants, and rings, which indicate that Neolithic man was engaging in activities such as trade and exchange, as well as rituals and religious practices. **Archaeological materials** provide insight into the subsistence strategies of Neolithic man in India. Archaeological evidence indicates that Neolithic man in India was primarily engaged in hunting and gathering, as well as the cultivation of crops. In the Deccan region of India, archaeologists have found evidence of the cultivation of millets, pulses, and other crops, as well as the domestication of animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats. This evidence indicates that Neolithic man in India was engaging in activities such as agriculture and animal husbandry. In the absence of a written script Chalcolithic pottery gives us a fascinating insight into the culture and life styles of the people of those times. Comment critically. [2013, 15m] Refer ANKI : Ahar/Banas culture BRW linear dotted designs in white. Red slipped ware Bowls - thin incised grooves on neck Kayatha culture, Fine, sturdy, wheel made ware. Linear designs painted in violet Savalda culture Wheel made chocolate-coloured pottery, medium to corarse fabric with thick crackled slip Malwa culture Succeeded by Jorwe Prabhas culture Pottery was fine painted ware and various jars, bowls etc were found. Rangpur culture Jorwe culture (Maharashtra) red and orange with geometric patterns painted in black The Chalcolithic pottery of India provides a valuable window into the lives of the people who lived during this period. The pottery reveals a variety of motifs, shapes and sizes, which indicate the level of craftsmanship and skill of the potters. The motifs on the pottery often reflect the beliefs, customs and values of the people, and can provide clues about their social structure and religious practices. In addition, the pottery can give us an idea of the types of food and drinks that were consumed, as well as the tools and materials used for various tasks. However, the pottery alone is not enough to give us a full picture of the Chalcolithic period. Without written records, it is difficult to accurately interpret the meaning of the motifs and to understand the context in which the pottery was used. Furthermore, the pottery only reveals a limited amount of information about the people’s daily lives and their interactions with the environment. Thus, while the pottery of the Chalcolithic period can help us to gain a better understanding of the culture and life styles of the people of that time, it is only one piece of the puzzle. Delineate and account for the regional characteristics of the Neolithic period in India. [2016, 15 Marks] Refer ANKI descriptions : Sundergarh, Paisra, Burudih, Ghughua Budihal, Sanganakallu, Maski, Piklihal, Palavoy, Hallur Burzahom, gufkral, In the North-West region of India, the Neolithic period is characterized by the presence of the Mehrgarh culture, which existed from around 7000 BCE to 2500 BCE. Mehrgarh is considered to be one of the earliest sites of settled agriculture in the region and the people of Mehrgarh were skilled in agriculture, animal husbandry, and craftsmanship. They also developed a system of irrigation for their crops. In the South India, the Neolithic period is marked by the presence of the Ashmound culture, which existed from around 2500 BCE to 1500 BCE. The Ashmound people were semi-nomadic and relied mainly on hunting and gathering, but also practiced some agriculture. They were also skilled in crafting tools and weapons from stone and bone. In the Western India, the Neolithic period is characterized by the presence of the Sothi-Siswal culture, which existed from around 4500 BCE to 3500 BCE. The Sothi-Siswal people were primarily engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. They also developed pottery and metalworking. In the South India, the Neolithic period is marked by the presence of the Kupgal culture, which existed from around 2000 BCE to 1000 BCE. The Kupgal people were primarily engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. They also developed pottery and metalworking. In Eastern India, the Neolithic period is marked by the presence of the ---- culture, which existed from around 3000 BCE to 1000 BCE. The ---- people were primarily engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. They also developed pottery and metalworking. They also had a rich tradition in rock painting, which could be found in many places in Eastern India. In North-Eastern India, the Neolithic period is characterized by the presence of the Daojali Hading culture, which existed from around 2000 BCE to 1500 BCE. The Daojali Hading people were primarily engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. They also developed pottery and metalworking. They also had a rich tradition of megalithic burials, which can be found in many places in North-Eastern India. The emergence of Non-Harappan Chalcolithic cultures in Central India and the Deccan mark a change not only in the subsistence pattern of people but an overall transition from pre to proto historic period. Critically analyze. [2017, 15 Marks] Refer ANKI : Chalcolithic Sites The emergence of Non-Harappan Chalcolithic cultures in Central India and the Deccan (also known as the Late Stone Age) mark a significant change in the subsistence patterns of the people and an overall transition from the pre-historic to proto-historic period. One of the most notable changes during this period was the shift from a hunting and gathering lifestyle to a settled agricultural one. The people of the Non-Harappan Chalcolithic cultures in Central India and the Deccan began to cultivate crops like barley, wheat, and lentils, and also domesticated animals such as sheep, goats, and cattle. This shift towards agriculture led to the emergence of small-scale village communities and the development of new technologies such as irrigation systems and ploughs. Another notable change during this period was the development of metallurgy. The people of the Non-Harappan Chalcolithic cultures in Central India and the Deccan began to extract and work with copper and other metals, which led to the emergence of new tools and weapons, and also new forms of trade and exchange. The emergence of these cultures also marks a transition from pre-historic to proto-historic period, as people began to develop more complex forms of social organization and administration. There is also evidence of religious practices, as well as the emergence of new forms of art and craftsmanship. Discuss the distribution and significance of farming cultures outside the Indus system. [2008, 60m] Koldihwa, Chopani Mando, Mahagarha, Lahuradeva, Kunjhun Issues w/ dating, rice domesticated or wild Wild rice at meso level in Chopani M Domesticate rice at Damdana, rice husk impressed in clay at Neo levels, cattle pen at Mahagarha Mention others features as well ex cord impressed red ware and black ware BRW Independent centre of rice domestication, Farming cultures outside the Indus system were vital to the development of the pre and proto historic period. These cultures were spread across a variety of geographical regions, from the Middle East to South Asia and beyond. They were important in terms of providing food, resources, and labor to the societies of the time. The earliest farming cultures outside the Indus system date back to the Neolithic period, around 12,000 BCE. These cultures are often referred to as the “Fertile Crescent” cultures, due to the geographic region in which they were located. This region included the modern-day countries of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Israel. These cultures developed a variety of crops, including wheat, barley, and lentils, and began to domesticate animals such as sheep and goats. This allowed them to develop more advanced agricultural techniques and to produce more food than ever before. Farming cultures outside the Indus system were also important in terms of trade. These cultures were able to trade with other regions, such as the Indus Valley, and this allowed for the spread of goods and ideas across vast distances. This trade was especially important for the development of the Bronze Age, as it allowed for the spread of bronze and other metals across the region. In addition to trade, these farming cultures also played a role in the development of religion. Many of the beliefs and practices of the ancient Middle East were based on agricultural cycles, such as the cycle of the seasons and the cycle of fertility. This allowed for the development of complex religious systems, such as those found in the religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Farming cultures outside the Indus system have also been found in many different regions, including Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and the Americas. In Mesopotamia, the Sumerians were the first to develop a sophisticated system of agriculture. The Sumerians used irrigation to maximize crop yield and built large-scale irrigation systems to support their farming efforts. They also developed new techniques for crop rotation, which allowed them to maximize their land's productivity. The Sumerians also developed a complex system of writing, which allowed them to record their agricultural knowledge and practices. This allowed them to pass down their farming techniques to future generations. In Egypt, the ancient Egyptians developed a sophisticated system of irrigation and crop rotation, as well as a system of writing. They also developed a system of taxation and land ownership, which allowed them to control the production and distribution of agricultural products. The Egyptians also developed a complex system of government, which allowed them to manage the large-scale agricultural production of the region. In China, the ancient Chinese developed a system of agriculture that was based on the principles of Taoism. They developed a system of terracing and irrigation that allowed them to maximize crop yield. The Chinese also developed a system of writing, which allowed them to record their agricultural knowledge and practices. They also developed a system of taxation and land ownership, which allowed them to control the production and distribution of agricultural products. In the Americas, the ancient Mayans and Aztecs developed sophisticated systems of agriculture. The Mayans developed a system of terracing and irrigation that allowed them to maximize crop yield. They also developed a complex system of writing, which allowed them to record their agricultural knowledge and practices. The Aztecs developed a system of taxation and land ownership, which allowed them to control the production and distribution of agricultural products. Farming cultures outside the Indus system have had a significant impact on the development of human civilization. These cultures developed sophisticated systems of irrigation, crop rotation, taxation, and land ownership that allowed them to maximize crop yield and control the production and distribution of agricultural products. These systems allowed them to pass down their agricultural knowledge and practices to future generations, which allowed them to further develop and refine their agricultural practices. The development of these farming cultures outside the Indus system has had a profound impact on the development of human civilization, and their contributions are still evident today. Neolithic - Chalcolithic Chapter 3 Upinder Singh
fess102.pdf - Our Pasts I From Hunting and Gathering to Growing Food | NCERT ↩︎ ]]>08.1-ancient-history/2.-pre-and-proto-history/2.3-beginning-of-agriculture-(neolithic-and-chalcolithic).html08.1 Ancient-History/2. Pre-and-Proto-History/2.3 Beginning of Agriculture (Neolithic and Chalcolithic).mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#OptionalPYQ
#todo Tilaka or Tikka a type of decorative jewellery worn by young girls can be seen in terracotta figurines of H civ. Dancing girl bronze sculpture can be seen wearing bangles which is still prevalent in India. Waist Chain or Bellychain aka Kamarband worn by women is also seen in teracotta figurines. Anklets Swastikas in H seals and sealings. Bathing Platforms like in Mohenjodaro. Ritual bathing contiued such as Kumbh mela. Yogic practices : Pashupati seals and other teracotta figurines. Namaste posture. Fire altars of Banawali and Kalibangan are still used in Hindu worshipping practices. Expertise in town planning, water management, harvesting systems, drainage mechanism. Public and private wells Standardised weights and bricks. Burnt bricks. First ones to use Silk and Lost wax technique **Malik and Possehl** focused their attention on various aspects of continuity of the Harappan tradition Jhukar pottery in use in Amri, Chanhudaro, Jhukar etc have shown similarity to the Mature Harappan pottery. Metal objects here have shown contact with central asian and Iranian influences vzi axes, copper pins, shaft hole etc and circular stamp seals. Indo Iranian borderlands show the use of copper stand seals and copper shaft hole axes in sites like Mundigak, Nausharo and Pirak indicating contact with Iran In Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana sites like Mitathal, Bara, Ropar and Siswal have shown Ochre coloured pottery. In Kutch and Saurashtra places like Rangapur and Somnath have shown continuity in ceramic traditions. These harappan settlements would have merged with the regional and local settlements of the area and slowly the regional cultures of pottery etc replaced the Harappan ones. The cults of Pasupati (Siva) and of the mother goddess and phallic worship seem to have come down to us from the Harappan tradition. the cult of sacred places, rivers or trees and sacred animals show a distinct continuity in the subsequent historic civilization of India. The evidence of fire worship and sacrifice in Kalihgan and Lothal is significant traditional weight and currency system of India, based on a ratio of sixteen as the unit, was already present in the Harapp civilization techniques Bf making potter's wheel in modern India is similar to those used by the Harappans Bullock carts and boats used in modem India were already present in the Harappan cities Assess the pattern of settlement, economy, social organization and religion of India during 2000 to 500 BC from archaeological evidences. [2003, 60m] Late Harappa 2000-1500 BC ; Vedic Period 1500 - 500 BC as the Vedic Period. The Vedic period is associated with the PGW culture. 600 BC onwards also saw the emergence of Mahajanapadas. Chalcolithic culture also overlapped during this time. Extent : PGW culture extent and Late Harappan Extent from archaeological excavatio Religion : At NBPW levels of Pushkalvati a fireplace was excavated in the courtyards of one of the rooms. Economy : Refer Anki map sites Social Organisation : Refer anki map sites During the period of 2000 to 500 BC, India saw the emergence of several advanced ancient urban cultures, including the Indus Valley Civilization, the Vedic Civilization and the emergence of the Mahajanapadas. The pattern of settlement, economy, social organization and religion of these cultures can be inferred from archaeological evidences. Pattern of settlement: During this period, there were two main types of settlements: urban and rural. The Indus Valley Civilization, for example, was characterized by large, planned cities with well-laid-out streets and advanced drainage systems. The Vedic Civilization, on the other hand, was characterized by smaller, rural settlements, with people living in small villages and practicing agriculture and animal husbandry. Economy: The Indus Valley Civilization is believed to have had a highly developed economy, with evidence of trade and commerce, as well as the use of a standardized system of weights and measures. The Vedic Civilization, on the other hand, is believed to have had a more agrarian-based economy, with a strong emphasis on cattle-rearing and the use of iron tools for agriculture. Social organization: The Indus Valley Civilization is believed to have had a highly advanced social organization, with a complex system of governance and administration, as well as a well-defined social hierarchy. The Vedic Civilization, on the other hand, is believed to have had a more egalitarian social organization, with a strong emphasis on the patriarchal family unit and the caste system. Religion: The Indus Valley Civilization is believed to have had a complex system of religious beliefs and practices, with evidence of the worship of a mother goddess and the use of seals depicting various religious symbols. The Vedic Civilization is believed to have had a more polytheistic religious system, with the worship of various gods and goddesses and the performance of ritual sacrifices. Was India civilized before the advent of the Aryans? State briefly the extent and striking features of the earlier civilization, if any. [1982, 20m]
Extent - Refer ANKI Striking features from Polity Administration, Religion Culture, Society, Trade/Economy India was civilized before the advent of the Aryans. Evidence of this can be found in the Indus Valley Civilization, which was an advanced Bronze Age culture that flourished in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent from c. 3300–1300 BCE. The Indus Valley Civilization was the first known urban culture of the Indian subcontinent, and it was among the world’s first civilizations. The striking features of the Indus Valley Civilization include the development of a complex urban culture, the use of a writing system, the development of metallurgy, the development of a sophisticated drainage system, and the widespread use of seals. The Indus Valley Civilization also had a highly organized social structure, with distinct classes of people, and a complex religious system. "The Indus civilization did not have an abrupt appearance." Discuss the statement. How does the Indus civilization stand, in view of its geographical expansion and chronology, in relations to the Vedic civilization? [1990, 60m]
Theories of Sudden Decline - Extent of Harappa Sites and PGW sites comparison
Chronology of Harappan culture : Chronology of Vedic Civ 1500 BC - 800 BC The Indus civilization, also known as the Harappan civilization, was one of the earliest civilizations in the world and existed from around 3300 BCE to 1500 BCE. It was located in the region of what is now Pakistan and northwest India. The Indus civilization was a highly developed urban civilization with a complex economy, advanced technology, and a sophisticated urban planning system. The Indus civilization did not have an abrupt appearance, as is evidenced by archaeological evidence that suggests that the civilization had been in existence for a long time prior to its emergence in 3300 BCE. This suggests that the Indus civilization was the result of a gradual process of development, rather than a sudden emergence. In terms of its geographical expansion, the Indus civilization was the largest of the four ancient civilizations in the ancient world, covering an area of 1.25 million square kilometers. This area included parts of modern-day Pakistan, India, Afghanistan, and Iran. The Indus civilization was also the most expansive in terms of its chronology, with evidence of its existence dating back to 3300 BCE. In terms of its relationship to the Vedic civilization, the Indus civilization is believed to have been the predecessor of the Vedic civilization, which emerged in the Indian subcontinent in the late 2nd millennium BCE. Although the Indus civilization predates the Vedic civilization, there is evidence of cultural contact between the two civilizations, with the Indus civilization having an influence on the Vedic culture. For example, the Indus civilization is believed to have been the source of the Vedic religion, which is based on the worship of various gods and goddesses. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/3.-ivc/3.1-origin,-date-and-extent.html08.1 Ancient-History/3. IVC/3.1 Origin, Date and Extent.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#important #concept Languages on the seal was probably in the language of the ruling elite. What could have been some uses of Harappan seals? Tokens for buying and selling goods Worn as Amulets Identification markers Seals found in Kunal and Nausharo shows connections with traders or elite groups. Seals - generally square made of steatite, semi pictographic script Terracotta sculptures in H. period was made using Pinching method The painted pottery duing H. period is also known as Red and Black pottery. Most are wheel-made. Girdles, earrings and anklets were worn only by women in Harappa. Unicorn motifs were found in Mohenjodaro. Bead making factories were discovered at Chanhudaro and Lothal. Chanhudaro and Balakot were important centres of shell work. Symbols similar to Harappan writing have been found at early H. levels at Padri, Kalibangan, Dholavira and Harappa. Horned deity was found painted on a jar in Kot Diji,Rehman Dheri And in terracotta cakes in Kalibangan, shows a process of cultural convergence Elephants appears on seals. Tigers in figurines. Beads - barrel shaped, trefoil patterns Finds are very limited and do not have variety as seen in Egypt or Mesopotamia Most of Harappan pottery is plain, but a substantial part is treated with a red slip and black painted decoration of horizontal lines of varied thickness, leaf patterns, scales, chequers, lattice mrk, palm and pipal trees. Birds, fishes and animal. Potteries were stamped suggesting that they were traded Tools show striking degree of uniformity in design. basic tools types were flat axe, chisels, knives, spear heads and arrowheads for copper and bronze implements. Later stages had daggers, knives and flat tang. Pottery that is red with designs painted in black having a range of forms and motifs. Terracotta cakes usually triangular and sometimes round. Standardised bricks in 1:2:4 ratio. Typical Harappan pottery is a fine,sturdy, wheel-made ware with a bright red slip decorated with painted black designs. Polychrome painting is rare. Red was made from red ochre and black from reddish-brown iron oxide and black manganese Rabbits, peacocks, pigeons, ducks, monkeys and wild fowls are represented in figurines, paintings and on pottery. Terracotta figurines used as toys or cult figures, the techniques of casting bronze and copper were known. bronze dancing nude figure discovered in Mohenjodaro. head drawn backwards, nude, bangles, hand on hip, plaited hair. bronze figurines of a buffalo and a ram shows their stance. Two little toy carts of bronze are also fairly well known objects. stone sculpture of a bearded head found in Mohenjodaro. Harappans do not seem to have used stone or bronze for their artistic creations on a large scale. The findings of such works are rare. Bronze Buffalo and ram, toy carts Stone sculpture of bearded man, upper lip shaved, half closed eyes, cloak across left shoulder Male torsos at Harappa Two metal iron objects were found in Lothal. Bones of boars, buffaloes, elephants and camels have also been found from many settlement. Elephants seems to have been domesticated. Two varieties of wheat are frequently found in Harappan sites. Barley, Pea has been found. Rice husk has been found in Lothal and Cotton cloth in Mohenjodaro. Wooden plough was used in Kalibangan since a furrowed field was found here. more than one crop was grown since the furrows were widely spaced in one direction and widely spaced in another. Tax collected by rich urban class control over the wealth - buildings constructed and the acquisition of luxury items from foreign lands Harappa : copper mines of Raj, Lapis Lazuli and turquoise from Afghanistan and Hindu Kush, Gold from Kashmir Karnataka, Indus river and its tributaries provided for river trade and timber from Kashmir. Jodhpura, Ganeshwar would have also provided them with copper. Gold from Kolar gold fields of Karnataka. Silver might have been imported from Iran and Afghanistan Villages produced agricultural goods and depended on other bigger cities which were hub of trade and manufacturing. Both large and small settlements gold has been discovered. Harappans : uniform systems of weights, measures weights followed a binary system in lower denominations : 1, 2, 4, 8, to 64, then going to 160 and then in decimal multiples of 16, 320, 640 etc. Balakot - shell working centre two dozen seals, either Harappan or made in imitation of Harappan seals, have been found in the Mesopotamian cities like Susa, Ur, etc Recently same of Persian Gulf ancient sites 'like Failaka and Behrain have also yielded Harappan seals In Mesopotamian city of Nippur a seal has been found with Harappan script, unicorn shown on it In Lothal a circular button seal found. This seal has been found in, Large numbers in the excavations at port at Behrain Indus dice types (1/2,3/6,4/5) were found in the Mesopotamian cities of Ur, Nippur and Tell Asmar beads having distinctive designs have been found in Mesopotamia. Meluha mentioned in Mesopotamian literature has been identified as Indus Valley region, Magan referred to Makran coast, also mentions Meluhans living in Mesopotamia an official interpreter of Meluhan language. Thus trade b/w them was not indirect. Terracotta model of ship was found in Lothal, brick basin was also found there. H carnelian beads were found in Royal burials in Mesopotamia. Bull motif on Mesopotamian seals also found. H objects found at Turkemenistan at Namazga and Khapuz. Objects found include ivory dice, metal objects, ithyphallic figure, perforated wares, beads etc. Harappan objects found in Persian Gulf include Jar fragments, ivory piece, ithyphallic figure, circular mirror, seals with Harappan motifs. Imports from Oman to Harappa include chlorite vessels, shell and mother of pearl. What are the imports mentioned by Mesopotamian texts from Meluha? Lapis Lazuli Carnelian Gold, Silver, Copper Ebony, Ivory Dog, Cat, Monkey Harappans imported : Lapis Lazuli from Afghanistan or Chagai Hills in Baluchistan. Jade from Turkmenistan Tin from Ferghana and Kazakhastan Copper from Khetri mines, Lead and Zinc also came from Rajasthan Dress type could be identified from terracotta figurines and from examining skeletal remains. Men dress wrapped around lower half, one end worn over left shoulder and under the right arm-like the modern saree. kilt and shirt worn by both men and women, men arranged their hair in various I ways sometimes making buns and using headbands. They also used/wore ornaments like rings, bracelets etc. Women seem to have used ornaments on their waist. Women wore a large number of necklaces. bangles were also worn. Both men and women had long hairs. used cotton clothes also that in one sculpture the cloth was shown as having trefoil pattern and red colours Harappans of Sind and Punjab ate wheat and barley as their staple food. Those who stayed in towns of Rajasthan had to be content with barley only. The Harappans of Gujarat in places like Rangpur and Surkotdla preferred rice and millet. one noticeable script did not change all through life of the Harappan Civilization meaning the script was not used commonly the time of the emergence of the Harappan Civilization many 'Early Harappan' sites like Kot Diji and Kalibangan were burnt down could be because of accidental fire. Weapons have been reported. Some sites have unburied corpses. Bead making was imp craft beads of Carnelian, Lapis Lazuli, Agate Jasper have been found. potters, copper and bronze workers, stone workers, builders of houses, brick makers and seal-cutters must have lived in Harappan towns the administrators, the traders and the priests would have been the most affluent class. Running a granary, making of uniform bricks and weight standards, sewage maintenance, uniformity of bronze sculptures show some sort of centralization in the society possibly a municipality like body would have taken such activities. Cities would have emerged as politico economic power. Certain buildings inside the citadel and lower town have reported large number of stone sculptures, could have been temples. But huge Egyptian like temples are missing. A large building with hallway leading an upraised platform with the bearded man's statue was found. He may have been a priest and the building a temple. great bath has been suggested as being used for ritual bathing. Pashupati seal - Proto shiva by some surrounded by animal possibly being ithyphalic. Another seal shows people worshipping a nude horned deity. A seal is seen where a yogi with snake is seen. A shiva lingam and yoni looking terracotta been found Mother Goddess motifs have been found. Human figures with horns in seals and a man battling 2 tigers have been found. Tree spirits - worshipped especially Pipal tree which has been found in sealings. Animal worship and mythical beasts could also have have some cultic significance. Fire altar in Kalbangan have charred bones in them may be used for ritual or sacrifices. Dead bodies in north-south orientation, Bodies were laid on their back, large number of earthen pots placed in grave, other grave goods like necklace, bangles etc have also been found coffin burial at Harappa. At Kalibangan some other kinds of burial practices were encountered Urn burial found but without skeletal remains Male, Female buried together have been found from Lothal Another aspect of fertility beliefs of the H. was the worship of male and female creative energies in the form of lingas and yonis. Most common method of burial in H. was to place the body in an extended position with head towards north in a simple pit or brick chamber. What could have been certain other usages of Lingas and Yonis? Architectural use Astronomical calculations Grinders/ unfinished weights What other objects could have had cultic significance? Plants like Pipal tree Animals eg humped/humpless bull, tiger, snake, elephant, rhino etc. Unicorn Weapons are not a dominant feature of artefact found at Harappan sites. What does 700 years of continuity suggest for H. civilization? Strong Political stability What suggests that a central polity existed in Harappa? Uniformity in materials like bricks Common scripts Standardised weights Little evidence of warfare Site speicalization Shortughai as trade site Mobilisation of labour What suggests that the H. state was decentralised? Absence of royal tombs, palaces, temples. Artefacts are distributed equally at sites Precious/ semi percious metals stones discovered in small villages Cities like Harappa, Mohenjodaro and Kalibangan experienced gradual decline in urban planning and construction. Houses were being made of old bricks, construction of them encroached streets and were haphazard in shape. Cities were turning into slums. Entry points to Mohenjodaro's Great bath was blocked and later it and the granary fell into disuse. Distinct reduction in the-number of sculptures, figurines, beads, bangles and inlay works was seen. Harappa was marked by the arrival of a new group of people marked by their burial practice called the Cemetery H culture. The population and the settlements around the core area of Harappa, Mohenjodaro and Bahawalpur decreased but those around areas of Gujarat, East Punjab, Haryana and upper Doab increased. This could have been due to emigration of people from the core region. writing, uniform weights, Harappan pottery and architectural style had disappeared. Mesopotamian literature stops referring to Meluhha by the end of 1900 B.C. In Mohenjodaro various periods of occupation were separated by evidences of deep flooding and clayey silt as high as 80 feet. R. Sutlej could have changed its course or due to the sudden rise in Arabian sea coastline prolonged submergence of cities around Indus earthquakes/tectonic movts raised level of flood plains in lower Indus level Leading to the formation of lake swallowed Mohenjodaro coastal town hampered due tectonic movements river would be dammed in such a manner by tectonic uplifts is incorrect because large water of Indus could have easily breached the bund created by an earthquake. deposition of silt might not have been the result of flooding. fails to explain decline outside the Indus valley Ramparasad Chanda 1926 and Mortimer Wheeler 1947 were proponents Wheeler believed that the Harappan civilization was destroyed by the Aryan invaders. Late Phases at Mohenjodaro has evidences of Massacre. Rig Veda mentions the destruction of fortresses of Dasas and Dasyus and Indra has been called as Purandhara or the destroyer of forts. the Rig Veda mentions a place called Hariyupiya identified as Harappa on the banks of river Ravi. Aryans on the other hand are believed to have arrived here not earlier than a period around 1500 B.C whereas Harappa decline in 1800 BC. massacre could have been caused by bandits from hilly regions. Mohenjodaro and Dholavira give a picture of gradual decline while at Kalibangan and Banawali life ended all of a sudden overlap b/w late Harappan and PGW culture at sites like Bhagwanpura and Dadheri in Haryana and Katpalon and Nagar in Punjab. overlap b/w Harappan and OCP levels in Bargaon and Ambakheri in Western UP. A/C to Lambrick the change of course was the reason for decline. Shift led to dec in food production and water, silt was result of wind deposition and from the decaying of bricks does not explain the decline of other settlements People of Mohenjodaro could have easily moved towards the changed course of the river. It was put forward by D.P. Agarwal and Sood. dec in moisture water availability. In semi-arid regions of Harappa this could create a major disaster. tectonic disturbance - to change in course of Ghaggar's tributaries Sutlej and Yamuna difficult to date drying of river, more info required - **Fairservis** is a proponent of this. A/C to him the delicate ecological balance of these semi-arid areas disturbed due to human cattle popu in these areas was fast depleting the scanty forests, food and fuel resources caused increase in floods and droughts in an already semi-arid precarious area and completed by raids from surrounding areas fertility of soil in the subsequent periods did not decrease More information would be required to calculate subsistence of H According to Malik's analysis, there was a major shift in monsoon patterns just before the dawn of this civilisation and that the pattern reversed course right before it declined, indicating it was in fact climate change that caused the fall. [^1] What man made reasons could have been the cause of decline of H. civ? Over cultivation Over grazing Deforestation for fuel and farming **Malik and Possehl** focused their attention on various aspects of continuity of the Harappan tradition Jhukar pottery in use in Amri, Chanhudaro, Jhukar etc have shown similarity to the Mature Harappan pottery. Metal objects here have shown contact with central asian and Iranian influences vzi axes, copper pins, shaft hole etc and circular stamp seals. Indo Iranian borderlands show the use of copper stand seals and copper shaft hole axes in sites like Mundigak, Nausharo and Pirak indicating contact with Iran In Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana sites like Mitathal, Bara, Ropar and Siswal have shown Ochre coloured pottery. In Kutch and Saurashtra places like Rangapur and Somnath have shown continuity in ceramic traditions. These harappan settlements would have merged with the regional and local settlements of the area and slowly the regional cultures of pottery etc replaced the Harappan ones. The cults of Pasupati (Siva) and of the mother goddess and phallic worship seem to have come down to us from the Harappan tradition. the cult of sacred places, rivers or trees and sacred animals show a distinct continuity in the subsequent historic civilization of India. The evidence of fire worship and sacrifice in Kalihgan and Lothal is significant traditional weight and currency system of India, based on a ratio of sixteen as the unit, was already present in the Harapp civilization techniques Bf making potter's wheel in modern India is similar to those used by the Harappans Bullock carts and boats used in modem India were already present in the Harappan cities
#todo Its significance would be unique features of Society, Polity, Economy and Art and Culture and their continuity seen today in the Modern world.
fess103.pdf - Our Pasts In the Earliest Cities Give an appraisal of town planning of the Indus cities and evaluate the various reasons for their decline. [1979, 60m]
division of each town into two parts, raised citadel and onwards
Certain buildings inside the citadel and the lower town have
Theories of Sudden Decline - Refer ANKI The town planning of the Indus cities is considered to be one of the most advanced and sophisticated urban planning systems of the ancient world. The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was one of the earliest known civilizations, flourishing in the region of the Indus River in what is now Pakistan and northwestern India from around 3300 to 1300 BCE. The cities of the IVC were well-planned and organized, featuring large-scale public architecture and elaborate drainage systems. The cities of the IVC were laid out in a grid pattern, with streets running in north-south and east-west directions. The streets were wide and straight, with the main streets being up to 25 meters wide. The streets were also lined with brick-lined drainage systems, which were designed to efficiently remove waste and rainwater from the city. The city walls were also designed to keep out floods and other natural disasters. The city of Harappa is a good example of the advanced town planning of the IVC. The city was laid out in a grid pattern, with the main streets running in north-south and east-west directions. The city was divided into two parts, with the citadel in the center and the lower town surrounding it. The citadel was surrounded by a massive wall, which was up to 12 meters thick and 10 meters high. The city also had an elaborate drainage system, which included a large number of brick-lined drains. The decline of the Indus Valley Civilization is thought to have been caused by a number of factors, including natural disasters, climate change, and the migration of other peoples into the region. The decline of the IVC is also thought to have been caused by a shift in the course of the Indus River. According to historian Lambert, “The movement of the Indus River from its original course to the south is thought to have caused the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization.” This shift in the river’s course is thought to have caused the cities of the IVC to become increasingly vulnerable to flooding, which is thought to have led to their eventual abandonment. In conclusion, the town planning of the Indus cities was highly advanced and sophisticated, and was likely one of the most advanced urban planning systems of the ancient world. However, the decline of the IVC is thought to have been caused by a combination of natural disasters, climate change, and the migration of other peoples into the region, as well as a shift in the course of the Indus River. Discuss the trade, cultural contacts and the extents of the Indus Civilization within and outside India and describe in detail any one of the Indus sites within India. [1980, 60m]
Trade and Economy -
H carnelian beads were found in Royal burials in Mesopotamia. Bull Lothal from ANKI
Lothal in Gujarat also shows a very different layout, was
Two varieties of wheat are frequently found in Harappan sites
In Lothal a circular button seal was found. This seal
Terracotta model of ship was found in Lothal, brick basin
Male and Female buried together have been found from Lothal The Indus Civilization was one of the earliest and most expansive civilizations in the world, occupying a large area in the Indian subcontinent that stretched from present-day Afghanistan to Pakistan and western India. It flourished from approximately 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE and was characterized by a highly organized urban culture that was based on sophisticated agricultural and trading practices. The Indus Civilization was a highly advanced and complex culture that relied heavily on trade and cultural contacts with other civilizations. This is evidenced by the presence of artifacts from other cultures, such as Mesopotamian seals and pottery, in the Indus cities. The Indus cities also had extensive trade networks with other contemporary civilizations, such as the Sumerians, Harappans, and the Egyptians. This trade included the exchange of goods such as copper, tin, gold, silver, and ivory, as well as the exchange of ideas and technologies. The Indus Civilization also had extensive contacts with other cultures outside of India. This is evidenced by the presence of artifacts from other cultures, such as Mesopotamian seals and pottery, in the Indus cities. Additionally, the Indus cities had extensive trade networks with other contemporary civilizations, such as the Sumerians, Harappans, and the Egyptians. This trade included the exchange of goods such as copper, tin, gold, silver, and ivory, as well as the exchange of ideas and technologies. One of the most important Indus sites within India is the city of Mohenjo-Daro. Located in the modern-day province of Sindh in Pakistan, Mohenjo-Daro was one of the largest cities of the Indus Civilization. It was a major urban center, featuring a sophisticated urban planning system, advanced drainage systems, and a complex irrigation system. The city was also home to a number of religious and cultural sites, such as the Great Bath and the Great Granary. Additionally, the city was home to a number of craft workshops, where artisans produced beads, pottery, and other artifacts. How do you account for the decline of the major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization? [1984, 20m]
Theories of Sudden Decline - The decline of the major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization is an issue that has puzzled historians for centuries. According to the renowned British archaeologist Sir Mortimer Wheeler, “It is impossible to give a definite answer to the question of why the Indus Valley Civilization declined.” Many theories have been put forward to explain the decline, but no single one has been conclusively proven. One popular theory is that the Indus Valley Civilization was destroyed by a great flood, which many historians such as RL Raikes and HT Lambrick believe was caused by the bursting of a natural dam in the region. This theory is supported by archaeological evidence of a large-scale flood in the region, as well as the presence of flood-related artifacts such as fishhooks and mud bricks. Other theories focus on the impact of climate change on the civilization. According to the American archaeologist Fairservis, “The Indus Valley Civilization was located in a region that experienced significant climate change around 2000 BCE. This climate change may have had a direct impact on the civilization, leading to its decline.” The decline of the Indus Valley Civilization may also have been caused by the arrival of new peoples in the region. According to the British archaeologist Mortimer Wheeler, “The decline of the Indus Valley Civilization may have been caused by the arrival of new peoples in the region, who brought with them new technologies and customs.” Finally, some historians believe that the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization was caused by internal factors, such as political instability or economic decline. According to the British archaeologist Sir Mortimer Wheeler, “The decline of the Indus Valley Civilization may have been caused by internal factors, such as political instability or economic decline.” In conclusion, the decline of the major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization is an issue that has puzzled historians for centuries. While many theories have been put forward to explain the decline, no single one has been conclusively proven. The most likely explanations are that the decline was caused by a great flood, climate change, the arrival of new peoples in the region, or internal factors such as political instability or economic decline. "On circumstantial evidence Indra stands convicted." Explain, and discuss briefly different views about a sudden end of the Indus Valley civilization. How would you explain the presence of those elements in Indian culture and civilization which are found to have existed in the Indus Valley period? [1986, 60m]
Theories of Sudden Decline - Presence of Continuity in Religion Culture from Memory The phrase "On circumstantial evidence Indra stands convicted" is a reference to the theory that the god Indra, a major deity in Hinduism, was responsible for the sudden collapse of the Indus Valley civilization. This theory is based on the fact that the Rigveda, one of the oldest texts of Hinduism, contains hymns that describe a battle between the god Indra and the people of the Indus Valley, in which he is said to have destroyed their cities and fortifications. However, this theory is considered by many scholars to be unlikely, as there is little concrete evidence to support it. Instead, most experts believe that the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization was the result of a combination of factors, including environmental changes, such as changes in the course of the Indus River, as well as internal social and economic factors. In relation to the presence of elements in Indian culture and civilization which are found to have existed in the Indus Valley period, some scholars suggests that these elements were likely inherited from the Indus Valley civilization through cultural continuity, which is the gradual and peaceful transition of cultural traits from one society to another. This can happen through trade and other forms of interaction, such as migration and intermarriage. Others suggest that the Indus Valley civilization was conquered and absorbed by the Aryans. This is known as the Aryan Invasion Theory, which suggests that the Aryans, a group of nomadic people from Central Asia, invaded and conquered the Indus Valley civilization, and adopted many of its cultural elements into their own culture and civilization. The Aryan Invasion Theory, however, is now considered to be outdated by most scholars and there is no concrete evidence to support it. The theory of migration and cultural exchange through peaceful means is more widely accepted. Another theory proposed by some scholars is that the Indus Valley civilization declined gradually, due to a combination of factors such as climate change, overuse of resources, and internal conflicts. According to this theory, the civilization gradually declined and eventually collapsed, with some of its people moving to other regions and taking their culture and civilization with them. This theory of decline and migration is supported by the fact that many elements of Indus Valley culture and civilization, such as writing systems, seals, and religious practices, have been found in later cultures and civilizations in India, such as the Vedic civilization, which is considered to be a successor of the Indus Valley civilization. "The Indus Civilization had an abrupt end." Discuss the statement and explain how the Indus Civilization could influence Indian culture in its later history. [1988, 60m]
Theories of Sudden Decline - Refer Above The Indus Civilization was one of the most advanced and complex ancient civilizations that existed in the Indian subcontinent. It was a Bronze Age civilization that flourished in the Indus Valley from around 3300 BCE to 1700 BCE. The Indus Civilization is often referred to as the Harappan Civilization, after the ancient city of Harappa, which was one of the major cities of the civilization. The Indus Civilization had an abrupt end, which is still debated among scholars. The cause of the abrupt end of the Indus Civilization is still unknown. There are many theories that have been proposed, including environmental changes, the invasion of the Aryans, and natural disasters. However, none of these theories have been proven conclusively. This has led to much speculation about the cause of the end of the Indus Civilization. Despite its abrupt end, the Indus Civilization had a lasting influence on Indian culture and society. The Indus Valley was home to a number of important cities, including Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Lothal. These cities were highly developed, with sophisticated systems of drainage, irrigation, and fortification. They were also home to a number of advanced art forms, such as pottery and sculpture. The Indus Civilization also had a significant influence on Indian religion. The Indus Valley was home to a number of religious cults, such as the worship of the mother goddess and the cult of the sacred bull. These cults survived the end of the Indus Civilization and continued to influence Indian religion and culture in later history. The Indus Civilization also had a significant influence on the development of Indian language. The Indus Valley was home to a number of languages, including the Dravidian languages and the Indo-Aryan languages. These languages were the basis for the development of the modern languages of India, such as Brahui etc. Write a short essay on: "External trade of the Harappans." [1991, 20m]
Trade and Economy -
H carnelian beads were found in Royal burials in Mesopotamia. Bull The Harappan civilization of the Indus Valley flourished along the Indus River and its tributaries in the modern-day countries of India and Pakistan. The civilization was an advanced urban culture that flourished from around 3300 to 1300 BCE and is known for its impressive cities and monuments, as well as its sophisticated engineering and art. One of the most impressive aspects of the Harappan civilization is its extensive external trade network. The Harappans were a trading people, engaging in a wide variety of trade activities with their neighbors and distant lands. This trade network extended from the Gulf of Oman in the west to the Ganges Valley in the east and from Central Asia in the north to the Indian Ocean in the south. The Harappans traded a variety of goods, including cotton, spices, ivory, lapis lazuli, and other precious stones. They also traded in metals such as copper, tin, lead, and bronze. The Harappan cities of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa were important centers of trade, and their ports were used to facilitate the movement of goods. The Harappans also engaged in long-distance trade with distant lands such as Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf. They traded in a variety of goods, including lapis lazuli, gold, silver, and a variety of other precious stones and metals. The Harappans also traded in various kinds of food, such as dates and wheat. The Harappans also had a well-developed system of weights and measures, which allowed them to accurately assess the value of goods for trade. This system of weights and measures was used throughout the Harappan civilization and was also used in other parts of the world, including Mesopotamia. Write a brief essay on: "The burial customs in the Indus Civilization." [1993, 20m] Dead bodies in north-south orientation, Bodies were laid on their back, large number of earthen pots placed in grave, other grave goods like necklace, bangles etc have also been found coffin burial at Harappa. At Kalibangan some other kinds of burial practices were encountered Urn burial found but without skeletal remains Male, Female buried together have been found from Lothal Another aspect of fertility beliefs of the H. was the worship of male and female creative energies in the form of lingas and yonis. Most common method of burial in H. was to place the body in an extended position with head towards north in a simple pit or brick chamber. SSH material answer from page 46 The Indus Civilization, which existed from around 3200 BCE to 1900 BCE in present-day Pakistan and northwest India, had a complex system of burial customs. The civilization is known for its well-planned cities, advanced drainage systems, and sophisticated seals and sculptures, but little is known about its religious beliefs and funerary practices. However, excavations of Indus sites have uncovered some information about the civilization's burial customs. One of the most striking features of Indus burials is the use of funerary goods. Excavations at the site of Harappa have revealed burials containing a variety of objects, such as pottery, beads, and bronze tools. These items may have been placed in the graves to accompany the deceased in the afterlife or to serve as offerings to the gods. The presence of such goods suggests that the Indus people had a belief in an afterlife and placed importance on providing for the deceased. Another notable aspect of Indus burials is the presence of a distinct form of burial: the extended inhumation. This type of burial involves placing the body in a flexed or curled position on its side, with the knees drawn up to the chest. This type of burial is unique to the Indus Civilization and has been found in several sites, including Harappa and Mohenjo-daro. The extended inhumation suggests that the Indus people may have had specific beliefs about the posture of the deceased in the afterlife. Discuss the pattern of trade during the Indus Valley civilization. How far did it affect the nature of contemporary settlements in the Indian sub-continent? [1994, 60m]
Trade and Economy -
H carnelian beads were found in Royal burials in Mesopotamia. Bull Write a short essay on: "The Religion of the Indus Civilization." [1996, 20m]
Religion and Religious practices SSH Material answer from page 41 The Indus Civilization was an ancient civilization that existed in the Indus Valley from 3300 BCE to 1800 BCE. This civilization was one of the earliest known urban societies and was home to a number of advanced cultural developments. One of the most important aspects of the Indus Civilization was its religion, which is still largely a mystery. The religion of the Indus Civilization is believed to have been polytheistic, with a pantheon of gods and goddesses. The most important gods were the fertility goddess, and the mother goddess. These gods were believed to rule over all aspects of life. The Indus Civilization also had a number of rituals and festivals that were associated with their religion. These festivals were often associated with the changing of the seasons and with the sowing and harvesting of crops. The presence of Great Bath and Granary in Mohenjodaro could be for this purpose. The religion of the Indus Civilization also included the worship of animals. The bull, elephant, and tiger were all important animals in the religion, and the people of the Indus Civilization believed that these animals had spiritual power. They also believed that these animals could be used to communicate with the gods and goddesses. The religion of the Indus Civilization also included the worship of fire. Fire was believed to have magical powers and was used in many rituals. The presence of fire altars in Kalibangan. Kalibangan has also given phallic emblems which could denote a proto-Shiva pantheon in the region. The religion of the Indus Civilization was a complex and multifaceted one. It is still largely a mystery, due to the lack of written records from the time period. However, it is clear that the religion was an important part of the Indus Civilization and that it was closely tied to the everyday life of the people. "The continuity of the Indus Civilization into later ages was not confined to the religious and spiritual fields alone." Analyse the statement. [1997, 60m]
3.1 Origin, Date and Extent > Continuity of H Civ to Modern Indian Practices : OptionalPYQ SSH answer from page 43 Tilak, Bangles, waste chain, Anklets, Swastikas, Bathing Platform, Yogic practices namaste expression, fire altars, cotton, toys, hopscotch game, masks, - ! Below mentioned artcile is a good source. Discuss salient features of the Indus Valley Civilization. Mention important places from where relics of civilization have been recovered so far. Examine causes of its decline. [1999, 60m] Refer ANKI for sites
General Characterstics -
Theories of Sudden Decline - Salient features of Indus Valley Civilization. 1. Advanced urban planning and architecture: The Indus Valley civilization is known for its well-planned cities, which were situated along major trade routes and served as important centers of trade and commerce. The cities had a grid-like pattern of streets, and many of the buildings were constructed of brick and stone. The most notable examples of Indus architecture are the Great Bath and the Granary at Mohenjo-daro, which are considered to be some of the most advanced structures of their time. 2. Sophisticated system of trade and commerce: The Indus civilization had a well-developed system of trade networks that stretched across the Indian subcontinent and beyond. The discovery of standardized weights and measures, as well as seals and seals impressions, indicates a highly organized system of trade and commerce. The Indus people traded mainly in raw materials such as precious metals, lapis lazuli, turquoise, and precious stones, and also traded in luxury goods such as carnelian beads and ivory. 3. Advanced technology: The Indus civilization was known for its advanced technology, which included the use of bronze, copper, and other metals. The civilization also had a well-developed system of irrigation, which allowed them to cultivate crops in the dry and arid regions of the Indus Valley. They also had a well-developed system of drainage, which helped to prevent flooding in their cities. 4. Complex system of writing: The Indus civilization is known for its complex system of writing, which has not yet been deciphered. The writing system is found on seals, pottery, and other artifacts, and is considered to be one of the most advanced writing systems of its time. 5. Religious and spiritual beliefs: The Indus civilization is known for its religious and spiritual beliefs, which included the use of seals and other symbols that may have been associated with religious and spiritual beliefs. The civilization had a complex system of religious and spiritual beliefs and practices, which is not well understood due to the lack of written records. 6. Social and economic stratification: The Indus civilization is known for its social and economic stratification, with evidence of a ruling class, a middle class, and a lower class. The discovery of large storage facilities and other evidence of craft production in the cities suggests that the cities played an important role in the distribution and exchange of goods within the civilization. The presence of large public structures and other evidence of public works suggests that the civilization had a well-developed system of government and public administration. Important Places from where relics have been Recovered. 1. Mohenjo-daro: This is one of the most important and well-known sites of the Indus Valley civilization. Located in present-day Pakistan, Mohenjo-daro is considered to be one of the most advanced cities of its time, with well-planned streets, advanced drainage systems, and impressive public buildings such as the Great Bath and the Granary. 2. Harappa: This site, also located in present-day Pakistan, is considered to be another major city of the Indus Valley civilization. It is known for its well-planned streets, advanced drainage systems, and impressive public buildings. 3. Dholavira: This is one of the largest Indus Valley civilization sites. It is located in Gujarat, India and is known for its complex system of water storage and management. 4. Rakhigarhi: This is another significant site of the Indus Valley civilization. Located in present-day Haryana, India, it is known for its fire altars and huge expanse. 5. Lothal: This is one of the earliest known Indus Valley civilization sites. It is located in Gujarat, India, and is known for the absenece of well-planned streets, but had public buildings. It is known for its sophisticated system of irrigation and its dockyard, which indicates that it was an important center of maritime trade. 6. Ganweriwala: This is another significant site of the Indus Valley civilization. Located in present-day Pakistan. Has given the famous terracotta tablet seal shows a person sitting in a crosss legged position in a yogic posture. Causes for its decline. - ! Answered elsewhere. Analyze the elements of urban civilization in the Harappan Culture. What factors were responsible for its decline? [2002, 60m]
Urban Characters from : General Characterstics
Theories of Sudden Decline - ! Answered above. Trace the development of urbanization from the third millennium B.C.E. to 6th century B.C.E. [2011, 60m]
H Civ - Characteristics, Decline, Survival and Significance
Mahajanpadas - Rise of Urban Centres Urbanization, the process of people moving from rural areas to live in cities, is a gradual and complex process that has been shaped by various factors such as economic, political, social and technological developments. The development of urbanization can be traced back to the third millennium BCE, with the emergence of early urban centers such as those of the Indus Valley civilization in the Indian subcontinent and the Sumerian cities in Mesopotamia. During the third millennium BCE, urbanization began with the emergence of the first urban centers, such as the cities of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa in the Indus Valley civilization. These early cities were characterized by advanced urban planning, sophisticated systems of drainage and irrigation, and impressive public buildings. They also had a well-developed system of trade and commerce and a complex system of writing. In the second millennium BCE, urbanization continued to develop with the emergence of new urban centers in Mesopotamia and Egypt, such as Ur, Uruk, and Memphis. These cities were characterized by monumental architecture, complex systems of writing, and advanced systems of trade and commerce. In the first millennium BCE, urbanization continued to develop with the emergence of new urban centers in the Middle East, such as the Phoenician cities of Tyre and Sidon, and the Greek city-states of Athens and Corinth. These cities were characterized by monumental architecture, advanced systems of trade and commerce, and the development of new technologies such as coinage. During the 6th century BCE, urbanization continued to develop in the Indian subcontinent with the emergence of new urban centers such as Rajgriha and Pataliputra, the capital of Magadha and later the Mauryan Empire, and Taxila, an important center of trade and commerce. These cities were characterized by advanced urban planning, impressive public buildings, and sophisticated systems of trade and commerce. Evaluate the significance of seals and sealings in the reconstruction of socio-economic and religious life of the Harappan people. [2012, 30m] Seals and sealings are an integral part of the archaeological record of the Harappan civilization. They provide a wealth of information about the socio-economic and religious life of the Harappan people. Seals were used for a variety of purposes, including sealing documents, containers, and goods. The most common type of seal was a small, square terracotta tablet with a picture or inscription on one side and an impression of the seal on the other. This impression was made by pressing the seal into clay, wax, or other soft material. The seals and sealings of the Harappan civilization provide invaluable insight into the social and economic life of the people. The images on the seals depict a variety of scenes, including animals, plants, people, and gods. These images are thought to represent the religious beliefs and practices of the Harappan people. For example, the Pashupati seal, one of the most famous Harappan seals, shows a figure seated in a yogic posture surrounded by four animals. This figure is believed to represent a deity and has been associated with the Hindu god Shiva. The seals and sealings also provide evidence of the trade networks of the Harappan civilization. The seals have been found in sites throughout the region, suggesting that the Harappans were engaged in extensive trade with other cultures. The seals also provide evidence of the use of a standardized system of weights and measures. This system was used to regulate trade and to ensure the accurate exchange of goods. The seals and sealings of the Harappan civilization also provide evidence of the political and administrative structure of the society. The seals depict a variety of symbols and inscriptions, which are thought to represent the titles of various officials and rulers. The seals also provide evidence of the use of writing by the Harappans. The inscriptions on the seals are believed to be in a form of proto-Dravidian, an early form of the Dravidian language family. Discuss the water management and its conservation planning in the Harappan (Indus-Saraswati) cities. [2013, 20m]
presence of a civic administration which would take decision for Allahdino Wells had narrow diameters for water to rise. Lothal Dockyard at eastern edge, trapezoidal enclosed by walls, provisons of maintiaining regular level through sluice gate and spill channel. Dholavira - advanced hydraulic engineering for conservation, harvesting, storage. Reservoirs built of stone response to desert climate 16 such reserv The Indus-Saraswati Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, is known for its advanced water management and conservation planning. The civilization existed from around 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE in present-day Pakistan and northwest India and is considered to be one of the most ancient and advanced civilization in the world. The civilization's cities were well-planned and had sophisticated water management systems that ensured a steady supply of water for the inhabitants. One example of the civilization's water management can be seen at the site of Mohenjo-daro. Excavations at the site have revealed a complex system of drainage that included underground and surface channels, manholes, and sump wells. This system not only ensured proper drainage but also helped to collect and store water for future use. The city also had a sophisticated system of wells and water storage tanks, which provided a reliable source of water for the inhabitants. Another example of the civilization's water management can be seen at the site of Harappa. Excavations at the site have revealed a large, man-made reservoir that was used to store water. The reservoir, known as the Great Bath, was lined with bricks and plaster and had a sophisticated system of channels and drains to ensure a steady supply of water. The Great Bath also had steps leading down to the water's edge, indicating that it may have been used for religious or ceremonial purposes. The Harappan Civilization also had a sophisticated system of water conservation planning. The cities were built on the banks of the Indus and Saraswati rivers, and the civilization's engineers were able to harness the power of these rivers to irrigate their crops. They also made use of canals, dams, and artificial ponds to conserve water. Cities such as Lothal has given a large dockyard. Some scholars suggest it to be used for water storage purposes. Dholavira in Kutch has multiple wells that are still in used today. Wells in places such as Allahdino had narrow diameters for the water to rise up the top. This system of water management was not new and was practiced in pre Harappan cities of the area such as Nal which has given elaborate water management system at the Neolithic level. Do you think the Harappan civilization had a diversity of subsistence base? [2014, 15m]
Subsistence - Bones of boars, buffaloes, elephants and camels have more content needed The Harappan civilization had a diverse subsistence base. The Harappan civilization, also known as the Indus Valley civilization, was a Bronze Age civilization located in the Indus Valley in the Indian subcontinent. It was one of the earliest urban civilizations in South Asia, flourishing between the 33rd and 18th centuries BCE. The Harappan civilization is believed to have had a population of over five million people and was one of the most advanced civilizations of its time. The Harappan civilization had a diverse subsistence base, relying on a variety of agricultural, pastoral, and marine sources for their sustenance. Agriculture was the primary subsistence base for the Harappans. They cultivated wheat, barley, sesame, peas, and other crops in the floodplains of the Indus and its tributaries. The Harappans also raised livestock, such as cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. They also had a sophisticated system of irrigation, which allowed them to maximize their agricultural production. In addition to agriculture, the Harappans also relied on pastoralism for their subsistence. They kept herds of sheep and goats, which provided them with meat, milk, and wool. They also kept camels and horses, which were used for transportation. The Harappans also relied on marine resources for their subsistence. They had access to the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Kutch, which provided them with a variety of fish and shellfish. The Harappans also collected pearls, which were used for adornment and trade. The Harappans also had a sophisticated system of trade and commerce. They traded with other civilizations in the region, such as the Mesopotamians, and also had access to a variety of goods from distant lands. These goods included copper, tin, lapis lazuli, and other precious materials. The Harappans also had access to a variety of craftspeople, such as potters, weavers, and carpenters, who produced a variety of goods for the Harappans’ consumption. The Harappans also had access to a variety of tools and weapons, which enabled them to hunt and defend themselves. This diversity of subsistence base enabled the Harappans to become one of the most advanced civilizations of its time. The decline of Harappan civilization was caused by ecological degradation rather than external invasion. Discuss. [2015, 15m]
Increased Aridity and Drying Up of the Ghaggar - was
Ecological Imbalance -
Barbarian Invasions - Wheeler believed that the Harappan civilization was - ! Mention the various Explain why the majority of the known Harappan settlements are located in the semi-arid areas with saline groundwater. [2016, 20 Marks]
Increased Aridity and Drying Up of the Ghaggar - was
Barbarian Invasions - Wheeler believed that the Harappan civilization was One of the main advantages of these areas is their proximity to the Indus River and its tributaries, which provided a reliable source of water for irrigation and the growth of crops. The Indus Valley civilization was known for its advanced system of irrigation, which allowed them to cultivate crops in the dry and arid regions of the Indus Valley. Another advantage of these areas is that they were relatively well-suited for the domestication of certain animals, such as the water buffalo, which were important for agriculture and transportation. The presence of these animals helped to support the growth of the civilization. In addition, the semi-arid areas with saline groundwater were also relatively less suitable for the cultivation of certain crops, such as rice and wheat, which were the mainstay of other civilizations in the region. The Harappans instead developed different agricultural systems that were well-suited to their environment, such as the cultivation of barley, wheat, and a variety of other crops, which allowed them to sustain their civilization. Furthermore, these areas were also near the coast, which facilitated maritime trade and communication with other cultures and civilizations, such as those of Mesopotamia, Central Asia, and the Persian Gulf. The Indus civilization's trade networks and well-developed system of economic organization played a significant role in the growth and development of the cities and towns. Critically examine various views regarding the Vedic-Harappan relationship in light of the latest discoveries. [2017, 15 Marks] The relationship between the Indus Valley Civilization (also known as the Harappan Civilization) and the Vedic culture has been a topic of debate among scholars for many years. The Vedic culture is associated with the Vedic texts, such as the Rigveda, which are considered to be the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism and are dated to around 1500 BCE. The Indus Valley Civilization, on the other hand, existed from around 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. One view is that the Vedic culture is the successor of the Indus Valley Civilization and that the people of the Indus Valley Civilization were the ancestors of the Vedic people. This view is based on the similarities between the two cultures, such as the presence of the fire altar in both cultures, the worship of mother goddesses, and the use of the swastika symbol. Another view is that the two cultures were contemporaneous but had little or no direct influence on each other. This view is based on the fact that there is no direct evidence of a link between the two cultures, such as inscriptions or artifacts that show a connection. Furthermore, the two cultures had different scripts, different systems of weights and measures, and different religious practices. A third view is that the Vedic culture migrated into the Indus Valley and influenced the people of the Indus Valley Civilization. This view is based on the fact that the Rigveda mentions the region of the Indus Valley and that the Vedic people were a pastoral people who may have migrated into the Indus Valley in search of new grazing land. The latest discoveries in archaeology, epigraphy and other fields have provided new insights into the relationship between the Indus Valley Civilization and the Vedic culture. The discovery of the pre-Vedic culture in the Indus Valley region which is contemporary to Indus Valley Civilization and the discovery of the Proto-Siva seal from the Indus Valley Civilization have provided evidence to support the continuity of culture and religion from the Indus Valley Civilization to the Vedic culture. Moreover, the study of the linguistic and genetic affinities of the Indus Valley Civilization people, suggest that the Indus Valley Civilization people were the ancestors of the Vedic people and the people who continued to live in the region after the Indus Civilization collapse. "Archaeological evidence does not give direct access to the possible social and political dimensions of the decline of the Harappan civilization. What it does indicate very clearly is that the Harappan culture underwent a gradual process of de-urbanization"? [2018, 15 Marks] Non deciphered scripts limits understanding of social political milieu Gradual Decline supported by theories :
Increased Aridity and Drying Up of the Ghaggar - was
Ecological Imbalance - The Harappan civilization was one of the most advanced and sophisticated civilizations of the ancient world. It flourished in the Indus Valley region of India and Pakistan from approximately 3300 BCE to 1700 BCE. Archaeological evidence provides insight into the decline of this great civilization, but does not give direct access to the possible social and political dimensions of its decline. Archaeological evidence shows that the decline of the Harappan civilization was a gradual process. It began with the decline of the great cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which were once the centers of the civilization. These cities were abandoned and their populations dispersed, indicating a decline in the power and influence of the civilization. The decline of the cities was followed by a decline in the production and trade of the civilization’s major commodities, such as copper, bronze, and pottery. The decline of the Harappan civilization is also evidenced by a decline in the quality of craftsmanship and artistry. The pottery and other artifacts that have been found in the archaeological sites of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro show a decline in the quality of craftsmanship and artistry. This decline in craftsmanship and artistry is indicative of a decline in the civilization’s economic and social structure, as the craftspeople and artisans were no longer able to produce the same level of quality goods. The decline of the Harappan civilization is also evidenced by a decline in the use of writing. The civilization was known for its use of a script, but the script is no longer in use and there is no evidence of it being used after the decline of the civilization. This indicates that the civilization had lost its ability to communicate and record its thoughts and ideas. Finally, the decline of the Harappan civilization is also evidenced by the presence of new cultures in the region. Archaeological evidence shows that the region was inhabited by new cultures, such as the Aryans, after the decline of the Harappan civilization. This indicates that the decline of the Harappan civilization was accompanied by a shift in the political and social landscape of the region. The archaeological evidence of the decline of the Harappan civilization does not give direct access to the possible social and political dimensions of its decline. However, it does provide insight into the gradual process of de-urbanization and decline in the quality of craftsmanship and artistry that the civilization experienced. It also provides evidence of the presence of new cultures in the region after the decline of the Harappan civilization, indicating a shift in the political and social landscape of the region. The archaeological evidence of the decline of the Harappan civilization is therefore useful in understanding the decline of this great civilization, but it does not provide direct access to the possible social and political dimensions of its decline. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/3.-ivc/3.2-characteristics-,-decline,-survival-and-significance.html08.1 Ancient-History/3. IVC/3.2 Characteristics , Decline, Survival and Significance.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.1-ancient-history/3.-ivc/3.3-art-and-architecture.html08.1 Ancient-History/3. IVC/3.3 Art and Architecture.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#review earliest known historical astronomer, Aryabhatiya, Aryabhata Siddhanta; native of Assmaka/ Godavari area Earth centric view of universe, planets moved around earth Scientific explanation of eclipses, Earth rotated on its axis, used sine function in astronomy Equation for calculating orbit of a planet, accurate estimate to calculate length of year 6th century astrologer, astronomer, mathematician Panchasiddhantika : summary of astronomical works of preceding centuries Brihatsamhita : It stated that moon rotates around the Earth and Earth rotates around the sun encyclopaedic work, includes how to sharpen sword, ascertain value of precious metals, location of water Explains seasons and discusses meteorological issues like relation b/w clouds, winds, amt of rainfall Brahmasputsiddhanta : discussion of astronomical instruments, how to take readings from them, measure time, instruments that rotates perpetually Accessories like compasses, hypotenuse, etc Semi-hcircular plate, circular wooden plate, staff, etc SR Sarma - instruments were made of bamboo not accurate astronomers relied more on computational skills Referred to complex automatic devices svayamvaha yantra and Khandakhadyaka originally belonged to Buddhist monk named Yashomitra account of Ayurveda, divination by using dice, incantation used against snake bite mathematical concepts prevalent ex fractions, square roots, arithmetic, geometric progression, simple equations, rational approximation Vedic texts contain ideas of healing, medicine but not of Ayurveda Debiprasad Chattopadhyay : Medical lit part of secular lit Kenneth Zysk : roots of AyurV in Buddhist monasteries later spread Charaka, Sushrut Samhita earliest surviving various sections like Sutra, Nidana, Vimana, Sharira, Indiriya, Chikitsa, Kalpa, Siddhi deals w/ pharmacology, food, certain diseases, treatment, doctors, quacks, philosophical issues; taste, nutrition, pathology, anatomy, embryology, philosophy, therapy, pharmacy etc Explains features of ideal hospital strong building out of path of smoke, sunlight, water, dust, unwanted noise, feelings, tastes, sights etc; Staffing of hospital, Supplies Deals w/ surgery, 6 sections, issues like origin parts of medicine, doctors training therapeutic substances, food, surgery, treatment of wounds, anatomy Surgery most useful branch, info on techniques practices in ancient IN Removal of cataract, cutting for bladder stone, remove splinter of arrows, suturing. Concept of dosha/humours, Dhatu/tissues and Mala/waste product central to AV; dosha's are vata/wind, pitta/bile, Kapha/phlegm, 7 basic elements of body Disease caused by inordinate build-up of Doshas; caused due to demons, suppression of natural urges, karma; Epidemics caused by rats, bad water, mosquitoes; Vagabhata's Ashtangahridaya and Ashtangasamgraha : comprehensive, sysematic presentation of AV medical knowledge Sharangadhara Samhita Kashyapa's work deals w/ disease of Children Translated into Tibetan, Arabic, Persian Palakapya wrote Hastyaayurveda for treatement of disease through medication, surgery Shulvasutra manuals for preparation of sacrificial rituals - Pythagoras theorem, squaring a circle etc Yavanajataka : earliest datable use of Decimal place value system Zero was 1st used in Chhandasutra by Pingala and 1st datable use was in Varahmihira's Panchasiddhantika Decimal system used by Varahmihira, Aryabhata extract square root and cube root, father of algebra - solve complex simultaneous equation, use of sine function, Arithmetic progression, properties of a circle, value of pi, No proof was given by them Bhaskara I : commentaries on Aryabhatiya, Brahmagupta : contributed to geometry, method to make cyclic quadrilateral, methods of solving intermediate equations Mahavira lived in Ktaka under Rashtrakuta king Amoghvarsha wrote Ganitasarasangraha, circumference of ellipse Bhaskara II - methods of solving intermediate equations, Lilavati How far is it correct to say that the Indians of the ancient period indulged only metaphysical things and not in development of pure sciences? [19 2.10 Literature, Scientific Literature#Literature Scientific Literature]]
12.3 Major Philosophical Thinkers and Schools > Major Philosophical Thinkers and Schools] While it is true that Indian philosophy was rich in metaphysical speculations, it is also true that Indian civilization made significant contributions to various fields of pure sciences, such as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, metallurgy and engineering123. Some examples of ancient Indian achievements in pure sciences are: The atomic theory developed by Rishi Kanada around 6th century BCE, which postulated that all matter is composed of indivisible atoms (anu) that can combine in different ways to form complex substances4. The law of gravity discovered by Bhaskaracharya around 11th century CE, which stated that objects fall towards the earth due to a force called gurutvakarshan4. The calculation of the earth’s circumference by Aryabhata around 5th century CE, which estimated it to be 24,835 miles (close to the modern value of 24,901 miles)4. The concept of zero and decimal system developed by Brahmagupta around 7th century CE, which revolutionized arithmetic and algebra5. The Pythagorean theorem proved by Baudhayana around 8th century BCE, which stated that the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides6. The system of medicine known as Ayurveda developed by Charaka and Sushruta around 6th century BCE, which dealt with anatomy, physiology, diagnosis, treatment and surgery47. The technique of making crucible steel (wootz) invented by ancient metallurgists around 3rd century BCE, which produced high-quality steel with carbon nanotubes6. The science of architecture known as Vastu Shastra codified by Vishwakarma around 6th century BCE, which prescribed principles for designing buildings according to cosmic harmony7. The concept of heliocentrism proposed by Aryabhata around 5th century CE, which suggested that the earth rotates on its axis and revolves around the sun[^7]. Discuss the scientific and technological developments in ancient India. [199
10.10 Literature, Scientific Literature > Literature Scientific Literature] - ! from above answer Trace the scientific and technological developments in India up to c. A.D. 750. [1
10.10 Literature, Scientific Literature > Literature Scientific Literature] - ! Answered above. Examine the proficiency of the ancient Indians in various crafts, science and mathematics.
[2010.10 Literature, Scientific Literature > Literature Scientific Literature] The proficiency of the ancient Indians in various crafts, science and mathematics was remarkable and admirable. They developed and mastered various skills and techniques that reflected their creativity, innovation and excellence. Some examples of their achievements are: In crafts, they excelled in wood carving, stone masonry, painting, metal work, textiles, pottery, papier-mache, carpet weaving and many more123. They used natural materials like wood, stone, clay, metal, cotton, silk and wool to create beautiful and intricate objects of art and utility. Some of the famous examples of ancient Indian crafts are: The rock-cut temples of Ellora and Ajanta that showcase the exquisite wood carving and painting skills of the artisans4. The terracotta sculptures and temples of Bankura that display the fine craftsmanship in clay modelling2. The silver filigree work of Cuttack that involves delicate twisting and soldering of silver wires into intricate patterns2. The brocade fabrics of Varanasi that feature rich silk weaving with gold and silver threads1. The blue pottery of Jaipur that is made from quartz stone powder and glazed with cobalt oxide5. In science, they made significant contributions to various fields like astronomy, medicine, metallurgy, engineering and architecture678. They applied their scientific knowledge to make accurate astronomical predictions, invent medical systems, produce high-quality metals, design complex structures and devise mathematical concepts. Some examples of ancient Indian achievements in science are: The atomic theory developed by Rishi Kanada around 6th century BCE, which postulated that all matter is composed of indivisible atoms (anu) that can combine in different ways to form complex substances6. The law of gravity discovered by Bhaskaracharya around 11th century CE, which stated that objects fall towards the earth due to a force called gurutvakarshan. - ! Other scientific achievements mentioned above. Discuss the major stages in the evolution of architecture during the ancient period. [2006
12.2 Major-Stages-in-Evolution-of-Art-and-Architecture > Major Stages in Evolution of Art and Architecture - ! Given above. Discuss the types of lands and the Science of agriculture mentioned in the literature and epigraphs of ancient India. [2011, 20m] Types of Land (i) Krishta: Cultivated Land (ii) Akrishta: Uncultivated Land (iii) Sthala: High And Dry Ground (iv) Kedara: Fields Having Crops (v) Arama: Grooves of Trees (vi) Shanda: Plantation of Fruit Trees (vii) Mula-vapa: Fields and Farms Growing Ginger and Other Roots. (viii) VATA: Plantation of Sugarcane Works like Dakar Bachan and Khanar Bachan Have popular saying from bengal Talks about influence of rain during various times of year on King, his kingdom How to sow seeds, which crops should follow, pattern type Temp wind effect on crops Inscriptions in South Karnataka mentions Hadalu, Hadavalu a type of low lying land, Jalakabhumi : always supplied w/ water EpiG in Orissa mention types of food, fruits, vegetable, Knowledge - Kheda Ksheta was arable land, Mala suffix for Hill/ mountain, Nadu in TN epigraphs Epigraphs in these regions mentions names of Cereals, Legumes, Oil Seeds, Sugarcane, Spices,Vegetables Krishi Parashara - agri rituals, go parva, ceremonial first ploughing, before harvesting festival pushya yatra, various dieties mentions Indra, Marut etc Nayanjot Lahiri's study of early medieval inscrip in Assam, settlements conc near valleys - ! From above material. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/12.-early-cultural-history/12.4-ideas-in-science-and-mathematics.html08.1 Ancient-History/12. Early-Cultural-History/12.4 Ideas-in-Science-and-Mathematics.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT Pulakesin I established a sovereign empire from Badami in 543-44 AD supplanted the Kadambas and Mauryas of Konkan Other dynasties like the Western Gangas, Latas, Malavas and Gurjaras offered submission to him Kirtivarman I succeeded him. Pulakesin II checked advance of Harshvardhan, also defeated Vishnukundins of Andhra delta Vishunvardhana his younger brother formed his own kingdom at Vengi aka Eastern Chalukyas. Vikramaditya III won victories over Pallavas and Pandyas as well as Gangas, Rashtrakutas, Kalachuris etc Bhima was captured but later released Virupaksha temple combines both Nagara and Dravida style was built by Lokamahadevi** to commemorate conquest of Kanchi by Vikramaditya II's wife LokMahadevi, eulogises the architect as well Papanatha Temple : Shikhara in Nagara style, wall depict scenes of Ramayana also has name of the designers, sculptur combined features of both Nagara school and Dravidian school. Patronised under the Chalukya rulers. Emphasis on vimana and mandapa Open ambulatory passageway Pillars, doorways and ceilings - intricately carved Other dynasties who followed this were Rashtrakutas → Kailasa at Ellora; Hoysalas → Halebidu, Belur Curvilinear Shikhara and square base was adopted from Nagara style Intricate carvings, design of Vimana and step or terraced Shikhara were adopted from Dravida style Shilpashastras were written during this time which mentions the 3 types of temples (Nagara b/w Himalayas and Vindhyas), Dravida (b/w Krishna and Kaveri) and Vesara (Vindhya and Krishna) Have signatures of architects ex in Pattadakkala temple mentioning Gunda as the sutradhari. Papanatha temple has details of architect Revadi Ovajja belonging to guild of Sarvasiddhi acharyas same as Pattadakal temple. Sculptors Baladeva and Devarya have also been mentioned. Hardy : Nagar and Dravida should be understood as architectural languages. KarnatakaDravida term is better than Vesara
Was used as base of operation by Lad Khan Panchayatan style dedicated to Shiva Garbhagriha (inner sanctum) has a Shiva linga and a mukha mandap that leads to a Sabha Mandap(hall). Maha Mandap (great hall) has open windows. Mukha Mandap has a pillared hall. Both outer and inner walls have carvings on them. It does not have a shikhara
It has images of Vishnu and Shiva and could be dedicated to either one of them. Large pillared hall (peristyle) around an ambulatory passageway. Consists of an apsidal garbhagriha, sabhamandapa, mandap, 2 pradakshinapathas. Erotic sculptures have been found in on of the pillars of mukhamandap. Various other motifs belong to Ramayana, Ardhanariswara and Narsimha killing Hinranyakashyapa. Dvarpalas, Yamuna and Ganga etc are found on front entrance.
Oldest rock cut caves in the region. Entrance has a fluted gateway. Seated Nandi facing temple sanctum with several monuments. Motifs are Ardhanarishwara, Nataraja/Shiva with Parvati, Saptamatrika, Ganesha and Kartikeya etc. Main mandaps have Vishnu Varaha avatar and Mahishasurmardini.
Performed vedic sacrifices Theory of origin from Seleucids Bilhana associates them w/ Ayodhya Vamsika Prashasti resembles as full-fledged successors of Kadambas Called himself Maharaja or Dharmamaharaja, high sounding titles like Parambhattaraka, Parameswara Hereditary Monarchy Hierarchical king assisted by Mantrimandali, Baladhikrita, Dandanayaka, Mahaprachanda? Amatyas : revenue officials Samatas : ruled over outer fringes Kingdom div into and headed by Rastras - Rashtrapati, Vishaya - Vishayapati, Bhukti - Bhogapati, Grama - Grambhogikas Land rev in direct-indirect tax, high incidence of taxation, collected in Kind, Agrahara gifts, Ghatikas. In the Deccan the Mahajanas took part in the local administration of villages during Chalukya times. Religion of Chalukya : **LN Swamy** : C expansion gave rise to manifold cultural expansions
https://www.historytuitions.com/regional-states-of-india/chalukyas-of-badami/religion-of-chalukyas.html -> link not working
#MainsPYQ **KAN Sastri** : From the middle of 6th century AD history of South India is story of mutual conflict among three powers Tungabhadra natural boundary fertile rice growing region, high land revenue, prestige, political supremacy -> this is the reason Why? hostility started b/w Pallavas and Chalukyas. Hostility started during Mahendravarmans reign. Pulakesin II's Aihole inscription - he defeated Mahendravarman, P ceded northern areas to him Narsimhavarman I Defeated Pulakesin II who died in battle in AD 642 w/ help of prince of Sri Lanka Manavarma, Occupied Vatapi and assumed the title of Vatapikonda Mahendravarman II succeeded was defeated by Chalukya king Vikramaditya I Paramesvara Varman I won against Chalukyas - Udayendram Plates Chalukya king Vikramaditya II in 733 AD is said to have run over Kanchi for over 3 times. Pallavas were completely routed and were no longer a threat. A century later they were wiped out by the Cholas. Significantly weakened both Kingdoms Chalukyas were wiped by Rashtrakutas around 750 CE Pandyas were a third party to the war they sided with Vikramaditya II to defeat the Pallavas. led to new rivalry b/w Rashtrakutas and Pallavas. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/11.-regional-states-during-gupta-era/11.3-chalukyas-of-badami-aka-western-chalukyas.html08.1 Ancient-History/11. Regional-States-during-Gupta-Era/11.3 Chalukyas of Badami aka Western Chalukyas.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>08.1-ancient-history/11.-regional-states-during-gupta-era/11.4-trade-guilds.html08.1 Ancient-History/11. Regional-States-during-Gupta-Era/11.4 Trade-Guilds.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#concept #important Genealogy not correct Early 7th to mid-12th century history of 17 kings of Karkota dynasty Mentions Lalitaditya most powerful ruler, efficient administrator, valiant warrior, conqueror patron of art/architecture accounts of Utpala dynasty or Varman Dynasty history of 10 kings most imp was Didda grand-daughter of Bhima Shahi and daughter of Simharaja of Lohara state and Yashakara dynasty Ambitious and energetic woman Queen consort of Ksemagupta, ruled from 980-1003 AD Other women rulers mentioned are Yashovati of Gonanda dynasty, Sugandha of Utpala dynasty and Didda of Yashaskara Naravahana minister aided here rise compared her to Indra Killed her son, 3 grandsons before ascending Affair w/ courier Tunga, chose successor Sangramaraja her nephew Founded Diddapura, Kankanapura and temple Diddasvamin Repairing temples Kalhan disapproves of her, merciless, deficient in Moral character Portrayed both royal, non-royal women 6 princes from Lohara dynasty, Sangramraja puppet ruler of Tunga 7 kings from Ucchala to Jayasimha Details of misrules, local feudal elements became strong, suggests King to be strong Criticized the bureaucracy most of whom were Kayastha Rich drank wines, ate meat, poor ate vegetables Harsha introduced long coat in Kashmir Agriculture and water works dams to prevent landslide made by Avantivarman -> econ prosperity Earlier history based on myths, legends concept of time/age is used as in Itihasa Purana Assessment of literature, Kingship, reign dynasty have high standard of accuracy showing eminent features of a historian Impartiality, honest account, does not hide errors, praises enemies for courage Uses rhetorical elements like similes, puns, poetic skills Establishes chronology of events, directly influenced by Buddhist and Brahmanical literary sense Write a short essay on: "Kalhan as a historian" [2003, 20m]
Critical Analysis Kalhan was a 12th century Kashmiri poet and historian who wrote Rajatarangini, a Sanskrit chronicle of the kings of Kashmir12. He is considered as an important historian of Indian history because: He was the first to write a historical work based on chronological order, critical analysis, and authentic sources. - Such as:The legendary origin of Kashmir and its early rulers such as Gonanda, Ashoka, Pravarasena etc. - The invasion of Alexander and his encounter with King Abhisara of Kashmir12. - The rise and fall of the Karkota dynasty and its famous kings such as Durlabhavardhana, Lalitaditya, Jayapida etc. - The conflict and alliance between Kashmir and Kannauj under Harsha and Yasovarman12. - The establishment and decline of the Utpala dynasty and its notable kings such as Avantivarman, Shankaravarman, Sussala etc. - The political turmoil and civil wars during the Lohara dynasty and its weak kings such as Ananta, Kalasha, Harsha etc. - The cultural, religious, social, economic, and literary developments in Kashmir under various rulers He used various types of evidence such as inscriptions, coins, genealogies, legends, oral traditions, etc. to verify his facts. - Kalhan used different sources of evidence to verify his facts and to write his history. Some of the sources he used were: - The works of 11 chroniclers of Kashmir who preceded him, such as Nilamata Purana, Nrisimha Purana, etc. - The inscriptions, coins, genealogies, and other records of various kings and dynasties3 . - The information about temples, monuments, festivals, customs, etc. that reflected the culture and society of Kashmir. - The oral traditions, legends, myths, anecdotes, etc. that were popular among the people. - His own observation and experience as a court poet and a minister’s son He was impartial and objective in his narration, and did not hesitate to criticize or praise the rulers according to their merits or demerits. He gave a vivid description of the political, social, cultural, religious, and economic aspects of Kashmir during his time23. He established a tradition of historiography in Kashmir that influenced later writers such as Jonaraja, Srivara, Prajyabhatta etc. Assess Kalhana's views on History. [2009, 20m]
Critical Analysis Kalhana’s views of history were: He believed that history should be based on authentic and rational sources, not on eulogy or exaggeration. He aimed to write a chronological and critical account of the kings of Kashmir, starting from legends to his own time. He considered history as a mirror of past events and a guide for future actions. He valued history as a source of moral lessons and political wisdom. He acknowledged his own limitations and errors, and invited corrections from future historians. Principles of History according to Kalhana : History should be based on authentic and rational sources, not on hearsay or imagination1 . History should be written with impartiality and objectivity, free from love or hatred for any person or event. History should be chronological and critical, not just a narration of events. History should reflect the culture and society of the people, not just the deeds of the kings13. History should provide moral lessons and political wisdom for future generations Mark Aurel Stein, a British-Hungarian scholar who translated Rajatarangini into English, praised Kalhana as a “true son of the soil” who had a keen interest and insight into the history and culture of Kashmir. He also appreciated Kalhana’s critical approach and use of various sources. Romila Thapar, a prominent Indian historian, regarded Kalhana as one of the first Indian historians to lay down principles for writing history. She also noted that Kalhana was influenced by his own political and social context, and that his work reflected his regionalism and patriotism[^2 ^][ ^3 ^]. Nilakanta Sastri, a renowned Indian historian, admired Kalhana’s poetic skill and historical sense. He also pointed out some of Kalhana’s errors and contradictions in chronology and calculation23. Robin Donkin, a British geographer and historian, argued that Kalhana was an exception among native Indian literary works for having a developed sense of chronology and place. He also observed that Kalhana’s work was more than a mere chronicle, but rather a “historical poem” with literary merit. Evaluate Rajtarangini as a source of history. [2012, 10m]
Kalhan's Rajtarangini (River of Kings): Rajatarangini is a valuable source of history for several reasons: It is one of the earliest and most authentic works of its kind that covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the 12th century CE. It is written in Sanskrit verse, which is a rare and remarkable feat for a historical chronicle. It also reflects the literary and cultural achievements of Kashmir. It is based on various sources of information, such as inscriptions, coins, genealogies, chronicles and oral traditions. Kalhana also critically examined and compared these sources for their reliability and accuracy[^. It provides rich details about the political, social, economic, religious and cultural aspects of Kashmir and its rulers. It also mentions some events and rulers from other parts of India, such as Bengal, Magadha, Kannauj, Gujarat and Malwa143. It has been translated into various languages and has inspired later historians to continue the history of Kashmir. It also serves as a source of inspiration for poets and artists12. Limitations of Kalhana's Rajtarangini as source of history : He was not clear about the dates and chronology of many events and rulers. He often used vague terms such as “long ago”, “after some time”, etc. He also made some errors and contradictions in his calculations1. He was influenced by regionalism and patriotism. He exaggerated the glory and achievements of Kashmir and its kings. He also included some legendary and mythical figures as historical rulers, such as Mauryas, Ashoka, etc. He was biased towards some dynasties and rulers, such as Utpalas and Jayasimha, whom he praised highly. He was also critical of some others, such as Loharas and Harsha, whom he blamed for the decline of Kashmir. He did not have access to some important sources, such as foreign accounts, archaeological evidence, etc. that could have given him a broader perspective of Kashmir’s history. Do you consider the Rajatarangini of Kalhana to be a reliable source of the political history of Kashmir? Why? [2017, 10 Marks]
Political
[Critical Analysis](onenote: Literature §ion-id={762B0AE5-2A23-4D1F-9D30-89664CBE1143}&page-id={6E39D9E9-EE60-4A4C-AD59-7967BB3BE804}&object-id={94A92418-133E-4FB4-92EA-765A6940B6A9}&AE&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Regional%20States%20during%20Gupta%20Era.one ) - ! Same answer as above. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/11.-regional-states-during-gupta-era/11.5-literature.html08.1 Ancient-History/11. Regional-States-during-Gupta-Era/11.5 Literature.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.1-ancient-history/11.-regional-states-during-gupta-era/11.6-growth-of-vaishnava-and-saiva-religion.html08.1 Ancient-History/11. Regional-States-during-Gupta-Era/11.6 Growth-of-Vaishnava-and-Saiva-Religion.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo saiva Nayanar/Adiyars saints and Vaishnava Alvar promoted religious egalitarianism, dispensed with rituals Tamil their language critical of Buddhists Jains who had enjoyed privilege. This was their main attack. never consciously opposed the Brahmanism or Varna system lower caste still suffered from various social disabilities Brahmanical rituals like idol worship, recitation of vedic mantras, pilgrimage etc still continued @ Brahman dominated temples played an imp role in propagating the South Indian Bhakti movement because Bhakti was mainly against Buddhism Jainism. Rulers were swayed through saints performing miracles. As the movt grew popular Rulers associated them with it for their own political gains. Mahendra Varman destroyed a Jain monastery. Shankaracharya : Systematized the Vedanta system. Ramanuja 11th century vaishnava saint gave a philosophical justification to Bhakti tried to establish balance b/w orthodox Brahamaism and popular Bhakti. Nimbarka : contemporary of him. His philosophy was based on the Bhagavat Purana worshipped Radha and Krishna, and believed that Bhakti provided alternate avenue for the Shudras to worship Ramananda and Vallabha were last known vaishnava acharyas - **Uma Chakravarti** : - fundamental difference b/w experience of Bhakti for men and women - For females body impinged on the path of Bhaktin Impact of Bhakti Allowed for mobility in traditional social distinctions among the Bhakti community Questioned to some extent prevailing social hierarchies Increased the social bounds of DD Kosambi was an ideology well suited to the needs of feudal state - as it was a temple base movement "Utpanna dravide bhaktih, Karnate vriddhimagata I Sthita kinchit maharashtre gurjare jirnatam gata II"- Padmapurana Account for the emergence of bhakti in Dravida desa. [15 Marks] Need Content The verse from Padmapurana means "Bhakti arose in Dravida desa, grew old in Karnataka, stayed a little while in Maharashtra, and decayed in Gujarat"1. It suggests that bhakti originated and flourished in South India before spreading to other parts of India. Bhakti is derived from the Sanskrit word bhaj, which means to share or participate. The bhakta is one who shares or participates in the divine1. Bhakti is a form of devotion or love for God that transcends ritualism, casteism, formalism and dogmatism. The emergence of bhakti in Dravida desa can be attributed to various factors: The influence of Tamil culture and literature, which had a rich tradition of love poetry and emotional expression. The Tamil poets called Alvars (devotees of Vishnu) and Nayanars (devotees of Shiva) composed devotional hymns in praise of their chosen deities between the 7th and 12th centuries CE. They expressed their personal experiences of God’s grace and mercy, as well as their longing for union with Him. The reaction against the rigidities and inequalities of Brahmanical orthodoxy, which imposed strict rules of conduct, ritual purity, caste hierarchy and social discrimination. The bhakti saints challenged these norms and advocated a more egalitarian and inclusive approach to religion. They emphasized the equality of all souls before God, regardless of their birth, gender, status or sect. They also denounced idolatry, superstition, hypocrisy and corruption among the religious elites. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/11.-regional-states-during-gupta-era/11.7-tamil-bhakti-movement.html08.1 Ancient-History/11. Regional-States-during-Gupta-Era/11.7 Tamil-Bhakti-Movement.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.1-ancient-history/11.-regional-states-during-gupta-era/11.8-palas.html08.1 Ancient-History/11. Regional-States-during-Gupta-Era/11.8 Palas.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo Ruled from Bengal in the 11th and 12th century was founded by Samanta Sena. Deopara prashasti mentions that they were Brahmins who embraced arms or became Brahmakshatriyas. They migrated from Karnataka. They were samantas under Pala rulers. Copper plate inscriptions of Adilpur mention land doantion being made by Keshava Sena along with power to punsh interlopers and tribals. Vijayasena was the most imp ruler who expelled Madanpala of Pala dynasty and started the Sena Kingdom. Ballal Sena introduced social reforms in Bengal know as Kulinism and also captured Gauda frin the Palas. Had matrimonial relations with Western Chalukyas. Lakshman Sena was the greatest ruler of the dynasty. Expanded towards Varanasi, Odisha, Bihar. He defated Jayachandra of the Ghadavala. Later Bakhtiyar Khilji put an end to the dynasty. Reiligion needs to be seen with the lenses of chaging socio-religious milieu of the time. Esp after the overthrowing of the Pala dynasty. Senas were overwhelmingly Hindu and wanted religious reforms against the Buddhist Pala rulers. Buddhism has sowed the seeds of equality and democratism in the Bengal society and there was now a centralising tendency among the samantas. Art and Architecture Most renowned is the Dhakeshwari Temple in dhaka. They also built a temple in Kashmir known as Sanakara Gaureshwara. Literature
$ Jayadeva who composed Gita Govinda has been said to been one of th 5 gems of Lakshman Sena. He also founded the Radha Krishna cult. #important Other panchratnas were Sarana, Umapathi, Dhoyi and Govardhana. Dhoyin wrote Pavandutam Bengali and Sanskrit was patronised by them. Saduktikarnamrta illustrates the feature of Sena poetry it was written by Lakshmansena ]]>08.1-ancient-history/11.-regional-states-during-gupta-era/11.9-senas.html08.1 Ancient-History/11. Regional-States-during-Gupta-Era/11.9 Senas.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#important #OptionalPYQ
$ RS Sharma put forward the 2 stage urban decay one from 3-4th century and other from 6th century. #important Admits literary evidence is not strong, cites archaeological evidence Led by decline in long distance trade, artisans migrated to rural areas, traders were not able to pay taxes But there was agrarian expansion Merchants, traders etc transferred their rights to temples → feudalisation of trade and commerce. Revival started from 11th century and was prominent by 14th Increase in cultivation of cash crops Better irrigation techniques Increasing demands for commodities Imp in ship building and expansion of internal trade Xuanxang mentions Kaushambi, Shravasti, Vaishali and Kapilavastu were in decline but Thaneswar, Varanasi and Kanyakubja flourished Various Arabic texts mentions long journeys made to India for trade **BD Chattopadhyay** : only certain urban centres declined other flourished. - Mentions epigraphic evidences from upper Ganga basin, Malwa plateau etc. - Sites like Prithudaka Tattan dapura, Siyadoni were urban/semi urban centres. **John Deyell** : shows that money was not scarce, there was no decline in the volume of coins in circulation, debasement of coins was due to inc in volume and shortage of silver **KN Chaudhari** : Indian ocean trade was divided into smaller segments **Ranabir Chakravarti** : importance of Mandapikas in the trade acting as centres of exchange, collection of tolls and duties. Mentions about royal merchants increased during this period **VK Jain** : traders did business in luxury goods which were confined to coastal and internal trade From 11th century onwards there was an inc in range items exported viz sugar, cotton, flax cloth, buckram, tanner leather, leather goods, weapons etc Traders used Hundikas Merchants played imp role in administrative org of Chalukyas, many of them were Jainas. Gujarat was an imp center Trade with SE Asia and China grew : Buddhists started to dominate trade exchanges. Xunaxang mentions silk as most popular in India, silk items and garments were imp gift items brought from China Chinese porcelain overtook silk as the most imp item in 11th century Imports for IN were : hides, fruits, camphor, mercury Exports : horses, wood, frankincense, sandalwood, spices, sulphur, ivory etc. Burton Stein has described it as Peasant Society, per him Lived in settled agrarian villages Asymmetrical power relations Developed corporate organisation Peasant household was multidimensional despite caste based division of labour and occupation BrahmanaPeasant alliance was more intense in rural areas due to popularity of Buddhism and Jainism in urban, based on self-interest. Basic unit was Ur - were villages or village assemblies Non-brahmadeya villages, dealth with land sale, gift, tax exemptions Had agricultural fields, habitation areas, sources of drinking water, irrigation works, pasture and cremation grounds. Ur-nattam and ur-irukkai were residential quarters of landowners Kammanacheri was where artisans lived and Paraicheri where agricultural labourers Sabha was Brahmana assembly in Brahmadeya villages Managed landed property, including ones associated with temples. Initially size was small later increased to even 12000 members Close relation with Chola courts Hierarch : Paraiyar were socially segregated groups/ ritually impure Vellalar were cultivating groups further divided into landowning and tenant - were Shudras but economically powerful not like Northern counterparts Inscriptions in Karnataka mentions villages headed by women Landholding pattern in Brahmadeya village was based on Individuals and in non-Brah was communal holdings When land was granted so were the right with it. 2 types of landgrants Karanmai - right to cultivate Mitatchi - possessive right Several inscriptions from Karnataka shows that conflict in villages were due to water Land reclamation, spread of irrigation, expansion of range of crops etc extended agricultural prod Irrigation has been analysed by James Heitzman in Canals consisted of majority irrigation followed by tanks Use of Arghatta/ Persian wheel spread during this time, use of Sluice weir devices Chola inscriptions mentions various types of irrigation works Betel nuts were an important commodity traded in west India Land use pattern changed. Use of ragi, jowar, bajra along with rice increased Market/ Commercial centres were known as Nagarams Had corporate body to manage affairs its members were called the Nagarattar, taniyur status means they were free from interference A Nadu has many such Nagarams Nagarakkani was land from which it collected revenue Made lavish gifts to religious establishments Improvements in craft techniques Hand press mills replaced by bullock driven ones Textile weaving featured the use of looms Kanchipuram - weaving industry Weavers had their own residential sectors in all towns Muslins, Chintz were types that were made Vegetable dies, indigo, madder was used Block printing was in vogue Vertical and horizontal looms, patterned looms Industry was well organised Social mobility happened mostly during Vijayanagara period Taxes were taken on looms, yarn, cotton, thread etc Made large donations to temples, given managerial roles in them Shift of giving gifts to Brahmanas to Temples as the construction of new and renovation of old temples took pace Thanjavur became a major centre due to temples made so did Gongaikondacholapuram Temples became a major urban centres Kudammukku was a sacred centre and Palace complex of Cholas was located in Palaiyarai Supra caste dichotomy emerged called the left hand - artisans and traders and right hand castes - agricultural groups Mamallapura developed during Pallavas and Nagapattinam under Cholas Corporate organisation of merchants played imp role in fixing custom duties Rice, pulses, sesame, salt, pepper, oil, cloth, betel leaf, areca nut and metals were used Shikarpur inscriptions mentions sandalwood, camphor, musk, horses, precious stones, semi-precious stones as being exported Imports are mentions in an inscription at Piramalai mentions silk from China, rose water from West Asia, Elephants from Mayanmars and Horse from Arabia Chola kings estd Erivirapattana - protected mercantile towns, emerged as centre of trade Expedition were undertaken to control routes South, SE Asia and East Asia were imp trading partners SE Asian kings patronised building of monastery of Nagapattinam Khmer king sent gift to Rajendra I Rajaraja Chola sent trade mission to China ]]>08.1-ancient-history/11.-regional-states-during-gupta-era/11.24-economy-and-society.html08.1 Ancient-History/11. Regional-States-during-Gupta-Era/11.24 Economy and Society.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTlehs102.pdf
lehs103.pdf
lehs104.pdf]]>08.1-ancient-history/11.-regional-states-during-gupta-era/nis-sources-of-history.html08.1 Ancient-History/11. Regional-States-during-Gupta-Era/NIS - Sources of History.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#review E Medieval Sanskrit is characterised by pedantry, ornateness and artificiality. It includes religious texts, Bhanas/monologue plats, stotras/hymn composition, story literature and anthologies of poetry. Harshacharita, Ramacharita, Padmaguptas Navasahasanka-charita of Malwas king of same sanem. Bhagvata Purana, Brahmavaivarta Purana and Kaliak Puran talks about Tirtha/pilgrimage, Vrata/vows, penances, gifts and darma of women. Upapuranas can be used to trace connection b/w Brahmanical and Non Brahmanical ideas. **AD Mathur** : Hindu Law/ Vyavahara emerged from Dharma and estd indepenent identity. Dharmshastra compilation were written during this time called Chaturimshatimata. Vyavaharamatrika and Dayabhaga by Jumtavahana became popular in Bengal. Commentaries on Manu Smriti by medhatithi, Govindaraja and Kulluka. Commentaries on Yajnavalka smriti by Vijnaneshvara called Mitakshara and Apararka. Krishi Parashara in Bengal Show strong Sanskrit influence. Most were Jaina texts in Maharashtri dialect. Language used shows artificiality and ornamentation Lekhapaddhatti both in Sanskrit and Prakrit,
#todo ✅ 2023-01-16 Apabhramasa represents last stage of Prakrit language Out of this modern north Indian languages emerged. Apabhramsa is considered to be a major source of the modern Indo-Aryan languages found in South Asia, including Hindi and other regional languages. Apabhramsa is considered to be the predecessor of the historical dialects Ardha-Magadhi, Shauraseni, Maharashtri, and ultimately, modern Hindi. Apabhramsa is known for its simplicity and clarity in comparison to Classical Sanskrit, which is known for its complex grammar and paradigms. It is considered to be the language of the Bhakti saints, with many hymns and poems being written in it, particularly in the states of Rajasthan and Gujarat. Apabhramsa has had a significant influence on modern North Indian languages like Hindi, Gujarati, and Marathi, as well as on other South Asian languages such as Nepali, Assamese, Persian, and Urdu.
Another stage in the development of the Indo-Aryan languages was Apabhramsha ("falling away"), a vernacular of Western India which achieved literary form in the Middle Ages and was used by Jaina writers in Gujarat and Rajasthan for the composition of poetry. Its chief characteristic is the further reduction of inflexions, which are in part replaced by postpositions, as in modern Indian languages. A similar degenerate Prakrit was used in Bengal by a few late Buddhist poets, and is the ancestor of modem Bengali. [1]
AL Basham Wonder that was India.↩︎ ]]>08.1-ancient-history/12.-early-cultural-history/12.1-language-and-texts.html08.1 Ancient-History/12. Early-Cultural-History/12.1 Language-and-Texts.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#reviewThe basic form of Hindu temple comprises : Grabhagriha : cubicle small room, houses principal deity Mandapa : entrance to temple, designed to house large no of worshippers. Shikhara : large spire, shapes vary from pyramidal to curvilinear. Vahana : mount or vehicle of the main deity, placed just before the Garbhagriha. Temples had flat roof Square in shape Portico (porch leading to entrance) was developed on shallow pillars entire structure was built on low platforms Ex Sanchi temple
two-storied temples platforms higher or upraised covered pradakshinapath around garbhagriha Ex Parvati temple, Nachna Kuthra
emergence of shikharas, low and almost square. Panchayatan style of temple making was introduced This style had 4 subsidiary shrine aong the temple of the principal deity. Shrine were placed in a crucified shape. Ex Dashavtar temple Deogarh
The main shrine became more rectangular. Most of the features were same as the previous 4 stages. Introduction of circular temples with shallow rectangular projections. Ex Maniya Math at Rajgir
Exterior walls lavishly decorated; interior walls were plain Main temple was called Vimana or Deula it is the sanctum around the diety including the assembly hall called Jagamohana which is the place of congregation of devotees. Reha, Pida and Khakhara ar the different types of Deula. It was patronised by the Ganga rulers No use of pillars in the porch, Iron girders used instead Shikharas were known as rekhadeuls with sudden inwards curv Mandap was aka Jagmohan ground plan of main temple was square Temples surrounded by boundary wall as in dravida style. Ex Lingaraj temple at Bhubaneswar, Jagganath temple at Puri, Konark Sun temple


Chandela rulers developed this style. both interior and exterior walls lavishly decorated w/ carvings
sculptures generally erotic inspired by Kamasutra made of sandstone Some temples had vestibular entrance to garbhagriha aka antarala generally North or East facing subsidiary shrines also had rekhaprasad shikharas this gave the impression of a mountain range. Temples were built on relatively high platform belonged to both Hindu and as well Jains.
walls did not have any carvings garbhagriha connected w/ mandapa both internally ans externally porticos have decorative arched gateways called torans
unique feature of this school is the presence of step-tank aka surya-kund #important steps of these tanks had smaller temples w/ carvings on them Variety of materials were used viz sandstone, black basalt and soft-marble Most were east facing and get direct sunshine during equinoxes.
Near Mysore from 1050-1300 AD in areas of Belur, Halebid and Sringeri Multiple shrines built around a central pillared hall shrines led out in the shape of an intricately designed star aka Stellate plan Soft soap stone (Chorite schist) was the main building material. Massive emphasis on decoration of temple through sculptures Shikharas interconnected by arrangement of horizontal lines and mouldings Temples built on upraised platform known as Jagati walls and stairs followed a zig zag pattern Noted for fine, delicate, detailed carvings executed on smooth chlorite schist on walls and ceilings Hoysaleshvara temple : cruciform plan, cruciform shape, two separate shrines, Keshava temple : at Belur has multiple shrines, finesse in sculptures Keshava temple : at Somnathpur has complex plan, Shikhara of moderate height, richly carved, has erotic themes

In Bengal b/w 8-12 century AD. Primarily Buddhists built lots of Viharas, Chaityas and Stupas. But shows a confluence of both the religions Universities of Nalanda, Jagaddala, Odantapuri and Vikramshila were built Monastery at Somapura buildings had a curve or sloping roof as in bamboo roof was later adopted by Mughal rulers. terracotta bricks, was the principal building material used. temples of this region had a tall, curving shikhara crowned by a large amalaka. sculptures were made of both stone and metals. figures has a lustrous finish Ex : Dhakeshwari temple in Bangladesh


Temple Architecture in India Nitin Singhania 1.pdf Discuss the ancient Indian contacts with South-East Asia with reference to causes, chronology and original home of the migrants. What was the impact of these contacts on the art of Kambuja and Java? [1980, 60m] The ancient Indian contacts with South-East Asia were mainly due to trade, migration and cultural diffusion. They began around the 4th century BCE and continued until the 15th century CE. They involved various regions of India, especially Bengal, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, and various countries of South-East Asia, especially Indonesia, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia and Vietnam123. The causes of these contacts were: The demand for spices, gems, gold, ivory and other exotic products from South-East Asia by the Mediterranean world and China. This stimulated Indian merchants to explore new markets and routes in South-East Asia14. The political instability and social unrest in India due to foreign invasions, dynastic conflicts and religious persecutions. This prompted some Indian groups to seek refuge or opportunities in South-East Asia12. The missionary zeal of Indian religions, especially Buddhism and Hinduism. This motivated some Indian monks, teachers and pilgrims to spread their faiths and teachings in South-East Asia13. The chronology of these contacts were: The earliest phase (4th century BCE - 3rd century CE) was marked by sporadic trade contacts between India and Funan (Cambodia-Vietnam), Srivijaya (Sumatra) and Java. Some Indian traders settled in these regions as colonists or intermediaries19. The second phase (4th century CE - 7th century CE) was marked by increased trade contacts between India and Kambuja (Cambodia), Champa (Vietnam), Dvaravati (Thailand), Malayu (Malay Peninsula) and Bali. Some Indian rulers established political alliances or suzerainty over these regions as patrons or overlords19. The third phase (8th century CE - 15th century CE) was marked by intensified cultural contacts between India and Angkor (Cambodia), Sailendra (Java-Sumatra), Mataram (Java), Majapahit (Java-Bali) and Pagan (Burma). Some Indian culture bearers influenced these regions as artists, architects, poets or teachers. The original home of the migrants were: The early migrants were mostly merchants from Bengal, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh who settled along the coastal areas of South-East Asia as traders or colonists19. The later migrants were mostly Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Buddhists and Jains from various parts of India who moved to the interior areas of South-East Asia as priests, rulers, monks or teachers19. The impact of these contacts on the art of Kambuja and Java were: The art of Kambuja was influenced by both Hinduism and Buddhism from India. It developed a distinctive style of temple architecture that combined pyramidal towers, carved stone walls, moats and causeways. Some examples are Angkor Wat, Bayon and Banteay Srei. It also developed a rich tradition of sculpture that depicted Hindu gods, Buddhist bodhisattvas, kings and apsaras. Some examples are Vishnu reclining on Ananta Sesha at Angkor Wat, Avalokiteshvara with multiple arms at Bayon and Devi at Banteay Srei. The art of Java was also influenced by both Hinduism and Buddhism from India. It developed a unique style of temple architecture that combined stupa-like domes, terraced platforms, niches and reliefs. Some examples are Borobudur, Prambanan and Mendut. It also developed a splendid tradition of sculpture that depicted Hindu epics, Buddhist stories, animals and demons. Some examples are the Ramayana panels at Prambanan, the Jataka tales at Borobudur and the Kala heads at Mendut. Discuss the cultural impact of India on the South-East Asia during the ancient period. [1982, 60m] Spread of Theravada B in Myanmar : produced literature, Burma Pegu called Suvarnabhumi, Java Called Suvarnadwipa, Jataka mentions B traders going to SEA, Fa Hien mentions Brahmanical religion present there, Pallava colonies - formation of Sri Vijaya, Kamboja at Champa founded in 6 C - Shavia kings, Sanskrit off lang, temples, Dravidian arch influences, Angkor Vat, Ramayana pop in Indo, Borobodur temple in Indo, Buddha head sculp from Thai, Chola bronze sculp In Sumatra locally produced, Pali Tamil influence, city named after Ayodhya, tamil insc
Buddhist Culture spread to SE Asia - ! Answer from above. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/12.-early-cultural-history/12.2-major-stages-in-evolution-of-art-and-architecture.html08.1 Ancient-History/12. Early-Cultural-History/12.2 Major-Stages-in-Evolution-of-Art-and-Architecture.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#review Jainism Buddhism Ajivikas Ajnanas : believed in radical skepticism and that ignorance is best Charavakas aastik or orthodox shcool 25 principles but main was that there are 2 realities viz. Purusha and Prakriti Sankhyakarika by Isvarakrishna oldest surviving text very close to Samkhya adds divine entity to it Deals with controlling the body basic text from Yoga Sutra of Patanjali 2nd Cent BC More recent studies and commentaries done by Vyasa propounded by Aksapada Gautama based on logic and epistemology (origin of knowledge) Pakshilavasmin Vatsyayana main expositor by Maharishi Kanaad interested in Physics all objects are finite in number. Believes that laws of karma guide this universe ie everything is based on the actions of Human beings. Believed in salvation which was parallel to the creation and destruction of the universe and cyclic decided by the wishes of God. complementary and older than Nyaya. Greatest commentator was Prashastapada. based on nature of Dharma, theology of vedas sought to explain and revive vedas Earliest text were Sutras of Jaimini for Mimamsa but Shabarasvamin was greatest early Mimamsa scholar Believed in complete materialism held that an individual's body is formed of matter and finally would end in matter. Thus aim of life should be material pleasure. aka Lokayata. Purana Kassapa preached the doctrine of Akriya or non-action ie no action would lead to either merit of demerit. Ajita Kesakambalin preached that everything ended with death and there is no further life after death. Per him there is nothing wrong in enjoying the pleasures of the world. No person possessed higher/supernatural power His teachings can be found in the Sandaka Sutta and Apannaka Sutta of the Majjhima Nikaya and in the Samannaphala Sutta. Doctrines of this school were primarily drawn from his teachings. He wore a garment made of hair and lived an ascetic life. He did not wear any precious ornaments. His opponents have called him hedonistic (engaged in pursuit of pleasure) but no such evidence have been found of it. Pakudha Kachchayna preached the doctrine of Asasvatavada. there are 7 elements that are immutable ie they do not contribute to pleasure or pain body ultimately dissolves into them. similar to charvaka rejects supernaturalism various interpretations of Upanishadic thought came to be known as Vedanta aka Uttara Mimamsa.
Badrayana formulated main tenets of Uttara Mimamsa but most forceful expounder was 2.1 Philosophy > Shankaracharya and Vedanta Shankara greatest scholar of Advaita Vedanta (non dualist) he said there is only one single unified reality Brahmana and everything else is not fully real Worship Vithoba mainfestation of Vishnu at the Pandharpur temple. Avoids alcohol and tobacco celebrate the Vari Varkari festival Jnaneshvar, Namdev, Eknath and Tukaram were some noted followers of this sect adhere to the teachings of Advaita scholar Ramananda aka Vairagis or Bairagis, they worship Rama. perform meditation and ascetic practices. founder was Madhvacharya Chaitanya Mahaprabhu(1486-1533) is also associated with it. most prominent Vaishnava saint of Bengal was looked as an avatar of Krishna exalted the superiority of Krishna over all dieties disregarded caste distinctions but did not question authority of Brahmanas or caste privileges founded by Vallabhacharya their philosophy is that ultimate truth is one & only one Brahm. they are followers of Radha and Krishna Siddhas : they practice sadhna and are said to have attained physical immortality through spiritual perfection. Nathpanthi : aka Siddha siddhanta, they adhere to the teachings of Goraknath and Matsyendranath. they use Hatha Yoga. Lingayatism : aka Veerashaivism, believes in Monotheism. Rejects the authority of Vedas and Caste system; established by Basavanna. Dashanami Sanyasis : associated with the Advaita Vedanta tradition Aghoris ]]>08.1-ancient-history/12.-early-cultural-history/12.3-major-philosophical-thinkers-and-schools.html08.1 Ancient-History/12. Early-Cultural-History/12.3 Major Philosophical Thinkers and Schools.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTLocal Government Kingship is associated w/ performance of sacrifices. 2020-04-27 12:06:02 characteristic feature especially of Pallavas presence of various groups based on caste, craft, profession etc there emerged these small governing units Ur was a non brahmanical village assembly Sabha consisted of only brahmans Nagaram was assembly of merchants functioned autonomously based on their own customs and usage etc. helped ease the burden of governance. Kings did not interfere in their works but often worked to bring the Brahmans closer to them to strengthen their own base. were given Brahmedya villages. Later Sabhas developed a committee of variyam system under Parantaka 1 Uttirramerur inscription which was governance through committees. Gamunda was the village headman who did not enjoy autonomy and were closely supervised by state officials. The Variyam of committee system : self-government supervised maintenance of roads and tanks, charitable donations, regulation of irrigational rights and temple affairs Village headmen was the leader and mediator with the Gov Land revenue rights was given to big landlords Importance was attached to local groups based on caste, craft, profession or religious faith, They had their own code of conduct through which they governed themselves. They had autonomy and solved their problems based on mutual consultation, old customs and traditions Brahmadeya and Devadana villages were created became predominant The Variyam of committee system : self-government supervised maintenance of roads and tanks, charitable donations, regulation of irrigational rights and temple affairs 2 types of tax collected Land revenue at 1/6th - 1/10th of produce Local taxes Romila Thapar - revenue from taxes was small due to paucity of trade and commerce Feudatories did not provide soldiers, they maintained a standing army Aryan acculturation led to Brahmins raised in status and grants of lands Jaina's and Buddhists lost royal patronage Ghatikas were educational centres for Brahmanical religion, every temple had one - slowly became centres of political activity Kanchipuram developed as a centre of education Institution of Mathas as a combination of rest house, feeding centre and seminary became imp Sanskrit was court language Tamil devotionalism/ Bhakti became popular Music became part of temples, instruments like flute and dance forms like Bharatnatyam - **Percy Brown** : Pallavas provided the foundation to the Dravidian style - **KAN Sastri** : Pallavas bridged transition from rock archi to structural stone temples
Refer Stages of Temple Development Next Section
#MainsPYQ **KAN Sastri** : From the middle of 6th century AD history of South India is story of mutual conflict among three powers Tungabhadra natural boundary fertile rice growing region, high land revenue, prestige, political supremacy -> this is the reason Why? hostility started b/w Pallavas and Chalukyas. Hostility started during Mahendravarmans reign. Pulakesin II's Aihole inscription - he defeated Mahendravarman, P ceded northern areas to him Narsimhavarman I Defeated Pulakesin II who died in battle in AD 642 w/ help of prince of Sri Lanka Manavarma, Occupied Vatapi and assumed the title of Vatapikonda Mahendravarman II succeeded was defeated by Chalukya king Vikramaditya I Paramesvara Varman I won against Chalukyas - Udayendram Plates Chalukya king Vikramaditya II in 733 AD is said to have run over Kanchi for over 3 times. Pallavas were completely routed and were no longer a threat. A century later they were wiped out by the Cholas. Significantly weakened both Kingdoms Chalukyas were wiped by Rashtrakutas around 750 CE Pandyas were a third party to the war they sided with Vikramaditya II to defeat the Pallavas. led to new rivalry b/w Rashtrakutas and Pallavas. Discuss critically the main aspects of polity and society under the Pallavas. [1981, 60m]
11.2 Pallavas > Polity
11.2 Pallavas > Society under Pallavas Main aspects of Polity : They claimed to be descendants of Brahma and ruled by divine right. They had a centralized administration with a council of ministers and officials. They divided their empire into provinces called mandalas, which were further subdivided into districts called kottams or nadus. They delegated some authority to local assemblies or sabhas, which had autonomy over taxation, justice, irrigation etc. They maintained a large army, navy, and bureaucracy. They had a long rivalry with the Chalukyas of Badami over the control of south India. They established diplomatic relations with foreign countries such as China, Sri Lanka, Cambodia etc. Trace briefly the history of the struggle between the Chalukyas and the Pallavas. Analyze its causes and bring out its importance. [1985, 60m]
11.2 Pallavas > Conflict b w Chalukyas - Pallavas and also Pandyas MainsPYQ - ! Answered below. Give an account of the struggle for supremacy in South India between the Chalukyas of Badami and the Pallavas. [2000, 60 m]
Refer above [2. Trace briefly the history of the struggle between the](onenote: 5. PYQs %20 and%20 Answers§ion-id={762 B 0 AE 5-2 A 23-4 D 1 F-9 D 30-89664 CBE 1143}&page-id={5 E 93 C 217-B 8 A 5-4096-BBBD-899 DAAE 068 C 7}&object-id={F 1278141-9042-45 D 8-BD 0 F-4 F 7 B 2 D 460 CA 0}&26&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Regional%20States%20during%20Gupta%20Era.one ) The struggle for supremacy in south India between the Chalukyas of Badami and the Pallavas was a long and fierce one that lasted from the 6th to the 8th centuries CE1. The main reason for the conflict was over the control of the land lying between Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers, which was rich in resources and strategic importance. The first clash between the two powers occurred during the reign of Pulakesin II (609-642 CE), who defeated Mahendravarman I, the Pallava king, and occupied some of his territories. However, Mahendravarman’s son Narasimhavarman I avenged his father’s defeat by invading Vatapi (Badami) and killing Pulakesin II in 642 CE. He also captured some Chalukyan lands and assumed the title of Vatapikonda (the conqueror of Vatapi). The war continued between Narasimhavarman’s successors and Pulakesin’s son Vikramaditya I, who recovered Vatapi and some other regions from the Pallavas. He also defeated Harshavardhana on the banks of Narmada river and established his supremacy in north India as well. The next phase of conflict began when Vikramaditya’s son Vinayaditya attacked Narasimhavarman II, who had succeeded his father Paramesvaravarman I as the Pallava king. Vinayaditya was repulsed by Narasimhavarman II, who also invaded Chalukyan territory and plundered their capital. He built a new city called Kanchipuram after his victory. The final phase of conflict took place during the reigns of Vikramaditya II (733-746 CE) and Nandivarman II (732-796 CE) of Chalukya and Pallava dynasties respectively. Vikramaditya II launched a series of campaigns against Nandivarman II and defeated him several times. He also captured Kanchipuram twice and looted its wealth. However, he did not annex any Pallava territory or destroy their temples. Instead, he showed respect for their culture and religion by making donations to their shrines. The struggle between Chalukyas of Badami and Pallavas ended with Vikramaditya II’s death in 746 CE. Both dynasties declined soon after due to internal dissensions and external invasions by other powers such as Rashtrakutas, Pandyas, Pratiharas etc. Give an account of the rise of the Chalukyas of Vatapi and their struggle with other rulers. Write a note on their patronage of arts. [2004, 60m]
Refer this 2. Trace briefly the history of the struggle between the Struggle other than that of Pallavas The Chalukyas of Vatapi (modern Badami) were a powerful dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and 8th centuries CE1. They emerged as the successors of the Vakatakas in western Deccan and established their capital at Vatapi23. They united the whole of south India under their rule and expanded their influence to Gujarat, Maharashtra, and parts of north India. Their most famous ruler was Pulakesin II (609-642 CE), who was a contemporary of Harshavardhana. He defeated Harsha’s army on the banks of the Narmada river and prevented him from expanding his empire to the south5. He also successfully resisted the invasion of the Pallavas, who were his main rivals in south India. He had diplomatic relations with the rulers of Persia, as evident from a copper plate inscription found at Mandasor. The Chalukyas of Vatapi were great patrons of art and architecture. They developed the vesara style in building structural temples, which combined features of both Nagara and Dravida styles67. They also carved out magnificent rock-cut cave temples at Badami, Aihole, and Pattadakal, which are now UNESCO World Heritage Sites. These caves display exquisite sculptures and paintings depicting Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain themes89. The Chalukyas also encouraged literature, especially in Sanskrit and Kannada languages. Some of their notable poets were Bharavi, Dandin, Ravikirti, Pampa, and Ponna. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/11.-regional-states-during-gupta-era/11.2-pallavas.html08.1 Ancient-History/11. Regional-States-during-Gupta-Era/11.2 Pallavas.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo Inscriptions gives the qualification for candidates to stand up for elections, details about constitution of wards, disqualification norms, mode of election, functions of those committees, power to remove wrongdoers etc. Qualification criteria included age limit b/w 35-70 yrs, possession of immovable property that was taxable , minimum educational qualification etc. Elected members who accepted bribes, misappropriated property, committed incest, or acted against public interest were disqualified. On the walls of the mandapa are various details of transactions done for administrative, judicial, commercial, irrigational purposes. Villagers had the right to recall representatives. Entire village including infants had to there at the villages assembly mandapa when the elections were held only sick and those on pilgrimage were exempt. Village assembly drafted the constitution for the election. Villages were divided into 30 wards having 1 rep each. Cholas had Brahmana Purohits and Rajaguru Pallavas, Cheras, Pandyas had council of ministers After the reign of Rajajraja I Chola inscriptions mention a large number of terms for offices and officials His reign also saw massive land survey and assessment, empire was divided into units known as valanadus After the reign of Koluttunga there was a decline Landowners are mentioned as udaiyan, velan, muvendavelan Officials at nadu were nadu vagai, nadu kuru, kottam vagai Percise function of these officials are not clear Chola land revenue was undertaken by corporate bodies like ur, nadu, sabha and nagaram Eccoru - obligation of villagers to provide food for state officials Muttaiyal, vetti, Kudimai - meant to provide labour services Kadamai was land revenue 40-50% of produce collected in Kind Antarayam was rural tax collected in cash Senapati and Dandanayakam were imp military officers Unitary state - is where there is central monopoly of power exercised by a specialised administration staff Segmentary state - political power is exercised within a pyramidal series of segments Territorial sovereignty is limited Around periphery centre exercises limited control Peripheries are subordinate foci of power They are flexible, fluctuating, changing their allegiance from time to time Burton Stein added to this Segmentary state is dual consisting of political control and ritual sovereignty RS Multiple centres of source of RS KAN Sastri has portrayed the Chola state as highly centralised in order to glorify and has nationalistic tinge did not relate the state to society and economy, especially the agrarian order Centralised Chola state and strong local self-governing institution was counter intuitive/ inconsistent A/C to him the fault was in characterisation of state Steins model is based on sacral kingship, segmentary state, peasant society and peasant state King's power was confined to central areas and outside it was only a ritual figure Land revenue limited and revenue depended mainly on looting expeditions Denied the existence of Chola bureaucratic machinery to control local administration Also denied existence of Chola standing army - mil function was distributed among peasantry, merchants etc Thus it was not a centralised state By calling kingship as purely sacral he has denied all military achievements As per him all military expedition were cattle raids War and loot was part but the persistence of empires like Maurya, Gupta, Satavahana, Cholas etc suggests more than mere cattle raids Some adm and revenue structure did exist to mobilise people to wage war Various Chola inscriptions refer to administrative offices and attempts were made to centralise adm Was an increased involvement of king in passing orders and officials reached out to villages to carry out orders Existence of corporate village org did not mean that they exercised political power at higher levels Other Models are Feudalism model Mode of production and link b/w land, labour and state structure Role of Nadus and Nagarams in the process of Urbanisation This process of urbanisation during the chola period was essentially reurbanisation brought about by agrarian expansion and organisation of peasants in micro regions like Nadu. This allowed the Chola country to have a big agrarian base and large surpluses that were redirected towards other sectors of economy -> led to dev of trade organisations such as the Ayyavole. These market centres called Nagaram prolifereated significantly under the Chola rule. They were points of exchange. Many of such centres were founded by Royal sanction and suffixes like pura or pattana was used. Nagarams located at the intersection of regional trade developed into large towns. Ex Manigramam, Anjuvannam. These nagarams linked the ports with political and administrative centers, and with craft centers of the interior. They enabled the movt of long distance trade. Specialisation in marketing and trade let to emergence of organisations sucha s Saliya nagaram ie weavers cum traders, Sankarappadi nagaram or oil mongers cum traders and Paraga nagaram or foreign traders. The Nataraja in the Tandava posture excavated at Ravana Phadi cave in Aihole is the earliest known specimen it was however made during the Chalukya rule.
upper right hand has damru signifies sound of creation. upper left hand has eternal fire signifies destruction lower left points towards the left foot signies path of slavation lower right hand is in abhaya mudra showing devotees not to be afraid. He is dancing on a dwarf which symbolises ingnorance or ego of an individual. Flowing locks of hairs represent ganga. the figure is identified as ardhanarishwara form of shiva. The snake around neck symbolises Kundalini power which arouses conciousness. The halo or nimbus around shiva symbolises unending cycles of times. These types of Shikharas were square at the base and the wall curve inward to a point on the top. They were called? Latina or Rekha-Prasada
These Shikharas had a broader base and were shorter in height than the Latina ones. They slope upwards on a straight line. They were called? Phamasana
These shikharas had a rectangular base with the roof rising into vaulted chambers. They were also called wagon-vaulted roofs. They were called? Valabhi
Dravidian temples were surrounded by high boundary walls front wall had a high entrance gateway known as the gopuram premise was laid out in the panchayatan style Spire/shikhara is in the form of a stepped pyramid that progressively becomes smaller and smaller, surmounted by a small dome called Stupika crowning element is shaped as an octagon. It is similar to kalash but not spherical. subsidiary shrines do not have vimana assembly hall was connected with the garbhagriha by a vestibular tunnel known as antarala entrance of the garbhagriha had sculptures of Dwaarpal, mithun and yakshas presence of a water tank inside the temple enclosure can be observed

#todo Chola polity was ritualistic in nature. The rulers had to constantly participate in events that legitimised their rule as upholders of the Brahmanical cosmic order. This long term support to ritualisation, temple making put the priest class into a privileged position that continued later on. This also meant that secular literature and secular education such as science and medicine was neglected. The tradition of female dancers in temples as devadasis emerged who later became one of the most abused classes in south Indian society who were often sold into prostitution. Chola warfare into Ceylon was a part of their economic activity brought lot of death and destruction into the island and other neighbouring dynasties. However this was a common occurence in medieval kingdoms.
#todo Sculpture and Architecture from above. Brihadesvar temple houses some chola frescoes in the circumambulatory corridor. smooth limestone batter was applied over stones that took 2-3 days to set and within this time the paintings were painted. Most Chola paintings were painted over during the Nayaka period. Certain other crafts such as gold and precious ornament industry flourished and are mentioned in the Thanjavur inscriptions. Rivers such as Ponni had a special cultural significance during the chola rule. Its annual flooding was celebrated as a festival. Chola conquest of the neighboring islands such as Srivijaya, Sri Lanka etc spread chola culture into these areas. They became places of intense cultural intermixing with local cultures and others from abroad. It was a golden age of Tamil Culture various works sucha s Rajarajesvara Natakam, Viranukkaviyam and Kannivana Puranam were written. Jain and Buddhist literature flourished as well. Jivakachintamani was written by Tirtakkatevar. Buddhamitra was grammarian who wrote Virasoliam. Commentaries were written on Tolkapiyyam. Kamban's Ramavataram is a classic of Tamil literature. He flourished during the reign of Kolutonga III. It is a rendering of Valmiki's Ramayana. Kalinkattuparani by Cheyankontar was written during this time which was based on the war b/w Chola king Kolutonga and Anantvarman Chodaganda of Kalinga. It is a type of Narrative poetry. Temples became center of culture. They were often attached with hospitals, educational institutions such as ghatikas etc. Virajendra Cholas records of donation to schools in temples is one source. Vedas, Shastras, Grammar etc were taught here
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https://www.tamilnadu.ind.in/tamilnadu_history/chola/religious_condition_under_chola.php Raja Raja I captured Maldives, Andaman Nicobar and parts of Java, Sumatra, Borneo and Malaya. Trade flourished that led to Sanskritisation of many South East Asian communities. Tamil Inscription in Sumatra names a merchant guild talks about rich overseas trade happened during the Gupta time. Hindu temple complex at Prambanan in Java shows Dravidian architectural influences. Chola coins have been found in Sri Lanka. Rajendra I sent diplomatic missions to Chinese. There wer contacts with the Cambodian kings such as Suryavarman II the maker of Ankor Vat who sent precious jewels to Kulottonga. Had contacts with Burmese king Kyanzitta who gave a letter written in gold leaf to Chola rulers.
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https://www.thebetterindia.com/298895/greatest-contributions-of-chola-dynasty-in-south-india-history-architecture-literature/The Cholas: administration, village economy and society Describe the village administration of the Chola period as known from the Uttiramerur inscriptions. [1979, 60m]
Polity :
Uttiramerur Inscription and its significance The village administration of the Chola period was based on a system of self-governance by local assemblies or sabhas. The Uttiramerur inscriptions, which belong to the reigns of Parantaka Chola I and Rajaraja Chola I, give a detailed account of how these assemblies were formed and functioned. Some of the salient features of the village administration as known from these inscriptions are: The village was divided into thirty wards, each having its own representative. These representatives formed the general assembly or mahasabha, which had executive, judicial and financial powers over the village affairs. The mahasabha elected various committees or variyams for specific purposes such as irrigation, temple management, education etc. These committees consisted of five members each, who were chosen by lot from among eligible candidates. The eligibility criteria included age, residence, property ownership, tax payment etc. The members of the committees had to take an oath of honesty and integrity before assuming office. They also had to abide by certain rules and regulations such as not accepting bribes, not holding office for more than one year, not being related to each other etc. The committees were accountable to the mahasabha and had to submit their reports and accounts regularly. They also had to face audits and inspections by other committees or officials appointed by the mahasabha. The village administration was also influenced by caste divisions and hierarchy. There were two major groups among the castes – Valangai (right hand) and Idangai (left hand) – which often competed for power and resources. The Brahmins enjoyed a privileged position in the society and often dominated the assemblies and committees. Describe the development of Chola power under Rajaraja and Rajendra I. Form an estimate of their cultural contributions. [1980, 60m]
Rajaraja - Peak was reached during reign of Arumolivarman assumed
Rajendra I (1016 -1044) succeeded him Cultural The Chola Empire, under Rajaraja I and his son Rajendra I, became a military, economic and cultural power in Asia12. They expanded their territory through conquests and naval expeditions, reaching as far as Sri Lanka, Maldives, Andaman Islands, Bengal, Odisha and Southeast Asia12. They also maintained diplomatic relations with China and other countries. The Cholas made significant cultural contributions in various fields, such as: Art: They developed a distinctive style of bronze sculpture, known as the Chola style, which depicted Hindu gods and goddesses with grace and realism12. They also excelled in painting, carving, metalwork and jewelry3. Architecture: They built hundreds of temples across their empire, which showcased their engineering skills and artistic vision13. Some of their famous temples are the Brihadeeswarar Temple at Thanjavur, the Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple at Jayankondam and the Airavatesvara Temple at Darasuram13. These temples are UNESCO World Heritage Sites and feature massive towers, intricate sculptures and elaborate decorations3. Literature: They patronized Tamil poets and scholars who produced works of high literary merit and historical value43. Some of their notable works are Kambaramayanam by Kamban, Periyapuranam by Sekkizhar, Vikramacholan Ula by Ottakoothar and Kalingattuparani by Jayamkondar43. They also encouraged Sanskrit literature and inscriptions4. Religion: They supported Hinduism, especially Shaivism, and built many temples dedicated to Shiva43. They also promoted bhakti or devotional movement among the masses through saints like Nayanars and Alvars42. They were tolerant of other religions such as Buddhism and Jainism, which flourished under their rule in some regions[1]. What were the salient features of the bureaucratic machinery of the Cholas? [1985, 20m]
Administrative Structures/ Chola Local Self Govt The bureaucratic machinery of the Cholas was one of the most efficient and organized systems of administration in medieval India. Some of the salient features of this system were: The Chola bureaucracy was headed by the king, who was the supreme authority and source of law. The king was assisted by a council of ministers or mantri-parishad, which advised him on various matters and executed his orders12. The Chola bureaucracy also consisted of various officials such as perundanam (chief minister), sirutaiyar (commander-in-chief), karanam (accountant), mahasandhivigrahika (foreign minister), etc. These officials were appointed by the king and were responsible for different departments such as revenue, military, justice, diplomacy, etc. The Chola bureaucracy was divided into several administrative units such as mandalam (province), valanadu (district), nadu (sub-district), kurram (group of villages) and ur (village). Each unit had its own officers and functionaries who maintained law and order, collected taxes, supervised public works, etc. The Chola bureaucracy also allowed a degree of local self-government at the village level. The villages were governed by assemblies or sabhas, which were elected by the people and had powers to manage their own affairs such as irrigation, temple maintenance, education, etc. The sabhas also cooperated with the central bureaucracy and paid taxes to the king. The Chola bureaucracy was also characterized by its professionalism and accountability. The officials were expected to be loyal, honest and efficient in their duties. They had to follow certain rules and regulations such as wearing uniforms, maintaining records, submitting reports, etc. They also had to face audits and inspections by higher authorities or special commissioners appointed by the king. Examples of Chola Bureaucratic power. The Chola inscriptions, which are found in various places such as temples, rocks, copper plates, etc. These inscriptions record various aspects of Chola administration such as royal orders, grants, donations, taxes, officials, assemblies, committees, etc. They also provide valuable information about the history, culture and society of the Cholas12. The Tanjore Big Temple or Brihadeeswarar Temple, which was built by Rajaraja Chola I in 1010 CE. This temple is a magnificent example of Chola architecture and art. It also showcases the administrative and organizational skills of the Cholas as it involved mobilizing huge resources and manpower for its construction. The temple walls have numerous inscriptions that mention the names and titles of various officials who were involved in the project2. The Uttiramerur inscriptions, which we discussed earlier. These inscriptions give a detailed account of the village administration under the Cholas and reveal their democratic and decentralized system of governance. They also show how the village assemblies cooperated with the central bureaucracy and paid taxes to the king3. The naval expeditions and conquests of Rajendra Chola I, who succeeded Rajaraja Chola I in 1014 CE. Rajendra Chola I extended his empire beyond India to Sri Lanka, Maldives, Indonesia and Malaysia. He also sent a naval expedition to Southeast Asia and defeated several kingdoms there. He established diplomatic relations with China and received an embassy from them. These achievements demonstrate the military and diplomatic prowess of the Cholas as well as their efficient administration that enabled them to manage such a vast empire Critically assess the period of the Cholas in the history of South India. [1991, 60m]
Critical Analysis of their Rule The period of the Cholas in the history of South India can be assessed as follows: On the positive side, the Cholas were one of the longest-ruling and most powerful dynasties in South India, who expanded their empire through military conquests and naval expeditions12. They established a strong administration, a prosperous economy, a vibrant culture and a tolerant society345. They patronized art, architecture, literature and religion, and left behind many monuments and works that are still admired today345. They also influenced other regions such as Sri Lanka, Maldives, Southeast Asia and China through trade and diplomacy12. On the negative side, the Cholas were also involved in many wars and conflicts with their neighbours such as the Pandyas, Cheras, Rashtrakutas, Chalukyas, Hoysalas and Kakatiyas2. These wars drained their resources and weakened their authority over time2. They also faced internal rebellions from their feudatories and vassals who challenged their supremacy2. They eventually lost their power to the Pandyas and other emerging forces by the 13th century CE[ Write a short essay on: "Local self-government under the Cholas." [1992, 20m]
Local Government The Chola empire, which flourished from the ninth to thirteenth centuries CE, was one of the most powerful and prosperous kingdoms in medieval India. The Cholas are known for their achievements in art, architecture, literature, trade and warfare. However, one of their most remarkable features was their system of local self-government, which was based on a democratic and decentralized model of administration. The system of local self-government under the Cholas was rooted in the ancient traditions of village autonomy and communal assemblies that existed in India since ancient times. The Cholas inherited and developed this system further and made it more systematic and efficient. They divided their empire into various administrative units such as mandalam (province), valanadu (district), nadu (sub-district), kurram (group of villages) and ur (village). Each unit had its own officers and functionaries who maintained law and order, collected taxes, supervised public works, etc. However, the lowest unit, i.e., the village, enjoyed a great deal of independence and self-governance. Each village had its own general assembly or mahasabha, which consisted of all adult male residents who owned land or paid taxes. The mahasabha had executive, judicial and financial powers over all matters concerning the village. It elected various committees or variyams for specific purposes such as irrigation, temple management, education etc. These committees consisted of five members each who were chosen by lot from among eligible candidates. The eligibility criteria included age, residence, property ownership, tax payment etc. The members of these committees had to take an oath of honesty and integrity before assuming office. They also had to abide by certain rules and regulations such as not accepting bribes, not holding office for more than one year, not being related to each other etc. The committees were accountable to the mahasabha and had to submit their reports and accounts regularly. They also had to face audits and inspections by other committees or officials appointed by the mahasabha. The village administration was also influenced by caste divisions and hierarchy.There were two major groups among the castes – Valangai (right hand) and Idangai (left hand) – which often competed for power and resources. The Brahmins enjoyed a privileged position in the society and often dominated the assemblies and committees. The village assemblies also cooperated with the central bureaucracy and paid taxes to the king. They also received grants and donations from the king or other patrons for various purposes such as building temples, digging tanks, establishing schools etc. They also maintained records of their transactions, activities, rights, privileges etc. in inscriptions on stone or copper plates. The best example of local self-government under the Cholas is found in the Uttiramerur inscriptions, which belong to the reigns of Parantaka Chola I and Rajaraja Chola I. These inscriptions give a detailed account of how the village assemblies were formed and functioned. The system of local self-government under the Cholas was a unique and innovative system of administration that ensured good governance and prosperity for their empire.It was also a model of democracy and decentralization that influenced other kingdoms or regions in India or elsewhere. It also has relevance or significance today as it shows how people can participate actively in managing their own affairs at grassroot level with transparency and accountability. Discuss the contribution of Rajaraja I and Rajendra I for the expansion of the Chola Empire. Analyse the causes and impact of the naval expeditions of the Cholas. [1993, 60m]
2. Describe the development of Chola power under Rajaraja and Causes and impact of Naval expeditions Rajaraja I and Rajendra I were two of the most powerful and influential rulers of the Chola Empire, which was one of the largest and longest-lasting dynasties in South India. They contributed to the expansion of the Chola Empire by conquering peninsular South India, Sri Lanka, parts of Southeast Asia and islands of Maldives123. They also built a formidable naval fleet that enabled them to dominate the Indian Ocean trade and launch naval expeditions against their rivals45. The naval expeditions of the Cholas were motivated by various factors, such as political ambition, economic interest, religious zeal and cultural exchange. Some historians interpret them as a culmination of their “politics of plunder” and expansionism65, while others see them as a response to the growing threat of Srivijaya, a maritime empire that controlled much of Southeast Asia and tried to monopolize the trade routes57. The naval expeditions had a significant impact on both the Chola Empire and its neighbours. They enhanced the prestige and power of the Cholas, brought them enormous wealth and tribute, spread their culture and religion across Asia, fostered diplomatic relations with other kingdoms, and stimulated trade and commerce Assess the importance of the Cholas in the history of South India. [1996, 60m]
Importance/ Achievements They expanded their domain across most of south India and also parts of Sri Lanka and southeast Asia. They contributed to the spread of Hinduism and Tamil culture in these regions. They created **the largest maritime empire** ever seen in India, which had a lasting impact on trade and diplomacy. They developed a centralized and efficient administration system. Critically evaluate the achievements of the Cholas. [1998, 60m]
Importance/ Achievements The achievements of the Cholas can be evaluated from different perspectives, such as political, military, cultural, religious, economic and social. Here are some points to consider: Politically, the Cholas succeeded in building the greatest thalassocratic empire (a maritime power) in the history of India, thereby leaving a lasting legacy1. They established a centralized form of government and a disciplined bureaucracy1. They also maintained good relations with other kingdoms and regions, such as China, Southeast Asia and the Abbasid Caliphate1. Militarily, the Cholas expanded their domain across most of south India and also parts of Sri Lanka and southeast Asia. They defeated their rivals such as the Pandyas, Pallavas, Cheras, Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas. They also conducted naval expeditions against the Maldive Islands2 and Srivijaya1. However, they also faced some setbacks and challenges from rebellions, invasions and natural disasters1. Culturally, the Cholas contributed to the development of Tamil literature, art and architecture. They patronized poets such as Kamban who wrote Kamba Ramayanam3, a Tamil version of Ramayana. They also supported religious scholars such as Nambi Andar Nambi who compiled Periyapuranam3, a collection of stories about Shaiva saints. They created exquisite bronze sculptures of Hindu deities such as Shiva Nataraja3, using a unique technique of lost-wax casting4. They built magnificent stone temples such as Brihadeshwara Temple in Thanjavur3, Gangaikondacholapuram Temple in Gangaikonda Cholapuram3 and Airavatesvara Temple in Kumbakonam3, which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Religiously, the Cholas were mainly devoted to Shaivism (a sect of Hinduism that worships Shiva), but they also respected other faiths such as Vaishnavism (a sect that worships Vishnu), Buddhism and Jainism. They donated generously to temples and monasteries. They also spread Hinduism and Tamil culture in Sri Lanka and southeast Asia through trade and conquests. Economically, the Cholas were prosperous due to their extensive trade network with other regions. They exported commodities such as spices, textiles, pearls and gems. They imported goods such as horses, elephants, metals and ceramics. They also developed agriculture by building irrigation systems such as tanks and canals. They collected taxes efficiently through their administration system. Socially, the Cholas maintained a hierarchical society based on caste system (a system that divides people into groups based on birth). The Brahmins (priests) were at the top followed by Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaishyas (merchants) and Shudras (servants). The untouchables or outcastes were at the bottom. The Cholas did not do much to improve the status or rights of women or lower castes. Limitations and drawbacks. - Politically, they faced some internal conflicts and rebellions from their feudatories and vassals, such as the Vengi Chalukyas and the Kadava Pallavas. They also had to deal with external threats from other powers, such as the Pandyas, Hoysalas, Kakatiyas and Delhi Sultanate. - Militarily, they suffered some losses and defeats in some of their campaigns, such as against Srivijaya in 1025 CE, against Sinhala king Vijayabahu I in 1070 CE and against Kalinga king Anantavarman Chodaganga in 1118 CE. They also faced natural disasters such as floods and famines that affected their resources and morale. - Culturally, they did not produce much original or innovative works of literature or art. Most of their works were based on existing sources or traditions. For example, Kamba Ramayanam was a translation of Valmiki’s Ramayana, and most of their temples were built in Dravidian style that was already developed by earlier dynasties such as Pallavas and Rashtrakutas. - Religiously, they were intolerant towards some sects or faiths that opposed their views or interests. For example, they persecuted Jains in Tamil Nadu for allegedly supporting their enemies such as Pandyas and Rashtrakutas. They also destroyed Buddhist monasteries in Sri Lanka for resisting their rule. - Economically, they depended heavily on trade for their income and wealth. This made them vulnerable to fluctuations in demand and supply of goods. It also exposed them to competition and conflicts with other traders or pirates. For example, they had to fight with Arab traders for control over Indian Ocean trade routes. - Socially, they maintained a rigid caste system that discriminated against lower castes and women. They did not allow them to participate in education, administration or religious activities. They also imposed harsh punishments for violating caste rules or norms. For example, they cut off the noses of people who crossed caste boundaries in marriage. Were the Chola village assemblies democratic in nature? Give reasons for your answer. [2000, 60m]
Polity : Mention Uttiramerur inscription The Chola village assemblies were democratic in nature to some extent, as they involved the participation of the local people in various aspects of administration, such as taxation, irrigation, justice, education and temple management123. There were three types of village assemblies in the Chola scheme of administration - the ur, the sabha and the nagaram14. The ur was a general assembly of all tax-paying residents of a village, while the sabha was an exclusive assembly of brahmins who owned land in a village. The nagaram was an assembly of merchants and traders who lived in towns14. These assemblies had their own committees (variyaṃs) that were elected by lot or rotation for a fixed term25. They also had their own written constitutions (ur-olugu) that laid down the rules and regulations for their functioning5. However, these assemblies were not completely autonomous or egalitarian, as they were subject to the supervision and control of the central government and its officials. They also excluded certain sections of society, such as women, untouchables and landless labourers from their membership The Cholas are said to have established a strong and well organized administration with an element of self-government at the local level. Do you agree? Give reasons. [2004, 60m]
Administrative Structures/ Chola Local Self Govt
Local Government - ! Mention democratic nature of adm. Show that the administrative system in India reached a very high level during the Chola period. [2007, 60m]
Administrative Structures/ Chola Local Self Govt The administrative system in India reached a very high level during the Chola period because of their well-organized and efficient structure and policies. They divided their administration into three major divisions: central government, provincial government and local government123. Here are some examples of how they managed each division: Central government: The king was the supreme authority who had executive, legislative and military powers. He was assisted by a council of ministers and other high officials who advised him on various matters4. He also had a secretariat that handled correspondence, records and accounts3. He appointed governors, generals, judges and ambassadors to carry out his orders. He also conducted regular state tours to inspect his domains and expand his territories3. Provincial government: The Chola empire was divided into several provinces called mandalams, which were further subdivided into valanadus or nadus. Each province was governed by a viceroy or governor who was usually a member of the royal family or a loyal noble. He was responsible for maintaining law and order, collecting taxes, supervising local administration and defending the province from external attacks12. Local government: The lowest unit of administration was the village or ur, which was governed by an assembly of villagers called ur sabha or mahasabha. The members of this assembly were elected by the villagers based on their caste, wealth and occupation. They had the power to manage land, water, temples, schools, roads and other public works in their village12. They also had some judicial functions such as settling disputes among villagers or imposing fines for offences1. Some villages formed larger units called nadu sabha or nagaram sabha that dealt with inter-village issues such as trade, irrigation or defence1. How far can the village assemblies or communities under the Cholas be really called democratic? [2009, 30m]
Democratic Nature of their Polity - ! Answered above. Assess the contribution of the Cholas in the expansion of Indian culture outside India. [2011, 30m]
Cultural Analysis
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/culture/the-contribution-of-the-cholas-in-the-expansion-of-indian-culture-outside-india/4043 The contribution of the Cholas in the expansion of Indian culture outside of India was significant and varied. They played an active part in spreading Hinduism, Buddhism, Tamil language, literature, art and architecture to Southeast Asian countries such as Sri Lanka, Maldives, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Cambodia123. Here are some examples of their contribution: Hinduism: The Cholas built many temples and shrines dedicated to various Hindu deities such as Shiva, Vishnu, Ganesha and Murugan in their conquered territories. They also patronized Hindu priests, scholars and missionaries who propagated Hindu doctrines and rituals among the local people. They also influenced the local rulers to adopt Hindu titles, names and customs. For example, Rajendra Chola I established a Shiva temple called Rajarajeshwaram at Polonnaruwa in Sri Lanka2. He also gave his daughter in marriage to a king of Srivijaya who adopted the name Sangrama Vijayatungavarman2. Buddhism: The Cholas were tolerant towards Buddhism and supported its growth and development in Southeast Asia. They donated land, money and materials for building Buddhist monasteries, stupas and statues. They also encouraged Buddhist monks, nuns and pilgrims to travel between India and Southeast Asia for learning and teaching. They also respected the local Buddhist traditions and practices. For example, Rajendra Chola I sent a mission to China with gifts for the emperor that included a golden statue of Buddha2. He also restored some Buddhist monuments that were damaged by his predecessors2. Tamil language: The Cholas promoted Tamil as a language of administration, trade and culture in their overseas domains. They issued inscriptions, coins and documents in Tamil script. They also encouraged Tamil merchants, traders and settlers to establish colonies or settlements in Southeast Asia. They also fostered Tamil literature by patronizing poets, writers and scholars who composed works on various themes such as religion, history, ethics and romance. For example, Kamban wrote Kamba Ramayanam which is a Tamil version of Valmiki’s Ramayana during the reign of Kulottunga Chola I1. He also wrote Ettuthokai which is a collection of eight anthologies of Tamil poetry1. Art and architecture: The Cholas excelled in art and architecture that reflected their imperial glory and religious devotion. They built magnificent temples that were adorned with sculptures, paintings, carvings and inscriptions. They also developed bronze casting technique that produced realistic statues of gods and goddesses. They also influenced the local art styles by introducing Dravidian elements such as gopurams (towering gateways), vimanas (pyramidal roofs) and mandapas (pillared halls). For example, Rajaraja Chola I built Brihadeeswarar Temple at Thanjavur which is one of the largest temples in India and a UNESCO World Heritage Site1. He also commissioned many bronze statues such as Nataraja (dancing Shiva) that are considered masterpieces of Indian art Evaluate the role of Nadu and Nagaram in the growth of urbanisation under the Cholas. [2012, 30m]
Urban Economy in South India The role of Nadu and Nagaram in the growth of urbanisation under the Cholas was important and significant. Here are some points to explain their role: Nadu: It was a group of villages or clan settlements that had evolved spontaneously in the rich alluvial river valleys, with no artificial boundaries. It was based on kinship ties, kin labour and communal control over land. It became a potential unit of local administration, revenue collection and self-governance under the Cholas. It had its own assembly called nadu sabha that consisted of influential landowners, village elders and representatives of various castes and occupations. The nadu sabha had powers to manage local affairs such as irrigation, taxation, justice, charity, education and temple maintenance1. Nagaram: It was a commercial town that emerged as a centre of trade, commerce and industry under the Cholas. It was under the administration of a council called nagarattar that consisted of wealthy merchants, bankers and traders. The nagarattar had powers to regulate trade activities, fix prices, collect taxes, issue coins, maintain law and order and support public works23. The nagaram also attracted artisans, craftsmen and professionals who produced various goods and services for the urban market. The nagaram also developed cultural activities such as literature, art and religion that reflected its cosmopolitan character Evaluating various theories regarding the Chola State, throw light on its village assemblies. [2014, 15m]
Nature of South Indian States : The debate regarding Chola state is a scholarly discussion about the nature, structure and functioning of the Chola polity that ruled over South India and parts of Southeast Asia from 9th to 13th centuries CE. The debate’s major issues include1: The degree of control (central authority versus local autonomy) and the various roles of religious institutions in the polity. The revenue system and the surplus extraction under the Cholas and their impact on economy and society. The periodisation of Chola rule and the changes that took place during its four centuries of existence. Some of the prominent scholars who have contributed to this debate are K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, Burton Stein, Noboru Karashima, Y. Subbarayalu, R. Champakalakshmi, Hermann Kulke and Kesavan Veluthat234. They have used different sources such as inscriptions, coins, literature, art and archaeology to analyse various aspects of Chola state. They have also proposed different models such as segmentary state, integrative state, feudal state and network state to explain the dynamics of Chola polity. The four models of segmentary state, integrative state, feudal state and network state have their own advantages and disadvantages in explaining the early medieval Indian polity. Here are some points to compare them: Segmentary state: This model, proposed by Burton Stein, suggests that the Chola state was a loose confederation of local units that had a high degree of autonomy and self-governance. The state was based on a brahmana-peasant alliance that integrated the agrarian order and provided legitimacy to the king. The advantage of this model is that it accounts for the diversity and flexibility of the Chola polity and its ability to adapt to changing circumstances. The disadvantage is that it underestimates the role and power of the central authority and its administrative machinery12. Integrative state: This model, proposed by Noboru Karashima, suggests that the Chola state was a strong and centralized state that exercised control over its territory through a complex bureaucracy and revenue system. The state was based on a balance between royal power and local assemblies that represented various social groups and interests. The advantage of this model is that it accounts for the continuity and stability of the Chola polity and its achievements in economy, culture and diplomacy. The disadvantage is that it overestimates the degree of uniformity and integration of the Chola polity and its resistance to change12. Feudal state: This model, proposed by R.S. Sharma, suggests that the Chola state was a weak and decentralized state that suffered from political fragmentation and economic decline. The state was based on a system of land grants to various intermediaries who exploited the peasants and usurped royal authority. The advantage of this model is that it accounts for the conflicts and contradictions within the Chola polity and its impact on society and religion. The disadvantage is that it ignores the variations and innovations of the Chola polity and its contributions to civilization32. Network state: This model, proposed by Hermann Kulke, suggests that the Chola state was a dynamic and expansive state that participated in trans-regional networks of trade, commerce, and culture. The state was based on a combination of royal charisma, military prowess, and religious patronage that enhanced its prestige and influence. The advantage of this model is that it accounts for the diversity and complexity of the Chola polity and its interactions with other regions and countries. The disadvantage is that it neglects the internal structure and functioning of the Chola polity and its relations with local communities The model of Chola state as proposed by K.A. Nilakanta Sastri is known as the Imperial State model. This model suggests that the Chola state was a powerful and centralized state that extended its authority over a vast territory and maintained a well-organized administration and army. The Chola state was also a cultural and religious force that patronized art, literature, architecture, education and temples. The Chola state was based on a hierarchical and hereditary system of kingship, nobility, officials and subjects Analyze the significance of the Uttaramerur incriptions of the Chola King Parantaka I. [2016, 10 marks]
[Uttiramerur Inscription and its significance](onenote: Chola §ion-id={762B0AE5-2A23-4D1F-9D30-89664CBE1143}&page-id={E59A8A8E-8D03-4C94-819A-9C95950BEE1D}&object-id={C37D2F1B-2F05-49D9-B447-339A682E32F6}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Regional%20States%20during%20Gupta%20Era.one ) The significance of the Uttaramerur inscriptions of the Chola King Parantaka I is that they reveal the existence of a sophisticated and democratic system of local governance and administration in a village in South India around 920 CE. The inscriptions describe the rules and procedures for electing various committees called variyams that were responsible for different functions such as irrigation, temple management, justice, education and defence. The inscriptions also prescribe the qualifications and disqualifications for candidates and voters, as well as the methods of voting by secret ballot and drawing lots. The inscriptions show that the villagers had a high degree of autonomy and participation in their own affairs, as well as accountability and transparency in their administration They reflect the degree of decentralization and devolution of power that the Chola state allowed to its local units, as well as the respect and recognition that it gave to their autonomy and self-governance12. They reflect the social and economic conditions of the village society, such as the role of caste, occupation, land ownership, taxation, education, religion and culture in determining the eligibility and participation of various groups and individuals in the local administration34. They influence the development and continuity of democratic traditions and institutions in South India, as well as other parts of India, by providing a model and a precedent for local self-government that was based on elections, representation, accountability and transparency. How could the local self-government under the Cholas adjust with their centralized administration structure? [2015, 10 m]
[Nature of South Indian States :](onenote: Chola §ion-id={762 B 0 AE 5-2 A 23-4 D 1 F-9 D 30-89664 CBE 1143}&page-id={E 59 A 8 A 8 E-8 D 03-4 C 94-819 A-9 C 95950 BEE 1 D}&object-id={349 A 3 A 4 B-EBA 7-4 A 14-B 1 BC-BEA 362919 BC 7}&6 D&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Regional%20States%20during%20Gupta%20Era.one )
[Local Government](onenote: Local %20 Government§ion-id={762 B 0 AE 5-2 A 23-4 D 1 F-9 D 30-89664 CBE 1143}&page-id={AFCDF 67 F-FC 1 A-4448-B 9 C 7-1 AE 033 BBADA 3}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Regional%20States%20during%20Gupta%20Era.one ) The local self-government under the Cholas could adjust with their centralized administration structure in several ways. Some possible ways are: The Chola state delegated some of its powers and functions to the local units, such as collecting taxes, maintaining law and order, managing irrigation and temple affairs, and providing education and welfare123. This reduced the burden and interference of the central government in the local matters, and allowed the villagers to have more autonomy and participation in their own administration. The Chola state also supervised and regulated some aspects of the local units, such as appointing governors or mandalas for each province, auditing accounts and records, resolving disputes and grievances, enforcing royal orders and decrees, and intervening in times of crisis or emergency245. This ensured that the local units were accountable and loyal to the central government, and maintained a uniformity and stability in the overall administration. The Chola state also encouraged and supported some forms of cooperation and coordination among the local units, such as forming federations or confederations of villages or nadus for common interests or purposes, sharing resources or information among different assemblies or variyams, participating in regional or national festivals or ceremonies, and contributing to military campaigns or diplomatic missions123. This fostered a sense of unity and solidarity among the local units, as well as a sense of belonging to a larger polity. "Doubtless it was not a free state; it was any rate a state" (K A N Sastri). Reflect upon the nature of local self-government institutions in the Chola country. [2018, 15 Marks]
[Nature of South Indian States :](onenote: Chola §ion-id={762 B 0 AE 5-2 A 23-4 D 1 F-9 D 30-89664 CBE 1143}&page-id={E 59 A 8 A 8 E-8 D 03-4 C 94-819 A-9 C 95950 BEE 1 D}&object-id={349 A 3 A 4 B-EBA 7-4 A 14-B 1 BC-BEA 362919 BC 7}&6 D&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Regional%20States%20during%20Gupta%20Era.one )
[Local Government](onenote: Local %20 Government§ion-id={762 B 0 AE 5-2 A 23-4 D 1 F-9 D 30-89664 CBE 1143}&page-id={AFCDF 67 F-FC 1 A-4448-B 9 C 7-1 AE 033 BBADA 3}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Regional%20States%20during%20Gupta%20Era.one ) This quote by K A N Sastri is from his book A History of South India, where he discusses the nature of local self-government institutions in the Chola country. He argues that the Chola state was not a free state, meaning that it was not a democracy or a republic, but rather a monarchy with a strong central authority and a hierarchical administration. However, he also acknowledges that it was a state, meaning that it had some features of a political organization and a civil society, such as laws, institutions, culture and identity12. One of the main features of the Chola state that Sastri highlights is the system of local self-government, which he considers as an example of “the genius of Indian civilization”. He describes how the Cholas delegated some powers and functions to the local units, such as villages or towns, which had their own assemblies or councils with elected members and various committees for specific purposes. These local bodies were responsible for managing their own affairs, such as land, water, taxes, justice, education, religion and culture. They also maintained records and accounts of their transactions and activities12. Sastri also notes how the local self-government institutions were regulated by certain rules and procedures, such as qualifications and disqualifications for candidates and voters, methods of nomination and election, terms of office and rotation of members, duties and powers of officials and committees etc. He also mentions how these institutions were connected with the central government and other local units through various channels and mechanisms, such as governors or mandalas for each province, federations or confederations of villages or nadus for common interests or purposes etc. Thus, Sastri reflects upon the nature of local self-government institutions in the Chola country as an important aspect of their state formation and administration. The nature of local self-government institutions in the Chola country as per KAN Sastri can be summarized as follows: The local self-government institutions were based on the principle of village autonomy, which meant that the villagers had the right and responsibility to manage their own affairs, such as land, water, taxes, justice, education, religion and culture12. The local self-government institutions were organized into different types of assemblies or councils, such as sabhas (for brahmin villages), urs (for non-brahmin villages) and nagarams (for towns or trade centres), which had elected members and various committees or variyams for specific functions13. The local self-government institutions were regulated by certain rules and procedures, such as qualifications and disqualifications for candidates and voters, methods of nomination and election, terms of office and rotation of members, duties and powers of officials and committees, records and accounts of transactions etc. The local self-government institutions were also connected with the central government and other local units through various channels and mechanisms, such as governors or mandalas for each province, federations or confederations of villages or nadus for common interests or purposes, royal orders or decrees for important matters or issues etc ]]>08.1-ancient-history/11.-regional-states-during-gupta-era/11.16-chola.html08.1 Ancient-History/11. Regional-States-during-Gupta-Era/11.16 Chola.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#todo Rueld b/w 10th and 15th century from initially Belur then Halebidu. Some early inscriptions claim that they were descendents of Halumatha clan but no evidence of that have been found out. Certain Historians have traced they to be based out of Malenadu near Western Ghats. They began as suboridinates of Western Chalukya Empire. Vishnuvardhana was the first great king of the dynasty who wrested Chola territories. He also moved the capital from Belur to Halebidu. Veera Ballala II created the independent Hoysala kingdom. 2020-04-27 12:14:52 Born in Sriperumbudur, lived in Kanchipuram. initial guru Yadava Prakasa, scholar of Advaita Vendanta % R - Yadava Prakasha split due to disagreement on interpretation of Upanishads Proponent of Vishishtadvaita/ qualified non-dualism philosophy and the Sri Vaishnavism tradition of Hinduism. ! Wrote commentaries on texts like Brahma Sutra and Bhagavata Gita in Sanskrit and Sri Bhasya. intro importance of Bhakti, personal devotion to god in his philosophical theory $ Vishista Advaita : distinction between Atman (soul) and Brahman (ultimate reality, has qualities or is saguna ) but there is unity between all souls; individual can achieve the ultimate reality. Ishvara can be invoked through Bhakti. Brahman cannot exist without the atman like a red rose cannot live without redness Accepted reliability of the Vedas as a source of knowledge Criticised the Advaita philosophy to selectively interpret Upanishadic passages that support monistic interpretation and ignore those that support pluralism Vishnu is the alone independent god and other gods are dependent on him preached from the Ranganathswamy temple, took nation wide tours. Organised network of temples based on Vishnu Laxmi worship 12th century Kannada poet philosopher under King Bijjala I of Kalachuri dynasty. was against discrimination, superstition and stood for socio economic upliftment and reform. Followed Shaivism and presided **Sharana movement, ! introduced Anubhava Mandapa (hall of spiritual experience) Poetry called Vachana. 2020-04-27 12:15:11 ! book called Bharatatatparyanirnaya based on Puranas and epics ! Madhava wrote commentaries on Brahmasutra and Upanishads, Rejected the idea God was the cause for creation of world God completely different from individual soul and world Individual soul has many defects, can be removed by worshipping God God-Soul is a link b/w master and servant
Near Mysore from 1050-1300 AD in areas of Belur, Halebid and Sringeri Multiple shrines built around a central pillared hall shrines led out in the shape of an intricately designed star aka Stellate plan Soft soap stone (Chorite schist) was the main building material. Massive emphasis on decoration of temple through sculptures Shikharas interconnected by arrangement of horizontal lines and mouldings Temples built on upraised platform known as Jagati walls and stairs followed a zig zag pattern Noted for fine, delicate, detailed carvings executed on smooth chlorite schist on walls and ceilings Hoysaleshvara temple : cruciform plan, cruciform shape, two separate shrines, Keshava temple : at Belur has multiple shrines, finesse in sculptures Keshava temple : at Somnathpur has complex plan, Shikhara of moderate height, richly carved, has erotic themes

Royal patronage of Kannada increased and a Champu style of literature flourished during this time. Poetic devices shuch as Sangatya metre, Shatpadi, tripadi, etc metres were used to write poems. Scholars such as Janna, Rudrabhatta, Harihara etc lived during Hoysala rule. Janna wrote Yadshodharacharita he was given the title of Kavichakravartin for this. Rudrabhatta was patronised by Chandramouli minister of Veera Ballala II he wrote Jagannatha Vijaya in Champy style Harihara wrote Girijakalyana. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/11.-regional-states-during-gupta-era/11.17-hoyasalas.html08.1 Ancient-History/11. Regional-States-during-Gupta-Era/11.17 Hoyasalas.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#todo Kadungon and his son Maravarman Avanishulamani were 1st 2 early medieval rulers who ended Kalabhra rule. Involved with feud with Pallavas King Rajasimha I assumed the title Pallava Bhanjana (Pallava Breaker) Other Rulers were Jatial Parantaka and Shrimara Shrivallabha Defeated by Cholas in 10th century ]]>08.1-ancient-history/11.-regional-states-during-gupta-era/11.18-pandyas.html08.1 Ancient-History/11. Regional-States-during-Gupta-Era/11.18 Pandyas.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT upper right hand has damru signifies sound of creation. upper left hand has eternal fire signifies destruction lower left points towards the left foot signies path of slavation lower right hand is in abhaya mudra showing devotees not to be afraid. He is dancing on a dwarf which symbolises ingnorance or ego of an individual. Flowing locks of hairs represent ganga. the figure is identified as ardhanarishwara form of shiva. The snake around neck symbolises Kundalini power which arouses conciousness. The halo or nimbus around shiva symbolises unending cycles of times. These types of Shikharas were square at the base and the wall curve inward to a point on the top. They were called? Latina or Rekha-Prasada
These Shikharas had a broader base and were shorter in height than the Latina ones. They slope upwards on a straight line. They were called? Phamasana
These shikharas had a rectangular base with the roof rising into vaulted chambers. They were also called wagon-vaulted roofs. They were called? Valabhi
Dravidian temples were surrounded by high boundary walls front wall had a high entrance gateway known as the gopuram premise was laid out in the panchayatan style Spire/shikhara is in the form of a stepped pyramid that progressively becomes smaller and smaller, surmounted by a small dome called Stupika crowning element is shaped as an octagon. It is similar to kalash but not spherical. subsidiary shrines do not have vimana assembly hall was connected with the garbhagriha by a vestibular tunnel known as antarala entrance of the garbhagriha had sculptures of Dwaarpal, mithun and yakshas presence of a water tank inside the temple enclosure can be observed
combined features of both Nagara school and Dravidian school. Patronised under the Chalukya rulers. Emphasis on vimana and mandapa Open ambulatory passageway Pillars, doorways and ceilings - intricately carved Other dynasties who followed this were Rashtrakutas → Kailasa at Ellora; Hoysalas → Halebidu, Belur Curvilinear Shikhara and square base was adopted from Nagara style Intricate carvings, design of Vimana and step or terraced Shikhara were adopted from Dravida style Shilpashastras were written during this time which mentions the 3 types of temples (Nagara b/w Himalayas and Vindhyas), Dravida (b/w Krishna and Kaveri) and Vesara (Vindhya and Krishna) Have signatures of architects ex in Pattadakkala temple mentioning Gunda as the sutradhari. Papanatha temple has details of architect Revadi Ovajja belonging to guild of Sarvasiddhi acharyas same as Pattadakal temple. Sculptors Baladeva and Devarya have also been mentioned. Hardy : Nagar and Dravida should be understood as architectural languages. KarnatakaDravida term is better than Vesara
Temple architecture in South India began under the Pallava ruler Mahendravarman.It can be classfied into 4 stages : built under Mahendravarman were basically rock-cut temples. Whole temple was known as mandapas. were rock cut and intricately carved Mandapas were divided into separate rathas biggest one was called the Dharmaraja ratha while the smallest one was called the Draupadi ratha. Dravidian style is the successor of Dharamraj ratha. Columns in these cave are comparatively slender, shaft is multifaceted, fluted or round, cushion shaped capitals and seated lion at base Adi Varaha cave are preceded by tank Mythological scene crafted are Vishnu rescuing earth Vishnu taking strides Gaja Lakshmi and Durga Mahishasurmardani in Durga cave Krishna lifting Govardhana mountain Main figures are slender, delicate and elegant, wear little or no jewellery Gigantic Open air relief profuse with images, water flowed from cistern carved with Naga and Nagini figure interpreted as Descent of Ganga or Arjuna's penance 9 rock cut temples - 5 are clustered together known as Rathas associated with 5 Pandavas and Draupadi Rajsimhavarman patronised these development of real structural temples was started in the place of rock-cut. Viz Mahabalipuram Shore temple, Kailashnath at Kanchipuram Features were similar to Dravidian style After this the Dravidian style started under the patronage of Chola rulers. Mostly found in Mamallapuram and Kanchipuram Mostly cave, monolithic and structural temples Distinctive style - human figures are oval with high cheekbones, bodies slender with tapering limbs Smaller and less complex than Ajanta or Ellora Pillars are octagonal in middle and square at bottom and top Cave façade is marked by dvarpalace, sanctum has images of Shiva, Vishnu and Brahma An example of the Chaurapanchasika miniature shows Champavati standing near a lotus pond. This miniature belongs to the N.C. Mehta collection, Bombay. It was executed in the first quarter of the 6th century, probably in Mewar. The style of the painting is purely indigenous derived from the earlier tradition of the Western Indian art and does not show any influence of either the Persian or the Mughal style of painting.
https://www.britannica.com/art/Western-Indian-painting
https://www.indiapicks.com/annapurna/K_Rashtrakuta.htmArt and Architecture: Temple architecture, sculpture, painting Discuss the role of the Rashtrakutas for the mastery of Kannauj and assess their contribution to art and culture. [1992, 60m]
Struggle for power b/w Rashtrakuts, Gurjara Pratihar, Palas The role of the Rashtrakutas for the mastery of Kannauj can be understood in the context of the tripartite struggle between them, the Palas and the Pratiharas, which lasted for about 150 years from the 8th to the 10th century CE. Kannauj was a strategic and prestigious city in northern India, which was coveted by these three dynasties as a symbol of their imperial power and prestige12. The Rashtrakutas were originally feudatories of the Chalukyas of Vatapi, but they rose to prominence under Dhruva Dharavarsha, who defeated his Chalukya overlord and expanded his domain in the Deccan region. He also invaded northern India and defeated both Vatsaraja of Pratihara and Dharmapala of Pala, thus becoming the first Deccan king to control Kannauj324. His son Govinda III continued his legacy and waged war against all his rivals in northern India. He also conquered Kannauj and established his supremacy over it. He was succeeded by Amoghavarsha I, who consolidated his empire and patronized literature and art. However, he faced challenges from both Palas and Pratiharas, who tried to regain their lost territories324. The Rashtrakutas continued to assert their claim over Kannauj under Indra III, who defeated Mahipala I of Pala and Mahendrapala I of Pratihara. However, he could not hold on to it for long, as he faced revolts from his feudatories in south India. His successors also faced similar problems and eventually lost their power to their former vassals, such as the Chalukyas of Kalyani324. Thus, the role of the Rashtrakutas for the mastery of Kannauj was significant but short-lived. They challenged both Palas and Pratiharas for supremacy over northern India, but they could not sustain their empire due to internal conflicts and external pressures. The contribution of Rashtrakutas to art and architecture was remarkable and impressive. They built structural temples, cave temples and basadis (Jain shrines) in various styles and designs. They adopted the Pallava (Dravidian) style of architecture, which consisted of features such as pradakshanapatha (circumambulatory path), mukhamantapa (entrance hall), sabhamantapa (assembly hall), antarala (vestibule) and garbhagriha (sanctum sanctorum)12. The most famous examples of their art and architecture are the rock-cut cave temples at Ellora, Ajanta and Elephanta in present-day Maharashtra. These temples reflect their religious tolerance and patronage, as they depict scenes and deities from Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. The Ellora site has 34 caves, out of which 12 are Buddhist, 17 are Hindu and 5 are Jain32. The most magnificent and splendid among them is the Kailasa temple at Ellora, which was built by Krishna I between 756 and 773 CE. It is also known as Cave 16, and it is a masterpiece of Indian art. It is carved out of a single rock, measuring about 200 feet long, 100 feet wide and 90 feet high. It has a pyramidal tower over the garbhagriha, which resembles a Shikhara or a mountain peak. It has elaborate carvings of various gods, goddesses, animals, mythical creatures and scenes from Hindu epics such as Ramayana and Mahabharata324. The Ajanta caves are famous for their exquisite paintings, which depict the life of Buddha and his previous incarnations or Jatakas. They also show various aspects of ancient Indian society, culture, costumes, jewellery etc. The paintings are done with natural colours derived from plants, minerals etc. The Elephanta caves are dedicated to Lord Shiva, who is depicted in various forms such as Nataraja (the cosmic dancer), Ardhanarishvara (the half-male half-female form), Maheshamurti (the three-headed form) etc. The most striking sculpture is the Trimurti or Sadashiva, which shows Shiva’s three aspects: creation, preservation and destruction Do you agree with the view that the form and content of temple architecture in South India between c. A.D. 750 and 1200 were products of a specific economic and political milieu? [1994, 60m]
Art : onwards One view is that the form and content of temple architecture in South India between c. A.D. 750 and 1200 were indeed products of a specific economic and political milieu, which was characterized by the rise and fall of various dynasties such as the Pallavas, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Cholas, Hoysalas etc., who competed for supremacy over the region and patronized different styles and schools of art123. According to this view, temple architecture was not only a religious expression, but also a political statement, a symbol of royal power and prestige, a manifestation of regional identity and culture, and a reflection of social hierarchy and patronage networks124. For example, some scholars have argued that the Chola temples were built to assert their imperial authority over their conquered territories, to display their wealth and resources derived from trade and agriculture, to legitimize their lineage and ideology through inscriptions and iconography, to accommodate their diverse subjects and sects through multiple shrines and festivals, and to reward their loyal vassals and donors through grants of land or privileges14. For the view that temple architecture was a product of economic and political milieu, some of the arguments are: Temple architecture reflects the historical context and circumstances of its patrons and builders, such as their political ambitions, economic resources, ideological agendas, cultural preferences etc. . Temple architecture serves as a source of historical evidence and information, such as inscriptions, sculptures, paintings etc., which reveal various aspects of the society and culture of its time, such as kingship, administration, trade, religion etc. . Temple architecture varies according to the regional or local factors, such as geography, climate, materials etc., which influence its form and style[1[2[4. Against the view that temple architecture was a product of economic and political milieu some of the arguments are: Temple architecture transcends the historical context and circumstances of its patrons and builders as it is based on universal or eternal principles and values such as beauty harmony order etc[1[2[5. Temple architecture serves as a source of spiritual or aesthetic experience and inspiration rather than historical evidence or information as it evokes emotions feelings sensations etc in its viewers or worshippers[1[2[5. Temple architecture does not vary according to regional or local factors but follows certain standard or canonical rules and norms which ensure its consistency and continuity Another view is that the form and content of temple architecture in South India between c. A.D. 750 and 1200 were not merely products of a specific economic and political milieu, but also influenced by other factors such as religious doctrines, artistic traditions, aesthetic principles, technological innovations etc., which transcended temporal or spatial boundaries125. According to this view, temple architecture was not only a political expression but also an artistic expression. It was not only a symbol of royal power but also a symbol of divine power. It was not only a manifestation of regional identity but also a manifestation of universal identity. It was not only a reflection of social hierarchy but also a reflection of cosmic hierarchy12 [5. For example some scholars have argued that the South Indian temples were built according to certain canonical texts or manuals (such as Agamas or Shilpashastras), which prescribed the rules for temple design construction worship etc., based on metaphysical concepts such as Vastu (the science of space) or Mandala (the diagrammatic representation of cosmos). They have also argued that the South Indian temples were influenced by earlier forms or models such as rock-cut caves or wooden structures which had their own artistic merits or challenges - For the view that temple architecture was influenced by other factors some of the arguments are: - Temple architecture reflects the religious doctrines or beliefs of its patrons and builders such as their conception of divinity cosmos salvation etc[1[2[5. - Temple architecture serves as a medium or vehicle for expressing or communicating their artistic vision or creativity through various forms or modes such as sculpture painting music dance etc[1[2[5. - Temple architecture is influenced by earlier forms or models which have their own artistic merits or challenges such as rock-cut caves wooden structures etc[1[2[5. - Against the view that temple architecture was influenced by other factors some of the arguments are: - Temple architecture does not reflect religious doctrines beliefs but rather adapts accommodates different sects cults within same structure complex[1[2[4. - Temple architecture does not serve as medium vehicle for expressing communicating artistic vision creativity but rather conforms imitates existing patterns conventions without much innovation variation[1[2[4. - Temple architecture is not influenced by earlier forms models but rather surpasses improves them in terms scale complexity sophistication Critically evaluate the contribution of Rashtrakutas to art and culture. [1999, 60m] - ! Answered above. Discuss the Caurapancashika and Jain styles of paintings. Can the Caurapancashika style truly be called the precursor of pothi format? [2012, 10m]
Sittanavasal Jaina Caves :
Caurapancasika Style of painting introduced by Bilhana
Jaina Style of painting Caurapancashika and Jain styles of paintings are two different styles of Indian miniature paintings that emerged between c. A.D. 750 and 1200. Caurapancashika style of painting is a secular style that illustrates the Caurapancashika, a poem written by Kashmiri poet Bilhana, which narrates his love affair with a princess12. The paintings are characterized by bright colours, bold lines, expressive faces, erotic scenes and naturalistic backgrounds12. Some scholars have suggested that this style can be called the precursor of pothi format, which is a book form of painting where each folio has a single picture on one side and text on the other1. ![[Pasted image 20230216212913.jpg]] Jain style of painting is a religious style that depicts the Jain scriptures, legends and cosmology31. The paintings are characterized by delicate colours, fine lines, stylized figures, geometric patterns and symbolic motifs3 [2. The paintings are usually found in manuscripts or palm-leaf books called pothis, which are arranged in horizontal rows and bound together by cords. Ex ![[Pasted image 20230216212849.jpg]] Received message. Caurapancashika and Jain styles of paintings are two different styles of Indian miniature paintings that emerged between c. A.D. 750 and 1200. Caurapancashika style of painting is a secular style that illustrates the Caurapancashika, a poem written by Kashmiri poet Bilhana, which narrates his love affair with a princess . The paintings are characterized by bright colours, bold lines, expressive faces, erotic scenes and naturalistic backgrounds . Some scholars have suggested that this style can be called the precursor of pothi format, which is a book form of painting where each folio has a single picture on one side and text on the other. Jain style of painting is a religious style that depicts the Jain scriptures, legends and cosmology . The paintings are characterized by delicate colours, fine lines, stylized figures, geometric patterns and symbolic motifs [^2^. The paintings are usually found in manuscripts or palm-leaf books called pothis, which are arranged in horizontal rows and bound together by cords. Comparison : - Theme: Caurapancashika style is secular and depicts the love story of a poet and a princess, while Jain style is religious and depicts the Jain scriptures, legends and cosmology . - Colour: Caurapancashika style uses bright colours such as red, yellow, green etc., while Jain style uses delicate colours such as white, blue, pink etc . - Line: Caurapancashika style uses bold lines to outline the figures and forms, while Jain style uses fine lines to create intricate details and patterns[1[2[3. - Figure: Caurapancashika style shows expressive faces and erotic scenes of the lovers, while Jain style shows stylized figures and symbolic motifs of the Jinas (enlightened beings) and other deities[1[2[3. - Background: Caurapancashika style shows naturalistic backgrounds such as trees, flowers, animals etc., while Jain style shows geometric backgrounds such as circles squares triangles etc Caurapanchasika : - The Caurapancashika style of painting is also known as the Late Pala style, as it developed under the patronage of the Pala dynasty in eastern India, especially in Bihar and Bengal . - The Caurapancashika style of painting is one of the earliest examples of secular painting in India, as it illustrates a poem that is not based on any religious or mythological theme, but on the personal experience and emotion of the poet . - The Caurapancashika style of painting is influenced by both Indian and foreign elements, such as the Gupta and post-Gupta art traditions, the Buddhist and Hindu iconography, and the Persian and Central Asian motifs . - The Caurapancashika style of painting is remarkable for its realism and naturalism, as it shows a keen observation and depiction of nature, human anatomy, facial expressions etc. It also shows a sense of perspective and depth in its composition. - The Caurapancashika style of painting is considered to be a precursor of pothi format by some scholars because it uses a similar technique of dividing each folio into two parts: one with a picture and one with text. However, unlike pothi format where each picture corresponds to a single verse or episode, in Caurapancashika style each picture corresponds to several verses or episodes Give a brief account of the early medieval temple architecture of Kashmir. [2015, 10m]
Architecture in Kashmir - The early medieval temple architecture of Kashmir can be traced from the 7th to the 14th century A.D., when Kashmir was ruled by Hindu kings such as Lalitaditya, Avantivarman, Partha and others1. The Kashmiri temples are characterized by their distinctive pyramidal roofs, arches surmounted by pointed gables, columns of Hellenic type and stone carvings21. They show a blend of Indian and foreign influences, such as Gupta, Gandhara, Persian and Central Asian styles23. Some of the famous examples of Kashmiri temples are: Martand Sun Temple: Built by Lalitaditya in the 8th century A.D., this temple is dedicated to Surya (the Sun god) and is located on a plateau overlooking the valley. It has a rectangular courtyard surrounded by 84 columns and a central shrine with a pyramidal roof4. Pandrethan Temple: Built by Meru Vardhana in the 10th century A.D., this temple is dedicated to Vishnu and is located near Srinagar. It has a square plan with four porches and a circular sanctum with a conical roof4. Krimchi Temple: Built by unknown rulers in the 11th or 12th century A.D., this temple complex consists of four temples dedicated to Shiva, Vishnu, Ganesha and Parvati. It has features such as fluted pillars, trefoil arches and floral motifs Why is Mamallapuram famous? [2015, 10m]
Narasimhavarman group at Mamallapuram/ Mahabalipuram : Mamallapuram, also known as Mahabalipuram, is a historic town in Tamil Nadu, India, that is famous for its UNESCO World Heritage Site of 7thand 8th-century Hindu Group of Monuments1. These monuments include rock-cut caves, temples, sculptures and rathas (chariots) that showcase the artistic and architectural excellence of the Pallava dynasty12. Mamallapuram was also a major port city and a centre of trade and culture in ancient times12. Some of the most notable monuments in Mamallapuram are: Shore Temple: A granite temple complex built by Pallava king Narasimhavarman II (also known as Rajasimha) in the 8th century A.D., dedicated to Shiva and Vishnu. It is one of the oldest structural temples in South India and has a unique pyramidal shape with intricate carvings3. Pancha Rathas: Five monolithic rathas carved out of single rocks, each representing a different style of temple architecture. They are named after the Pandavas (the five brothers) and their wife Draupadi from the Mahabharata epic2. Arjuna’s Penance: A massive bas-relief sculpture depicting a scene from the Mahabharata, where Arjuna performs penance to obtain a divine weapon from Shiva. It is also known as Descent of the Ganges, as it shows the mythical story of how the river Ganges descended from heaven to earth. As per one view, it shows Arjuna, one of the heroes of the Mahabharata epic, performing penance to obtain a divine weapon from Shiva. As per another view, it shows Bhagiratha, an ancient king, performing penance to bring down the river Ganges from heaven to earth31. The sculpture is carved with intricate details and depicts various scenes and characters from Hindu mythology and everyday life. It shows animals, gods, sages, ascetics, hunters, fishermen, dancers and musicians. The most prominent feature is a huge cleft in the rock that represents either Shiva’s trident or the flow of Ganges. The cleft is filled with carved snakes that symbolize water The 11th-12th centuries C.E. saw eventful progression in the cultural history of India. Discuss. [2017, 10 Marks]
Cultural Aspects Art and architecture Discuss the contribution of the Pallavas to South Indian art. Was this art wholly indigenous? [1979, 60m]
Pallava Art and Architecture Trace the origin and development of the political authority of the Chalukyas of Badami and discuss their contribution to religion and architecture. [1982, 60m]
Polity from here Polity and Administration
Religion from https://www.historytuitions.com/regional-states-of-india/chalukyas-of-badami/religion-of-chalukyas.html
Arch from Vesara School aka known as Karnataka School Art of Chalukyas Who were the Pallavas? Review briefly their contribution to art and administration [1983, 60m]
Art from here Pallava Art and Architecture
Administration from here Polity and Adminsitration Pallava Sculpture : Pallava sculpture owed more to the Buddhist tradition. On the whole it is more monumental and linear in form, thus avoiding the typical ornamentation of the Deccan sculpture. The free standing temples at Aihole and Badami in the Deccan and the Kanchipuram and Mahabalipuram in the Tamil country, provided a better background for sculpture than the rock-cut temples. And the Pallava sculpture was monumental and linear in form resembling the Gupta sculpture. Although the basic form was derived from the older tradition, the end result clearly reflected its local genius. What was the contribution of the Chalukyas of Badami to Indian architecture? [1984, 20m]
Vesara School aka known as Karnataka School Art of Chalukyas Write a short essay on: "The contributions of the Pallavas to Indian architecture." [1986, 20m]
Pallava Art and Architecture Evaluate the importance of the contributions of the Pallavas in the history of the development of art and administration in South India. [1988, 60m]
3. Who were the Pallavas? Review briefly their contribution to Make a comparative study of the administrative system and development of art under the Pallavas of Kanchi and the Chalukyas of Vatapi. [1990, 60m]
3. Who were the Pallavas? Review briefly their contribution to
2. Trace the origin and development of the political authority In what ways would the period of the Pallavas of the Kanchi and that of the Chalukyas of Badami mark the beginning of a new historical phase in peninsular India? [1991, 60m] Mention about their special features in terms of Economy, Polity and Administration, Art and Architecture, Religion. Assess the achievements of the Pallavas in administration and art. [1997, 60m]
3. Who were the Pallavas? Review briefly their contribution to Bring out the regional variations in the early South Indian Temple's architectural styles. [2009, 60m]
Sittanavasal Jaina Caves : onwards Assess Ellora as a unique art centre of the different cultural streams. [2011, 20m]
Murals of Ellora : onwards Analyse the vibrant cultural activities in peninsular India during 550-750 CE. Compare and contrast it with the situation in contemporary North India. [2012, 30m] Kailasa Temple built at Ellora marks the culmination of rock-cut architecture in India. Elucidate. [2015, 15m]
Kailashanatha temple - 8th century patronage of the Rashtrakutas More info required How did the temples of South India, as financial institutions, have deep impact on the social institutions of early medieval period? Critically examine. [2016, 15 Marks]
Institution of Temple and Mathas Trace the origin and development of temple architecture in India with reference to regional styles and variations. [2017, 20 Marks]
[Growth of Art and Architecture](onenote: Growth %20of%20Art%20and%20Architecture§ion-id={762B0AE5-2A23-4D1F-9D30-89664CBE1143}&page-id={59379BDD-BA65-467A-BD24-93DDC65F29D3}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Regional%20States%20during%20Gupta%20Era.one ) including North IN regional styles How far is it true to say that the strength and vigour of Indian history during c. A.D. 500-750 lay in the south of the Vindhyas? [1995, 60 m] Bring out [special features] from below materials Talk about Art and Architecture from
[Important feature of the Chola Sculpture:](onenote: Growth %20 of%20 Art%20 and%20 Architecture§ion-id={762 B 0 AE 5-2 A 23-4 D 1 F-9 D 30-89664 CBE 1143}&page-id={59379 BDD-BA 65-467 A-BD 24-93 DDC 65 F 29 D 3}&object-id={D 22 AC 398-499 E-427 C-BC 61-3 F 76937796 A 8}&1 A&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Regional%20States%20during%20Gupta%20Era.one )
Further from here [Dravidian Style of Temple Architecture under Chola rulers :](onenote: Growth %20 of%20 Art%20 and%20 Architecture§ion-id={762 B 0 AE 5-2 A 23-4 D 1 F-9 D 30-89664 CBE 1143}&page-id={59379 BDD-BA 65-467 A-BD 24-93 DDC 65 F 29 D 3}&object-id={D 22 AC 398-499 E-427 C-BC 61-3 F 76937796 A 8}&4 E&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Regional%20States%20during%20Gupta%20Era.one )
Economy and Society - [Economy and Society](onenote: Economy %20 and%20 Society§ion-id={762 B 0 AE 5-2 A 23-4 D 1 F-9 D 30-89664 CBE 1143}&page-id={326 D 2149-87 B 5-4 A 27-9 A 78-18 CD 1483 D 1 C 8}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Regional%20States%20during%20Gupta%20Era.one )
Polity and Local governance from [Polity and Adminsitration](onenote: Polity %20 and%20 Adminsitration§ion-id={762 B 0 AE 5-2 A 23-4 D 1 F-9 D 30-89664 CBE 1143}&page-id={66 EF 1364-C 37 E-4581-AF 15-717 AC 12 DC 133}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Regional%20States%20during%20Gupta%20Era.one ) and [Local Government](onenote: Local %20 Government§ion-id={762 B 0 AE 5-2 A 23-4 D 1 F-9 D 30-89664 CBE 1143}&page-id={AFCDF 67 F-FC 1 A-4448-B 9 C 7-1 AE 033 BBADA 3}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Regional%20States%20during%20Gupta%20Era.one ) ]]>08.1-ancient-history/11.-regional-states-during-gupta-era/11.19-growth-of-art-and-architecture.html08.1 Ancient-History/11. Regional-States-during-Gupta-Era/11.19 Growth of Art and Architecture.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>08.1-ancient-history/11.-regional-states-during-gupta-era/11.20-religious-sects.html08.1 Ancient-History/11. Regional-States-during-Gupta-Era/11.20 Religious-Sects.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo KAN Sastri : Temple and matha were most notable recipients of gifts in land and cash and these played imp role in shaping economic and social life of the neighborhood. As the size of the temples grew the number of people employed for its construction and maintenance also increased. Craftsmen, architects etc. Daily routine of temples provided employment to a number of priests, choristers, musicians, dancing girls, florists, cooks and other classed of servants. Sthanattar administered temple properties, controlled temple servants and guarded the interest of temples. Sivacharya or Bhattas were priests, Tavasigal wree assistant to priests. Tanjore inscriptions of Rajaraja I provides information about the number of such employees who were appointed at the temple. Gifts were made by Royals to such servants. Servants were appointed by the Cholas, Pandyas and Vijayanagra to do various services at the temple. Many devadana villages granted to temples did not have irrigational facility. They often encourage individual to take part in towards irrigation and reclatmation of of fallow land who were often given tax free lands for the maintenance of these. Tiruvannamalai inscriptions mention these. Lands were favorably leased to reclaim for cultivation, miscellaneous privileges connected with temples were given. Srirangam temple of Trichinopoly took such activities during the reign of Kulotonga Chola. Pudukkottai inscription of Maravarma tells about reduction of taxes on temple land for reclamation purpose. Concessional renting of such lands were also done. Due to donations from Rulers, rich individuals, merchants etc temples became rich in gold and other precious items. Their function as lenders was only a logical conclusion that helped the agrarian society. Village assemblies were their regular client. Interest was paid in either cash or kind. Various inscription from south arcot and kodumbalur that date back to Rajaraja II and Vira Pandya talk about this. Village assemblies also mortgaged jewels etc to pay back dues.
#todo Traditional educational institutions were called as mathas or mathapuras\ lands granted to mathas differed from those granted to temples in that the matha manager and chief teacher was considered the owner of the property granted to the matha Such mathas gave out mostly religious teachings to its students ex Lingayat mathas of Telugu and Kannada areas. Also acted as dissemination of cultural education. Itihasa and Puranas were expounded, sacred hymns recited. Various festivals drew out crowd from far and wide to witness its spectacle esp Rath yatras. These temples had paintings and acted as art galleries encompassing varioius religious themes ex Kailasnatha temple at Kanchi, Sittanavasal Jain temple. Dance and Drama was used to disseminated religious beliefs. Puranic themes were developed in all linguistic regions of South India ex Yakshagana and Kuchipudi in Andhra. How far do you agree with the view that temples in early medieval period were catalysts in spreading education? [2010, 30m]
[Temples as Institutions of learning](onenote: Institution %20of%20Temple%20and%20Mathas§ion-id={762B0AE5-2A23-4D1F-9D30-89664CBE1143}&page-id={96538227-122A-4BA0-89EF-7A29706746F2}&object-id={B2C154CE-00D1-4469-88CB-0AE5AC3E73D0}&D&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Regional%20States%20during%20Gupta%20Era.one ) content required ]]>08.1-ancient-history/11.-regional-states-during-gupta-era/11.21-institution-of-temple-and-mathas.html08.1 Ancient-History/11. Regional-States-during-Gupta-Era/11.21 Institution-of-Temple-and-Mathas.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo Donation of land or taxes from a village by the king to learned brahmans / Tax-free villages granted to the learned Brahmanas in ancient India were known as Agrahara The system spread from the south to other parts including Eastern India, Marharashtra and even Kashmir.
#todo ]]>08.1-ancient-history/11.-regional-states-during-gupta-era/11.22-agraharas.html08.1 Ancient-History/11. Regional-States-during-Gupta-Era/11.22 Agraharas.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo Assess the educational system in early India and identify important educational institutions of the period. [2012, 30m] Moral, physical, spiritual, intellectual aspects of life; values like humility, truthfulness, discipline, self-reliance Sources of learning were Vedas, Brahmanas, Upanishads, Dharmasutras, works of Panini, Aryabhata, Katyayana and Patanjali Disciplines like Itihas/Itihas, Anviksiki/logic, Mimamsa/interpretation, Shipashastra/arch, Arthashastra/polity, Varta/agri Physical education krida, vyayaamprakara, dhanurvidya, yogasadhana Shastrartha - learned debates organised Pathshalas West IN, Chatuspatis in Bihar, tols in Bengal, Gurukuls - residential schools Women scholars Maitreyi, Viswambhara, Apala, Gargi, Lop
10.9 Education-and-Edu.-Institutions > Education and Edu Institutions Takshashila as centre of Buddhist learning, Panini composed Ashtadhyayi here, Jivaka physicial, Chanakya Role of Teacher, Ro Community - fin support, land donations Agraharas, Ghatika, Brahmapuri, were cultural educational centres Makhtabs, Madrassas ]]>08.1-ancient-history/11.-regional-states-during-gupta-era/11.23-education-and-literature-.html08.1 Ancient-History/11. Regional-States-during-Gupta-Era/11.23 Education-and-Literature-.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMThttps://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/history/conflict-between-the-rashtrakutas-gurjara-pratihara-and-palas-indian-history/4467 Did the triangular conflict between the Rashtrakutas, Gujara Pratiharas and Palas create a political vacuum in northern India which facilitated the invasions of Mahmud of Ghazni? [2001, 60m] ![[Pasted image 20230216201752.jpg]] The triangular conflict between the Rashtrakutas, Gujara Pratiharas and Palas was a prolonged struggle for supremacy over northern India, especially the region of Kannauj, in the 8th and 9th centuries CE. It involved three powerful dynasties that ruled different parts of India: The Rashtrakutas, who controlled the Deccan plateau and expanded northwards under rulers like Dantidurga, Govinda III and Amoghavarsha I. The Gujara Pratiharas, who dominated western India and central India under rulers like Nagabhata I, Vatsaraja and Nagabhata II. The Palas, who ruled eastern India and parts of Nepal under rulers like Gopala, Dharmapala and Devapala. The conflict began when Dharmapala of Pala dynasty tried to capture Kannauj after the death of its ruler Yashovarman. He was opposed by Vatsaraja of Pratihara dynasty, who also claimed Kannauj. They fought a battle near Monghyr (modern Munger), in which Vatsaraja was defeated by Dharmapala. However, Dharmapala could not consolidate his hold over Kannauj, as he was soon challenged by Govinda III of Rashtrakuta dynasty, who invaded northern India from the south. Govinda III defeated both Dharmapala and Vatsaraja in separate battles and occupied Kannauj for a short period . The conflict continued for several decades with changing fortunes for each dynasty. Nagabhata II of Pratihara dynasty succeeded in driving out Govinda III from Kannauj and established his authority over northern India. He also repulsed the attacks of Devapala of Pala dynasty, who tried to expand his empire westwards. Nagabhata II is considered as the most successful ruler among the three contenders for Kannauj. However, his successors faced renewed challenges from both Rashtrakutas and Palas. Indra III of Rashtrakuta dynasty sacked Kannauj in 916 CE and Mahipala I of Pala dynasty recovered it in 920 CE. The triangular conflict gradually subsided as all three dynasties declined due to internal dissensions and external invasions by other powers such as Cholas, Chalukyas, Turks etc.. Thus, the triangular conflict between the Rashtrakutas, Gujara Pratiharas and Palas was a complex and dynamic phenomenon that shaped the political history of northern India in medieval times. Political Vacuum : The conflict weakened the military and economic resources of each dynasty, as they had to spend a lot of money and manpower on fighting each other for control of Kannauj and other regions. The conflict also led to internal dissensions and fragmentation within each dynasty, as different feudal lords, subordinates and vassals rebelled or asserted their independence. This reduced the central authority and cohesion of each empire. The conflict also exposed the vulnerability of North India to external invasions by other powers such as Cholas, Chalukyas, Turks etc. who took advantage of the situation and raided or conquered parts of North India. The conflict also resulted in the decline of cultural and religious patronage by each dynasty, as they had less funds and interest to support temples, monasteries, universities, art etc. This eroded the morale and identity of North India. "Achieving dominance in the south of the Vindhyas did not satisfy the ambitions of the Rashtrakutas, they also wanted to achieve dominance over the Gangetic PIains." Elaborate and comment. [1997, 60m]
[Struggle for power b/w Rashtrakuts, Gurjara Pratihar, Palas](onenote:…. Ancient%20HistoryPart%20IIRegional%20States%20during%20Gupta%20Era. one #Rashtrakutas §ion-id={762B0AE5-2A23-4D1F-9D30-89664CBE1143}&page-id={607AC284-5F8F-4CBB-B021-5818BB49F6BE}&object-id={104EBCD0-4441-4FB8-873E-24D3F039B198}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional ) More content needed ]]>08.1-ancient-history/11.-regional-states-during-gupta-era/11.10-rashtrakutas.html08.1 Ancient-History/11. Regional-States-during-Gupta-Era/11.10 Rashtrakutas.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.1-ancient-history/11.-regional-states-during-gupta-era/11.11-paramaras.html08.1 Ancient-History/11. Regional-States-during-Gupta-Era/11.11 Paramaras.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.1-ancient-history/11.-regional-states-during-gupta-era/11.12-cultural-aspects.html08.1 Ancient-History/11. Regional-States-during-Gupta-Era/11.12 Cultural Aspects.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTImpact of advent of Arabs/ Historical Significance The advent of Arabs in India had a significant historical impact on various aspects of Indian society, culture, religion and politics. Here are some of the effects of Arab conquest: The advent of Arabs introduced Islam to India, which became one of the major religions in India over time. The Arabs also spread their language, script, literature, art and architecture to India. The advent of Arabs also established trade and cultural contacts between India and West Asia, which enriched both regions with knowledge, ideas and goods. The Arabs learned from India about administration, astronomy, music, painting, medicine and numerals and transmitted them to Europe. India also benefited from Arab learning in fields such as mathematics, medicine, geography and philosophy. The advent of Arabs also influenced the political scenario of India, as they challenged the existing rulers of Sind and other regions. They also paved the way for subsequent invasions by Turks and other Muslim dynasties who established their empires in India[^1 ] 3 4 . The Arab conquest also led to some changes in the administrative and legal systems of India, such as the introduction of Jaziya (a tax on non-Muslims) and Sharia (Islamic law). "The inferior cavalry of the Rajputs was not the only cause of their defeat at the hands of TurkoAfghans and Mughal." Comment. [2001, 60m]
[Arab Conquest of Sindh](onenote: Arab %20Conquest%20of%20Sindh§ion-id={762B0AE5-2A23-4D1F-9D30-89664CBE1143}&page-id={486C5362-A201-4CAE-AA0D-0E7CB107EC23}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Regional%20States%20during%20Gupta%20Era.one ) - ! Given elsewhere in notes in detail. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/11.-regional-states-during-gupta-era/11.13-arab-conquest-of-sindh.html08.1 Ancient-History/11. Regional-States-during-Gupta-Era/11.13 Arab Conquest of Sindh.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTAlberuni
Other aspects from here - SOCIETY - ! Society Portion mentioned in Notes aboce Write a short essay on: "AIBiruni's India" [1998, 20m]
Alberuni Al-Biruni was a Persian scholar who accompanied Mahmud of Ghazni on his campaigns to India in the 11th century CE. He wrote a book called Kitab-ul-Hind or Tahqiq-i-Hind (The Book of India or The Verification of India) which is considered one of the most comprehensive and objective accounts of Indian society, culture, religion, science and history at that time. Some of the salient features of Indian society on the eve of Mahmud Ghazni’s campaigns, as observed by Al-Biruni, are: Indian society was divided into four varnas or castes (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras) based on birth and occupation. The caste system was rigid and hierarchical, with Brahmins enjoying the highest status and privileges, while Shudras were treated as untouchables and oppressed. There were also many sub-castes within each varna12. Indian society was also divided into different religious sects such as Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, Ajivikas etc. Each sect had its own scriptures, rituals, customs and beliefs. Al-Biruni studied various Hindu scriptures such as Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas etc. and tried to understand their philosophy and cosmology. He also compared Hinduism with other religions such as Islam, Christianity and Zoroastrianism132. Indian society was rich in culture and learning. Al-Biruni admired the achievements of Indians in fields such as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, grammar etc. He learned Sanskrit language and translated some works from Sanskrit to Arabic. He also appreciated the art, architecture, music and poetry of Indians. Indian society was also marked by some drawbacks such as superstitions, idolatry, polytheism etc. Al-Biruni criticized some aspects of Hindu religion such as animal sacrifices, cremation rites etc. He also noted some social evils such as child marriage, sati (widow immolation), untouchability etc. Attempt a critical essay of the Indian Science and Civilization in the light of Alberuni's writings. What merits and drawbacks, do you find in his account? [2003, 60m]
[Science](onenote: Alberuni §ion-id={762B0AE5-2A23-4D1F-9D30-89664CBE1143}&page-id={CAAE1625-67FA-41D5-B048-221C01FE101B}&object-id={014835E0-58BB-4ADA-8F94-37A90AD243C0}&26&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Regional%20States%20during%20Gupta%20Era.one )
[Criticism of Alberuni](onenote: Alberuni §ion-id={762B0AE5-2A23-4D1F-9D30-89664CBE1143}&page-id={CAAE1625-67FA-41D5-B048-221C01FE101B}&object-id={014835E0-58BB-4ADA-8F94-37A90AD243C0}&4D&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Regional%20States%20during%20Gupta%20Era.one ) Evaluate the 'Kitab al-Hind' of Alberuni as a source of history of India. [2014, 15m]
[Alberuni](onenote: Alberuni §ion-id={762B0AE5-2A23-4D1F-9D30-89664CBE1143}&page-id={CAAE1625-67FA-41D5-B048-221C01FE101B}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Regional%20States%20during%20Gupta%20Era.one ) Comment on the veracity of Alberuni's account of the Indian society. [2016, 10 Marks]
[Criticism of Alberuni](onenote: Alberuni §ion-id={762B0AE5-2A23-4D1F-9D30-89664CBE1143}&page-id={CAAE1625-67FA-41D5-B048-221C01FE101B}&object-id={014835E0-58BB-4ADA-8F94-37A90AD243C0}&4D&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Regional%20States%20during%20Gupta%20Era.one ) Write a short essay on: "Alberuni on science in India" [2007, 20m]
[Science](onenote: Alberuni §ion-id={762B0AE5-2A23-4D1F-9D30-89664CBE1143}&page-id={CAAE1625-67FA-41D5-B048-221C01FE101B}&object-id={014835E0-58BB-4ADA-8F94-37A90AD243C0}&26&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Regional%20States%20during%20Gupta%20Era.one ) ]]>08.1-ancient-history/11.-regional-states-during-gupta-era/11.14-alberuni.html08.1 Ancient-History/11. Regional-States-during-Gupta-Era/11.14 Alberuni.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo Also known as Western Chalukya or Later Chalukya empire ruled most of the western Deccan b/w 10th and 12th century. They were contemporaries to the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi. Empire was estd by Tailapa II who was a feudatory of the Rashtrakutas. They were in contant feud with the Eastern Chalukyas and Cholas. Tailapa II Sources are the Gadag records Inscriptions of Vikaramditya VI mentions about their genealogies. Was in constant feud with Paramara king Munja ruled from Manyakheta Someshwara I aka Ahavamalla or Trilokmalla he estd Kalyani as his capital. He raided Chola empire and defeated Rajadhiraja Chola. Vikramaditya VI : Known for his Kannada inscriptions. Bilhanas Vikramadevacharita is based on him. He was in his court for sometime and got the title of Vidyapati. Captured Kanchi and was in constant feud with Hoysala king of Dwarasamudra In the reign of VIkramadiya VI court poet Vijnanaeshvara lived who wrote Mitakshara a commentary on Yajnavalkya Smriti. He also wrote Dayabhaga on Hindu laws. was a continuation of tradition of Chalukyas of Badami, languages such as Sanskrit and Kannada flourished. Kannada poet Ranna was in court of Satyashraya and wrote Sahasabhimavijaya and Ajithanatha purana. He was given title of Kavichakravarthi and honoured in court of Tailapa II. Nagavarma I wrote Karnataka Kadambari and Chandombudi. Chavundaraya II wrote Lokopakara that dealt with Astronomy, Astrology, Sculpture and medicine. Sreedharacharya wrote Jaatakatilaka a Kannada work on Astrology,
$ Bilhana wrote Vikramadevacharita. #important In the reign of VIkramadiya VI court poet Vijnanaeshvara lived who wrote Mitakshara a commentary on Yajnavalkya Smriti. He also wrote Dayabhaga on Hindu laws. Tower of temples were pyramidal in shape, Garbhagriha was enclosed within inner pradakshinapath Temples were richly carved, exterior decoration had both Nagara and Dravidian styles. Kukkanur temples resemble temples of Aihole and Pattadakkal. Jain temple of Lakkundi/Gadag was impressive shows great ornamental effect esp on surface. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/11.-regional-states-during-gupta-era/11.15-the-chalukyas-of-kalyan.html08.1 Ancient-History/11. Regional-States-during-Gupta-Era/11.15 The-Chalukyas-of-Kalyan.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo E Medieval has been labelled as one of crisis, decline, decay etc mostly attributed to advent of Muslim rule. Feudalism school described period as an age marked by political fragmentation, transformation of peasants into serfs and decline of urban centres and money economy which happened in both North and South. Segmentary model for south India presents kings as ritual figures w/o royal power like revenue infra and standing army. This time was marked by proliferation fo states. BD Chattopadhyay says that there was no dichotomoy b/w lineages and states in E M India and lineage ties were central to political formation. Unprecedented military build up, incessant warfare. Feudatories or Vassals were subordinate rulers who were obliged to offer allegiance and mil service to suzerains. sub-infeudation - Landed intermediaries emerged as consequence of the Vassals of the Kings. A lord vassal relationship emerged. Prevalence of forced labour Vishti. The intermediaries were granted the right to forced labour, mentioned in Chola inscriptions and is called Indian serfdom. Peasants suffered curtailment of their rights reducing them to a position of tenants due to taxation, coercion and indebtedness. Economic coercion and subordination increased to extract surplus. Inscription of Rajaraja Chola mentioned in more than 50 levies. Closed Village economy consisting of immobile peasants, craftsmen and artisans. another theory that opposes theory of Indian Feudalism "The theory of Autonomous peasant societies" based on evidence of South Indian sources. Nadus or autonomous peasant societies evolved in south India on the basis of clan and kinship ties Agri production was organised and controlled by the Nattar (the people) They organised themselves into assemblies and members were Velalas or non-Brahmins Nattars emerged as important landed class and Brahmana peasants and they became allies. A/c to this thesis there was self-sufficiency in these villages both these theories agree in on this. The term feudalism is vague and ambiguous, and does not capture the diversity and complexity of Indian society. The European model of feudalism is not applicable to India, where there was no clear distinction between crown lands and private lands, no uniform system of land tenure or revenue collection, no fixed hierarchy of lords and vassals, no hereditary succession or primogeniture among nobles or rulers. The land grants were not always permanent or unconditional; they could be revoked or modified by the grantors or their successors; they did not always entail military service or political allegiance; they were often motivated by religious or cultural reasons rather than economic ones. The decline of trade was not universal or irreversible; there were periods of revival and expansion of trade within India as well as with other regions like Southeast Asia, China, Central Asia and West Asia. The regional languages and scripts were not necessarily signs of fragmentation or isolation; they were also expressions of creativity and innovation; they facilitated communication and literacy among different sections of society. The castes and sub-castes were not rigid or static; they were dynamic and flexible; they changed over time according to social mobility, economic opportunity, political affiliation etc. The central authority was not always weak or absent; there were instances of strong empires like Harsha’s empire in North India (7th century CE), Chola empire in South India (10th-13th century CE), Vijayanagara empire in South India (14th-16th century CE) etc. The land grants were usually made in the name of a deity or a temple, and were accompanied by a charter or an inscription that recorded the details of the grant, such as the name of the donor, the recipient, the boundaries, the rights and duties, and sometimes also a curse for anyone who violated or usurped the grant. The land grants were considered as acts of piety and merit (punya), which would bring spiritual benefits to the donors and their ancestors in this world and beyond. The donors also expected protection and blessings from the gods or goddesses to whom they dedicated their lands. The recipients of the land grants were mostly Brahmins, temples or monasteries, who were expected to perform certain services (seva) to the gods or goddesses, such as offering prayers, rituals, sacrifices, festivals, etc. They also had to maintain and protect the temples or monasteries, provide hospitality to pilgrims and travelers, support learning and education, etc. The land grants also involved some obligations for the peasants who cultivated or lived on them. They had to pay a share of their produce (bhaga) or a fixed amount (bali) to their lords as rent or tribute. They also had to provide unpaid labor (vishti) or corvee service (rauta) as a religious duty to their lords or to the temples or monasteries. They also had to respect and obey their lords’ authority and rules. Indian Feudalism and Land Grants "Land charters of north India (c. A-D. 750-1200)." Comment. [1995, 20m]
Land Grants Land charters are documents that grant land or record a privilege from a sovereign power to an individual, corporation, city, or other unit of local organization123. They usually describe the boundaries, rights, and obligations of the landholders. In North India during 730-1200 AD, land charters were issued by various rulers and dynasties such as the Gurjara Pratiharas, the Palas, the Rashtrakutas, and the Rajputs45. These charters were often written on copper plates or stone inscriptions in Sanskrit or regional languages like Prakrit or Apabhramsa4. They recorded grants of land to Brahmans, temples, monasteries, officials, warriors, merchants etc. for religious merit, political loyalty, military service etc. Some examples of land charters from this period are: The Mandasor inscription of Vakpati Munja (c. 946 AD), which records a grant of land by the Gurjara Pratihara king to a Brahman named Durgadatta for his services as a poet and minister. The Nalanda copper plate of Devapala (c. 860 AD), which records a grant of land by the Pala king to a Buddhist monastery at Nalanda for its maintenance and support. The Kottur grant of Amoghavarsha I (c. 850 AD), which records a grant of land by the Rashtrakuta king to a Jain temple at Kottur for its worship and charity. The Khajuraho inscription of Dhanga (c. 950 AD), which records a grant of land by the Chandela king to his queen Kirtirani for her pleasure and enjoyment. Write a short essay on: "The Samanta System" [2006, 20m]
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/notes/brief-notes-on-the-samanta-system-indian-history/4480
Samanta - Wikipedia - ! Answered elsewhere Write a short essay on: "Applicability of the term 'Indian Feudalism' to early Medieval Society." [2009, 20m]
SALIENT FEATURES OF INDIAN FEUDALISM The term ‘Indian Feudalism’ is used to describe the social and economic system that prevailed in India from the early medieval period (c. 600-1200 AD) to the Mughal era (c. 1526-1857 AD). According to this term, the Indian society was characterized by a hierarchy of land grants, where the king granted lands to his nobles, who in turn granted lands to their vassals, and so on, until the lowest level of peasants, who were bound to the land and had to pay tribute and provide labor to their lords123. However, the applicability of this term to the Indian context has been debated and criticized by many historians, who argue that it is based on a concept of medieval European origin, which does not fit the Indian reality. Some of the criticisms are: The Indian feudal system was not based on a contract between the king, the nobles and the peasants, but rather on a system of religious and ritual obligations, where the land grants were considered as gifts or donations (dana) and the recipients were expected to perform certain services (seva) to the king or the gods. The Indian feudal system did not result in the fragmentation of political authority and the emergence of independent feudal lords, but rather in the consolidation of regional kingdoms and the maintenance of a central authority, where the king was still the supreme ruler and the land grant holders were his subordinates and agents. The Indian feudal system did not lead to the stagnation and decline of the economy and the society, but rather to the growth and diversification of trade, commerce, agriculture, crafts, urbanization and culture, where the land grant holders acted as patrons and promoters of various economic and social activities. Therefore, some historians suggest that the term ‘Indian Feudalism’ is misleading and inappropriate, and that alternative terms such as ‘segmentary state’, ‘integrative polity’, ‘early medieval Indian economy’ or ‘Indian mode of production’ should be used instead. What kind of changes were visualized by historians on Indian feudalism? Examine critically. [2012, 30m]
SALIENT FEATURES OF INDIAN FEUDALISM The change from a centralised to a decentralised polity, as a result of land grants and regional kingdoms. Some historians, such as R.S. Sharma and Irfan Habib, have seen this as a sign of political decline and fragmentation, while others, such as B.D. Chattopadhyaya and Harbans Mukhia, have seen this as a sign of political diversity and dynamism. The change from a free to a dependent peasantry, as a result of land grants and agrarian relations. Some historians, such as R.S. Sharma and D.N. Jha, have seen this as a sign of economic exploitation and oppression, while others, such as B.D. Chattopadhyaya and Kumkum Roy, have seen this as a sign of social mobility and integration1 . The change from a secular to a religious society, as a result of land grants and religious institutions. Some historians, such as R.S. Sharma and Romila Thapar, have seen this as a sign of cultural stagnation and orthodoxy, while others, such as B.D. Chattopadhyaya and Richard Eaton, have seen this as a sign of cultural creativity and syncretism Do the evidences of land ownership at our disposal support the theory of the prevalence of feudalism in early medieval India? [2015, 15m]
SALIENT FEATURES OF INDIAN FEUDALISM According to this theory, feudalism in India was a system of land grants given by kings or queens to their nobles, officials, Brahmins or temples in exchange for military service, loyalty or religious merit12 . These land grants involved the transfer of fiscal, administrative and judicial rights from the central authority to the local grantees, who became semi-autonomous rulers or landlords with their own vassals, tenants and peasants. The land grants also led to political decentralization, social stratification and economic stagnation in feudal society. The evidences of land ownership that support this theory are mainly inscriptions that record various types and terms of land grants issued by different dynasties or rulers from the Gupta period onwards. These inscriptions provide information on: The names and titles of grantors and grantees The extent and location of granted lands The rights and obligations of grantors and grantees The conditions and restrictions on land transfers The witnesses and beneficiaries of land grants The religious or secular motives behind land grants Some examples of such inscriptions are: The Banskhera copper plate inscription of Kumaragupta I, which records his grant of a village to a Brahmin for performing rituals for his welfare. The Mandasor stone inscription of Naravarman, which records his grant of a village to a temple for securing divine favour for his victory over his enemies. The Bagumra copper plate inscription of Prithivisena II, which records his grant of a village to an official for his loyal service as a governor. - The Kanyakubja copper plate inscription of Harshavardhana, which records his grant of a village to a Buddhist monastery for propagating his faith. - The Nandavara copper plate inscription of Dantidurga, which records his grant of a village to a Brahmin for securing the support of his clan. - The Tanjore copper plate inscription of Rajaraja I, which records his grant of a village to a temple for commemorating his conquests and achievements. These inscriptions show that land grants were a common and widespread practice in early medieval India, and that they created a hierarchical and complex system of land ownership and power relations among different classes and groups in feudal society. They also show that land grants were influenced by various political, religious, social and economic factors and motives. Evaluate the socio-economic conditions from the Gupta Period to 1200 C.E. as gleaned from the various types of grants or dana shasana. [2011, 60m]
Land grants as part of larger social and cultural process
[Land Grants as part of economic process :](onenote: Land %20Grants§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={9175A752-346F-4471-A83D-4C678E0B9052}&object-id={BB0138DE-2F11-4353-89DD-FD34E2BF0588}&D&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ) The socio-economic conditions from the Gupta period to 1200 C.E. as gleaned from the various types of grants or dana shasana can be summarized as follows: The Gupta period is considered as a golden age of Indian history, marked by political stability, cultural achievements, economic prosperity and religious tolerance. The main source of wealth and revenue for the Gupta empire was agriculture, which was supported by irrigation systems, improved seeds, ploughs and fertilizers. The land grants or dana shasana were issued by the Gupta kings and their successors to Brahmins, temples, officials, nobles and others for various purposes, such as religious merit, loyalty, service, patronage or charity. The land grants involved the transfer of fiscal, administrative and judicial rights over the granted lands to the grantees , who became semi-independent landlords or rulers with their own vassals , tenants and peasants . The land grants also created a hierarchical and complex system of land ownership and power relations among different classes and groups in feudal society. The land grants had both positive and negative impacts on the socio-economic conditions of early medieval India. On one hand , they encouraged agricultural production , cultural development , religious diversity and regional autonomy . On the other hand , they led to political fragmentation , social stratification , economic stagnation and military weakness . The types of land grants or dana shasana varied according to their terms , conditions , beneficiaries and motives . Some of the common types were : Brahmadeya : Land grants given to Brahmins for performing rituals or teaching scriptures2 . Devadana : Land grants given to temples for worshiping gods or goddesses. Agrahara : Land grants given to villages for supporting local communities or institutions. Vishaya : Land grants given to districts for administering local affairs or collecting taxes. Samanta : Land grants given to nobles or officials for providing military service or loyalty. These types of land grants are recorded in various inscriptions that provide valuable information on the socio-economic conditions of early medieval India. Some examples are: The Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta, which records his grant of a village to a Brahmin for performing rituals for his welfare . The Mandasor stone inscription of Naravarman, which records his grant of a village to a temple for securing divine favour for his victory over his enemies . The Bagumra copper plate inscription of Prithivisena II, which records his grant of a village to an official for his loyal service as a governor . The Kanyakubja copper plate inscription of Harshavardhana , which records his grant of a village to a Buddhist monastery for propagating his faith . The Nandavara copper plate inscription of Dantidurga , which records his grant of a village to a Brahmin for securing the support of his clan. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/10.-guptas-vakatakas-and-vardhans/10.6-indian-feudalism.html08.1 Ancient-History/10. Guptas-Vakatakas-and-Vardhans/10.6 Indian Feudalism.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.1-ancient-history/10.-guptas-vakatakas-and-vardhans/10.7-caste-system.html08.1 Ancient-History/10. Guptas-Vakatakas-and-Vardhans/10.7 Caste System.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTPosition %20 of%20 Women§ion-id={2110 BA 3 C-72 E 8-4577-8193-6 ED 6 C 19057 D 2}&page-id={97342272-5382-4 CAB-A 1 F 9-AC 02 C 4 E 5 FCED}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ) The status of women in India from c. 4th century BC to c. 6th century AD was not uniform or static, but varied according to the social, religious, economic, and political factors of different periods and regions. However, a general trend of decline in the status of women can be observed in this period, as compared to the earlier Vedic period, when women enjoyed more rights and freedoms. In the c. 4th century BC, India witnessed the rise of the Mauryan empire, which was influenced by the teachings of Buddhism and Jainism. These religions advocated non-violence, compassion, and equality, and gave women some opportunities for education, religious participation, and social service. Some women, such as the Mauryan emperor Ashoka's daughter Sanghamitra, became prominent Buddhist missionaries and monks. However, women were still subordinate to men in the family and society, and had to follow the norms of chastity, obedience, and modesty. Women were also subject to the practice of child marriage, polygamy, and dowry, which reduced their autonomy and dignity. In the c. 1st century BC to c. 3rd century AD, India witnessed the rule of the Kushanas and the Satavahanas, who were influenced by the culture and trade of the Greeks, Romans, and Central Asians. These contacts exposed women to new ideas, arts, and crafts, and gave them some scope for economic activity and social mobility. Some women, such as the Satavahana queen Naganika, became influential patrons of literature and religion. However, women were still dependent on men for their status and security, and had to conform to the patriarchal and Brahmanical values of the society. Women were also subject to the practice of sati, or widow immolation, which reflected the low status and value of women. In the c. 4th century AD to c. 6th century AD, India witnessed the rule of the Gupta empire, which is considered to be the golden age of Indian culture and civilization. This period saw the flourishing of literature, science, mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and art, and gave women some opportunities for learning and creativity. Some women, such as the poet Kalidasa's wife Malavika, became renowned for their literary and artistic talents. However, women were still confined to the domestic sphere and the roles of wives and mothers, and had to follow the strict codes of conduct and morality prescribed by the law books, such as the Manusmriti. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/10.-guptas-vakatakas-and-vardhans/10.8-position-of-women.html08.1 Ancient-History/10. Guptas-Vakatakas-and-Vardhans/10.8 Position of Women.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikramashila
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valabhi_University]]>08.1-ancient-history/10.-guptas-vakatakas-and-vardhans/10.9-education-and-edu.-institutions.html08.1 Ancient-History/10. Guptas-Vakatakas-and-Vardhans/10.9 Education-and-Edu.-Institutions.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#review
Reigned from 345-540 AD with their capital at Banavasi #MainsPYQ Halmidi inscription in Kannada language is the earliest such inscription dated 450 CE mentions about the donation of land to one Vija Arsa by Kadamba Kaustavarman. founded by Mayurasharma by defeating the Pallavas of Kanchi Kakusthavarma is the most imp ruler of the dynasty They were the first native rulers and first to use Kannada language for their administrative purpose They tried to find legitimacy of their rule through claiming mythical origins The Talagunda inscription mentions about the origin of the dynasty and the feud with the Pallavas, was inscribed by Santivarma c.455 AD. They had matrimonial relations with Gupta, Vakatakas etc. The empire was divided into 3 parts on the wake of threat from Pallavas. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/11.-regional-states-during-gupta-era/11.1-the-kadambas.html08.1 Ancient-History/11. Regional-States-during-Gupta-Era/11.1 The-Kadambas.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMThttp://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/S000829IC/P001689/M022047/LM/1504072718P08-M33-AllahabadPillarInscriptionofSamudragupta-LM.pdf Vishakhadatta's drama Devichandraguptam tells that he killed his elder brother Ramagupta after being defeated by the Sakas and married his widow Dhruvadevi. corroborated by other texts like Harshacharita, Kavyamimansa, Copper plate inscriptions and Jaina images of Vidisha had matrimonials alliances with Vakataka and Naga dynasties. conquered the Western Sakas by defeating Rudrasena - III. Evidence is that they Saka coins after this period are absent, Guptas started minting Saka type silver coins, his success later developed into the Sakari Vikramaditya tradition Mehrauli inscription mentions about his conquests in Bactria and Vanga (Bengal) Kalidasa's work Raghuvamsa is said to be comparable to Chandragupta II's exploits chinese pilgrim Fa Hien visited during his reign
Various sources are the Bilsad/Etah inscriptions dated 415 AD. Karamdanda/Faizabad Inscriptions dated 436 AD. Stone inscriptionsf from Mandsaur, Damodarpur copper plate inscriptions. His silver coins dated 455 AD. He had matrimonial alliances with the Vakatakas. fight Pushyamitras and the Hunas, affected the economy of empire Gold content in his coins are low even after introducing a heavier weight system of Gold Junagadh inscriptions talk about the Sudarshana lake breaking due to incessant rains and being repaired by the Governor Pranadatta Huna invasions and their later consquests under Tormana and Mihirkula was a major blow. Guptas did not maintain strict control over conquered territories and returned it to their original rulers in lieu of accepting suzerainty. excessive landgrants to Brahmanas led to the rise of Samantas who were virtually independent administrators. Adopted high sounding titles like Parambhattakaraka, Chakravarti, Paramesvara etc. King was compared to gods. The Allahabad and Bhitari pillar Prashasti's show that the king was expected to follow the righteous path. He was expected to formulate a policy of welfare, protect its subjects from invasion, support the Brahmanas, religious people etc. He appointed imp officials as well as the future successor. They were given written instructions on all imp matters. Per Udaigiri inscription the minister of war and peace(Sandhi Vigrahika) was holding his office due to inheritence, suggesting hereditary nature. Mahadandanayaka was the Chief Justice, Uparikas and Vishyapatis were his subordinates. Fa Hien tells that capital punishments were not given. Mahapratihara was the chief palace guard, Pratihara granted entries to royal palace. Dutakas were associated with task of implementing gifts viz lands etc. Mahabaladhikrita was the highest officer. Pilupati was the head of Elephants. Narapati was the head of footsoldiers and Asvapati the head of horses. Army was paid in cash such payments were looked after by the Ranabhandagarika. Akshapataladhikrita used to keep an account of royal dues, check embezzlement he was the auditor/treasurer. Pustapala was the recordkeeper. Land revenue was the major source of revenue. Narada Smriti suggests that the tax was to be 1/6th of the produce. Uparikara was a tax levied on objects which were taken from one place to other. Traders had to pay Shulka as a form of commercial tax. Vishti and Bali were the types of forced labour. Empire was divided into Desas or Rashtras or Bhuktis. Tira Bhukti was north Bihar etc. They were governed by Uparikas. They were further divided into Vishayas under an official called the Ayukta or a Vishyapati. Gramapati was the head of the villages. There were other units that were higher than the village as per inscriptions viz Astakuladhikarana, Gramikas, Kutumbis, Mahattaras etc. They ruled till about 675 BC from Mgadha. Adityasena was the most powerful among later Guptas. He adopted the title of Parama Bhagvata. The Apshad inscription gives details about the extent of their territory. Was the greatest king of the Aulikara empire. The Mandsaur inscription dated 532 AD refers to his exploits. He is stated to have defeated everyone including Mihirkula. Sondhar inscription at Mandsaur reads that he bent the neck of Son of Toramana, Mihirkula of the Huns. The Hunnic invasion that brought the end of the Gupta empire was thus ended with an alliance of kings led by Yashodharman, Prakashdharma etc. Huns then retreated to the areas of Punjab. old dynasty mentioned in Patanjali's work and in the inscriptions of Barabar and Nagarjuni ruled from Gaya, genealogies can be derived from the Asirgarh copper seal Isanavarman founder of independent kingdom Other important ruler was Sarvavarman. Last king was Grahavaraman who was killed by Devagupta of Kannauj Pushyabhuti was the 1 st ruler of the dynasty. They ruled first from Thaneshwar in Haryana and later from Kannauj in UP. Sources are the Harshacharita of Banabhatta, Account of Huen Tsang. The Banskhera and Madhuvan plates mentions about the first 3 rulers of the dynasty but they were not independent. Prabharvardhan assumed the title of Mahrajadhiraja estd the independent kingdom had matrimonial relations with the Maukharis of Kanyakubja. ascended the throne in 606 A.D. Rescue sister from ruler Shashanka thereby occupying Kanyakubja He allied with Bhaskarvarman against Sasanka of the Gauda dynasty (Bengal). Victories against ruler of Sindh, Kashmir, Orissa. accounts of Huen Tsang tells us that he had fought with the Maitrakas of Valabhi whose king was Dhruvasena II Baladitya. Divided his time into 3 parts on for administrative duties and religious duties for other 2 Frequent tours and inspection Bana's account tell us about the feud b/w Harsha and Gurjaras who were the feudatories of Pulakesin II. Aihole Prashasti of Pulakesin II tells about the hostility b/w them. Huen Tsang's account tell that Harsha was not able to defeat Pulakesin II. Harsha had diplomatic relations with the T'ang emperor who sent 3 embassies. The administrative structure was somewhat a continuance of the Gupta's. Bana tells about forest guards known as vanapala, sarva palli patti/ chief of all villages Taxation was 1/6th of produce terms like bhaga, kara, bhoga and hiranya The Madhuban copper plate mentions officials like Uparika (provincial governor), Senapati (Army Chief), Dutaka (informer). Samantas and Mahasamantas were feudatories. Officials were not paid in cash but in Land. Banskhera, Nalanda and Sonepat Inscriptions tells us that Harsha was a worshipper of Shiva, Surya and partial towards Buddhism. He later converted to Buddhism and convened a conference at Kannauj. A/C to Huen Tsang it was attended by 18 kings and went for 18 days. HS also says that during this period Pataliputra and Kashi had declined in importance. He also organised a quinquennial distribution ceremony at Prayag where he used to distribute treasures. Supposed to have written Ratnavali, Priyadarshika and Nagananda. Wang Xuance was ambassador of Tang emperor who was attacked during his 2nd visit. Skyid grong inscription in Tibet talks about his 3rd visit in 658 CE. The various inscriptions issued by Harsha are: - The **Madhuben plate inscription**: It is a copper plate grant issued by Harsha in the year 606 CE, soon after his accession to the throne. It records his donation of a village to a Brahmin named Devasharman. It also mentions his titles, such as Maharajadhiraja, Paramabhattaraka, and Shiladitya. It also gives the genealogy of his family and the names of his ancestors, such as Naravardhana, Rajyavardhana, and Prabhakaravardhana²³. - The **Sonpat inscription**: It is a stone pillar inscription issued by Harsha in the year 634 CE. It records his donation of a village to a Buddhist monastery named Dharmachakra Vihara. It also mentions his titles, such as Parama-maheshvara, Parama-saugata, and Parama-arhat. It also gives the names of his father, mother, brother, and sister, such as Prabhakaravardhana, Yasomati, Rajyavardhana, and Rajyashri²³. - The **Banskhera inscription**: It is a copper seal inscription issued by Harsha in the year 643 CE. It records his donation of a village to a Brahmin named Vishnusharman. It also mentions his titles, such as Maharajadhiraja, Paramabhattaraka, and Shiladitya. It also gives the names of his father, mother, brother, and sister, as well as his signature²³. - The **Harsha inscription**: It is a stone slab inscription issued by Harsha in the year 646 CE. It records his donation of several villages to a temple of Shiva Mahadeva, under the name of Sri Harsha. It also mentions his titles, such as Parama-maheshvara, Parama-saugata, and Parama-arhat. It also gives the names of his father, mother, brother, and sister, as well as the names of the donors of the villages, who were mostly Chauhan rulers or chieftains¹⁴.
#todo ✅ 2023-02-16 ! Provided in Answers.
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#todo Wang Huen Tse's account tells post Gupta period Nidhanapur inscription of King Bhaskarvarman mentions that he set up his kingdom in Bengal region In Kashmir Durlabhvardhan estd the Karakota dynasty, Lalitaditya Muktapida its most famous ruler, defeated Yasovarman of Kannauj. Yasovarman rose in Kannauj 75 yrs after the death of Harsha. He defeated the Gaudas and the rulers of Magadha His court had scholars like Vakapati who wrote Gaudavaho in Prakrit language. Bhavabhuti who wrote Malatimadhava, Mahaviracharita and Uttara Ramacharity in Sanskrit Language. They ruled the Maharashtra region. Had two lines the main one ruled from the eastern Maharashtra region while a collateral branch from southern Maharashtra region. Pravarsena-I was its most famous ruler. They had diplomatic and matrimonial relations with the Guptas, Vishnukundins etc. They declined after the Kalachuris and Kadambas formed their own kingdoms and were supplanted by the Chalukyas of Badami. Polity and administration Describe the expansion of the Gupta Empire under Samudragupta with the help of the Allahabad pillar inscription. [1979, 60m]
[Samudragupta -](onenote: Polity %20and%20Administration§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={4A24D2F5-0705-4145-8A3E-1279F9C8A52B}&object-id={8BFBE5CA-B90C-4DF1-9E73-65AED20ED907}&28&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ) more details needed The expansion of the Gupta Empire under Samudragupta can be traced with the help of the Allahabad pillar inscription, also known as the Prayag Prashasti. It is a eulogy of the emperor composed by his court poet Harishena, who praises his military conquests, political achievements, and personal qualities. The inscription is engraved on an Ashoka pillar, which was originally erected by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE¹⁴. According to the inscription, Samudragupta inherited the throne from his father Chandragupta I, who had founded the Gupta dynasty and married a Licchavi princess named Kumaradevi. Samudragupta expanded his empire by subjugating various kings and tribes in different regions of India. He is said to have conquered the whole of northern India, from the Himalayas to the Narmada river, and the eastern and western coasts, from the Brahmaputra to the Indus river³⁹. The inscription mentions four categories of kings and rulers who were defeated or subdued by Samudragupta: - The nine kings of Aryavarta (northern India), who were uprooted and killed. They were Achyuta, Nagasena, Ganapatinaga, Nagadatta, Chandravarman, Balavarman, Nandin, Rudradeva, and Matila. - The twelve kings of Dakshinapatha (southern India), who were defeated and liberated. They were Mahendra of Kosala, Vyaghraraja of Mahakantara, Mantaraja of Kurala, Mahendragiri of Pishtapura, Svamidatta of Kottura, Damana of Erandapalla, Vishnugopa of Kanchi, Nilaraja of Avamukta, Hastivarman of Vengi, Ugrasena of Palakka, Kubera of Devarashtra, and Dhananjaya of Kusthalapura. - The rulers of the forest tribes, who were reduced to submission. They were the kings of Malavas, Arjunayanas, Yaudheyas, Madrakas, Abhiras, Prarjunas, Sanakanikas, Kakas, Kharaparikas, and other tribes. - The frontier kings and rulers, who were made to pay tribute and homage. They were Samatata, Davaka, Kamarupa, Nepal, Karttripura, and other kings of the east; the Shakas, Kshatrapas, and Murundas of the west; and the kings of Sri Lanka and other islands³⁹. The inscription also describes Samudragupta as a benevolent and generous ruler, who respected the autonomy and dignity of the vanquished kings, and granted them back their kingdoms after accepting their submission. He is also depicted as a devout and tolerant ruler, who patronized various religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and performed various sacrifices and donations. He is also portrayed as a learned and accomplished ruler, who was well-versed in various arts and sciences, and composed various poems and songs³⁹. The Allahabad pillar inscription is a valuable source of information about the expansion of the Gupta Empire under Samudragupta, and his personality and achievements. It is considered "the most important historical document of the classical Gupta age" by some historians¹. Vincent Smith has compared him to Napoleon, and called him "the Indian Napoleon" for his military prowess and ambition⁵. Some historians have also regarded his reign as the beginning of a Golden Age in Indian history, for his patronage of arts and culture[^10^]. Write a short essay on: "The significance of the policy of matrimonial alliances for the expansion and consolidation of the Gupta Empire." [1986, 20m]
[Royal women on coins and seals ex Chandragupta I and](onenote: Position %20of%20Women§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={97342272-5382-4CAB-A1F9-AC02C4E5FCED}&object-id={FD203FBC-FAB5-48A7-9CA6-3C47EACEA796}&C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ) The policy of matrimonial alliances was a significant strategy for the expansion and consolidation of the Gupta Empire. The Gupta rulers married princesses from other powerful clans and kingdoms, and gained their support and cooperation. This helped them to extend their territorial control, political influence, and cultural prestige in different regions of India. The first example of this policy was the marriage of Chandragupta I, the founder of the Gupta dynasty, with Kumaradevi, a princess of the Licchavi clan of Nepal. This alliance added to the power and prestige of the Gupta family, who were originally Vaishyas, and gave them legitimacy and recognition among the Kshatriyas. It also enabled Chandragupta I to rule over Magadha, Saketa, and Prayaga, with his capital at Pataliputra²⁶. The second example of this policy was the marriage of Chandragupta II, the most illustrious ruler of the Gupta dynasty, with Kuberanaga, a princess of the Naga clan of central India. This alliance helped him to expand his empire in the central region, and to subdue the Naga rulers who were a potential threat to his authority. He also married his daughter Prabhavatigupta with Rudrasena II, the king of the Vakataka dynasty of the Deccan. This alliance helped him to establish his political influence in the Deccan, and to launch a successful campaign against the Sakas of western India¹⁵⁷. The policy of matrimonial alliances was not only a means of military and political expansion, but also a way of cultural and religious integration. The Gupta rulers were tolerant and respectful of the beliefs and practices of their allies, and patronized various sects and schools of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. They also promoted the exchange of ideas, arts, and sciences among different regions and peoples, and contributed to the development of a common culture and identity in India⁸⁹. The policy of matrimonial alliances was a successful and effective strategy for the expansion and consolidation of the Gupta Empire, and was praised by various historians. For instance, R.C. Majumdar, a prominent historian of ancient India, wrote: "The matrimonial alliances of the Guptas with the Lichchhavis, the Nagas and the Vakatakas were of great political importance and contributed largely to the expansion of their empire as well as to the fusion of the different elements of the Indian society."⁸ Similarly, Romila Thapar, a renowned historian of early India, wrote: "The policy of matrimonial alliances was a means of extending political control without resorting to war, and of creating a network of friendly states. It also facilitated the spread of Gupta culture and the development of a pan-Indian identity." Likewise, Upinder Singh, a distinguished historian of ancient and early medieval India, wrote: "The policy of matrimonial alliances was a clever and pragmatic way of dealing with the complex and diverse political landscape of India. It enabled the Gupta rulers to forge alliances with powerful clans and kingdoms, and to create a sense of unity and harmony among them." Write a short essay on: "Skandagupta's war with the Hunas" [1997, 20m]
[Skandagupta](onenote: Polity %20and%20Administration§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={4A24D2F5-0705-4145-8A3E-1279F9C8A52B}&object-id={8BFBE5CA-B90C-4DF1-9E73-65AED20ED907}&5B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ) Skandagupta's war with the Hunas was a crucial event in the history of ancient India, as it marked the last major military achievement of the Gupta Empire, and the beginning of its decline. The Hunas, also known as the Indo-Hephthalites or the White Huns, were a nomadic tribe that invaded India from the northwest, following the footsteps of the Kushans and the Sakas. They were a part of the larger Huna confederation that had terrorized Europe and Central Asia in the 4th and 5th centuries CE. The Hunas first attacked India during the reign of Kumaragupta I, the son and successor of Chandragupta II. Kumaragupta I repelled their initial invasion, but they returned with greater force after his death in 455 CE. Skandagupta, the son and successor of Kumaragupta I, faced the challenge of defending his empire from the Huna onslaught. He mobilized his army and resources, and met the Hunas in a decisive battle near the Indus River, around 460 CE²³⁴. The battle was fierce and bloody, but Skandagupta emerged victorious, and inflicted a crushing defeat on the Hunas. He claimed that he had destroyed the Huna power, and restored the glory of his ancestors. He celebrated his victory by erecting a pillar at Bhitari, in Uttar Pradesh, where he recorded his exploits and achievements. He also issued gold coins, known as the Skandagupta-Kartikeya type, depicting himself as the war-god Kartikeya, riding a peacock and holding a spear³⁴. Skandagupta's war with the Hunas was a remarkable feat of arms, and earned him the admiration and respect of his subjects and contemporaries. He proved himself to be a worthy successor of his grandfather Chandragupta II, and a valiant defender of his empire. He also preserved the cultural and religious legacy of the Gupta dynasty, and patronized various sects and schools of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism⁴⁵. However, Skandagupta's war with the Hunas also had a negative impact on his empire, and on the future of India. The war drained his treasury and resources, and weakened his military and administrative capacity. He had to raise taxes and reduce the salaries of his officials, which caused discontent and rebellion among his subjects and vassals. He also faced internal challenges from his rivals and relatives, who contested his succession and legitimacy. He died in 467 CE, leaving behind a divided and diminished empire, which soon succumbed to the renewed attacks of the Hunas and other invaders⁴⁵. Skandagupta's war with the Hunas was a turning point in the history of ancient India, as it marked the end of the golden age of the Gupta Empire, and the beginning of a period of political fragmentation and cultural decline. It also showed the resilience and courage of the Indian people, who fought bravely against a formidable enemy, and preserved their civilization and identity. Skandagupta's war with the Hunas was a heroic and tragic episode, that deserves to be remembered and honored by posterity. Write a short essay on: "Factors that led to the rise and fall of the Gupta Empire." [1996, 20m]
Factors for fall [Reason for Disintegration -](onenote: Polity %20and%20Administration§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={4A24D2F5-0705-4145-8A3E-1279F9C8A52B}&object-id={8BFBE5CA-B90C-4DF1-9E73-65AED20ED907}&66&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ) One of the main factors that contributed to the rise of the Gupta Empire was its strong and centralized government. The Gupta dynasty was founded by Chandragupta I, who married a Lichchhavi princess and expanded his kingdom by conquest and alliance1. His successors, Samudragupta and Chandragupta II, further consolidated and enlarged the empire by military campaigns and diplomatic relations. The Gupta emperors established a clear hierarchy of officials and a system of laws and regulations that helped to maintain order and stability2. They also patronized various religious sects, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and promoted religious tolerance and harmony. Another factor that led to the rise of the Gupta Empire was its advances in education and scholarship. The Gupta period is considered the golden age of Indian science and culture, as it witnessed the flourishing of various fields of knowledge and learning. The Gupta Empire produced many renowned scholars, such as Aryabhata, who proposed that the earth is round and rotates on its axis; Charaka and Sushruta, who wrote treatises on medicine and surgery; Kalidasa, who composed Sanskrit dramas and poems; and Varahamihira, who wrote on astronomy and astrology34. The Gupta Empire also established many educational institutions, such as the famous Nalanda University, which attracted students and scholars from all over Asia. ![[Pasted image 20230215220202.png]] Who were the Maukharis? Discuss their political relations with the Later Guptas of Magadha. [2000, 60m]
[The Maukharis -](onenote: Polity %20and%20Administration§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={4A24D2F5-0705-4145-8A3E-1279F9C8A52B}&object-id={8BFBE5CA-B90C-4DF1-9E73-65AED20ED907}&BC&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ) Political Relations The Maukharis were a post-Gupta dynasty who controlled the vast plains of Ganga-Yamuna for over six generations from their capital at Kannauj⁴. They earlier served as vassals of the Guptas and later of Harsha's Vardhana dynasty⁴. The Maukharis established their independence during the mid 6th century CE⁴. The dynasty ruled over much of Uttar Pradesh and Magadha⁴. Their political relations with the Later Guptas of Magadha were hostile and competitive. The Later Guptas were another post-Gupta dynasty who ruled over parts of Bihar and Bengal from their capital at Pataliputra³. They also claimed descent from the imperial Guptas and asserted their supremacy over the other regional powers³. The Maukharis and the Later Guptas fought several wars for the control of the fertile and prosperous regions of north India. According to the Maukhari inscriptions, Sarvavarman, the second son of Isanavarman, defeated Damodara Gupta of the Later Gupta dynasty¹². He also claimed to have conquered Magadha, Kosala, and Anga². However, the Later Guptas did not accept their defeat and continued to resist the Maukhari expansion. According to the Later Gupta inscriptions, Mahasenagupta, the son of Damodara Gupta, defeated the Maukharis and recovered Magadha and other territories²³. The conflict between the two dynasties reached its climax during the reign of Grihavarman, the last Maukhari ruler, who married Rajyasri, the sister of Harshavardhana¹². He was attacked and killed by the Later Gupta king Sasanka, who also captured Rajyasri and tried to burn her alive²³. This provoked Harshavardhana, who was then the ruler of Thaneswar, to intervene and rescue his sister. He also defeated Sasanka and annexed his kingdom, thus ending the Later Gupta dynasty²³. Harshavardhana then appointed his brother-in-law, Adityasena, as the ruler of Magadha, thus ending the Maukhari dynasty as well²³. Thus, the political relations between the Maukharis and the Later Guptas were marked by rivalry, warfare, and intrigue, which ultimately led to their downfall and the rise of Harshavardhana's empire²³. Examine the information of Fa Hien about the political, religious, social and economic conditions of India. Make a comparative study of his account with that of Yuan Chawang. [2003, 60m] Fa Hiens account XuanXangs Account - Introduction: The article introduces the background and context of Fa Hien’s journey to India. It states that Fa Hien was one of the first Chinese monks to travel to India in search of original Buddhist texts and to visit the sacred places associated with Buddhism. He travelled from China to India through Central Asia and returned by sea via Sri Lanka and Java. He spent about 15 years in India and wrote his account in Chinese after returning to China. His account was later translated into English by James Legge in 1886. The account is also known as ‘A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms’ or ‘Fo-Kwo-Ki’. - Significance of Fa Hien’s account: The article explains the significance and value of Fa Hien’s account for the study of Indian history and culture in the Gupta period. It states that Fa Hien’s account is based on his personal observations and experiences and not on hearsay or legends. It provides information on the political, religious, social and economic aspects of India and other countries. It also reflects the popularity and influence of Buddhism in India and abroad. It is one of the earliest and most authentic sources of information on India and Buddhism in the early 5th century CE. - Political conditions of India: The article describes the political conditions of India as depicted by Fa Hien. It states that Fa Hien witnessed the peaceful and prosperous conditions of India under the Gupta rule. He praised the mild and benevolent administration, the absence of capital punishment, the freedom of religion, the charity of the rulers and the monks, and the welfare of the people. He also mentioned the names of some of the Gupta kings, such as Chandragupta, Samudragupta, and Kumaragupta. He also noted the existence of some small kingdoms and republics in India, such as the Shakya clan, the Licchavi clan, and the Malava clan. - Religious conditions of India: The article describes the religious conditions of India as depicted by Fa Hien. It states that Fa Hien was mainly interested in the Buddhist sites, monuments, relics, scriptures, sects, festivals, rituals, practices, and legends in India. He visited places such as Mathura, Kapilavastu, Kushinagar, Vaishali, Patliputra, Nalanda, Bodhgaya, Sarnath, and Ajanta. He also collected and copied many Buddhist texts and carried them back to China. He also mentioned the existence of other religions, such as Hinduism and Jainism, in India. He observed the tolerance and harmony among different religious groups in India. He also noted the decline of Buddhism and the rise of Hinduism in some parts of India. - Social and economic conditions of India: The article describes the social and economic conditions of India as depicted by Fa Hien. It states that Fa Hien observed the caste system in India and the different occupations and duties of the four varnas. He also noted the customs, manners, food, clothing, language, writing, and education of the Indian people. He also described the trade and commerce in the cities and the ports of India. He also mentioned the products, such as spices, gems, pearls, silk, cotton, etc., that were exported and imported by India. He also noted the differences and similarities between India and China in terms of culture and society. - Geography and climate of India: The article describes the geography and climate of India as depicted by Fa Hien. It states that Fa Hien observed the natural features, such as the mountains, rivers, lakes, forests, deserts, etc., of India and other countries. He also noted the flora and fauna, such as the elephants, lions, tigers, peacocks, monkeys, etc., of India and other countries. He also described the climate and seasons of India and other countries. He also noted the natural calamities, such as the floods, droughts, famines, epidemics, etc., that affected India and other countries. - Difficulties and dangers of Fa Hien’s journey: The article describes the difficulties and dangers that Fa Hien faced during his journey to and from India. It states that Fa Hien encountered many hardships and perils, such as bandits, wild animals, storms, pirates, hunger, thirst, illness, etc., during his travels. He also lost some of his companions and belongings on the way. A comparative study between the accounts of Fa Hien and Huen Tsang can be done on the following aspects: Time period: Fa Hien visited India in the early 5th century CE, during the reign of the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II. Huen Tsang visited India in the 7th century CE, during the reign of Harsha and other regional rulers12. Purpose: Fa Hien came to India mainly to collect Buddhist texts and relics and to visit the sacred places associated with Buddhism. Huen Tsang came to India mainly to study Buddhism and to learn from the Indian masters and scholars32. Scope: Fa Hien did not visit peninsular India and left India by sea via Sri Lanka and Java. He spent about 15 years in India and wrote his account in Chinese after returning to China. Huen Tsang visited almost all parts of India and also travelled to Nepal, Kashmir, and Central Asia. He spent about 16 years in India and wrote his account in Chinese with the help of his disciple in India42. Content: Fa Hien’s account is based on his personal observations and experiences and not on hearsay or legends. He provides information on the political, religious, social and economic aspects of India and other countries. He also reflects the popularity and influence of Buddhism in India and abroad. Huen Tsang’s account is based on his personal observations and experiences as well as on the information he gathered from various sources. He provides information on the political, religious, cultural, educational, and geographical aspects of India and other countries. He also reflects the decline of Buddhism and the rise of Hinduism in some parts of India12. Style: Fa Hien’s account is simple, concise, and factual. He does not use any literary devices or embellishments. He writes in a plain and straightforward manner. Huen Tsang’s account is elaborate, detailed, and descriptive. He uses various literary devices and embellishments. He writes in a refined and elegant manner32. What are the salient features of the administrative system of the Guptas? [2005, 60m]
[Administration under the Guptas :](onenote: Polity %20and%20Administration§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={4A24D2F5-0705-4145-8A3E-1279F9C8A52B}&object-id={0BE6094C-4D29-4BCE-95D6-6F0F21D30304}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ) The salient features of the administrative system of the Guptas are: - Monarchy: The Gupta kings were the supreme authority in the empire. They assumed titles such as maharajadhiraja, parama-bhattaraka, parameshvara, parama-daivata, and parama-bhagavata. They had their own councils of ministers called mantri parishad²⁴. - Provincial administration: The Gupta empire was divided into provinces called bhuktis or deshas. They were administered by governors called uparikas, who were directly appointed by the king. The uparikas had the power to appoint the district heads and the district boards³⁴. - District administration: The provinces were further divided into districts called vishayas. They were administered by district heads called vishayapatis, who were assisted by a board of officials called adhikaranas. The vishayapatis were responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining law and order, and supervising the local administration³. - Local administration: The districts were further divided into smaller units such as villages, towns, and cities. The villages were administered by village heads called gramikas, who were elected by the villagers. The towns and cities were administered by municipal boards called nagarashreshthin or sarthavaha, who were elected by the urban dwellers. The local administration was responsible for providing public services, maintaining public works, and regulating trade and commerce³⁴. Some of the historians who have expressed their views on the administrative system of the Guptas are: - R.C. Majumdar: He has argued that the Gupta empire was not a centralized monarchy, but a loose confederation of states under the nominal control of the Gupta kings. He has also pointed out the proto-feudal elements in the Gupta administration, such as the grant of land and fiscal concessions to the Brahmans, temples, and military commanders³. - A.S. Altekar: He has maintained that the Gupta empire was a centralized monarchy, with a well-organized bureaucracy and a strong army. He has also highlighted the secular and tolerant character of the Gupta polity, which did not impose any religious restrictions on the people². - D.D. Kosambi: He has emphasized the role of the caste system and the Brahmanical ideology in the Gupta administration. He has also suggested that the Gupta empire was a transitional phase between the ancient and the medieval periods of Indian history¹. - R.S. Sharma: He has criticized the feudal interpretation of the Gupta administration and has proposed the concept of land grants as a mode of surplus extraction. He has also stressed the importance of the village communities and the local self-government in the Gupta period⁴. - B.N. Mukherjee: He has challenged the notion of the Gupta empire as a confederation and has argued that the Gupta kings exercised effective control over their provinces and vassals. He has also analyzed the various titles and epithets of the Gupta kings and their relation to the gods⁵. Describe the expansion of the Gupta Empire under Samudragupta. [2006, 30m]
[Samudragupta -](onenote: Polity %20and%20Administration§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={4A24D2F5-0705-4145-8A3E-1279F9C8A52B}&object-id={8BFBE5CA-B90C-4DF1-9E73-65AED20ED907}&28&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ) The expansion of the Gupta Empire under Samudragupta was a remarkable achievement in the history of ancient India. Samudragupta is considered the Napoleon of Ancient India on account of his wars and conquests². His wars and conquests expanded the horizons of the Gupta Empire far and wide, imparting it an all-India character². The main source of information about the expansion of the Gupta Empire under Samudragupta is the Prayag Prashasti, also known as the Allahabad Pillar Inscription. It is a eulogy composed by Harisena, the court poet of Samudragupta, in praise of his achievements⁶⁷. It was first inscribed on the Ashokan Pillar in Kausambhi, near Allahabad, and later relocated to the Allahabad fort⁶⁸. The Prayag Prashasti describes the four types of conquests that Samudragupta undertook: - Digvijaya: The conquest of the whole of India. Samudragupta defeated and annexed nine kings in northern India, including the rulers of Aryavarta, Prayaga, Saketa, Kosala, Kalinga, etc. He also subjugated twelve kings in southern India, including the rulers of Mahendra, Pishtapura, Kanchi, Palakka, etc. He also received tributes from the kings of the forest regions, such as the Malavas, Arjunayanas, Yaudheyas, etc²³. - Dakshinapatha: The expedition to the south. Samudragupta did not annex the southern kingdoms, but only reduced them to the status of his feudatories. He allowed them to retain their territories and titles, but made them pay homage and tribute to him. He also performed the Ashvamedha sacrifice to assert his sovereignty over them²³. - Pratyanta: The frontier policy. Samudragupta maintained friendly relations with the border states, such as the Saka, Kushana, and Pallava kingdoms. He also extended his protection to them against external threats. He also received the submission of the rulers of Sri Lanka, Nepal, and the islands of the sea²³. - Samapada: The policy of assimilation. Samudragupta showed magnanimity and generosity towards the defeated kings. He restored their kingdoms and titles to them, and treated them as his allies and friends. He also gave them gifts and honors, and invited them to his court. He also patronized their religions and cultures²³. The Prayag Prashasti is not the only source of information about the expansion of the Gupta Empire under Samudragupta. There are also other inscriptions and literary sources that corroborate and supplement the information given in the Prayag Prashasti. Some of these sources are: - The Eran Stone Inscription: It records the victory of Samudragupta over the Saka king Rudrasimha III in western India². - The Bhitari Pillar Inscription: It mentions the Ashvamedha sacrifice performed by Samudragupta and the coins issued by him to commemorate his conquests². - The Mathura Stone Inscription: It records the grant of land by Samudragupta to a Brahman named Chandrasvami in Mathura². - The Junagadh Rock Inscription: It mentions the restoration of the dam on the Sudarshana lake by Chakrapalita, the governor of Saurashtra under Samudragupta². - The Kahaum Pillar Inscription: It records the grant of land by Samudragupta to a Brahman named Harisvamin in Kahaum, near Allahabad². - The Damodarpur Copper Plate Inscription: It records the grant of land by Samudragupta to a Brahman named Nagasvamin in Damodarpur, near Patna². - The Allahabad Iron Pillar Inscription: It records the victory of Chandragupta II, the son and successor of Samudragupta, over the Saka king Nahapana in western India². - The Devichandraguptam: It is a Sanskrit play written by Vishakhadatta, a contemporary of Samudragupta. It depicts the love story of Chandragupta II and the princess of the Saka king Rudrasimha III, and the political intrigues that led to the downfall of the Saka kingdom. - The Harshacharita: It is a Sanskrit biography of Harshavardhana, the king of Thanesar and Kanauj, written by Banabhatta, his court poet. It mentions Samudragupta as a great conqueror and a patron of arts and letters. - The Kadambari: It is a Sanskrit novel written by Banabhatta, the court poet of Harshavardhana. It mentions Samudragupta as a powerful and benevolent ruler who protected the weak and the oppressed. - The Chinese Accounts: The Chinese pilgrims Faxian and Xuanzang, who visited India during the Gupta period, have left accounts of the Gupta Empire and its culture. They praise the Gupta kings for their justice, piety, and generosity. Discuss the provincial and district administrative units of the Gupta Empire with the designations and functions of the officers. [2014, 15m]
[Administration under the Guptas :](onenote: Polity %20and%20Administration§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={4A24D2F5-0705-4145-8A3E-1279F9C8A52B}&object-id={0BE6094C-4D29-4BCE-95D6-6F0F21D30304}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ) The provincial and district administrative units of the Gupta Empire were as follows: - The empire was divided into provinces known as **deshas** or **bhuktis**. They were administered by governors who were usually designated as **uparikas**. The uparika was directly appointed by the king and he, in turn, frequently appointed the head of the district administration and the district board²⁴. - The provinces were further divided into districts called **vishayas**. They were placed under the charge of a **vishayapati**. The vishayapati was responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining law and order, and supervising the local administration. The vishayapati was sometimes appointed by the provincial governor, and sometimes by the king directly¹³⁴. - The districts were further subdivided into smaller units such as **vithis**, **bhumis**, **pathakas**, and **petas**. They were clusters of settlements that were administered by local officials such as **gramikas**, **mahattaras**, **ayuktakas**, and **pramatrakas**. They were in charge of maintaining the village records, collecting the land revenue, and resolving the disputes among the villagers⁴. Some of the designations and functions of the officers in the provincial and district administration were: - The **uparika** was the governor of the province. He was the representative of the king and had the authority to issue orders, grant lands, and appoint officials. He was assisted by a council of ministers and a staff of officers. He was also responsible for the defense and welfare of the province²⁴. - The **vishayapati** was the head of the district. He was the chief revenue officer and the chief judicial officer. He was assisted by a board of five members, called the **panchala** or the **panchashila**. He also had a staff of clerks, accountants, and messengers. He was also in charge of the public works, such as roads, bridges, and irrigation¹³⁴. - The **gramika** was the head of the village. He was elected by the villagers and was accountable to the vishayapati. He was responsible for maintaining the village records, such as the land register, the census, and the tax assessment. He also collected the land revenue and other dues from the villagers. He also acted as the judge in minor disputes and enforced the customary laws of the village⁴. - The **mahattara** was the head of a group of villages. He was appointed by the vishayapati and was accountable to him. He was responsible for coordinating the activities of the gramikas and supervising the collection of revenue. He also acted as the mediator in disputes between the villages and reported the grievances of the villagers to the higher authorities⁴. - The **ayuktaka** was the officer in charge of a vithi, a cluster of settlements. He was appointed by the vishayapati and was accountable to him. He was responsible for overseeing the administration of the vithi and ensuring the compliance of the villagers with the royal orders. He also acted as the liaison between the vishayapati and the gramikas⁴. - The **pramatraka** was the officer in charge of a pathaka, a subdivision of a vithi. He was appointed by the ayuktaka and was accountable to him. He was responsible for inspecting the land, measuring the crops, and assessing the taxes. He also acted as the messenger and the spy for the ayuktaka⁴. These are some of the provincial and district administrative units of the Gupta Empire with the designations and functions of the officers. I hope this information is helpful for you. 😊 Vardhanas Critically examine the sources of information for the study of Harshavardhan and discuss his religious policy. [1984, 60m]
[Harshavardhan -](onenote: Polity %20and%20Administration§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={4A24D2F5-0705-4145-8A3E-1279F9C8A52B}&object-id={8BFBE5CA-B90C-4DF1-9E73-65AED20ED907}&F9&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ) The different sources for the study of Harshavardhana are: - **Harshacharita**: It is a Sanskrit biography of Harshavardhana, written by Bana, his court poet. It describes his early life, his accession to the throne, his conquests, his patronage of arts and letters, and his religious activities. It also gives a vivid picture of the society and culture of his time¹². - **Si-yu-ki**: It is a Chinese travelogue written by Hiuen Tsang, a Buddhist monk who visited India during Harshavardhana's reign. It gives a detailed account of the political, religious, social, and economic conditions of India, as well as the personal characteristics and achievements of Harshavardhana. It also records his interactions with other rulers, such as Pulakeshin II of the Chalukyas and Bhaskaravarman of the Kamarupa¹²⁴. - **Harsha's own works**: Harshavardhana was also a prolific writer and dramatist. He composed three Sanskrit plays: Ratnavali, Nagananda, and Priyadarshika. These plays reflect his literary taste, his religious views, and his admiration for women. They also provide glimpses of the court life, the social customs, and the entertainment of his time¹². - **Inscriptions**: There are a few inscriptions that mention Harshavardhana and his activities. The most important ones are the Madhuben plate inscription, the Sonpat inscription, and the Banskhera inscription. These inscriptions record his grants of land and donations to religious institutions, his titles and epithets, and his signature¹². These sources can be critically examined as follows: - The Harshacharita is a laudatory work that praises Harshavardhana and his family excessively. It also omits some important events, such as his defeat by Pulakeshin II and his death. It is not a reliable source for the chronological and factual details of his reign, but it is a valuable source for the literary and cultural aspects of his time². - The Si-yu-ki is a more objective and reliable source than the Harshacharita, as it is based on the personal observations and experiences of Hiuen Tsang. However, it also has some limitations, such as the exaggeration of the size and extent of Harshavardhana's empire, the bias towards Buddhism and against Hinduism, and the lack of information on the southern and eastern regions of India. It is a useful source for the political and religious aspects of his time, but it is not a comprehensive source for the social and economic aspects of his time²⁴. - Harsha's own works are not historical sources, but literary sources. They are not meant to provide factual information, but to entertain and instruct the audience. They are influenced by his personal preferences and opinions, and they may not reflect the reality of his time accurately. They are helpful sources for the understanding of his personality, his creativity, and his worldview, but they are not reliable sources for the history of his time². - The inscriptions are authentic and authoritative sources, as they are issued by Harshavardhana himself or by his officials. They provide factual information on his grants, titles, and signature, which can be verified and corroborated by other sources. They are also useful sources for the study of his administration, his relations with other rulers, and his religious policy. However, they are also limited in scope and number, and they do not cover all the aspects of his reign². Harsha is described as 'the lord of the whole of north India'. Determine the extent of his empire and discuss his political relations with Sasanka, Bhaskaravarman and Pulakesin II. [1985, 60m]
[Extent of his empire and relations with other Kings](onenote: Polity %20and%20Administration§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={4A24D2F5-0705-4145-8A3E-1279F9C8A52B}&object-id={7DEE4F21-1567-439D-A3FC-D130A56FD585}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ) ![[Pasted image 20230216100043.png]] Harsha is described as ‘the lord of the whole of north India’ because he built a large empire that covered most of the northern and northwestern regions of India. The extent of his empire can be determined through various sources, such as: The Harshacharita: It is a biography of Harsha written by his court poet Bana. It narrates his conquests of various kingdoms and regions, such as Thanesar, Kannauj, Magadha, Bengal, Kamarupa, Kashmir, Sindh, Gujarat, Malwa, and Kosala. It also mentions his relations with other rulers, such as Pulakeshin II of the Chalukyas, Bhaskaravarman of the Kamarupa, and Shashanka of the Gauda12. The Si-yu-ki: It is a travelogue of Hiuen Tsang, a Chinese Buddhist monk who visited India during Harsha’s reign. It describes the political, religious, and cultural conditions of Harsha’s empire, as well as his personal characteristics and achievements. It also records his interactions with other rulers, such as Pulakeshin II of the Chalukyas, Bhaskaravarman of the Kamarupa, and Shashanka of the Gauda. It also gives the size and extent of his empire, which he estimates to be about 5000 li (about 2000 km) from east to west and 4000 li (about 1600 km) from north to south12. The inscriptions: There are a few inscriptions that mention Harsha and his activities, such as the Madhuben plate inscription, the Sonpat inscription, the Banskhera inscription, and the Harsha inscription. These inscriptions record his grants of land and donations to religious institutions, his titles and epithets, and his signature. They also provide information on his administration, his relations with other rulers, and his religious policy. Sasanka: He was the king of Gauda (modern Bengal and Bihar) and an enemy of Harsha. He had killed Harsha’s brother Rajyavardhana, who had gone to rescue his sister Rajyashri the wife of Maukhari king Grahavarman, who was also killed by Sasanka. Harsha avenged his brother’s death by defeating Sasanka and annexing his territories. He also restored the Maukhari kingdom to his sister Rajyashri and her son Anandavardhana. Sasanka was also hostile to Buddhism and had cut down the Bodhi tree at Bodh Gaya. Harsha repaired the damage done by Sasanka and patronized Buddhism in his empire123. Bhaskaravarman: He was the king of Kamarupa (modern Assam) and a friend of Harsha. He had helped Harsha in his wars against Sasanka and Pulakeshin II. He had also attended Harsha’s religious assemblies at Kannauj and Prayag, where he was honored by Harsha. He had exchanged gifts and embassies with Harsha and had also accompanied him to meet the Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsang. He was also a patron of Buddhism and had built many monasteries and stupas in his kingdom123. Pulakeshin II: He was the king of the Chalukyas of Badami (modern Karnataka) and a rival of Harsha. He had resisted Harsha’s expansion in the south and had defeated him on the banks of the Narmada river. He had also sent an embassy to the Persian king Khosrow II, claiming to be the supreme lord of India. He had also patronized art, literature, and religion in his kingdom. He was later killed by the Pallavas of Kanchi, who had sacked his capital Badami123. "Harsha owes his greatness largely not to any real achievements but to formulate descriptions by two famous men." Discuss. [1987, 60m] Banabhatta - Huen Tsang - The statement that “Harsha owes his greatness largely not to any real achievements but to formulate descriptions by two famous men” is not entirely true. It is true that Harsha’s life and reign are mainly known from the accounts of two famous men, namely Bana and Hiuen Tsang, who were his contemporaries and admirers. Bana was his court poet, who wrote the Harshacharita, a biography of Harsha that praises his conquests, generosity, and virtues. Hiuen Tsang was a Chinese Buddhist monk, who visited India during Harsha’s reign and wrote the Si-yu-ki, a travelogue that describes the political, religious, and cultural conditions of Harsha’s empire, as well as his personal characteristics and achievements. However, Harsha also had some real achievements that cannot be ignored or dismissed. He was a successful military leader, who unified most of northern India under his rule and resisted the expansion of the Chalukyas of Badami in the south. He was an able administrator, who maintained a well-organized and efficient government, a large and loyal army, and a prosperous and peaceful society. He was a patron of literature and art, who wrote three Sanskrit dramas, namely Nagananda, Ratnavali, and Priyadarshika, and supported many poets, scholars, and artists in his court. He was a tolerant and benevolent ruler, who patronized various religions, especially Buddhism, and held religious assemblies at Kannauj and Prayag, where he distributed gifts and donations to the needy and the learned. He was also a diplomat and a traveler, who exchanged embassies and gifts with other rulers, such as the Persian king Khosrow II, the Kamarupa king Bhaskaravarman, and the Chinese emperor Taizong. He also accompanied Hiuen Tsang to visit many holy places and monasteries in India Write a short essay on "The Maukharis paving the way for the glory of Harshavardhana" [1988, 20m]
[The Maukharis -](onenote: Polity %20and%20Administration§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={4A24D2F5-0705-4145-8A3E-1279F9C8A52B}&object-id={8BFBE5CA-B90C-4DF1-9E73-65AED20ED907}&BC&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ) more content needed on this The Maukharis were a powerful dynasty that ruled over northern India from the 6th to the 7th century CE. They were instrumental in paving the way for the glory of Harshavardhana, one of the most celebrated rulers of ancient India. The Maukharis rose to prominence under King Ishanavarman, who expanded his domain by defeating the Huns, the Guptas, and the Malavas. He also established friendly relations with the Later Guptas of Magadha and the Alchon Huns of Kabul. His son, Sarvavarman, consolidated the Maukhari power by marrying the Gupta princess Rajyashri, and by allying with the Pushyabhutis of Thanesar, who were also related to the Guptas. The Maukharis reached their zenith under King Grahavarman, who ruled from 600 to 606 CE. He controlled a vast territory that stretched from the Himalayas to the Narmada river, and from the Punjab to Bihar. He was a patron of arts, literature, and religion, and supported the famous Buddhist university of Nalanda. He also maintained cordial ties with the Chinese emperor Yang Jian, who sent an envoy to his court. However, Grahavarman's reign was cut short by the invasion of Shashanka, king of Gauda who defeated and killed him in 606 CE. Sasanka was a staunch Shaivite and a persecutor of Buddhism. He also attacked the Pushyabhutis of Thanesar, who were the allies and relatives of the Maukharis. This was the turning point that paved the way for the glory of Harshavardhana, the son of Prabhakaravardhana, the Pushyabhuti king of Thanesar. Harshavardhana was only 16 years old when he ascended the throne in 606 CE, after the death of his father and his elder brother Rajyavardhana. He vowed to avenge the Maukharis and to restore their dignity. He also inherited the Maukhari kingdom through his sister Rajyashri, who was the widow of Grahavarman. Harshavardhana embarked on a series of conquests that made him the paramount ruler of northern India. He defeated Sasanka and liberated the Maukhari territories from the Chalukya control. He also subdued the other regional powers, such as the Malavas, the Gurjaras, the Kosalas, and the Kalingas. He extended his sway over Nepal, Kashmir, Sindh, and parts of Central Asia. He established his capital at Kannauj, the former seat of the Maukharis, and made it a center of culture and learning. Harshavardhana was also a benevolent and tolerant ruler, who patronized various religions, especially Buddhism. He was a friend and patron of the Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang, who visited his court and praised his achievements. He also convened the famous Kanauj Assembly, where he donated his wealth to the Buddhist sangha and declared himself a Mahayana Buddhist. He also organized the Kumbh Mela at Prayag, where he distributed alms to the poor and the needy. Thus, the Maukharis paved the way for the glory of Harshavardhana, by creating a strong and prosperous kingdom that he inherited and expanded. They also provided him with a noble cause and a motivation to unify northern India and to promote peace and harmony among its people. The Maukharis and Harshavardhana together represent a golden age of Indian history, when culture, trade, and diplomacy flourished under their patronage. Discuss critically the role Harsha played in the history of his times. [1989, 60m]
[Harshavardhan -](onenote: 5. PYQs %20and%20Answers§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={25D5D4F3-2F3D-4F76-81D5-340DC0611C7D}&object-id={F3AEBFE2-1489-4B0B-A488-47E4E0DA9C6D}&F&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ) more content needed Political leader: Harsha was a successful military leader, who unified most of northern India under his rule and resisted the expansion of the Chalukyas of Badami in the south. He ascended the throne at the age of 16, after the assassination of his brother and brother-in-law, who were the rulers of Thanesar and Kannauj respectively. He then avenged their deaths by defeating the king of Gauda, Sasanka, and conquering his territory. He also annexed Magadha, Bengal, Orissa, and parts of Nepal and Kashmir to his empire. He maintained friendly relations with other rulers, such as the Kamarupa king Bhaskaravarman, the Persian king Khosrow II, and the Chinese emperor Taizong. He also exchanged embassies and gifts with them. He was an able administrator, who maintained a well-organized and efficient government, a large and loyal army, and a prosperous and peaceful society. He was also a tolerant and benevolent ruler, who patronized various religions, especially Buddhism, and held religious assemblies at Kannauj and Prayag, where he distributed gifts and donations to the needy and the learned. Cultural leader: Harsha was a patron of literature and art, who wrote three Sanskrit dramas, namely Nagananda, Ratnavali, and Priyadarshika, and supported many poets, scholars, and artists in his court. He also invited the Chinese Buddhist monk Hiuen Tsang to his court, who wrote a detailed account of Harsha’s empire and his personal characteristics and achievements. Harsha’s court poet Bana also wrote the Harshacharita, a biography of Harsha that praises his conquests, generosity, and virtues. Harsha also promoted the development of education, trade, and art in his empire. He supported the famous Nalanda University, where Hiuen Tsang studied and taught. He also encouraged trade and commerce with other countries, such as China, Persia, and Central Asia. He also patronized the art and architecture of his time, such as the Buddhist stupas, monasteries, and sculptures. RC Majumdar : He has praised Harsha as a great conqueror, administrator, and patron of culture, but has also pointed out his limitations and failures, such as his inability to subdue the Chalukyas, his dependence on feudal allies, his lack of originality in literature, and his decline after his death. He has also challenged some of the exaggerated claims of Bana and Hiuen Tsang, such as the extent of Harsha’s empire, the size of his army, and the nature of his religious assemblies. KM Panikkar : He has relied mainly on the accounts of Bana and Hiuen Tsang, and has portrayed Harsha as a great and glorious ruler, who unified most of India under his rule, and maintained peace and prosperity in his empire. He has also highlighted Harsha’s achievements in literature, art, religion, and diplomacy, and has compared him favorably with other contemporary rulers, such as the Persian king Khosrow II, the Chinese emperor Taizong, and the Byzantine emperor Heraclius. [He has also accepted some of the exaggerated claims of Bana and Hiuen Tsang, such as the extent of Harsha’s empire, the size of his army, and the nature of his religious assemblies. Romila Thapar : She has argued that Harsha’s reign marked a transition from the ancient to the medieval period, when the political structure became more decentralized and feudal, and the social structure became more hierarchical and rigid. She has also discussed Harsha’s role in the development of literature, art, religion, and trade, and has compared him with other rulers of his time, such as the Chalukyas, the Pallavas, and the Kamarupa kings. "Of all the events that had a singular being on the history of India, Harsha's death in 647 A.D. is significant." Why? Explain. [1996, 60m]
[Political Condition Post-Harsha period](onenote: Polity %20and%20Administration§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={4A24D2F5-0705-4145-8A3E-1279F9C8A52B}&object-id={04F82B2F-B246-409E-BD1A-9821A863DEF7}&84&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ) More content Lack of heirs: Harsha did not have any sons or daughters to succeed him, and his only brother and nephew were killed before him. Therefore, he did not have any legitimate or competent heirs to inherit his throne and his empire. This created a power vacuum and a succession crisis, which led to the collapse and disintegration of his empire into smaller states and principalities. His empire was largely dependent on his personal charisma and authority, and did not have a strong or stable political structure or administration to survive without him123. Feudalism: Harsha had granted land in villages to his loyal supporters, such as his feudal allies, military officers, and religious institutions, in return for their services and tribute. This made the local landlords powerful and autonomous, and reduced the central control and revenue of the empire. This also led to the weakening of the empire and gave rise to local feuds and conflicts among the landlords and their rivals. Harsha had to be in constant movement to keep things in order and to deal with the external threats, such as the Chalukyas, the Huns, and the Tibetans. After his death, the feudal lords asserted their independence and refused to acknowledge any central authority or pay any tribute234. Invasions: Harsha’s death also coincided with the rise of new invaders and enemies, who threatened the security and stability of northern India. The most prominent of these were the Arabs, who had conquered Persia and Central Asia, and had started to raid and attack the western and northwestern parts of India. They also tried to spread Islam in India, and challenged the existing religions and cultures. The Arabs were followed by the Turks, who also invaded and plundered India, and established their rule in some parts of the country. These invasions weakened the existing kingdoms and states, and disrupted the trade and commerce of the region Comparison with death of Ashoka. Harshas death created a power vacuum and a succession crisis and rapid collapse. Give an account of the Society in Northern and Central India since the death of Harsha to the Muslim conquest of North India. [1996, 60m]
[SOCIETY](onenote:Regional%20States%20during%20Gupta%20Era. one #Economy %20and%20Society§ion-id={762B0AE5-2A23-4D1F-9D30-89664CBE1143}&page-id={326D2149-87B5-4A27-9A78-18CD1483D1C8}&object-id={360BB1ED-B5FF-4E44-B12A-F163105DC67D}&C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II ) The society in northern and central India since the death of Harsha to the Muslim conquest of North India was largely shaped by the various Rajput dynasties that emerged and ruled over different regions and kingdoms. The Rajputs were a group of warrior clans that claimed high descent from the ancient Kshatriyas or the solar and lunar races. They were proud of their martial prowess, loyalty, and chivalry, and often engaged in wars and alliances with each other and with other powers, such as the Turks, the Arabs, the Afghans, and the Chalukyas. The Rajput society and culture were influenced by Hinduism, Jainism, Islam, Buddhism, and Zoroastrianism, and reflected a diversity and richness of art, architecture, literature, music, dance, and cuisine. The Rajputs patronized temples, forts, palaces, gardens, sculptures, paintings, and coins, and developed styles and schools of their own, such as the Mewar, Marwar, Bundelkhand, and Kangra schools. The Rajputs also produced poets, historians, dramatists, and musicians, such as Chand Bardai, Jayasi, Somadeva, and Tansen. The Rajputs also followed customs and traditions, such as the jauhar, the saka, the sati, the gotra, and the agnikula, that reflected their values and beliefs. However, the Rajput society and culture also suffered from some drawbacks and challenges, such as the lack of political unity and centralization, the wide discrepancy in living standards and social status, the rigid caste and creed systems, the frequent invasions and plunder by foreign enemies, and the decline of trade and commerce. The Rajput society and culture also underwent changes and adaptations, such as the adoption of Persian and Arabic languages and scripts, the conversion to Islam by some clans and rulers, the emergence of new sects and movements, such as the Bhakti and the Sufi, and the interaction and exchange with other civilizations, such as the Mughals, the Europeans, and the Chinese. "Harshvardhan was himself great, but he has been made greater by Ban and Yuan Chiang." Critically examine the statement. [1999, 60m]
[Critical examination of the source especially Banabhatta's and Heun](onenote: Polity %20and%20Administration§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={4A24D2F5-0705-4145-8A3E-1279F9C8A52B}&object-id={A57A7312-960A-4BB9-8C85-385A2CA2D07D}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ) - ! Answered above. Chapter 9. 300 C.E - 600 C.E. From Upinder Singh
fess110.pdf - New Empires and Kingdoms]]>08.1-ancient-history/10.-guptas-vakatakas-and-vardhans/10.1-polity-and-administration.html08.1 Ancient-History/10. Guptas-Vakatakas-and-Vardhans/10.1 Polity and Administration.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="https://i.imgur.com/H0Bza3t.png"></figure>Coinage %20of%20the%20Guptas§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={F700DFBB-3EDD-4B43-9581-BA36E382F492}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one )
[Royal women on coins and seals ex Chandragupta I and](onenote: Position %20of%20Women§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={97342272-5382-4CAB-A1F9-AC02C4E5FCED}&object-id={FD203FBC-FAB5-48A7-9CA6-3C47EACEA796}&C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ) Economy: The coins of the Guptas reflect the prosperity and stability of the Gupta economy, which was based on agriculture, trade, and mining. The Guptas issued a large number of gold coins, known as dinaras, which were of high quality and artistic excellence. The gold coins were used for international trade and royal donations, and indicate the availability and circulation of gold in the Gupta empire. The Guptas also issued silver coins, which were used for local trade and tribute, and show the influence of the Kushana and the Roman coins. The copper, bronze, and alloy metal coins, on the other hand, are scarce, and suggest that the use of money was not the common medium of exchange for the public, who relied more on barter and natural produce. Polity: The coins of the Guptas reflect the political power and authority of the Gupta rulers, who claimed to be the descendants of the ancient Kshatriyas or the solar and lunar races. The coins of the Guptas bear the names, titles, and portraits of the Gupta kings, such as Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, Chandragupta II, Kumaragupta I, and Skandagupta, and depict their various achievements and attributes, such as conquests, victories, valour, piety, and generosity. The coins of the Guptas also show the extent and diversity of the Gupta empire, which covered most of northern and central India, and included various provinces, vassals, and allies. The coins of the Guptas also show the influence and interaction of the Guptas with other political entities, such as the Kushanas, the Sakas, the Romans, and the Huns. Religion: The coins of the Guptas reflect the religious tolerance and patronage of the Gupta rulers, who followed Hinduism, but also respected and supported other religions, such as Buddhism, Jainism, and Zoroastrianism. The coins of the Guptas depict various Hindu gods and goddesses, such as Vishnu, Shiva, Lakshmi, Durga, Kartikeya, and Ganga, and show the popularity and diversity of the Hindu pantheon and cults. The coins of the Guptas also depict various Buddhist and Jain symbols and images, such as the lion capital, the wheel, the stupa, the lotus, the bull, and the swastika, and show the influence and acceptance of these religions in the Gupta society and culture. The coins of the Guptas also depict some foreign deities and motifs, such as Mithra, Garuda, and the crescent, and show the contact and exchange of the Guptas with other religious traditions, such as Zoroastrianism and Islam. Arts: The coins of the Guptas reflect the artistic excellence and innovation of the Gupta period, which is regarded as the golden age of Indian art and culture. The coins of the Guptas are the finest examples of numismatics and aesthetic perfection, and show the mastery and creativity of the Gupta craftsmen and artists. The coins of the Guptas are rich in design and variety, and depict various scenes and themes, such as hunting, playing, sacrificing, worshipping, and dancing. The coins of the Guptas are also remarkable for their realism and naturalism, and portray the features and expressions of the Gupta kings and deities with accuracy and elegance. The coins of the Guptas also show the influence and adaptation of the Gupta art and culture from other sources, such as the Kushana, the Roman, and the Greek art and culture. - ! Incomplete need more. Discuss the conditions of economic life in the age of the Guptas. [1982, 60m]
[Economic Conditions](onenote: Economic %20Conditions§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={3FB82C76-25A6-42B0-9683-3278040E4C2A}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ) The economic life in the age of the Guptas was prosperous and diverse, but also faced some challenges and decline. Some of the features of the economic life in the Gupta period are: - Agriculture: Agriculture was the main occupation and source of income for most of the people. The Guptas encouraged irrigation works, land grants, and tax reforms to boost agricultural production. Various crops such as rice, wheat, barley, millets, pulses, sugarcane, cotton, and fruits were grown¹³⁵. - Trade and commerce: Trade and commerce flourished both within and outside India during the Gupta period. The Guptas maintained trade relations with China, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, and the Roman Empire. They also issued gold, silver, and copper coins, which facilitated trade and reflected their economic prosperity. The main items of trade were spices, textiles, gems, metals, ivory, and horses. The trade was carried out by land and sea routes, and was regulated by guilds and corporations¹²⁴⁵. - Industry and crafts: Industry and crafts also developed during the Gupta period. Various industries such as iron, steel, copper, bronze, gold, silver, glass, pottery, and textiles were established. The craftsmen produced fine quality of goods such as iron pillars, bronze statues, gold ornaments, silk fabrics, and terracotta figurines. The artisans were organized into guilds and enjoyed patronage from the kings and the nobles¹⁴⁵. - Mining and metallurgy: Mining and metallurgy were important sources of wealth and revenue for the Guptas. They exploited the rich mineral resources of India, such as gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, tin, and zinc. They also developed advanced techniques of metallurgy, such as smelting, forging, casting, and alloying. The iron pillar of Delhi, the gold coins of the Guptas, and the silver vessels of the Kushanas are some of the examples of their metallurgical skills¹⁵⁶. - Taxation and revenue: Taxation and revenue were the main sources of income for the Gupta administration. The Guptas levied various taxes on land, trade, industry, and professions. The land tax was the most important and was fixed at one-sixth of the produce. The trade tax was levied on the goods that were imported or exported. The industry tax was levied on the artisans and craftsmen. The profession tax was levied on the people who practiced different occupations. The taxes were collected by the officials and were deposited in the treasury¹²⁵. - Economic decline: The economic life of the Guptas faced some challenges and decline towards the end of their rule. The main factors that contributed to their economic decline were: - The loss of western India to the Hunas and the Vakatakas, which deprived them of the rich revenues from trade and commerce. - The frequent invasions and wars, which drained their resources and disrupted their trade and agriculture⁶. - The decline in the quality and quantity of their gold coins, which indicated their financial crisis and loss of prestige. - The corruption and mismanagement of the officials, who exploited the people and embezzled the taxes. - The social and religious changes, which affected the economic activities and values of the people. Write a short essay on "The economic prosperity in the Gupta period." [1990, 20m]
[Economic Conditions](onenote: Economic %20Conditions§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={3FB82C76-25A6-42B0-9683-3278040E4C2A}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ) The economic life of the Guptas was based on a strong agrarian foundation, supplemented by trade, commerce, industry, and mining. Agriculture was the main occupation and source of income for most of the people. The Guptas encouraged irrigation works, land grants, and tax reforms to boost agricultural production. Various crops such as rice, wheat, barley, millets, pulses, sugarcane, cotton, and fruits were grown. The land was classified into different categories based on its fertility and ownership, and the land tax was fixed at one-sixth of the produce. The land grants were given to Brahmins, temples, monasteries, and officials, and were exempted from taxes and duties. The land grants also facilitated the spread of culture and administration to the remote areas. Trade and commerce flourished both within and outside India during the Gupta period. The Guptas maintained trade relations with China, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, and the Roman Empire. They also issued gold, silver, and copper coins, which facilitated trade and reflected their economic prosperity. The main items of trade were spices, textiles, gems, metals, ivory, and horses. The trade was carried out by land and sea routes, and was regulated by guilds and corporations. The guilds were associations of merchants, artisans, and craftsmen, who controlled the production, quality, and price of goods. The corporations were larger organizations of traders, who financed and organized long-distance trade. The trade and commerce also generated revenue for the state, as the Guptas levied various taxes and duties on the goods that were imported or exported. Industry and crafts also developed during the Gupta period. Various industries such as iron, steel, copper, bronze, gold, silver, glass, pottery, and textiles were established. The craftsmen produced fine quality of goods such as iron pillars, bronze statues, gold ornaments, silk fabrics, and terracotta figurines. The artisans were organized into guilds and enjoyed patronage from the kings and the nobles. The industry and crafts also contributed to the artistic and cultural achievements of the Guptas, as they created masterpieces of sculpture, painting, architecture, and literature. Mining and metallurgy were important sources of wealth and revenue for the Guptas. They exploited the rich mineral resources of India, such as gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, tin, and zinc. They also developed advanced techniques of metallurgy, such as smelting, forging, casting, and alloying. The iron pillar of Delhi, the gold coins of the Guptas, and the silver vessels of the Kushanas are some of the examples of their metallurgical skills. The mining and metallurgy also supported the trade and commerce, as they supplied the raw materials and finished products for the domestic and foreign markets. The economic prosperity of the Guptas was also reflected in the urbanization and standard of living of the people. The Guptas built and maintained many cities, such as Pataliputra, Ujjain, Prayaga, Mathura, Kanchi, and Taxila, which were centers of administration, trade, culture, and education. The cities were well-planned and had public amenities such as roads, bridges, markets, temples, monasteries, and universities. The people enjoyed a comfortable and luxurious life, as they had access to various goods and services, such as food, clothing, jewelry, cosmetics, entertainment, and education. The people also participated in various social and religious activities, such as festivals, fairs, pilgrimages, and donations. Write a short essay on: "Origins and meaning of the samanta system." [1991, 20m]
[Indian Feudalism](onenote: Indian %20Feudalism§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={B5CA8022-2F74-4DEB-9737-86EB54859DD5}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ) The samanta system was a political institution that emerged in the early medieval period (4th to 12th century CE) in India, and was characterized by the relationship between a king and his vassals or tributaries. The term samanta means a neighbor or a borderer, and implies a degree of autonomy and independence. The samanta system is considered to be closely associated with the origin and growth of feudalism in India, as it involved the grant of land, privileges, and titles to the samantas in exchange for their loyalty, tribute, and military service to the king. The origins of the samanta system can be traced back to the Gupta period (c. 320-550 CE), when the Gupta empire faced various challenges from internal rebellions, foreign invasions, and regional powers. The Gupta kings adopted a policy of conciliation and compromise with their rivals and adversaries, and granted them the status of samantas or subordinate rulers. The samantas were allowed to retain their own territories, administration, and army, but had to acknowledge the supremacy of the Gupta king, pay him tribute, and assist him in wars. The samantas also received land grants, titles, and honors from the Gupta king, and were expected to follow his orders and policies. The samanta system enabled the Gupta kings to maintain their hegemony and prestige, and to expand their empire through alliances and conquests. The samanta system became more widespread and complex in the post-Gupta period (6th to 12th century CE), when the political scenario of India was marked by the emergence of numerous regional kingdoms, such as the Pallavas, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Pratiharas, Pala, Sena, Cholas, and Chahamanas. These kingdoms competed and conflicted with each other for supremacy and resources, and also faced threats from foreign invaders, such as the Hunas, Arabs, Turks, and Afghans. The kings of these kingdoms adopted the samanta system as a means of expanding and consolidating their power and territory, and of coping with the political and military challenges. The kings granted land, revenue, and authority to their samantas, who were usually their relatives, nobles, generals, or local chiefs. The samantas, in turn, owed allegiance, tribute, and service to the king, and also granted land and privileges to their own subordinates, creating a hierarchy of feudal lords and vassals. The samanta system also involved the participation of the Brahmins, who received land grants and donations from the kings. Throw light on the condition of common man in the Gupta period. [2007, 60m]
[Caste System](onenote: Caste %20System§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={A2EE58C9-06E4-43E3-9613-10A63A725D73}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ) The condition of the common man in the Gupta period was not very favorable, despite the political and cultural achievements of the Gupta rulers. The common man, who belonged to the lower castes and classes, faced various hardships and inequalities in the society and economy. The caste system, or varna system, had become rigid and hierarchical during the Gupta period, and the Brahmins occupied the top position in society. The Brahmins received lavish gifts from rulers and other wealthy people, and enjoyed various privileges and exemptions. The Kshatriyas, or the warriors and rulers, were the second in rank, and had the right to bear arms and administer justice. The Vaishyas, or the merchants and traders, were the third in rank, and had the right to engage in commerce and agriculture. The Shudras, or the servants and laborers, were the lowest in rank, and had no rights or freedoms. They had to serve the upper castes and pay heavy taxes and tributes. The untouchables, or the outcastes, were outside the varna system, and were considered impure and polluted. They had to perform the most menial and degrading jobs, and were subjected to social discrimination and oppression. The economic condition of the common man was also poor and unstable during the Gupta period. The common man had to bear the burden of heavy taxation and land revenue, which were imposed by the rulers and the landlords. The common man had to pay various taxes, such as the bhaga, or the share of the produce, the bali, or the voluntary gift, the uparikara, or the additional tax, the pindakara, or the poll tax, the shulka, or the customs duty, and the hiranya, or the gold tax. The common man also had to pay various land revenues, such as the kara, or the rent, the bhoga, or the maintenance, the upabhoga, or the service, and the pranaya, or the tribute. The common man had no security of tenure or ownership of land, and was often exploited and oppressed by the landlords and the officials. The social and cultural condition of the common man was also dismal and stagnant during the Gupta period. The common man had little access to education and learning, which were monopolized by the Brahmins and the upper castes. The common man had little exposure to the arts and sciences, which were patronized by the rulers and the wealthy people. The common man had little participation in the religious and cultural activities, which were dominated by the Brahmanical and orthodox traditions. The common man had little scope for innovation and creativity, which were discouraged by the rigid and conservative norms of the society. Some examples of the condition of the common man in the Gupta period are: - The common man had to suffer from the frequent invasions and wars, which disrupted the peace and security of the empire. The common man had to face the plunder and destruction of the invaders, such as the Hunas, the Sakas, and the Kushanas, who ravaged the towns and villages, and looted the wealth and resources of the people. - The common man had to endure the natural calamities and famines, which affected the agriculture and the food supply of the empire. The common man had to face the droughts and floods, which damaged the crops and the irrigation systems, and caused starvation and disease among the people. - The common man had to cope with the social and religious conflicts, which created divisions and tensions among the people. The common man had to face the discrimination and persecution of the Brahmins and the upper castes, who imposed their authority and ideology on the lower castes and classes. The common man had to face the opposition and hostility of the Buddhists and the Jains, who challenged the supremacy and validity of the Brahmanical and Hindu faith. Give an account of the use of gold coins by commoners in the Gupta Period. [2009, 30m]
[Coinage of the Guptas](onenote: Coinage %20of%20the%20Guptas§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={F700DFBB-3EDD-4B43-9581-BA36E382F492}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ) The use of gold coins by commoners in the Gupta period was very limited and rare, as gold coins were mainly used by the rulers, the nobles, the officials, and the merchants for high-value transactions and payments. The commoners mostly used silver coins, copper coins, or barter system for their local and daily exchange. The Gupta emperors issued a large number of gold coins, known as dinars, which were of high quality and artistic excellence. The gold coins depicted the portraits and legends of the ruling king on the obverse, and a goddess or a symbol on the reverse. The gold coins also showed the influence of the Greek, Roman, and Central Asian cultures, as well as the Hindu and Buddhist religions. The gold coins were of various types and subtypes, such as the horseman type, the archer type, the king and queen type, the couch type, the lyrist type, the Garuda type, the lion-slayer type, and the Chhatra type[^1^][2]. The gold coins were used by the Gupta rulers to pay their officers in the army and administration, who were responsible for maintaining the law and order, collecting the taxes and revenues, and executing the royal orders. The gold coins were also used by the rulers to reward their loyal and brave soldiers, who fought in the wars and battles against the enemies and invaders. The gold coins were also used by the rulers to patronize the Brahmins, the scholars, the poets, and the artists, who contributed to the cultural and intellectual achievements of the Gupta period[^2^][3]. The gold coins were also used by the nobles and the wealthy people, who were the landowners, the landlords, the traders, and the bankers, who had large estates, properties, and businesses. The gold coins were used by them to buy and sell land, which was the main source of wealth and power in the Gupta period. The gold coins were also used by them to invest in trade and commerce, which were flourishing due to the political stability, the expansion of roads and ports, and the contacts with foreign countries. The gold coins were also used by them to display their status and prestige, by donating them to temples, monasteries, and charities[^2^][3]. The gold coins were not used by the commoners, who were the peasants, the artisans, the laborers, and the servants, who had low income and low social status. The gold coins were too expensive and scarce for them, as they had to pay heavy taxes and tributes to the rulers and the landlords, and had little surplus or savings. The commoners mostly used silver coins, copper coins, or barter system for their local and daily exchange. The silver coins were issued by the Guptas after the conquest of Gujarat, which was a rich and prosperous region. The copper coins were issued by the local and feudal rulers, who had some autonomy and authority in their regions. The barter system was used by the rural and tribal people, who exchanged their goods and services with each other The Allahabad Pillar Inscription, a prashasti or eulogy of the Gupta emperor Samudragupta written by his court poet Harisena, mentions that Samudragupta gave away gold coins as gifts to various kings and chiefs, who acknowledged his supremacy and paid him homage. The inscription also mentions that Samudragupta performed the Ashvamedha sacrifice, which involved the distribution of gold coins to the priests and the participants. - The Nalanda Copper Plate Inscription, a grant of land by the Gupta emperor Kumaragupta I to a Brahmin named Sarvavarman, mentions that the grant was made in the presence of a large assembly of people, who witnessed the donation of gold coins, cows, and land to the Brahmin. The inscription also mentions that the grant was confirmed by the royal seal, which bore the image of a lion-slayer, one of the types of the Gupta gold coins. - The Deogarh Temple Inscription, a record of the construction of a Vishnu temple by the Gupta emperor Skandagupta, mentions that the temple was built with the help of gold coins, which were donated by the king, his ministers, his officials, and his subjects. The inscription also mentions that the temple was adorned with various sculptures and paintings, which reflected the artistic excellence of the Gupta period. - The Kamasutra, a treatise on eroticism and love written by Vatsyayana, mentions that gold coins were used by the courtesans, who were the professional entertainers and companions of the wealthy and the noble people. The Kamasutra also mentions that gold coins were used by the lovers, who exchanged them as tokens of affection and loyalty. The Kamasutra also mentions that gold coins were used by the thieves, who stole them from the houses and the temples of the rich and the powerful. The second urbanization gave rise to the organized corporate activities that reached their zenith during the Gupta period. Discuss. [2017, 20 Marks]
[Crafts Production and Trade :](onenote: Economic %20Conditions§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={3FB82C76-25A6-42B0-9683-3278040E4C2A}&object-id={CE8E0CF5-9D98-4587-BA84-A5FA6393A9A4}&30&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ) The second urbanization refers to the process of emergence and growth of cities and towns in ancient India from the 6th century BCE onwards, especially in the Gangetic plains and the Deccan plateau. This process was influenced by various factors, such as the rise of new political and religious movements, the expansion of trade and commerce, the development of agriculture and irrigation, the diffusion of iron technology, and the contact with foreign cultures. The second urbanization gave rise to the organized corporate activities that reached their zenith during the Gupta period. Corporate activities are the economic and social activities that are carried out by the associations or groups of people, such as guilds, corporations, sanghas, ganas, etc. These associations were formed by the people who shared common interests, occupations, or identities, and who had some degree of autonomy and authority in their affairs. Some of the features and examples of the corporate activities in the Gupta period are: - The guilds were the associations of the artisans, craftsmen, and merchants, who specialized in various trades and industries, such as weaving, pottery, metalwork, ivory work, shipbuilding, etc. The guilds had their own rules, regulations, and codes of conduct, and they controlled the production, distribution, and quality of their goods and services. The guilds also acted as banks, lenders, and insurers, and they participated in the local and long-distance trade and commerce. The guilds also had their own seals, symbols, and inscriptions, which attested their identity and status. The guilds also donated to the temples, monasteries, and charities, and they patronized the arts and culture. Some of the examples of the guilds in the Gupta period are the silk weavers of Mandsor, the ivory workers of Bhita, the oil pressers of Eran, the stone cutters of Udayagiri, etc. - The corporations were the associations of the landowners, landlords, and farmers, who owned and managed large estates, properties, and villages. The corporations had their own administration, judiciary, and military, and they collected and paid taxes and revenues to the rulers. The corporations also maintained the irrigation systems, roads, and bridges, and they provided security and welfare to their members and dependents. The corporations also had their own charters, grants, and inscriptions, which recorded their rights and privileges. The corporations also donated to the temples, monasteries, and charities, and they patronized the arts and culture. Some of the examples of the corporations in the Gupta period are the Nagara Shreshthi of Ujjain, the Sarthavaha of Mathura, the Agrahara of Nalanda, the Gahapati of Eran, etc. - The sanghas and ganas were the associations of the tribal and rural people, who lived in the forests, hills, and plains. The sanghas and ganas had their own assemblies, councils, and chiefs, and they followed their own customs and traditions. The sanghas and ganas also resisted the encroachment and domination of the rulers and the landlords, and they asserted their autonomy and sovereignty. The sanghas and ganas also had their own coins, seals, and inscriptions, which expressed their identity and status. The sanghas and ganas also donated to the temples, monasteries, and charities, and they patronized the arts and culture. Some of the examples of the sanghas and ganas in the Gupta period are the Yaudheyas, the Malavas, the Abhiras, the Vakatakas, etc. Education and educational institutions; Nalanda, Vikramshila and Vallabhi, Literature, scientific literature, art and architecture
[Nalanda](onenote: Nalanda §ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={1A403C79-0443-4BA9-8B6C-C45DD665B180}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one )
[Vikramshila](onenote: Vikramshila §ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={2B6B79D9-4D4A-4F28-BA06-DAC4F16B80C4}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one )
[Vallabhi](onenote: Vallabhi §ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={311164A6-B57F-4D0D-A7A2-FA0EDF767492}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one )
[Literature, Scientific Literature](onenote: Literature,%20Scientific%20Literature§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={01E80059-FE28-4276-AABD-38E18E2DF482}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one )
[Art and Culture](onenote: Art %20and%20Culture§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={53ADDDB9-C9C2-4885-8240-339ECC95F583}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ) Examine the development of religion, literature and fine arts under the Guptas. [1980, 60m]
[Caste System](onenote: Caste %20System§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={A2EE58C9-06E4-43E3-9613-10A63A725D73}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one )
[Literature, Scientific Literature](onenote: Literature,%20Scientific%20Literature§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={01E80059-FE28-4276-AABD-38E18E2DF482}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one )
[Art and Culture](onenote: Art %20and%20Culture§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={53ADDDB9-C9C2-4885-8240-339ECC95F583}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ) The Gupta period (c. 320-550 CE) is regarded as the golden age of Indian culture, as it witnessed remarkable achievements in the fields of religion, literature, and fine arts. Some of the features and examples of the development of these fields under the Guptas are: - Religion: The Gupta rulers were tolerant and patronizing of various religious sects and movements, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and others. Hinduism, however, was the dominant religion, and it underwent a revival and reformation under the Guptas. The Gupta rulers adopted various forms of Hindu deities, such as Vishnu, Shiva, and Devi, as their royal emblems and cults, and they performed elaborate rituals and sacrifices, such as the Ashvamedha and the Vajapeya. The Gupta period also saw the development of the Puranas, the Smritis, and the Tantras, which codified the Hindu myths, laws, and practices. The Gupta period also witnessed the growth of the Bhakti movement, which emphasized the personal devotion and love of the devotees towards their chosen gods and goddesses. The Gupta period also saw the flourishing of Buddhism and Jainism, which received the patronage of the Gupta rulers and the wealthy merchants and traders. The Gupta period also saw the construction of numerous temples, monasteries, stupas, and caves, which reflected the architectural and sculptural excellence of the Gupta period. Some of the examples of the religious monuments of the Gupta period are the Dashavatara temple at Deogarh, the Vishnu temple at Tigawa, the Udayagiri caves near Vidisha, the Ajanta and Ellora caves in Maharashtra, the Sanchi stupa in Madhya Pradesh, etc. - Literature: The Gupta period is considered as the classical age of Sanskrit literature, as it produced some of the finest poets, dramatists, and scholars, who enriched the language and the literature with their creativity and erudition. The Gupta rulers themselves were patrons and authors of Sanskrit literature, and they encouraged the development of various genres and styles, such as poetry, drama, prose, biography, history, grammar, lexicography, astronomy, mathematics, medicine, etc. The Gupta period also saw the development of Prakrit and Pali literature, which were the languages of the common people and the religious sects. The Gupta period also saw the translation and transmission of Indian literature to other regions and cultures, such as China, Tibet, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia. Some of the examples of the literary works and authors of the Gupta period are the Abhijnanashakuntala, the Malavikagnimitra, and the Vikramorvashiyam by Kalidasa, the Mudrarakshasa and the Devichandraguptam by Vishakhadatta, the Harshacharita and the Kadambari by Banabhatta, the Aryabhatiya by Aryabhata, the Suryasiddhanta by Varahamihira, the Ashtadhyayi by Panini, the Amarakosha by Amarasimha, the Buddhacharita and the Saundarananda by Ashvaghosha, the Mahavamsa and the Dipavamsa by the Pali chroniclers, etc. - Fine Arts: The Gupta period is regarded as the zenith of Indian art, as it witnessed the development of various forms and expressions of art, such as painting, sculpture, architecture, music, dance, etc. The Gupta art was characterized by its grace, elegance, refinement, and realism, and it reflected the religious, cultural, and aesthetic values of the Gupta period. The Gupta art also influenced and inspired the art of other regions and cultures, such as Nepal, Tibet, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia. Some of the examples of the fine arts of the Gupta period are the paintings of Ajanta, which depict the life and teachings of the Buddha and the Jataka stories, the sculptures of Sarnath, which portray the Buddha and the Bodhisattvas in various poses and expressions, the sculptures of Mathura, which depict the Hindu and Jain deities and the secular themes, the sculptures of Gandhara, which show the influence of the Greco-Roman art, the temples of Deogarh, Tigawa, and Bhitargaon, which exhibit the Nagara style of architecture, the caves of Udayagiri, Ajanta, and Ellora, which display the rock-cut architecture, the music and dance of the Gupta period, which were influenced by the Natyashastra of Bharata and the Sangitaratnakara of Sarangadeva, etc . Discuss the ancient Indian contacts with South-East Asia with reference to causes, chronology and original home of the migrants. What was the impact of these contacts on the art of Kambuja and Java? [1980, 60m] Ancient Indian contacts with South-East Asia can be traced back to the prehistoric times, when maritime trade and migration facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and people between the two regions. The causes of these contacts were mainly economic, religious, and political, and the chronology of these contacts can be divided into four phases: the pre-Mauryan phase (c. 6th-3rd century BCE), the Mauryan phase (c. 3rd-2nd century BCE), the post-Mauryan phase (c. 2nd century BCE-3rd century CE), and the Gupta phase (c. 4th-6th century CE). The original home of the migrants varied according to the regions and periods, but some of the prominent sources of migration were Bengal, Orissa, Andhra, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, and Malabar. The impact of these contacts on the art of Kambuja (Cambodia) and Java (Indonesia) was profound and lasting, as they adopted and adapted various forms and styles of Indian art, such as architecture, sculpture, painting, and iconography. Some of the salient points of the trade are : - The pre-Mauryan phase witnessed the establishment of the first Indian settlements and colonies in South-East Asia, such as Tamralipti in Burma, Suvarnabhumi in Thailand, Funan in Cambodia, and Yavadvipa in Java. These settlements were mainly engaged in trade and commerce, and they introduced Indian products, such as cotton, spices, gems, and metals, to the local markets. They also introduced Indian scripts, such as Brahmi and Kharoshthi, and Indian religions, such as Buddhism and Hinduism, to the local people. The art of this phase was mainly influenced by the Mauryan and post-Mauryan art of India, and it reflected the simplicity, naturalism, and realism of these styles. Some of the examples of the art of this phase are the Buddha images of Burma and Thailand, the stupa of Batujaya in Java, and the brick temples of Funan in Cambodia. - The Mauryan phase saw the expansion of the Indian influence and authority in South-East Asia, as the Mauryan emperor Ashoka sent his missionaries and emissaries to various regions, such as Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, and Indonesia, to propagate Buddhism and his Dhamma. The Mauryan phase also saw the development of the maritime trade and navigation, as the Indian merchants and sailors explored new routes and ports, such as Kattigara in Vietnam, Oc Eo in Cambodia, and Barus in Sumatra. The art of this phase was mainly influenced by the Gandhara and Mathura art of India, and it reflected the syncretism, diversity, and sophistication of these styles. Some of the examples of the art of this phase are the Buddha images of Dvaravati in Thailand, the stupa of Borobudur in Java, and the stone sculptures of Oc Eo in Cambodia. - The post-Mauryan phase witnessed the consolidation and integration of the Indian culture and civilization in South-East Asia, as the local rulers and elites adopted and adapted various aspects of the Indian political, social, and religious systems, such as the concept of chakravartin, the varna and caste system, the Sanskrit language and literature, and the Hindu and Buddhist pantheons and rituals. The post-Mauryan phase also saw the emergence and flourishing of the indigenous kingdoms and dynasties in South-East Asia, such as the Pyu in Burma, the Mon in Thailand, the Chenla in Cambodia, and the Srivijaya in Indonesia, which maintained close and cordial relations with the Indian kingdoms and dynasties, such as the Satavahanas, the Kushanas, the Guptas, and the Pallavas. The art of this phase was mainly influenced by the Gupta and post-Gupta art of India, and it reflected the grace, elegance, refinement, and idealism of these styles. Some of the examples of the art of this phase are the Buddha images of Pyu and Mon in Burma and Thailand, the Shiva and Vishnu images of Chenla in Cambodia, and the Hindu and Buddhist temples of Srivijaya in Indonesia. - The Gupta phase marked the peak and decline of the Indian influence and presence in South-East Asia, as the Gupta empire reached its zenith and then collapsed under the pressure of the Hun invasions and internal conflicts. The Gupta phase also saw the rise and expansion of the new and powerful kingdoms and empires in South-East Asia, such as the Pagan in Burma, the Haripunjaya in Thailand, the Angkor in Cambodia, and the Sailendra and Mataram in Indonesia, which challenged and replaced the Indian hegemony and influence in the region. The Gupta phase also saw the development and diversification of the trade and cultural contacts between India and South-East Asia, as the Indian merchants and travelers visited and settled in various regions, such as Champa in Vietnam, Kedah in Malaysia, and Bali in Indonesia, and the South-East Asian rulers and pilgrims visited and patronized various regions, such as Nalanda in Bihar, Kanchipuram in Tamil Nadu, and Kedarnath in Uttarakhand. The art of this phase was mainly influenced by the Pallava and Chalukya art of India, and it reflected the grandeur, magnificence, innovation, and dynamism of these styles. Some of the examples of the art of this phase are the Buddha images of Pagan and Haripunjaya in Burma and Thailand, the Shiva and Vishnu temples of Angkor in Cambodia, and the Hindu and Buddhist monuments of Sailendra and Mataram in Indonesia. Discuss the cultural impact of India of the South-East Asia during the ancient period. [1982, 60m]
[2. Discuss the cultural impact of India on the South](onenote:Early%20Cultural%20History. one #PYQs %20§ion-id={63F06B3D-3D5D-46B4-9F25-521737543135}&page-id={CEE19AD0-C86F-4307-8737-712AFC018B46}&object-id={1FFE80EA-4995-42BB-B3C3-91B7B8BB8CC8}&28&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II )
[Buddhist Culture spread to SE Asia](onenote: Art %20and%20Culture§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={53ADDDB9-C9C2-4885-8240-339ECC95F583}&object-id={48FB6239-858D-491C-8DD0-902A8AA6E805}&D&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ) The cultural impact of India on South-East Asia during the ancient period was immense and multifaceted, as India transmitted and shared various aspects of its civilization and culture, such as language, literature, religion, philosophy, art, architecture, science, technology, law, administration, and social organization, with the South-East Asian countries, such as Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The cultural impact of India on South-East Asia was not a result of invasion or colonization, but rather a result of peaceful and voluntary interaction and exchange, based on mutual respect and benefit, between the Indian and South-East Asian people, through trade, migration, diplomacy, and pilgrimage. The cultural impact of India on South-East Asia was not a one-way or uniform process, but rather a two-way and diverse process, as India also received and assimilated various aspects of the South-East Asian civilization and culture, such as products, plants, animals, customs, and legends, and as South-East Asia also preserved and developed its own indigenous civilization and culture, along with the Indian elements. Some of the salient points of the answer are: - The cultural impact of India on South-East Asia was facilitated by the geographical proximity and the maritime connectivity between the two regions, as the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal provided the natural routes and ports for the trade and cultural contacts. The trade between India and South-East Asia was mainly driven by the demand and supply of various commodities, such as spices, aromatics, textiles, metals, gems, and pearls, and it involved the participation and cooperation of various merchants, sailors, guilds, and kingdoms, from both sides. The trade also led to the migration and settlement of various Indian people, such as traders, artisans, priests, teachers, and adventurers, in various South-East Asian regions, such as Suvarnabhumi, Funan, Srivijaya, and Kedah, where they established their colonies, communities, and institutions, and interacted with the local people. - The cultural impact of India on South-East Asia was also influenced by the religious and philosophical ideas and practices of India, especially Hinduism and Buddhism, which were introduced and propagated by various Indian missionaries, emissaries, and pilgrims, such as Ashoka's Dhamma Mahamattas, Kaundinya's Brahmanas, and Atisha's Bodhisattvas, in various South-East Asian regions, such as Dvaravati, Chenla, Angkor, and Borobudur, where they converted and instructed the local rulers, elites, and masses, and established their temples, monasteries, and schools. Hinduism and Buddhism provided the South-East Asian people with a new worldview, a new ethical code, a new ritual system, and a new artistic inspiration, and they also coexisted and syncretized with the local animistic and ancestral beliefs and practices. - The cultural impact of India on South-East Asia was also reflected by the linguistic and literary expressions and achievements of India, especially Sanskrit, which was adopted and adapted by various South-East Asian rulers, elites, and scholars, as the language of administration, diplomacy, religion, and literature, and as the medium of transmission and translation of various Indian texts, such as the Vedas, the Upanishads, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, the Arthashastra, and the Manu Smriti, in various South-East Asian regions, such as Kambuja, Java, Bali, and Sumatra, where they composed and inscribed their own texts, such as the inscriptions, the chronicles, the poems, and the epics, using various scripts, such as the Pallava, the Kawi, the Nagari, and the Khmer. - The cultural impact of India on South-East Asia was also manifested by the artistic and architectural creations and innovations of India, especially the Hindu and Buddhist art and architecture, which were imitated and modified by various South-East Asian artists, architects, and patrons, as the forms and styles of expression, representation, and decoration, and as the symbols and models of power, devotion, and glory, in various South-East Asian regions, such as Pagan, Haripunjaya, Angkor Wat, and Prambanan, where they built and embellished their own monuments, such as the stupas, the temples, the statues, and the reliefs, using various materials, such as the brick, the stone, the bronze, and the gold. "The Gupta period stands at the center of Indian history." Discuss the development of arts and literature in that Gupta period in the light of this statement. [1985, 60m]
Literature - [Literature, Scientific Literature](onenote: Literature,%20Scientific%20Literature§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={01E80059-FE28-4276-AABD-38E18E2DF482}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one )
[Art :](onenote: Art %20and%20Culture§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={53ADDDB9-C9C2-4885-8240-339ECC95F583}&object-id={37C6DF31-D01D-4255-819D-721BB68AB613}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ) The Gupta period witnessed the flourishing of various forms of art, such as sculpture, painting, architecture, and coinage. The Gupta style of art is characterized by grace, refinement, and delicacy. The Gupta period produced many eminent authors and poets, such as Kalidasa, Vishakhadatta, Bharavi, Bhasa, Sudraka, and Harisena. They wrote in Sanskrit and composed various genres of literature, such as drama, epic, lyric, and prose14. The Gupta period also saw the development of Sanskrit grammar based on the work of Panini and Patanjali. This period is particularly memorable for the compilation of the Amarakosha, a Sanskrit lexicon, by Amarasimha. The Gupta period also witnessed the growth of scientific and mathematical knowledge, such as astronomy, medicine, metallurgy, and algebra. Some of the notable scholars of this period are Aryabhata, Varahamihira, Brahmagupta, Charaka, Sushruta, and Nagarjuna Examples of Gupta Sculpture and Paintings : The head of Shiva, a bronze sculpture from Sultanganj, Bihar, which shows the serene and majestic expression of the deity. The head of Parvati, a terracotta sculpture from Ahichchhatra, Uttar Pradesh, which depicts the graceful and delicate features of Shiva’s consort. The Ganga and Yamuna terracotta sculptures from Bhitargaon, Uttar Pradesh, which represent the river goddesses as female figures holding pots. The standing Buddha in Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh, which is an excellent example of Gupta art in its maturity and shows the diaphanous robe and the mudra (gesture) of preaching34. The red sandstone image of Buddha from Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, which shows the delicately carved drapery folds and the ushnisha (cranial protuberance) on the head. The Ajanta Caves in Maharashtra, which are famous for their mural paintings depicting various scenes from Buddhist legends and Jataka stories. The paintings are characterized by rich colors, naturalistic forms, expressive faces, and graceful movements In what ways does religion as reflected in the Vedic texts differ from the religion of the Gupta period? [1991, 60m]
Comparing this [Caste System](onenote: Caste %20System§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={A2EE58C9-06E4-43E3-9613-10A63A725D73}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ), [Position of Women](onenote: Position %20of%20Women§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={97342272-5382-4CAB-A1F9-AC02C4E5FCED}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ), [Land Grants](onenote: Land %20Grants§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={9175A752-346F-4471-A83D-4C678E0B9052}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one )
To [Religion](onenote:.. Part%20IAryans%20and%20Vedic%20Period. one #Transformation %20from%20Rig%20Vedic%20to%20later%20Vedic§ion-id={4778BCE5-4524-4EE4-A84F-0DD565BDF3E0}&page-id={CD63AF07-965E-4820-B24E-3BBADD4C4C34}&object-id={108CC11D-097F-4F8C-AE92-2920D390E326}&C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History ) , [Religion -](onenote:.. Part%20IAryans%20and%20Vedic%20Period. one #Political ,%20Social%20and%20Economic%20Life§ion-id={4778BCE5-4524-4EE4-A84F-0DD565BDF3E0}&page-id={2C956D19-1A93-46F6-9722-353459DC7D68}&object-id={74741CE1-3E45-4663-BBB9-BBCD2894B9DC}&7C&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History ) Vedic religion was the religion of the ancient Indo-European-speaking peoples who entered India about 1500 BCE from the region of present-day Iran12. It was based on the collections of sacred texts known as the Vedas, which were composed and handed down orally over a period of about 10 centuries3. The religion of the Gupta period, on the other hand, was influenced by various traditions that emerged after the Vedic period, such as Buddhism, Jainism, Shaivism, Vaishnavism, and Bhagavatism45. Vedic religion was mainly focused on the performance of rituals and sacrifices to appease the gods, who were personifications of natural forces and phenomena12. The religion of the Gupta period was more devotional and philosophical, emphasizing the worship of personal deities, such as Vishnu and Shiva, and the concepts of karma, dharma, and moksha45. Vedic religion was largely exclusive to the Brahmins, the priestly class, who had the authority to interpret and transmit the Vedas12. The religion of the Gupta period was more inclusive and assimilated the lower classes and the non-Aryan peoples into its fold5. It also gave rise to various sects and movements, such as the Bhakti movement, that challenged the Brahminical orthodoxy4 Analyses the characteristics features of the Gupta art and compare them with those of the Mauryan art. [1992, 60m]
Comparing this [Art :](onenote: Art %20and%20Culture§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={53ADDDB9-C9C2-4885-8240-339ECC95F583}&object-id={37C6DF31-D01D-4255-819D-721BB68AB613}&B&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one )
Vs [Art :](onenote:Mauryan%20Empire. one #Art ,%20Architecture%20and%20Sculpture§ion-id={C0CC9BD8-A1E3-4D8E-BE38-44EB6ABF19EE}&page-id={6D5D6F10-CF67-4176-A889-938F6FB81AFA}&object-id={DD5A9616-09A2-4531-9BF4-D0A95EFAACCE}&F&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II ) Gupta art is the art of the Gupta Empire, which ruled most of northern India from about 300 to 480 CE1. It is considered as one of the peaks of classical Indian art, and influenced later Indian art traditions1. Some of the characteristics of Gupta art are: It is marked by refinement, elegance, simplicity, and spiritual purpose23. It shows a high degree of cultural taste and aesthetic enjoyment23. It is mainly focused on religious sculpture, especially of Buddha and Hindu deities such as Vishnu and Shiva1. The sculptures are made of stone, metal, or terracotta, and show a mastery of anatomy, proportion, expression, and movement14. It has a distinctive style of depicting the human figure, with ornate halos, thin drapery, specific hair curls, meditative eyes, elongated earlobes, thick lower lips, and three lines across the neck1. The figures have a soft and pliant body that conveys grace and serenity. It shows a fusion of Indian and foreign influences, such as Greek, Roman, Persian, and Central Asian styles12. For example, the Buddha images from Mathura and Gandhara show the influence of Hellenistic art in their facial features, drapery, and posture. It depicts a variety of themes and subjects, such as mythology, legends, history, and daily life12. For example, the Ajanta cave paintings illustrate scenes from the Jataka tales, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, and the life of the Buddha. It demonstrates a high level of technical skill and artistic creativity in various mediums, such as stone, metal, terracotta, wood, and paint. For example, the iron pillar of Delhi is a remarkable example of metallurgy, as it has not rusted for over 1500 years. Maurya art was mainly influenced by Persian and Greek art, while Gupta art was more indigenous and original12. Maurya art was mostly made of wood, stone, metal, and ivory, while Gupta art used more diverse materials, such as terracotta, paint, plaster, and glass. Maurya art was largely focused on architecture, such as pillars, stupas, caves, and palaces, while Gupta art was more concentrated on sculpture and painting, especially of religious figures. Maurya art was more monumental and grandiose, reflecting the imperial power and authority of the rulers, while Gupta art was more refined and elegant, expressing the cultural taste and aesthetic enjoyment of the patrons. Maurya art was mostly secular and non-iconic, depicting animals, plants, symbols, and inscriptions, while Gupta art was more religious and iconic, portraying gods, goddesses, myths, and legends. Write a short essay on: "Nalanda Mahavihara" [1997, 20m]
[Nalanda](onenote: Nalanda §ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={1A403C79-0443-4BA9-8B6C-C45DD665B180}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ) Nalanda Mahavihara was a famous Buddhist monastic and academic institution that flourished in ancient India from the 3rd century BCE to the 13th century CE. It was located in the kingdom of Magadha, near the city of Rajagriha (now Rajgir), and about 90 kilometres (56 mi) southeast of Pataliputra (now Patna) 1. It is considered by historians to be the world’s first residential university and among the greatest centers of learning in the ancient world1. The name Nalanda means “giver of knowledge” or “insatiable in giving” in Sanskrit1. The site of Nalanda Mahavihara comprises the archaeological remains of stupas, shrines, viharas (residential and educational buildings), and important art works in stucco, stone, and metal2. The site covers an area of about 14 hectares and is surrounded by a brick wall2. The layout of the site reflects the organized and hierarchical nature of the institution, with the main temple in the center, the viharas arranged in rows, and the stupas and shrines scattered around2. Nalanda Mahavihara was founded by the Kushan king Kumaragupta I in the 5th century CE, according to a Tibetan source1. However, some scholars suggest that it may have existed earlier, as there are references to Nalanda in the Pali canon and the Jataka tales1. Nalanda Mahavihara was patronized by various rulers, such as the Gupta, the Pala, and the Sena dynasties, as well as by foreign kings, such as Harshavardhana of Kannauj and Balaputradeva of Sumatra1. Nalanda Mahavihara also received donations and gifts from pilgrims, merchants, and monks from different regions and countries1. Nalanda Mahavihara was a center of excellence for Buddhist studies, especially the Mahayana and Vajrayana traditions1. It also offered courses in various subjects, such as logic, grammar, medicine, astronomy, mathematics, and philosophy1. It had a library that contained thousands of manuscripts and texts, some of which were written on palm leaves and some on copper plates1. The library was divided into three buildings, called Ratnasagara, Ratnadadhi, and Ratnaranjaka, meaning “Ocean of Jewels”, “Sea of Jewels”, and “Jewel-adorned” respectively1. Nalanda Mahavihara attracted students and scholars from various parts of India, as well as from China, Tibet, Korea, Japan, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia1. Some of the famous alumni and faculty of Nalanda Mahavihara include Nagarjuna, Aryadeva, Asanga, Vasubandhu, Dignaga, Dharmakirti, Shantarakshita, Padmasambhava, Atisha, Naropa, Tilopa, Sariputra, Mahakasyapa, and Mahavira1. Some of the famous pilgrims and travelers who visited Nalanda Mahavihara include Faxian, Xuanzang, Yijing, Dharmasvamin, and Al-Biruni1. Nalanda Mahavihara declined and was destroyed in the 12th century CE, due to the invasion of the Muslim armies led by Bakhtiyar Khilji1. How did Indian culture spread in the South-east Asiatic countries during the Gupta Age? [1997, 60m]
[2. Discuss the cultural impact of India on the South](onenote:Early%20Cultural%20History. one #PYQs %20§ion-id={63F06B3D-3D5D-46B4-9F25-521737543135}&page-id={CEE19AD0-C86F-4307-8737-712AFC018B46}&object-id={1FFE80EA-4995-42BB-B3C3-91B7B8BB8CC8}&28&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II ) Indian culture spread to the South East Asian countries mainly through trade, migration and religion. One of the biggest factors for the spread of Indian culture was through trade, as Indian merchants and sailors established contacts and settlements with various regions such as Indonesia, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia and Vietnam1. Some of these regions also became tributaries or allies of Indian kingdoms, such as Funan, which was a vassal state of Pallava dynasty2. Migration was another factor, as some Indians moved to South East Asia and intermarried with the local population. Geneticist Razib Khan believes that Indian civilization in Southeast Asia was spread not only through diffusion by traders, but by the migration of significant numbers of Indians. There is some evidence that some of the ruling class of Funan came from India, in addition to also containing local aristocrats32. Religion played a major role in spreading Indian culture, as Hinduism and Buddhism were adopted by many South East Asian kingdoms and influenced their art, architecture, literature and law. Some of the prominent examples are Angkor Wat in Cambodia, Borobudur in Indonesia, Sukhothai in Thailand and My Son in Vietnam45. The spread of Indian culture also involved cultural exchange and adaptation, as South East Asians incorporated their own beliefs and traditions into their versions of Hinduism and Buddhism. Highlight the achievements of the Gupta period in the field of literature, science and technology. [1998, 60m]
[Literature, Scientific Literature](onenote: Literature,%20Scientific%20Literature§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={01E80059-FE28-4276-AABD-38E18E2DF482}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ) Literature: The Gupta period produced a great variety of literature, both secular and religious, in Sanskrit and Prakrit languages. The Gupta rulers themselves were patrons of literature and art, and some of them, such as Samudragupta and Chandragupta II, were also poets. Some of the famous literary works of this period are: The plays of Kalidasa, who is regarded as the greatest Sanskrit poet and dramatist. His works include Abhijnanashakuntala, Malavikagnimitra, Vikramorvashiya, Raghuvamsa and Meghaduta. The works of Vishakhadatta, who wrote the historical dramas Mudrarakshasa and Devichandragupta. The works of Bharavi, who composed the epic poem Kiratarjuniya, based on the Mahabharata. The works of Dandin, who wrote the Kavyadarsha, a treatise on poetics, and the Dashakumaracharita, a collection of stories. The works of Banabhatta, who wrote the Harshacharita, a biography of King Harsha, and the Kadambari, a romantic novel. The Puranas, which are ancient Hindu texts that narrate the history and mythology of the universe, gods, sages and kings. Most of the Puranas were recast or revised during the Gupta period. The Ramayana and the Mahabharata, which are the two major epics of India, were also rewritten and edited during the Gupta period. The code of Manu or Manu Smriti, which is a legal text that prescribes the duties and laws for different classes and stages of life. It was revised and codified during the Gupta period12. Science and Technology: The Gupta period saw significant advances in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, metallurgy and architecture. Some of the achievements are: The works of Aryabhata, who was a mathematician and astronomer. He wrote the Aryabhatiya, a treatise that covers topics such as arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, planetary motions, eclipses, time and calendar. He also gave the value of pi as 3.1416, and the concept of zero as a placeholder and a number. The works of Varahamihira, who was also a mathematician and astronomer. He wrote the Panchasiddhantika, a summary of five astronomical treatises, and the Brihat Samhita, an encyclopedia of various subjects such as astrology, geography, meteorology, agriculture, gemology, zoology and botany. The works of Brahmagupta, who was another mathematician and astronomer. He wrote the Brahmasphutasiddhanta, a treatise that contains the rules of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry and astronomy. He also gave the rules for solving quadratic equations, and the concepts of negative numbers and zero. The works of Charaka and Sushruta, who were physicians and surgeons. They wrote the Charaka Samhita and the Sushruta Samhita, which are the two foundational texts of Ayurveda, the ancient system of medicine. They contain the principles and practices of diagnosis, treatment, prevention and surgery of various diseases and disorders. The iron pillar of Delhi, which is a 7.2 meter high pillar made of iron that has not rusted for more than 1600 years. It is a testimony of the metallurgical skills of the Gupta period. The rock-cut temples of Ajanta and Ellora, which are examples of the architectural and artistic excellence of the Gupta period. They contain exquisite paintings and sculptures depicting the scenes from the life of Buddha, Hindu gods and goddesses, and Jain Tirthankaras Discuss the experimentations with art and architecture during the Gupta-Vakataka period. [2018, 15 Marks]
[Art and Culture](onenote: Art %20and%20Culture§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={53ADDDB9-C9C2-4885-8240-339ECC95F583}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ) The Gupta-Vakataka period is generally regarded as a golden age of Indian art and architecture for all the major religious groups. Most of the art and architecture were inspired by religion1. Here are some of the experimentations with art and architecture during this period: Rock-cut temples at Ajanta and Elephanta: These are prominent sites that showcase a rich and complex art history of the Gupta period. They feature elaborate paintings, sculptures, and carvings depicting various themes from Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism2. Buddhist stupas: These are hemispherical structures that contain relics of Buddha or other Buddhist saints. They were built as places of worship and pilgrimage. Some of the famous stupas from this period are Sanchi, Bharhut, Amaravati, and Nagarjunakonda3. Cave and temple architecture: The Gupta period witnessed the development of new temple styles, such as Nagara, Dravida, Vesara, etc. These styles differed in their plan, elevation, ornamentation, etc. The temples were built with stone or brick and had flat or curved roofs. Some of the examples are Dashavatara temple at Deogarh, Vishnu temple at Tigawa, Parvati temple at Nachna Kuthara4. Mathura and Gandhara schools of art: These are two distinct styles of sculpting that flourished during this period. The Mathura school was more indigenous and used red sandstone to depict Buddha and other deities in a naturalistic manner. The Gandhara school was influenced by Greek and Roman art and used grey schist to depict Buddha and other figures in a realistic manner with drapery and curly hair4. Gupta coinage: The Gupta rulers issued the largest number of gold coins in ancient India. They depicted various aspects of their personality, achievements, titles, etc. on their coins. Some of the famous coins are Ashvamedha type (showing horse sacrifice), Lyrist type (showing king playing veena), Archer type (showing king holding bow), etc. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/10.-guptas-vakatakas-and-vardhans/10.2-economic-conditions.html08.1 Ancient-History/10. Guptas-Vakatakas-and-Vardhans/10.2 Economic Conditions.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo Gupta Kings issued well executed die struck gold coins. Samduragupta and Kumaragupta I had issued coins showing them playing Vina. Reverse of Gupta coins have religious symbols. Their purity of gold decreases in later part of Skandagupta's reign Some Gupta coins give the regnal years of Kings
Samudragupta's reign based on coins as sources
Decline of Coins during Gupta and post Gupta period
#todo

http://www.jiwaji.edu/pdf/ecourse/aihc/Gupta%20Coins-1.pdf
https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/6531.pdf]]>08.1-ancient-history/10.-guptas-vakatakas-and-vardhans/10.3-coinage-of-the-guptas.html08.1 Ancient-History/10. Guptas-Vakatakas-and-Vardhans/10.3 Coinage of the Guptas.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>earliest stone inscriptions recording land grants with tax exemptions are Satavahana and Kshatrapa epigraphs
Along with revenue rights the rights to mines and minerals
https://www.gktoday.in/gk/land-revenue-in-ancient-india/ The theory and practice of land revenue system in ancient India can be critically evaluated from various perspectives, such as the sources, the principles, the methods, the rates, the administration, and the impact of the land revenue system on the society, economy, and polity of ancient India. Some of the salient points of the answer are: - The sources of land revenue system in ancient India are mainly the literary sources, such as the Dharmashastras, the Arthashastras, the Puranas, the Epics, and the Buddhist and Jain texts, which provide the normative and prescriptive aspects of the land revenue system, such as the duties, rights, and obligations of the king, the officials, and the subjects, the types, modes, and purposes of taxation, and the penalties, exemptions, and remissions of the land revenue. The sources also include the epigraphic and numismatic sources, such as the inscriptions, the coins, and the seals, which provide the historical and descriptive aspects of the land revenue system, such as the names, titles, and achievements of the rulers, the officials, and the donors, the grants, donations, and endowments of the land, and the measurements, classifications, and assessments of the land[^1^][2] [^2^][3] [^3^][4]. - The principles of land revenue system in ancient India are mainly the principles of protection, consent, and moderation, which are derived from the political, ethical, and religious ideals of the ancient Indian society. The principle of protection implies that the king has the right to levy taxes from the subjects in return for providing them security and welfare. The principle of consent implies that the king has to consult and respect the wishes and interests of the subjects, especially the village assemblies and the guilds, in matters of taxation. The principle of moderation implies that the king has to avoid excessive and arbitrary taxation, and follow the guidelines and limits prescribed by the scriptures and the customs[^1^][2] [^2^][3] [^4^][5]. - The methods of land revenue system in ancient India are mainly the methods of measurement, classification, and assessment, which are based on the scientific and rational criteria of the land and its productivity. The method of measurement involves the use of various units and standards of length, area, and volume, such as the angula, the hasta, the danda, the kulyavapa, and the drona, to determine the size and shape of the land. The method of classification involves the use of various categories and grades of soil, water, and crops, such as the urvara, the usara, the sadharana, the vardhaki, and the kshetra, to determine the quality and yield of the land. The method of assessment involves the use of various modes and forms of payment, such as the bali, the bhaga, the bhoga, the kara, and the uparikara, to determine the amount and mode of the land revenue[^1^][2] [^2^][3] [^4^][5]. - The rates of land revenue system in ancient India are mainly the rates of share, fixed, and mixed, which are based on the proportion, the amount, and the combination of the land revenue. The rate of share implies that the land revenue is a fixed percentage of the produce of the land, which varies from 1/6 to 1/2, depending on the quality of the soil, the availability of water, and the type of crops. The rate of fixed implies that the land revenue is a fixed amount of money or kind, which is determined by the measurement and classification of the land. The rate of mixed implies that the land revenue is a combination of share and fixed, which is adjusted according to the fluctuations of the seasons and the markets[^1^][2] [^2^][3] [^4^][5]. - The administration of land revenue system in ancient India is mainly the administration of central, provincial, and local, which are based on the hierarchy, the division, and the delegation of the land revenue authority and responsibility. The administration of central implies that the king is the supreme authority and the ultimate beneficiary of the land revenue, who is assisted by various ministers, officials, and departments, such as the samaharta, the sannidhata, the adhyaksha, and the koshthagara, to collect, store, audit, and distribute the land revenue. The administration of provincial implies that the governor is the delegated authority and the intermediary beneficiary of the land revenue, who is assisted by various officers, agents, and collectors. The administration of local also involves the participation and cooperation of the village assemblies and the guilds, which are the autonomous and democratic institutions of the ancient Indian society, which have the power and the right to regulate, represent, and protect the interests and welfare of the villagers and the traders in matters of taxation and administration. - The impact of land revenue system in ancient India is mainly the impact of economic, social, and political, which are based on the consequences, the effects, and the implications of the land revenue system on the ancient Indian society, economy, and polity. The impact of economic implies that the land revenue system was the main source of income and wealth for the state, the officials, and the subjects, which enabled the state to finance its administration, defense, and welfare, the officials to enjoy their privileges and salaries, and the subjects to engage in various productive and commercial activities. The land revenue system also stimulated the development of agriculture, trade, and industry, which increased the production, circulation, and consumption of goods and services, and enhanced the prosperity, stability, and growth of the ancient Indian economy. - The impact of social implies that the land revenue system was the main factor of differentiation and stratification of the ancient Indian society, which created various classes, groups, and categories of people, such as the landlords, the tenants, the peasants, the artisans, and the merchants, who had different rights, duties, and obligations in relation to the land and its revenue. The land revenue system also influenced the distribution of land, wealth, and power among the people, which resulted in the emergence of various inequalities, conflicts, and movements in the ancient Indian society. - The impact of political implies that the land revenue system was the main instrument of control and expansion of the ancient Indian polity, which enabled the rulers to assert their authority and legitimacy over the land and its people, and to extend their territory and influence over other regions and kingdoms. The land revenue system also affected the relations and interactions between the rulers and the ruled, the center and the provinces, and the state and the society, which shaped the nature, character, and dynamics of the ancient Indian polity What were the privileges granted to the donees in land-grant charters of early India? How far were these charters responsible for integration or disintegration socio-political milieu? [2014, 20m]
[Land Grants](onenote: Land %20Grants§ion-id={2110BA3C-72E8-4577-8193-6ED6C19057D2}&page-id={9175A752-346F-4471-A83D-4C678E0B9052}&end&base-path= https://d.docs.live.net/bbc8be5bd337910c/Documents/History%20Optional/Ancient%20History/Part%20II/Guptas%5eJ%20Vakatakas%20and%20Vardhans.one ) The donees were usually religious institutions or individuals, such as Brahmins, Buddhist monks, Jain ascetics, temples, monasteries, etc., who received land grants as a form of patronage and merit-making by the donors[^1. - The donees were granted various privileges and immunities along with the land, such as exemption from taxes and duties, rights over water resources, fishing and hunting, forests and mines, trade and commerce, etc., which made them autonomous and prosperous. - The donees were also granted judicial and administrative authority over the land and its inhabitants, such as the power to punish offenders, settle disputes, collect revenues, appoint officials, etc., which made them influential and powerful. - The donees were also granted protection and security by the state or the donor, who issued warnings and curses against anyone who would violate or interfere with the grant. The donees were also assured that their grants would be enjoyed by their descendants in perpetuity. - The impact of these privileges on the socio-political milieu of early India was complex and varied. On one hand, they contributed to the integration of different regions, religions, castes, and classes by fostering a network of patronage and allegiance between the rulers and the ruled. They also facilitated cultural exchange and diffusion by promoting religious diversity and tolerance. They also stimulated economic development by encouraging agricultural expansion and urbanization. On the other hand, they also led to disintegration of political authority by creating parallel centers of power that challenged or defied the state. They also caused social stratification by creating inequalities and conflicts between different groups over land rights. They also fostered sectarianism by creating rivalries among different religious sects for patronage. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/10.-guptas-vakatakas-and-vardhans/10.4-land-grants.html08.1 Ancient-History/10. Guptas-Vakatakas-and-Vardhans/10.4 Land-Grants.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.1-ancient-history/10.-guptas-vakatakas-and-vardhans/10.5-decline-of-urban-centres.html08.1 Ancient-History/10. Guptas-Vakatakas-and-Vardhans/10.5 Decline of Urban Centres.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT08.1-ancient-history/10.-guptas-vakatakas-and-vardhans/10.10-literature,-scientific-literature.html08.1 Ancient-History/10. Guptas-Vakatakas-and-Vardhans/10.10 Literature, Scientific Literature.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTfess111.pdf - Buildings, Paintings and Books | Our Pasts NCERT.]]>08.1-ancient-history/10.-guptas-vakatakas-and-vardhans/10.11-art-and-culture.html08.1 Ancient-History/10. Guptas-Vakatakas-and-Vardhans/10.11 Art and Culture.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT


There is a view that the official secrets act is an obstacle to the implementation of the Rights to Information act. Do you agree with the view? Discuss. (एक विचार यह है कि शासकीय गुप्त बात अधिनियम सूचना के अधिकार अधिनियम के क्रियान्वयन में एक बाधा है। क्या आप इस विचार से सहमत हैं ? विवेचना कीजिए।) 2019 1. Overlapping definitions: The definitions of "official secrets" and "unauthorized sharing" in the OSA are broad and vague, and can overlap with information that is eligible for release under the RTI. This creates confusion and conflict between the two acts. 2. Classified information: The OSA gives the government the power to classify information as "official secrets" and restrict its release. This can prevent the release of information that would otherwise be eligible for disclosure under the RTI. 3. National security: The OSA includes provisions for the protection of national security information, which can be used to withhold information that is in the public interest. This goes against the principles of the RTI, which aims to promote transparency and accountability. 4. Chilling effect on whistleblowers: The OSA’s provisions for punishment of unauthorized sharing of information can have a chilling effect on whistleblowers and journalists who reveal information in the public interest. 5. Lack of transparency: The OSA can be used to prevent the release of information about government actions and decisions, leading to a lack of transparency and accountability. 6. Misuse of power: The broad and vague provisions of the OSA can be misused by government officials to hide information that is embarrassing or inconvenient, undermining the spirit of the RTI. 7. Conflict with other laws: The provisions of the OSA can conflict with other laws, such the Prevention of Corruption Act, leading to confusion and inconsistencies in the implementation of these laws. “The Right to Information Act is not all about citizens’ empowerment alone, it essentially redefines the concept of accountability. Discuss. (“सूचना का अधिकार अधिनियम के वल नागरिको के स ं शक्तिकरण के बारे में ही नही है, अ ं पितु यह आवश्यक रूप से जवाबदेही की सं कल्पना को पुन:परिभाषित करता है ।" विवेचना कीजिए।) 2018 The Right to Information (RTI) Act is a significant law that has been enacted in India in order to empower citizens and enhance transparency and accountability in the functioning of public authorities. It is a powerful tool that provides citizens with the right to access information held by public authorities and to seek answers to their queries. The RTI Act enables citizens to monitor the functioning of public authorities and to hold them accountable for their actions. The RTI Act empowers citizens by providing them with the right to access any information held by public authorities. This right is not limited to any particular category of information and citizens can access any information held by public authorities. The right to access information is not just limited to citizens of India, but also extends to foreign citizens. The RTI Act also provides citizens with the right to seek answers to their queries and to demand explanations from public authorities. This right to seek answers and explanations from public authorities is an important aspect of the RTI Act as it enables citizens to hold public authorities accountable for their actions. The RTI Act redefines the concept of accountability in two ways. Firstly, it provides citizens with the right to access any information held by public authorities and to seek answers to their queries. This ensures that public authorities are held accountable for their actions and are answerable to citizens. Secondly, the RTI Act also provides for punitive action against public authorities who fail to comply with the provisions of the Act. This ensures that public authorities are held accountable for their actions and are deterred from engaging in any corrupt or illegal activities. Other ways in which it redefines accountablility is through : 1. Shifting power dynamics: The RTI gives citizens the right to access information held by the government, shifting the power dynamic between the government and the public. The act puts the government under a legal obligation to be transparent and accountable, giving citizens the power to hold the government accountable for its actions. 2. Enhancing transparency: The RTI requires the government to disclose information unless it falls under certain exemptions, which makes it easier for citizens to monitor the functioning of the government. This increased transparency helps to prevent corruption, reduce inefficiency, and promote better governance. 3. Promoting public participation: The RTI promotes public participation in the governance process by giving citizens access to information that is relevant to their lives. This information can be used by citizens to engage with the government and hold it accountable for its actions. 4. Improving public services: The RTI allows citizens to monitor the delivery of public services and hold the government accountable for any lapses in service delivery. This can lead to improvements in the quality of public services and a more responsive government. 5. Strengthening democratic institutions: The RTI strengthens democratic institutions by promoting transparency and accountability in the functioning of the government. This helps to build public trust in government institutions and ensures that the government is responsive to the needs of citizens. Some recent developments such as introduction of RTI Act, media and judicial activism, etc., are proving helpful in bringing about greater transparency and accountability in the functioning of the government. However, it is also being observed that at times the mechanisms are misused. Another negative effect is that the officers are now afraid to take prompt decisions. Analyze this situation in detail and suggest how this dichotomy can be resolved. Suggest how these negative impacts can be minimized. (हाल में हुई कु छ प्रगतियाँ, जैसे कि सूचना का अधिकार (आर.टी.आई.) अधिनियम, मीडिया और न्यायिक सक्रियता इत्यादि, सरकार के कार्यों में पहले से अधिक पारदर्शिता और जवाबदेही लाने में सहायक साबित हो रही हैं। फिर भी, यह भी देखा जा रहा है कि कभी-कभार इन साधनो का द ं रुपयोग ु किया जाता है। एक अन्य नकारात्मक प्रभाव यह है कि अधिकारीगण अब शीघ्र निर्णय लेने से डरते हैं। इस स्थिति का विस्तारपूर्वविश्लेषण कीजिए और सुझाइए कि इस द्विभाजन का हल किस प्रकार निकाला जा सकता है। सुझाइए कि इन नकारात्मक प्रभावों को किस प्रकार न्नतमीकृ त यू किया जा सकता है।) 2015 The introduction of the Right to Information (RTI) Act, media and judicial activism have brought about greater transparency and accountability in the functioning of the government. This has enabled citizens to access information about the functioning of the government, which was earlier not available to them. It has also enabled citizens to hold the government accountable for its actions. However, it is also being observed that at times these mechanisms are misused. For instance, RTI requests are often made for personal gain or to settle personal scores. This leads to a waste of government resources, as the government has to spend time and money to process such requests. Similarly, media and judicial activism can also be misused, with vested interests using them to further their own agenda. The misuse of these mechanisms has resulted in a situation wherein officers are afraid to take prompt decisions. This is because they fear that their decisions may be challenged in the court of law or in the media. This has led to a situation wherein officers are afraid to take any decision, thus leading to a paralysis in the decision-making process. To resolve this dichotomy, it is important to ensure that these mechanisms are used in the right manner. To begin with, citizens should be educated about the proper use of these mechanisms. This can be done through awareness campaigns and other such initiatives. At the same time, the government should also ensure that the misuse of these mechanisms is punished. This will discourage people from misusing these mechanisms for personal gain. Furthermore, the government should also ensure that officers are not made to suffer for decisions taken in good faith. This can be done by introducing a system wherein officers are given protection from legal action for decisions taken in good faith. This will ensure that officers are not afraid to take decisions, as they will be assured that their decisions will not be challenged in the court of law. Finally, the government should also ensure that these mechanisms are used only for legitimate purposes. For instance, the government should ensure that RTI requests are not made for personal gain or to settle personal scores. Similarly, media and judicial activism should be used only to bring about greater transparency and accountability in the functioning of the government. In conclusion, the misuse of RTI Act, media and judicial activism has resulted in a situation wherein officers are afraid to take prompt decisions. To resolve this dichotomy, it is important to ensure that these mechanisms are used in the right manner. This can be done by educating citizens about the proper use of these mechanisms and by introducing a system wherein officers are given protection from legal action for decisions taken in good faith. Furthermore, the government should also ensure that these mechanisms are used only for legitimate purposes. Today we find that in spite of various measures like prescribing codes of conduct, setting up vigilance cells/commissions, RTI, active media and strengthening of legal mechanisms, corrupt practices are not coming under control. a) Evaluate the effectiveness of these measures with justifications. b) Suggest more effective strategies to tackle this menace. (आज हम यह देखते हैं कि आचार सं हिताओ के न ं िर्धारण, सतर्कता सेलो/आयोगो ं की स् ं थापना, आर.टी.आई., सक्रिय मीडिया और विधिक यांत्रिक्तवो के ं प्रबलन जैसे विभिन्न उपायो के ं बावजूद भ्रष्टाचारपूर्ण कर्म नियंत्राण के अधीन नही आ रहे हैं। a) इन उपायो ं की ं प्रभावशीलता का औचित्य बताते हुए मूल्यांकन कीजिए। b) इस खतरे का मुकाबला करने के लिए और अधिक प्रभावी रणनीतियाँ सुझाइए।) 2015 The menace of corruption has been a persistent problem in India. It has been a major impediment to the country’s development and has been a major source of social and economic inequality. In order to tackle this menace, various measures have been taken by the government, such as prescribing codes of conduct, setting up of vigilance cells/commissions, Right to Information (RTI) Act, an active media and strengthening of legal mechanisms. However, these measures have not been very effective in curbing the menace of corruption. The codes of conduct prescribed by the government are often not followed by the public servants as there is no enforcement mechanism. Moreover, the codes of conduct are often not updated to keep up with the changing times, making them ineffective. The vigilance cells and commissions set up by the government have also not been very effective in tackling corruption. This is because these cells and commissions lack the necessary powers and resources to investigate and prosecute corrupt officials. The RTI Act has been effective in bringing to light instances of corruption, but it has not been able to prevent corruption from taking place. The active media has also not been able to curb this menace. This is because the media often focuses on sensationalizing the issue of corruption, rather than taking concrete steps to tackle it. The legal mechanisms have also not been effective in curbing corruption. This is because the judicial process is often slow and cumbersome, making it difficult to bring corrupt officials to justice. In order to make these measures more effective, the Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2nd ARC) has suggested that the government should strengthen the enforcement mechanism for codes of conduct, and ensure that these codes are updated regularly. The 2nd ARC has also recommended that the vigilance cells and commissions should be given more powers and resources to investigate and prosecute corrupt officials. The RTI Act should be amended to allow for proactive disclosure of information, and the media should focus more on taking concrete steps to tackle corruption. The legal mechanisms should also be strengthened to ensure that corrupt officials are brought to justice quickly. Case-Study: Snowden’s Whistleblowing: Right / Wrong? (2018)Edward Snowden, a computer expert and former CIA administrator, released confidential Government documents to the press about the existence of Government surveillance programmes. According to many legal experts and the US Government, his action violated the Espionage act of 1971, which identified the leak of State secret as an act of treason. Yet, despite the fact that he broke the law, Snowden argued that he had a moral obligation to act. He gave a justification for his “whistle blowing” by stating that he had a duty “to inform the public as to that which is done in there name and that which is done against them.” According to Snowden, the Government’s violation of privacy had to be exposed regardless of legality since more substantive issues of social action and public morality were involved here. Many agreed with Snowden. Few argued that he broke the law and compromised national security, for which he should be held accountable.Do you agree that Snowden’s actions were ethically justified even if legally prohibited? Why or why not? Make an argument by weighing the competing values in this case. On one hand, Snowden's actions were illegal and violated his oath to protect classified information. On the other hand, his actions were seen by some as ethically justified as he exposed widespread surveillance practices by the US government that were seen as violations of privacy and civil liberties. In this context, it is important to weigh the competing values in this case to determine whether Snowden's actions were ethically justified. One key principle in this case is the duty to obey the law. Snowden was bound by his agreement with the government to keep classified information confidential, and by leaking the documents, he broke the law. The principle of the rule of law states that individuals must follow the laws of the state, even if they disagree with them. This is an important principle in a democratic society, as it ensures that everyone is bound by the same rules and that there is stability and order. Another key principle in this case is the right to privacy. The documents leaked by Snowden revealed widespread government surveillance practices that were seen as intrusive and a violation of the privacy rights of individuals. The right to privacy is a fundamental human right, and its protection is essential to preserving individual dignity and freedom. In this context, some argue that Snowden's actions were ethically justified as he was exposing practices that violated this right. A third principle in this case is the duty to protect the public interest. The documents leaked by Snowden shed light on government practices that were seen as a threat to the public interest. In some cases, the government's actions were seen as a violation of the public trust, and by leaking the information, Snowden was fulfilling his duty to protect the public interest. This principle is particularly relevant in cases where the government is engaging in activities that are harmful to the public, and where individuals have a duty to expose such practices. In weighing the competing values in this case, it is also important to consider the impact of Snowden's actions. On one hand, his actions led to a public debate about the extent of government surveillance and the protection of privacy rights, which was seen as a positive outcome. On the other hand, his actions also put national security at risk and led to the release of information that could potentially harm individuals and the country as a whole. Other competing values are 1. Whistleblower protection: Snowden's actions could be seen as an exercise of his right to blow the whistle on practices that he believed to be illegal or unethical. Whistleblower protection is a valuable principle that encourages individuals to expose wrongdoing and to promote transparency and accountability. 2. National security: The release of classified information by Snowden raised concerns about the potential harm to national security. The protection of national security is a key value in any society, and the government has a duty to ensure that its citizens are safe and secure. 3. Freedom of expression: Snowden's actions could be seen as an exercise of his right to freedom of expression. This right is enshrined in many constitutions and is an essential component of a democratic society. However, this right must be balanced against other important values, such as national security and privacy. 4. The public's right to know: The documents leaked by Snowden provided important information to the public about government practices. The public's right to know is a key principle in a democratic society, and the government has a duty to be transparent and accountable to its citizens. 5. Responsibility to protect classified information: Snowden's actions violated his obligation to protect classified information, which is a key principle in the handling of sensitive information. The responsible handling of classified information is essential to ensuring the security of individuals and the country as a whole. 1. Immanuel Kant: According to Kantian ethics, the moral worth of an action is determined by the principle or rule that it embodies. In this case, Snowden's actions could be seen as an expression of his duty to respect the privacy of individuals and to expose illegal or unethical practices. Kant would argue that this duty is grounded in a universal moral principle and that the actions of individuals must be judged based on the universal applicability of the principle. 2. John Stuart Mill: Mill's principle of utilitarianism holds that actions should be evaluated based on their consequences, including the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. In this case, the consequences of Snowden's actions could be seen as a reduction in privacy and security for some, but also as an increase in transparency and accountability for the public. A utilitarian analysis would weigh the benefits and harms of Snowden's actions and determine the moral worth of his actions based on the net benefit to society. 3. Jeremy Bentham: Bentham's theory of utilitarianism also focuses on the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people, but differs from Mill's in that it places more emphasis on individual pleasure and pain. In this case, Snowden's actions could be seen as an expression of his desire to protect the privacy and security of individuals, and to expose practices that he believed to be illegal or unethical. Bentham would argue that these actions are justified based on the pleasure they produce for Snowden and the pain they prevent for others. 4. Friedrich Nietzsche: Nietzsche's philosophy of the "will to power" holds that individuals are driven by a desire to exert their will and to shape the world according to their own values. In this case, Snowden's actions could be seen as an expression of his will to power and his desire to shape the world in a way that he believes is more just and more ethical. Nietzsche would argue that the moral worth of an action is determined by the degree to which it serves the will to power of the individual. 5. Jean-Paul Sartre: Sartre's existentialism holds that individuals are free to shape their own destiny and to create their own values. In this case, Snowden's actions could be seen as an expression of his freedom to act according to his own values and to shape the world according to his own vision. Sartre would argue that the moral worth of an action is determined by the degree to which it is an expression of the individual's freedom and authenticity. Case-Study: PIO should do RTI Stonewalling™ (2017)You are a Public Information Officer (PIO) in a government department. You are aware that the RTI Act 2005 envisages transparency and accountability in administration. The act has functioned as a check on the supposedly arbitrarily administrative behaviour and actions. However, as a PIO you have observed that there are citizens who filed RTI applications not for themselves but on behalf of such stakeholders who purportedly want to have access to information to further their own interests. At the same time there are these RTI activists who routinely file RTI applications and attempt to extort money from the decision makers. This type of RTI activism has affected the functioning of the administration adversely and also possibly jeopardises the genuineness of the applications which are essentially aimed at getting justice. What measures would you suggest to separate genuine and non-genuine applications? Give merits and demerits of your suggestions. Introduction The Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005 is an important tool for citizens to access information from the government. It is a powerful tool for citizens to ensure transparency and accountability in the functioning of the government. The RTI Act has empowered citizens to access information from the government and has thus served as a check on the arbitrary administrative behaviour and actions. However, there are certain issues that have come up with the implementation of the RTI Act. There are citizens who file RTI applications not for themselves but on behalf of such stakeholders who purportedly want to have access to information to further their own interests. At the same time, there are RTI activists who routinely file RTI applications and attempt to extort money from the decision makers. This type of RTI activism has affected the functioning of the administration adversely and also jeopardises the genuineness of the applications which are essentially aimed at getting justice. Measures to Separate Genuine and Non-Genuine Applications In order to separate genuine and non-genuine applications, the following measures can be suggested: 1. Establishing a dedicated RTI Cell: A dedicated RTI cell can be established to receive, process and respond to RTI applications. This cell can be headed by a senior official who is appointed as the Public Information Officer (PIO). The PIO can be responsible for ensuring that the RTI applications are genuine and are not being used for any ulterior motives. 2. Pre-screening of RTI Applications: The RTI cell can pre-screen the RTI applications to ensure that they are genuine. The PIO can review the applications and verify the credentials of the applicants to ensure that they are genuine. This will help to weed out any applications which are not genuine. 3. Establishing an Online RTI Portal: An online RTI portal can be established to receive and process RTI applications. This will help to streamline the process and make it easier for applicants to file RTI applications. The portal can also be used to verify the credentials of the applicants and weed out any applications which are not genuine. 4. Establishing an RTI Helpline: An RTI helpline can be established to provide assistance to applicants who are filing RTI applications. This will help to ensure that the applicants are filing the applications in the right manner and that they are not being used for any ulterior motives. 5. Training of PIOs: The PIOs should be given proper training to ensure that they are able to identify genuine and non-genuine applications. They should also be trained to handle difficult situations and to ensure that the RTI applications are being used for genuine purposes. Merits of the Suggested Measures The suggested measures have several merits. Firstly, they will help to ensure that the RTI applications are genuine and are not being used for any ulterior motives. This will help to ensure that the RTI Act is used for its intended purpose, i.e. to ensure transparency and accountability in the functioning of the government. Secondly, the measures will help to streamline the process of filing RTI applications. The online RTI portal and the RTI helpline will make it easier for applicants to file RTI applications. This will help to reduce the burden on the PIOs and will also help to ensure that the applications are processed in a timely manner. Thirdly, the training of the PIOs will help to ensure that they are able to identify genuine and non-genuine applications. This will help to ensure that the RTI Act is not misused and that the RTI applications are being used for genuine purposes. Demerits of the Suggested Measures The suggested measures also have certain demerits. Firstly, they may require a significant amount of resources to implement. This may include the cost of setting up the RTI cell, the online RTI portal and the RTI helpline. This may also include the cost of training the PIOs. Secondly, the measures may lead to delays in the processing of RTI applications. This is because the applications will have to be pre-screened to ensure that they are genuine. This may lead to delays in the processing of the applications, which may be unacceptable to the applicants. Thirdly, the measures may lead to the misuse of the RTI Act. This is because the PIOs may not be able to identify genuine and non-genuine applications with 100% accuracy. This may lead to the misuse of the RTI Act by unscrupulous elements. Case-study: RTI: To Hide or Not to Hide (2013)In the following questions, carefully study the cases presented and then answer the questions that follow:A Public Information Officer has received an application under RTI Act. Having gathered the information, the PIO discovers that the information pertains to some of the decisions taken by him, which were found to be not altogether right. There were other employees also who party to these decisions were. Disclosure of the information is likely to lead to disciplinary action with possibility of punishment against him as well as some of his colleagues. Non-disclosure or part disclosure or camouflaged disclosure of information will result into lesser punishment or no punishment. The PIO is otherwise an honest and conscientious person but this particular decision, on which the RTI application has been filed, turned out to be wrong. He comes to you for advice. The following are some suggested options. Please evaluate the merits and demerits of each of the options: The PIO could refer the matter to his superior officer and seek his advice and act strictly in accordance with the advice, even though he is not completely in agreement with the advice of the superior. The PIO could proceed on leave and leave the matter to be dealt by his successor in office or request for transfer of the application to another PIO. The PIO could weigh the consequences of disclosing the information truthfully, including the effect on his career, and reply in a manner that would not place him or his career in jeopardy, but at the same time a little compromise can be made on the contents of the information. The PIO could consult his other colleagues who are party to the decision and take action as per their advice. Also please indicate (without necessarily restricting to the above options) what you would like to advise, giving proper reasons. Ethical Issues concerned with it are : Transparency Responsibility Confidentiality Integrity Fairness Professionalism Conscience Option 1: Referring the matter to the superior officer is a prudent option. This option allows the PIO to remain within the bounds of the law and maintain his integrity. The PIO can explain the situation to the superior officer and seek their advice on how to proceed. The superior officer is likely to be more experienced and well-informed on the matter, and can provide guidance on how to handle the situation. This option also allows the PIO to remain impartial and not be influenced by any personal biases. Option 2: Going on leave or transferring the application to another PIO can be seen as a way of avoiding the situation. This option does not allow the PIO to take responsibility for the decision and does not solve the underlying issue. It also has the potential to create a negative perception of the PIO and their ability to handle difficult situations. Option 3: Weighing the consequences of disclosing the information truthfully is a valid option. However, the PIO should be aware that this option could be This could lead to further disciplinary action and could damage the PIO's reputation. Option 4: Consulting with the other colleagues who are party to the decision is a viable option. This option allows the PIO to gain insight into the situation from the other parties and can be seen as a way of taking responsibility for the decision. It also allows the PIO to remain impartial and not be influenced by any personal biases. My advice to the PIO would be to refer the matter to the superior officer and seek their advice on how to proceed. This option allows the PIO to remain within the bounds of the law and maintain their integrity. The superior officer is likely to be more experienced and well-informed on the matter, and can provide guidance on how to handle the situation. This option also allows the PIO to remain impartial and not be influenced by any personal biases. The PIO should also explain the situation to the superior officer and seek their advice on how to proceed. This option allows the PIO to take responsibility for the decision while at the same time remaining within the bounds of the law. Case-Study: 5: Leaking Information (2013)As a senior officer in the Finance Ministry, you have access to some confidential and crucial information about policy decisions that the Government is about to announce. These decisions are likely to have far-reaching impact on the housing and construction industry. If the builders have access to this information beforehand, they can make huge profits. One of the builders has done a lot of quality work for the Government and is known to be close to your immediate superior, who asks you to disclose this information to the said builder. What are the options available to you? Evaluate each of these options and choose the option which you would adopt, giving reasons. Ethical issues in this case are Confidentiality Conflict of Interest between public interest and private interest (builder) Loyalty Transparency Responsibility Fairness Options available to me: Option 1: Disclose the confidential information to the builder: The first option available to me is to disclose the confidential information to the builder, as requested by my immediate superior. This option would allow the builder to make informed decisions and potentially reap huge profits. However, it would be unethical to do so as I would be violating the trust placed in me as a senior officer in the Finance Ministry. It would also be a breach of my professional and moral obligations as a government employee, and could result in serious repercussions for me, such as suspension or dismissal from my position. Option 2: Refuse to disclose the confidential information to the builder: The second option available to me is to refuse to disclose the confidential information to the builder. This option would be the most ethical and responsible course of action, as I would be upholding my professional and moral obligations as a government employee. It would also ensure that the confidential information remains secure and does not get into the wrong hands. However, it could lead to a strained relationship between myself and my immediate superior, as well as potential repercussions for me, such as suspension or dismissal from my position. Option 3: Seek advice from a senior colleague: The third option available to me is to seek advice from a senior colleague. This option would allow me to get a second opinion on the matter, and would also provide me with the opportunity to weigh the pros and cons of each option before making a decision. However, it could lead to a delay in my decision-making process, which could prove problematic if the builder needs the information in a timely manner. Option 4: Seek advice from an external source: The fourth option available to me is to seek advice from an external source, such as a lawyer or an ethics consultant. This option would provide me with an impartial opinion on the matter, and would also provide me with the opportunity to weigh the pros and cons of each option before making a decision. However, it could be costly and time-consuming, and may not be feasible depending on the time constraints. After considering all of my options, I believe that the best course of action is to refuse to disclose the confidential information to the builder. This option is the most ethical and responsible course of action, as I would be upholding my professional and moral obligations as a government employee. It would also ensure that the confidential information remains secure and does not get into the wrong hands. Additionally, it would prevent any potential repercussions for me, such as suspension or dismissal from my position. Work Culture related Discipline generally implies following the order and subordination. However, it may be counterproductive for the organisation. Discuss. (अनुशासन में सामान्यत: आदेश पालन और अधीनता निहित है । फिर भी यह सं गठन के लिए प्रति-उत्पादक हो सकता है । चर्चा कीजिए।) 2017 Discipline is an important part of any organisation, as it helps to ensure that employees are following the rules and regulations set out by the organisation. It is also necessary to ensure that employees are following the company’s policies and procedures, so that the organisation can run smoothly and efficiently. However, while discipline is important, it can also be counterproductive for the organisation if it is not managed correctly. When discipline is used in an organisation, it is important to ensure that it is done in a fair and consistent manner. If employees are disciplined in an arbitrary or inconsistent manner, it can create a sense of distrust and resentment among the workforce. This can lead to a decrease in morale, which can have a negative impact on the organisation’s productivity. Additionally, if employees feel that they are being unfairly disciplined, they may be less likely to follow the rules and regulations of the organisation, which can lead to further problems. It is also important to ensure that discipline is used in a constructive manner. If employees are simply punished for minor mistakes or for behaviour that is not in line with the organisation’s values, it can lead to a feeling of injustice and resentment. This can lead to a decrease in productivity, as employees may be less motivated to do their best work. Additionally, if employees are punished too harshly, it can lead to a decrease in morale and a decrease in loyalty to the organisation. In order to ensure that discipline is used in a constructive manner, it is important for organisations to ensure that employees are aware of the rules and regulations of the organisation. This can be done through training sessions, or by making sure that the rules and regulations are clearly outlined in employee handbooks. Additionally, it is important to ensure that employees are aware of the consequences of not following the rules and regulations. This can help to ensure that employees are aware of the consequences of their actions and will be less likely to break the rules. Finally, it is important to ensure that discipline is used in a way that encourages positive behaviour. For example, if an employee is caught breaking the rules, they should be given the opportunity to explain their actions and to learn from their mistakes. Additionally, rewards should be given for good behaviour, as this can help to encourage employees to follow the rules and regulations of the organisation. Case Study: Toxic Boss (2021)Pawan has been working as an officer in the State Government for the last ten years. As a part of the routine transfer, he was posted to another department. He joined a new office along with five other colleagues. The head of the office was a senior officer conversant with the functioning of the office. As a part of general inquiry, Pawan gathered that his senior officer carries the reputation of being a difficult and insensitive person having his own disturbed family life. Initially, all seem to go well. However, after some time Pawan felt that the senior officer was belittling him and at times unreasonable. Whatever suggestions given or views expressed by Pawan in the meetings were summarily rejected and the senior officer would express displeasure in the presence of others. It became a pattern of the boss’s style of functioning to show him in bad light highlighting his shortcomings and humiliating him publicly. It became apparent that though there are no serious work-related problems / shortcomings, the senior officer was always on one pretext or the other and would scold and shout at him. The continuous harassment and public criticism of Pawan resulted in the loss of confidence, self-esteem and equanimity. Pawan realized that his relations with his senior officer are becoming more toxic and due to this, he perpetually tensed, anxious and stressed. His mind was occupied with negativity and caused him mental torture, anguish and agony. Eventually, it badly affected his personal and family life. He was no longer joyous, happy and contented even at home. Rather without any reason, he would lose his temper with his wife and other family members. The family environment was no longer pleasant and congenial. His wife who was always supportive of him also became a victim of his negativity and hostile behaviour. Due to harassment and humiliation suffering by him in the office, comfort and happiness virtually vanished from his life. Thus, it damaged his physical and mental health. a) What are the options available with Pawan to cope up with the situation? b) What approach Pawan should adopt for bringing, peace, tranquillity and a congenial environment in the office and home? c) As an outsider, what are your suggestions for both boss and subordinate to overcome this situation and for improving the work performance, mental and emotional hygiene? d) In the above scenario, what type of training would you suggest for officers at various levels in the government offices? Ethical issues associated 1. Workplace Harassment: The senior officer's continuous harassment and public criticism of Pawan constitutes workplace harassment and is unethical. 2. Loss of confidence and self-esteem: The constant negative criticism and humiliation by the senior officer has led to a loss of confidence and self-esteem for Pawan, which is an unethical outcome. 3. Unprofessional behavior: The senior officer's behavior towards Pawan is unprofessional and goes against the ethical standards expected of a senior officer in the workplace. 4. Violation of Privacy: The senior officer's behavior may be seen as a violation of Pawan's privacy, as it has resulted in the loss of his confidence and self-esteem, which are considered private matters. 5. Mental Torture and Anguish: The senior officer's behavior has resulted in mental torture, anguish and agony for Pawan, which is unethical and goes against the right to a safe and healthy work environment. 6. Impact on Personal and Family Life: The negative impact of the senior officer's behavior on Pawan's personal and family life is a serious ethical concern, as it violates the right to a healthy personal and family life. 7. Discrimination: The senior officer's behavior towards Pawan may be seen as discriminatory, as it is based on his personal opinions and attitudes, rather than on professional considerations. This is unethical and goes against the principles of fairness and equality. a) Pawan has several options available to cope with the situation. He can speak to his senior officer and try to resolve the issue in a professional manner. He can also speak to his colleagues and seek their support and advice. He can also seek the assistance of a qualified counsellor or therapist to help him manage his emotions and stress. Additionally, he can also speak to his family and friends for support. 1. Raise the issue with his immediate superior: Pawan could try to discuss the situation with his immediate superior and seek their support in resolving the issue with the senior officer. 2. Seek mediation or counseling: Pawan could consider seeking the assistance of a neutral third party such as a mediator or counselor to resolve the conflict with his senior officer. 3. File a complaint: Pawan could file a complaint with the appropriate authority such as the human resources department, the employee relations division, or the labor relations board, if available. 4. Consider seeking a transfer: If the situation remains unresolved, Pawan could consider seeking a transfer to another department or organization, in order to avoid further harassment and to maintain his mental and physical well-being. b) Pawan should adopt a positive approach and try to maintain a professional relationship with his senior officer. He should also try to stay calm and avoid confrontation. He should try to remain positive and focus on his work. Additionally, he should take time to relax and take care of his mental and emotional wellbeing. c) As an outsider, my suggestions for both boss and subordinate to overcome this situation and improve the work performance, mental and emotional hygiene would be to have open communication and dialogue between them. The boss should try to be more understanding and supportive of his subordinate. The subordinate should also be open to feedback and suggestions from his boss. Both should also take time to relax and take care of their mental and emotional wellbeing. d) For officers at various levels in the government offices, I would suggest training in communication and conflict resolution skills. Additionally, I would suggest training in stress management and emotional intelligence. This would help them better handle challenging situations and maintain a healthy working environment. Case-Study: Engineer: Bogus flyover vs deadline (2013)You are working as an Executive Engineer in the construction cell of a Municipal Corporation and are presently in-charge of the construction of a flyover. There are two Junior Engineers under you who have the responsibility of day-to-day inspection of the site and are reporting to you, while you are finally reporting to the Chief Engineer who heads the cell. While the construction is heading towards completion, the Junior Engineers have been regularly reporting that all construction is taking place as per design specifications. However, in one of your surprise inspections, you have noticed some serious deviations and lacunae which, in your opinion, are likely to affect the safety of the flyover. Rectification of these lacunae at this stage would require a substantial amount of demolition and rework which will cause a tangible loss to the contractor and will also delay completion. There is a lot of public pressure on the Corporation to get this construction completed because of heavy traffic congestion in the area. When you brought this matter to the notice of the Chief Engineer, he advised you that in his opinion it is not a very serious lapse and may be ignored. He advised for further expediting the project for completion in time. However, you are convinced that this was a serious matter which might affect public safety and should not be left unaddressed. What will you do in such a situation? Some of the options are given below. Evaluate the merits and demerits of each of these options and finally suggest what course of action you would like to take, giving reasons Follow the advice of the Chief Engineer and go ahead. Make an exhaustive report of the situation bringing out all facts and analysis along with your own viewpoints stated clearly and seek for written orders from the chief Engineer. Call for explanation from the Junior Engineers and issue orders to the contractor for necessary correction within targeted time. Highlight the issue so that it reaches superiors above the Chief Engineer. Considering the rigid attitude of the Chief Engineer, seek transfer from the project or report sick. 1. Option 1: Following the advice of the Chief Engineer and go ahead. Merit: Quick and easy resolution of the problem. No delays in project completion. Demerit: Neglecting the safety concerns of the flyover and putting the public at risk. 2. Option 2: Making an exhaustive report of the situation and seeking written orders from the Chief Engineer. Merit: Documenting the issue and creating a record of the matter. Demerit: Time-consuming and may not result in any action being taken if the Chief Engineer continues to disregard the issue. 3. Option 3: Calling for explanation from the Junior Engineers and issuing orders to the contractor for necessary correction within targeted time. Merit: Taking action to address the issue and ensuring that the construction is safe. Demerit: May cause delays in project completion and result in dissatisfaction from the Chief Engineer and the contractor. 4. Option 4: Highlighting the issue so that it reaches superiors above the Chief Engineer. Merit: Seeking intervention from higher authorities who may be better equipped to address the issue. Demerit: May result in conflict with the Chief Engineer and potentially harm the Executive Engineer's professional reputation. 5. Option 5: Seeking transfer from the project or reporting sick. Merit: Avoiding the conflict and preserving one's mental and emotional well-being. Demerit: Abdicating responsibility for addressing the issue and potentially leaving the public at risk. Considering the options, the best course of action would be to make an exhaustive report of the situation, seek written orders from the Chief Engineer, and if necessary, highlight the issue to superiors above the Chief Engineer. This approach balances the need to address the issue with the importance of preserving one's professional reputation and avoiding conflict with the Chief Engineer. Additionally, creating a record of the matter will provide evidence in case the situation escalates. Case-Study: Favoritism in Job recruitment (2013)You are heading a leading technical institute of the country. The institute is planning to convene an interview panel shortly under your chairmanship for selection of the post of professors. A few days before the interview, you get a call from the Personal Secretary (PS) of a senior government functionary seeking your intervention in favour of the selection of a close relative of the functionary for this post. The PS also informs you that he is aware of the long pending and urgent proposals of your institute for grant of funds for modernization, which are awaiting the functionary's approval. He assures you that he would get these proposals cleared. What are the options available to you? Evaluate each of these options and choose the option which you would adopt, giving reasons. Option 1: Accept the request and recommend the candidate This option is the most direct and obvious solution to the problem. It would be an easy way to get the proposals approved and secure the much-needed funds. However, this would be an unethical and immoral decision that would go against the principles of meritocracy and set a dangerous precedent. It would also damage the reputation of the institute and undermine the trust of the students and faculty. Option 2: Reject the request and continue with the selection process as planned This is the most ethical option, as it would ensure that the selection process is fair and transparent. It would also demonstrate the institute’s commitment to upholding the principles of meritocracy and uphold the trust of the students and faculty. However, it may mean that the proposals remain pending and the institute is unable to secure the much-needed funds. Option 3: Request the government functionary to withdraw his request This option would be the most diplomatic way to handle the situation. It would be an attempt to maintain a good relationship with the government functionary while also upholding the principles of meritocracy. It would also ensure that the selection process is fair and transparent. However, it may not be successful and the government functionary may still insist on his request. Option 4: Request the government functionary to allow the candidate to go through the selection process This option would be a compromise between the first two options. It would allow the candidate to go through the selection process, while also ensuring that the process is fair and transparent. However, it would still mean that the institute is compromising on its principles of meritocracy and may be seen as giving in to the government functionary’s request. After considering all the options available, I believe the best option would be to reject the request and continue with the selection process as planned. This would be the most ethical option, as it would ensure that the selection process is fair and transparent. It would also demonstrate the institute’s commitment to upholding the principles of meritocracy and uphold the trust of the students and faculty. Furthermore, even if the proposals remain pending, the institute would still be able to secure the much-needed funds in due course. This option would also ensure that the institute does not compromise on its principles and values, which is essential for its long-term success and sustainability. Case-Study: Sexual Harassment (2013)You are the Executive Director of an upcoming InfoTech Company which is making a name for itself in the market. Mr. A, who is a star performer, is heading the marketing team. In a short period of one year, he has helped in doubling the revenues as well as creating a high brand equity for the Company so much so that you are thinking of promoting him. However, you have been receiving information from many corners about his attitude towards the female colleagues; particularly his habit of making loose comments on women. In addition, he regularly sends indecent SMS's to all the team members including his female colleagues. One day, late in the evening, Mrs. X, who is one of Mr. A's team members, comes to you visibly disturbed. She complains against the continued misconduct of Mr. A, who has been making undesirable advances towards her and has even tried to touch her inappropriately in his cabin. She tenders her resignation and leaves your office. What are the options available to you? Evaluate each of these options and choose the option you would adopt, giving reasons Options available to you: 1. Take no action: You can ignore the complaint and take no action against Mr. A. This option is not recommended as it can lead to a culture of impunity and further encourage inappropriate behavior. 2. Issue a warning: You can issue a warning to Mr. A and remind him of the Company's policies on sexual harassment and misconduct. This option is better than taking no action but it may not be effective in the long run and may not be sufficient to deter Mr. A from further misconduct. 3. Terminate Mr. A's employment: You can terminate Mr. A's employment with the Company. This option is the most effective in terms of sending a strong message to Mr. A and other employees that such behavior will not be tolerated. It also provides a sense of justice to the victim and other female colleagues who may have been subjected to similar treatment. I would choose the third option of terminating Mr. A's employment with the Company. This is the most effective option in terms of sending a strong message to Mr. A and other employees that such behavior will not be tolerated. It also provides a sense of justice to the victim and other female colleagues who may have been subjected to similar treatment. Terminating Mr. A's employment is the only way to ensure that the Company's policies on sexual harassment and misconduct are enforced and that the safety and well-being of all employees are protected. Case-Study: Bogus rape complaint (2014)You are a no-nonsense, honest officer. You have been transferred to a remote district to head a department that is notorious for its inefficiency and callousness. You find that the main cause of the poor state of affairs is the indiscipline of a section of employees. They do not work themselves and also disrupt the working of others. You first warned the troublemakers to mend their ways or else face disciplinary action. When the warning had little effect, you issued a show cause notice to the ringleaders. As a retaliatory measure, these troublemakers instigated a woman employee amongst them to file a complaint of sexual harassment against you with the Women's Commission. The Commission promptly seeks your explanation. The matter is also publicized in the media to embarrass you further. Some of the options to handle this situation could be as follows : Give your explanation to the Commission and go soft on the disciplinary action. Ignore the Commission and proceed firmly with the disciplinary action. Brief your higher-ups, seek directions from them and act accordingly Suggest any other possible option (s). Evaluate all of them and suggest the best course of action, giving your reasons for it. Other possible options to handle this situation could be: 4. Take legal action against the woman employee for making false accusations. 5. Try to negotiate with the troublemakers, offering them incentives and rewards in return for better behaviour. 6. Speak to the woman employee directly and try to resolve the issue amicably. 7. Appoint an independent committee to investigate the issue and take action based on their recommendations. Evaluation of the Options: Option 1: Giving one’s explanation to the Commission and going soft on disciplinary action is not advisable as it will send a wrong message to the troublemakers that their actions have been successful in intimidating the officer. It will also encourage them to repeat such behaviour in the future. Option 2: Ignoring the Commission and proceeding firmly with disciplinary action is a better option as it will send a strong message to the troublemakers that their actions will not be tolerated and that they will be held accountable for their misconduct. However, this may not be the best course of action as it may lead to further escalation of the conflict. Option 3: Briefing one’s higher-ups, seeking directions from them and acting accordingly is a good option as it will ensure that the officer is following the right course of action and is not taking any unilateral decisions. Option 4: Taking legal action against the woman employee for making false accusations is also an option to consider. However, this may not be the best course of action as it may lead to further escalation of the conflict and may prove to be counter-productive. Option 5: Trying to negotiate with the troublemakers, offering them incentives and rewards in return for better behaviour is also an option to consider. However, this may not be the best course of action as it may send a wrong message to the troublemakers that their actions have been successful in intimidating the officer and that they can get away with their misconduct by offering bribes. Option 6: Speaking to the woman employee directly and trying to resolve the issue amicably is also an option to consider. This may be the best course of action as it will give the officer an opportunity to explain his side of the story and also help to defuse the situation. Option 7: Appointing an independent committee to investigate the issue and take action based on their recommendations is also an option to consider. This may be the best course of action as it will ensure that the officer is not taking any unilateral decisions and that the investigation is conducted in a fair and impartial manner. After evaluating all the options, the best course of action would be to appoint an independent committee to investigate the issue and take action based on their recommendations. This will ensure that the officer is not taking any unilateral decisions and that the investigation is conducted in a fair and impartial manner. It will also help to restore the confidence of the employees in the department and ensure that the officer is not seen as biased or partial. This will also help to defuse the situation and ensure that the disciplinary action taken by the officer is seen as legitimate and fair. Case-Study: Ethics not essential (2014)Suppose one of your close friends, who is also aspiring for civil services, comes to you for discussing some of the issues related to ethical conduct in public service. He raises the following points : In the present times, when unethical environment is quite prevalent, individual attempts to stick to ethical principles may cause a lot of problems in one's career. It may also cause hardship to the family members as well as risk to one's life. Why should we not be pragmatic and follow the path of least resistance, and be happy with doing whatever good we can? When so many people are adopting wrong means and are grossly harming the system, what difference would it make if only a small minority tries to be ethical? They are going to be rather ineffective and are bound to get frustrated. If we become fussy about ethical considerations, will it not hamper the economic progress of our country? After all, in the present age of high competition, we cannot afford to be left behind in the race of development. It is understandable that we should not get involved in grossly unethical practices, but giving and accepting small gratifications and doing small favours increases everybody's motivation. It also makes the system more efficient. What is wrong in adopting such practices? Critically analyze the above viewpoints. On the basis of this analysis, what will be your advice to your friend? 1. The importance of sticking to ethical principles: Adopting a "path of least resistance" and compromising ethical principles may provide temporary relief and convenience, but it ultimately erodes the foundations of a just and fair society. It creates a culture of corruption and undermines public trust in institutions. By upholding ethical principles, individuals in public service demonstrate their commitment to serving the public and preserving the integrity of the system. This, in turn, can have a positive impact on their own careers, as well as on their families, by creating a sense of pride and satisfaction in their work. 2. The role of a minority in promoting ethical conduct: While it may seem that the actions of a minority are ineffective in the face of widespread unethical conduct, it is important to remember that positive change often starts with a small group of dedicated individuals. Their actions can inspire others and help create a critical mass for positive change. By promoting ethical conduct and transparency, a minority can contribute to the creation of a more just and fair society, and help to restore public trust in institutions. 3. The relationship between ethical conduct and economic progress: Ethical conduct and economic progress are not mutually exclusive. In fact, a corrupt and unethical environment can have a negative impact on economic progress by creating a culture of distrust and uncertainty, and by diverting resources away from productive use. A transparent and ethical public service system, on the other hand, can create a stable and predictable business environment, which is critical for long-term economic growth. 4. The harm caused by small gratifications and favours: While small gratifications and favours may seem harmless, they can contribute to a culture of corruption and undermine public trust in institutions. Furthermore, such practices often create a slippery slope, leading to more significant unethical conduct. By adopting a strict adherence to ethical principles, individuals in public service can help to create a culture of transparency and accountability, which is essential for a healthy and thriving society. In conclusion, the ethical conduct of individuals in public service is of paramount importance for the well-being of society. While there may be challenges in maintaining high ethical standards in today's society, it is crucial to remain steadfast in our commitment to ethical principles. By doing so, we can help to create a more just and fair society and contribute to the long-term economic progress of our country. In response to your friend, you can advise them to be steadfast in their commitment to ethical principles, and to understand that their actions can have a positive impact on society, even if it may seem small at first. You can also encourage them to seek out role models and resources that can help them stay informed and motivated in their commitment to ethical conduct. Ultimately, you can advise them to be proud of their dedication to ethical principles, and to understand that this is what sets them apart and gives meaning to their work. Case-Study: Disillusioned UPSC topper (2014)Rameshwar successfully cleared the prestigious civil services examination and was excited about the opportunity that he would get through the civil services to serve the country. However, soon after joining the services, he realized that things are not as rosy as he had imagined. He found a number of malpractices prevailing in the department assigned to him. For example, funds under various schemes and grants were being misappropriated. The official facilities were frequently being used for personal needs by the officers and staff. After some time, he noticed that the process of recruiting the staff was also not up to the mark. Prospective candidates were required to write an examination in which a lot of cheating was going on. Some candidates were provided external help in the examination. Rameshwar brought these incidents to the notice of his seniors. However, he was advised to keep his eyes, ears and mouth shut and ignore all these things which were taking place with the connivance of the higher-ups. Rameshwar felt highly disillusioned and uncomfortable. He comes to you seeking your advice. Indicate various options that you think are available in this situation. How would you help him to evaluate these options and choose the most appropriate path to be adopted? Rameshwar's situation is not an uncommon one. Many civil servants come across such malpractices and unethical behaviour in the course of their service. In such cases, one has to carefully evaluate the available options and choose the most appropriate path to be adopted. The following are some of the options that Rameshwar can consider: 1. Speak Up: Rameshwar can speak up and report the malpractices to the higher authorities. This is the most direct and effective way to address the issue and bring about change. He can also report the issue to the media or to an external agency like the Central Vigilance Commission. This will ensure that the issue gets the attention it deserves and that appropriate action is taken against the guilty. 2. Refuse to Participate: Rameshwar can refuse to participate in any unethical activity. He can also refuse to be part of any committee or process which is not following the rules and regulations. This will send a strong message to the higher-ups that such malpractices will not be tolerated. 3. Seek Advice: Rameshwar can seek advice from an external source like a lawyer or an organisation which deals with such issues. This will help him understand the legal implications of his actions and the possible consequences. 4. Take the Legal Route: If the malpractices are serious enough, Rameshwar can take the legal route and file a complaint in the court. This will ensure that the guilty are punished and that the malpractices are stopped. 5. Resign: As a last resort, Rameshwar can consider resigning from his post if the situation does not improve. This will send a strong message to the higher-ups that such malpractices will not be tolerated. Additionally, it is important to understand the risks associated with each option and the possible repercussions. It is also important to understand the resources and support available to Rameshwar. Once Rameshwar has a clear understanding of the implications of each option, he can make an informed decision and choose the most appropriate path to be adopted. Case-Study: Dubious plot acquired for school (2015)You are heading a district administration in a particular department. Your senior officer calls you from the State Headquarters and tells you that a plot in Rampur village is to have a building constructed on it for a school. A visit is scheduled during which he will visit the site along with the chief engineer and the senior architect. He wants you to check out all the papers relating to it and to ensure that the visit is properly arranged. You examine the file which relates to the period before you joined the department. The land was acquired from the local Panchayat at a nominal cost and the papers show that clearance certificates are available from the two of the three authorities who have to certify the site's suitability. There is no certification by the architect available on file. You decide to visit Rampur to ensure that all is in order as stated on file. When you visit Rampur, you find that the plot under reference is part of Thakurgarh Fort and that the walls, ramparts, etc., are running across it. The fort is well away from the main village, therefore a school here will be a serious inconvenience for the children. However, the area near the village has potential to expand into a larger residential area. The development charges on the existing plot, at the fort, will be very high and the question of heritage site has not been addressed. Moreover, the Sarpanch, at the time of acquisition of the land, was a relative of your predecessor. The whole transaction appears to have been done with some vested interest. List the likely vested interests of the concerned parties. Some of the options for action available to you are listed below. Discuss the merits and demerits of each of the options : a. You can await the visit of the superior officer and let him take a decision. b. You can seek his advice in writing or on phone. c. You can consult your predecessor/colleagues, etc., and then decide what to do. d. You can find out if any alternate plot can be got in exchange and then send a comprehensive written report. Can you suggest any other option with proper justification? 2. Merits and Demerits of each option: a. Awaiting the visit of the superior officer and letting him take a decision: This would transfer the responsibility of decision making to the senior officer and would relieve you of the responsibility, but it also means that you may not be able to influence the outcome of the decision. b. Seeking advice in writing or on phone: This would provide you with guidance from the senior officer, but it would also limit your autonomy in making a decision. c. Consulting your predecessor/colleagues: This would provide you with a wider range of opinions, but it may also increase the risk of conflicting interests. d. Finding an alternate plot: This would resolve the issue of the plot being part of the Thakurgarh Fort, but it would also require time and effort to find an alternate plot that meets all the requirements. Other option: e. Conduct a thorough investigation: You could conduct an investigation into the acquisition of the land and the involvement of the Sarpanch, in order to determine if there was any unethical behavior or illegal activity involved. This would provide a clearer understanding of the situation, but it would also take time and resources to complete. f. Engage with the local community: You could reach out to the local community in Rampur and gather their input and concerns regarding the proposed building of a school on the plot. This would provide you with a better understanding of the impact the building would have on the community and could also provide alternative solutions that would be more acceptable to the community. g. Seek expert opinions: You could seek opinions from experts in the fields of archaeology, heritage conservation, and education to understand the implications of building a school on the plot and the impact it would have on the fort. This would provide you with a better understanding of the situation and help you make an informed decision. ]]>07-gs-4/7.-information-sharing-and-transparency-in-govt,-rti,-code-of-ethics,-codes-of-conduct,-citizens-charters,-work-culture,-quality-of-service-delivery/pyq.html07 GS-4/7. Information-sharing-and-transparency-in-govt,-RTI,-Code-of-Ethics,-Codes-of-Conduct,-Citizens-Charters,-Work-Culture,-Quality-of-service-Delivery/PYQ.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>07-gs-4/ca-ethics.html07 GS-4/CA - Ethics.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTKtesias's Indica Certain important ancient Greek and Latin historians who wrote about India were : Megasthenes, Arrian, Strabo, Pliny the Elder and Periplus of the Erythrean Sea. Fa Hien stayed in India from 399 to 414 CE was confined to nothern India. Xuanzang/ Hieun Tsang left home in 629 CE stayed in India for 10 yrs. Yijing came to India in 7th Century, stayed in Nalanda for 10 yrs. Some Arabic writers and their works were : Kalila wa Dimma collects fables from various places including India
Tahqiq-i-Hind of Al-Biruni gives details about Indian scripts, sciences, geography, astronomy etc. Accounts of traveller Suleiman Chachnama describes the conquest of Sindh by Bin Qasim Shahnama of Firdausi is persian poetry Gulistan by Sadi refers to aspects of Indian trade. Al Mamun of Abbasid Caliphate had scholars that translated Sanskrit texts. Kalila wa Dimma had fables from various places including India In what ways are the accounts of the Graeco Romans and the Chinese helpful in reconstructing the social history of India? How far is their information corroborated by other Contemporary sources? [2009, 60m]
Greek, Chinese and Arab Foreign Accounts Megasthenes : The division of Maurya society into seven classes was particularly mentioned in the 'Indica' of Megasthenes. The Indians generally were divided into seven categories, the wise men (Brahmins), farmers, herdsmen, artisans, soldiers, over lookers and government officials including army and navy officers.
Huen Tsang mentions Shudras as agriculturists Ktesias's Indica is a prime example of a historical account based on hearsay. Ktesias was a Greek historian who wrote about India in the 4th century BC. He relied heavily on the stories of Indian merchants and other travelers, and his accounts are filled with exaggerations and inaccuracies. For example, he described India as a land filled with exotic creatures, such as griffins and unicorns, which have never been found in the region. Another example is the writings of Marco Polo, a Venetian merchant who traveled to China in the late 13th century. His account of the court of Kublai Khan is filled with details that are likely based on hearsay rather than direct observation. For instance, he describes the Khan's palace as having a ceiling made of gold, a claim that is highly unlikely to be true. In contrast, perceptive observations can be found in the work of Herodotus, a Greek historian who wrote about the Persian Empire in the 5th century BC. His accounts are filled with vivid descriptions of the customs, beliefs, and practices of the people he encountered, and his observations are often backed up by evidence. For example, he describes the Persian practice of burying their dead in a tower-like structure, which is confirmed by archaeological evidence. In contrast, some ancient writers were able to draw on perceptive observations. Thucydides, for instance, wrote extensively about the Peloponnesian War, and his accounts were based on his own experiences. He was an eye-witness to many of the events he described, and his observations were often accurate and insightful. Another example of an ancient writer who based his work on perceptive observations was Xenophon. He wrote about the expedition of Cyrus the Great, and his accounts were based on his own experiences. He was an active participant in the expedition and was able to provide detailed descriptions of the people, places, and events he encountered. Finally, it is worth noting that some ancient writers combined hearsay and perceptive observations in their works. For example, Arrian wrote extensively about Alexander the Great, and his accounts were based on both hearsay and direct observations. He was able to draw on both primary and secondary sources, which allowed him to provide a more comprehensive and accurate account of Alexander's life and accomplishments. "While using the accounts of foreign writers, historians must distinguish between statements based on hearsay and those grounded in perceptive observations." Elaborate with examples. [2014, 15m]
https://www.livius.org/sources/content/ctesias-overview-of-the-works/photius-excerpt-of-ctesias-indica/ selectively It is important for historians to critically evaluate the accounts of foreign writers when using them as sources for reconstructing the history of early medieval India. This is because foreign writers, such as Chinese and Arabic travelers, may have had limited access to information and their observations may have been influenced by their own cultural and ideological perspectives. Therefore, historians must distinguish between statements based on hearsay and those grounded in perceptive observations. For example, the Chinese traveler Fa-Hien, who visited India in the 5th century CE, provides valuable information about the political and religious institutions of the time, as well as the customs and daily life of the people. However, Fa-Hien also repeats hearsay information and legends that may not be historically accurate. Similarly, the Arab historian Al-Biruni, who visited India in the 11th century CE, provides valuable information about the political and economic conditions of the time, as well as the cultural and religious practices of the people. However, his accounts may also be influenced by his own biases and stereotypes about Indian society, as well as by the limited access to information. Therefore, while using the accounts of foreign writers, historians must critically evaluate the information provided and distinguish between statements based on hearsay and those grounded in perceptive observations. They must also consider the context and the perspective of the foreign writer, and compare it with other sources to verify the information provided. Reference : Introduction, Sources, Historiography Chapter 1 Upinder Singh. ]]>08.1-ancient-history/1.-sources/1.3-greek,-chinese-and-arab-foreign-accounts.html08.1 Ancient-History/1. Sources/1.3 Greek, Chinese and Arab Foreign Accounts.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT07-gs-4/5.-public-civil-service-values-and-ethics-in-public-administration-status-and-problems/5.5-ethical-issues-in-international-relations-and-funding.html07 GS-4/5. Public--Civil-Service-values-and-Ethics-in-Public-Administration---Status-and-Problems/5.5 Ethical-issues-in-international-relations-and-funding.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT07-gs-4/5.-public-civil-service-values-and-ethics-in-public-administration-status-and-problems/5.6-corporate-governance.html07 GS-4/5. Public--Civil-Service-values-and-Ethics-in-Public-Administration---Status-and-Problems/5.6 Corporate-Governance.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT
Write short notes on the following in 30 words each : (i) Constitutional morality (ii) Conflict of interest (iii) Probity in public life (iv) Challenges of digitalization (v) Devotion to dutyनिम्नलिखित पर प्रत्येक 30 शब्दों में सं ्दों क्षिप्त नोट्स लिखें: (i) सं वैधानिक नैतिकता (ii) हितो का ं टकराव (iii)सार्वजनिक जीवन में ईमानदारी (iv) डिजिटलीकरण की चुनौतियां (v) कर्तव्य के प्रति समर्पण 2022 (i) Constitutional morality refers to the principles and values enshrined in a country's constitution, which guide citizens and government in upholding ethical and just behavior. It emphasizes the importance of respect for individual rights and freedoms, rule of law, and democratic principles. (ii) Conflict of interest occurs when an individual's personal interests interfere with their responsibilities and obligations to their profession, organization, or the public. It is a situation where the individual's decisions and actions are influenced by their personal gain, leading to ethical dilemmas. (iii) Probity in public life refers to the ethics of integrity and honesty in the conduct of public officials and institutions. It involves strict adherence to ethical norms, accountability, and transparency in decision-making and the use of public resources. (iv) The challenges of digitalization include issues of data privacy, cybersecurity, and the impact of technology on employment and society. It also involves ensuring that the digital divide is reduced and that access to technology is equitable. (v) Devotion to duty is a principle that emphasizes the importance of dedicated and responsible service to one's profession or organization. It involves putting the needs of the organization or community before personal interests and working towards achieving a common goal with dedication and commitment. What is meant by constitutional morality? How does one uphold constitutional morality? (‘सांविधानिक नैतिकता' से आप क्या समझते हैं ? सांविधानिक नैतिकता का अनुरक्षण कोई किस प्रकार करता है ?) - 2019 Constitutional morality is a concept that refers to the adherence to the values and principles enshrined in the Constitution of a country. It is based on the idea that the Constitution is the supreme law of the land and should be respected and followed by all citizens. The concept of constitutional morality is closely linked to the idea of rule of law, which is the belief that all citizens should be treated equally under the law. It also emphasizes the importance of upholding the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens, as well as the principles of justice, fairness, and equality. This was first articulated by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, the architect of India’s Constitution. He argued that it was important for citizens to adhere to the values and principles enshrined in the Constitution in order to maintain a just and equitable society. He also argued that constitutional morality was essential for the protection of the rights of minorities and other vulnerable sections of society. One way to uphold constitutional morality is to be aware of one’s rights and duties as a citizen. This includes understanding one’s rights and freedoms as outlined in the Constitution and respecting the laws of the land. It also involves actively participating in the democratic process, such as voting in elections and engaging in political debates. Furthermore, citizens should also be willing to stand up for their rights and those of others when they are being violated. Another way to uphold constitutional morality is to practice tolerance and respect for diversity. This involves accepting and celebrating the differences in people’s beliefs, cultures, and backgrounds. It also involves recognizing the importance of protecting the rights of minorities and other vulnerable sections of society. Finally, citizens should also be willing to speak up against injustice and discrimination. This involves speaking out against laws and policies that are discriminatory or violate the rights of citizens. It also involves standing up for the rights of those who are marginalized and vulnerable. What do you understand by probity in governance? Based on your understanding of the term, suggest measures for ensuring probity in government. (शासन में सत्यनिष्ठा से आप क्या समझते हैं ? इस शब्द की आपकी अपनी समझ के आधार पर, सरकार में सत्यनिष्ठा को सुनिश्चित करने के उपाय सुझाइए।) - 2019 Probity in governance is the adherence to ethical principles, such as honesty, integrity, and fairness, in the management of public affairs. It is the practice of conducting public affairs in an honest and transparent manner, free from corruption and other forms of unethical behavior. Probity in governance is essential for the proper functioning of government and for the trust of citizens in their government. It is also important for the development of a healthy economy and for the promotion of democracy. There are several measures that can be taken to ensure probity in government. First, governments should establish and enforce clear rules and regulations governing the conduct of public servants. These rules should be designed to promote transparency and accountability, and to discourage any form of unethical behavior. For example, governments should require public servants to declare their financial interests and to report any conflicts of interest. Second, governments should ensure that public funds are used for their intended purpose and are not misused for private gain. To this end, governments should establish and enforce strict financial controls, such as internal audit systems and independent external auditors. Third, governments should ensure that public servants are held accountable for their actions. This can be done by establishing independent oversight bodies, such as ombudsmen, to investigate complaints of misconduct and to ensure that public servants are held to account. Fourth, governments should promote public participation in decision-making processes and ensure that citizens are informed of the decisions that are being made. This can be done by providing citizens with access to information and by engaging them in the decision-making process. Finally, governments should establish and enforce anti-corruption measures, such as criminalizing certain forms of corruption and introducing whistleblower protection laws. This will help to discourage public servants from engaging in corrupt activities. By taking these measures, governments can ensure that public affairs are managed with integrity and that citizens have trust in their government. What do you understand by the terms 'governance', 'good governance' and 'ethical governance’? ('शासन', 'सुशासन' और 'नैतिक शासन' शब्दों से आप क् ्दों या समझते हैं ?) - 2016 Governance refers to the process of decision-making and implementation of policies, regulations, and laws by the governing body of an organization, community, or country. It encompasses the mechanisms, processes, and institutions through which authority is exercised and controlled. Good governance is a concept that refers to the effective and efficient use of resources, transparent and accountable decision-making, and the participation of all stakeholders in the governance process. A hallmark of good governance is the rule of law, transparency, and accountability in public life. For example, the practices of the Scandinavian countries, such as Denmark and Sweden, are often cited as models of good governance. Ethical governance refers to the application of ethical principles and values to the governance process. It involves decision-making that is guided by a sense of responsibility, fairness, and justice, and is characterized by integrity, transparency, and accountability. Ethical governance upholds the rule of law, human rights, and the welfare of society. An example of ethical governance is the actions of former South African President Nelson Mandela, who is widely recognized for his commitment to justice, reconciliation, and ethical leadership. What do you understand by 'probity' in public life? What are the difficulties in practicing it in the present times? How can these difficulties be overcome? (लोक-जीवन में ‘सत्यनिष्ठा’ से आप क्या समझते हैं? आधुनिक काल में इसके अनुसार चलने में क्या कठिनाइयाँ हैं? इन कठिनाइयो पर ं किस प्रकार विजय प्राप्त कर सकते हैं?) - 2014 Probity in public life is a concept that refers to the adherence to principles of honesty, integrity, and moral uprightness in the conduct of public affairs. It is the idea that public officials should act in the public interest and not for their own personal gain. Practicing probity in public life is becoming increasingly difficult in the present times. This is due to the fact that there is a greater emphasis on short-term results and profits, rather than on long-term sustainability. Moreover, the increased influence of money in politics has created an environment where it is more difficult for public officials to act in the public interest, as they may be more inclined to act in the interests of their financial backers. Furthermore, the proliferation of social media and the 24-hour news cycle has made it easier for public officials to be subject to criticism and scrutiny, which can make it difficult for them to make decisions in the public interest. In order to overcome these difficulties, it is important to ensure that public officials are held accountable for their actions. This can be done by strengthening and enforcing existing laws and regulations that govern the conduct of public officials, and by instituting new ones where necessary. Additionally, it is important to ensure that public officials are provided with the resources and support needed to make decisions that are in the public interest. Finally, it is important to ensure that the media and public are well informed about the actions of public officials, so that they can hold them accountable if necessary. "The foundation of every government is the opinion of the people. This opinion is the basis of probity in public life." -Thomas Jefferson "The only way to maintain probity in public life is to have a vigilant, informed and engaged citizenry." -Kofi Annan "Probity in public life is a fundamental requirement for any society to function properly and for any political system to be successful." -Barack Obama "Probity in public life is the cornerstone of a strong, democratic society." -Nelson Mandela "Probity in public life is not just a matter of personal morality; it is a matter of public trust." -John F. Kennedy What does ethics seek to promote in human life? Why is it all the more important in public administration? (मानव जीवन में नैतिकता किस बात की प्रोन्नति करने की चेष्टा करती है? लोक-प्रशासन में यह और भी अधिक महत्वपूर्णक्यों है?) - 2014 Ethics seeks to promote moral behavior in human life by encouraging individuals to make decisions and take actions that are in line with moral principles. Ethical behavior is based on the idea that people should act in ways that are beneficial to society, respect the rights of others, and be honest and fair. Ethics is especially important in public administration because it helps to ensure that government officials are acting in the best interests of the public, rather than for personal gain or to further their own agendas. Government officials must adhere to ethical standards when making decisions and taking actions that affect the public. For example, public officials must avoid conflicts of interest and ensure that their decisions are based on facts and evidence, rather than personal biases or interests. They must also be transparent and accountable in their actions, and ensure that public resources are used responsibly and fairly. Ethics also helps to ensure that public officials are upholding their duties and responsibilities to the public. For example, public officials must act in the best interests of the public when making decisions about how to allocate resources or set policies. They must also be open and honest about their decisions and actions, and be willing to accept criticism and feedback from the public. Finally, public officials must act with integrity and respect for the public, and be willing to take responsibility for their actions. The importance of ethics in public administration can be summarized as follows: 1. Maintaining public trust: Ethical conduct by public officials helps maintain the public's trust in government and its institutions. This is essential for ensuring a functioning democracy. 2. Ensuring accountability: Ethical behavior by public officials helps ensure that they are accountable for their actions and decisions. This is necessary for maintaining transparency and trust in government. 3. Protecting human rights: Ethical behavior by public officials helps ensure that the rights of all citizens are protected, regardless of their background or political beliefs. 4. Promoting fairness: Ethical conduct by public officials promotes fairness and impartiality in decision-making, which is essential for ensuring the equal treatment of all citizens. 5. Encouraging civic responsibility: Ethical behavior by public officials sets a positive example for citizens, encouraging them to be more engaged in their communities and take an active role in the governance process. 6. Maintaining professional standards: Ethical behavior by public officials helps maintain professional standards and credibility in the field of public administration, ensuring that it is viewed as a reputable and respected profession. 7. Improving policy outcomes: Ethical conduct by public officials helps ensure that policy decisions are guided by a commitment to the public good, rather than personal interests or political expediency. Famous examples of ethical behavior in public administration include former U.S. President Jimmy Carter, known for his commitment to human rights and fairness, and former Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer, late M.N. Vijayakumar, who was widely regarded for his honesty, integrity, and impartiality in the performance of his duties. The good of an individual is contained in the good of all. What do you understand by this statement? How can this principle be implemented in public life? (‘‘सर्वहित में ही हर व्यक्ति का हित निहित है।’’ आप इस कथन से क्या समझते हैं? सार्वजनिक जीवन में इस सिद्धान्त का कै से पालन किया जा सकता है?) - 2013 This statement implies that the well-being of an individual is intrinsically linked to the well-being of the collective. In other words, the good of an individual is only possible when the good of the collective is also achieved. This principle can be implemented in public life by focusing on the collective rather than individual interests. For example, a government could prioritize policies that benefit the majority of its citizens, such as providing universal healthcare, increasing access to education, and investing in infrastructure. Additionally, businesses could focus on creating equitable and sustainable solutions that benefit both their employees and the environment. This could include offering living wages and investing in renewable energy sources. Ultimately, this principle can be implemented in public life by placing collective interests above individual interests in order to ensure the well-being of all. (a) What do you understand by the term good governance? How far recent initiatives in terms of e-Governance steps taken by the State have helped the beneficiaries? Discuss with suitable examples. (a) सुशासन शब्द से आप क्या समझते हैं? राज्य द्वारा उठाए गए ई-गवर्नेंस कदमो के सं द ं र्भ में हाल की पहलो ने लाभार्थियो ं की ं कितनी मदद की है? उपयुक्त उदाहरणो के सा ं थ चर्चा कीजिए। 2022 Good governance refers to a system of governing where institutions, processes, and decision-making mechanisms are transparent, accountable, and effective in serving the needs of citizens. It is characterized by principles such as the rule of law, participation and inclusiveness, responsiveness, consensus-oriented, equity and inclusiveness, and efficiency and effectiveness. E-governance is a crucial component of good governance, as it aims to bring government services and information closer to citizens through the use of technology. Recent initiatives in e-governance have made significant contributions to the realization of good governance objectives, particularly in terms of accessibility, efficiency, and accountability. For example, in India, the launch of the Digital India campaign in 2015 aimed to transform the country into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy. The campaign aimed to deliver government services electronically and improve digital infrastructure, and has resulted in the launch of several e-governance initiatives such as the establishment of digital locker systems and the introduction of e-governance portals such as the Indian government's "MyGov" platform, which provides citizens with a single-point access to government services. Another example is Estonia, which is widely considered to be a leader in e-governance. The Estonian government has implemented several e-governance initiatives aimed at reducing bureaucracy, improving service delivery, and increasing transparency. The country has a fully digital ID card system that provides citizens with secure access to a wide range of online services, including tax returns, voting, and medical records. However, it is important to note that e-governance initiatives alone are not sufficient to achieve good governance. It is also crucial to address underlying issues such as corruption, political will, and the capacity of institutions to effectively implement and sustain these initiatives. In conclusion, recent initiatives in e-governance have helped to bring government services closer to citizens and improve the efficiency and transparency of government operations. Nevertheless, the effective implementation of e-governance initiatives requires a supportive legal and regulatory framework, adequate funding and technical support, and ongoing efforts to address underlying governance issues. Famous personalities who have advocated for the importance of good governance and e-governance include United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi. (b) Online methodology is being used for day-to-day meetings, institutional approvals in the administration and for teaching and learning in education sector to the extent telemedicine in the health sector is getting popular with the approvals of the competent authority. No doubt, it has advantages and disadvantages for both the beneficiaries and the system at large. Describe and discuss the ethical issues involved in the use of online method particularly to the vulnerable section of the society. (b) अनलाइन पद्धति का उपयोग दिन-प्रतिदिन मन की बैठक, सांस्थानिक अनुरोधन और शिक्षा क्त्र में शि षे क्षण तथा अधम से लेकर स्वाध के अनुदन से टेलीमेडिसिन तक लोकप्रिय हो रहा है। इक साधार्थियो और व्यवस् ं था दोनो के ल ं िए बड़े पैमाने पर इसके साथ और हानियाँ है। विशेषतः समाज के कमजोर समुदाय के लिए ऑनलाइन पद्धति के उपयोग में शामिल नैतिक मामलो का व ं र्णन। 2022 Good governance refers to the effective and efficient use of resources, transparent and accountable decision-making, and the participation of all stakeholders in the governance process. Good governance is characterized by the rule of law, transparency, accountability, responsiveness, participation, and equity. The purpose of good governance is to ensure that public institutions and services are accountable, effective, and efficient, and that they meet the needs of citizens. The Indian government has taken several initiatives in terms of e-Governance to improve the delivery of public services and increase transparency and accountability in the governance process. Some of the key initiatives in this area include the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP), the Digital India campaign, and the Aadhar program. The NeGP is a comprehensive plan aimed at improving the delivery of government services through the use of information technology. It aims to make all government services accessible to citizens through a single-window delivery mechanism, thereby reducing corruption and increasing efficiency. The Digital India campaign is a flagship program of the Indian government that aims to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge-based economy. This campaign aims to make public services accessible to citizens through digital means and to bridge the digital divide between urban and rural areas. The Aadhar program is an ambitious initiative aimed at providing a unique identification number to every citizen of India. The program aims to provide citizens with a secure and unique identification number that can be used to access public services and receive government benefits. This program has been widely praised for its potential to reduce corruption and improve the delivery of public services. However, despite these initiatives, the implementation of e-Governance has faced several challenges in India. Some of the key challenges include the lack of infrastructure and technological expertise in rural areas, data privacy and security concerns, and the challenge of ensuring the inclusion of marginalized communities. In addition, there have been concerns about the reliability and accuracy of the data collected under the Aadhar program, which has led to some controversy. Impact of digital technology as a reliable source of input for rational decision making is a debatable issue. Critically evaluate with a suitable example. (तर्कसं गत निर्णय लेने के लिए निवेश (इनपुट) के विश्वसनीय स्रोत के रूप में डिजिटल प्रौद्योगिकी का प्रभाव एक बहस का मुद्दा है। उपयुक्त उदाहरण के साथ आलोचनात्मक मूल्यांकन कीजिए।) 2021 The impact of digital technology as a reliable source of input for rational decision making is a debatable issue. On one hand, digital technology has the potential to provide vast amounts of information and data that can be used for decision-making, leading to more informed and rational decisions. For example, the use of big data analytics in the healthcare sector has the potential to help healthcare providers make more accurate diagnoses and develop more effective treatment plans. However, digital technology also has the potential to undermine rational decision making. The reliability of information obtained from digital sources can be questionable, as the internet is rife with misinformation and false information. Furthermore, digital technology can perpetuate biases and perpetuate existing inequalities in decision-making processes. For example, algorithms used in decision-making processes may be based on historical data that is biased, leading to discriminatory outcomes. Moreover, the reliance on digital technology can also lead to over-reliance on algorithms and data, potentially disregarding the importance of human judgment and experience. This can result in a lack of creativity and critical thinking in decision-making processes. Additionally, there is a risk of automation leading to job loss, as machines may replace human decision-makers, leading to social and economic implications. In conclusion, while digital technology has the potential to provide valuable information for decision-making, it must be used in conjunction with human judgment and critical thinking to ensure that it is a reliable source of input for rational decision making. The use of digital technology should be accompanied by a robust system of checks and balances to mitigate the risks associated with its use, including ensuring data accuracy and avoiding biases. The integration of digital technology into decision-making processes should An independent and empowered social audit mechanism is an absolute must in every sphere of public service, including the judiciary, to ensure performance, accountability and ethical conduct. Elaborate. (न्यायपालिका सहित सार्वजनिक सेवा के हर क्त्र में न षे िष्पादन, जवाबदेही और नैतिक आचरण सुनिश्चित करने के लिए एक स्वतंत्र और सशक्त सामाजिक अंकेक्षण तंत्र परम आवश्यक है। सविस्तार समझाइए।) 2021 Social audit is a tool for public accountability and citizen engagement in the governance system. It is a process of assessing the performance of public service providers, such as the judiciary, by involving the stakeholders and citizens. This process is aimed at ensuring performance, accountability, and ethical conduct of the service providers. The judiciary is an integral part of the governance system and plays an important role in ensuring the rule of law in the country. It is responsible for delivering justice to the people. Therefore, it is essential to ensure that the judiciary is functioning in an accountable and ethical manner. This can be achieved through an independent and empowered social audit mechanism. The social audit mechanism should be independent and empowered to ensure that it is not influenced by any external factors. It should have the authority to assess and review the performance of the judiciary. It should also have the authority to investigate any complaints of misconduct or unethical behaviour by the judiciary. The social audit mechanism should also have the power to recommend corrective measures and sanctions to the judiciary if necessary. The social audit mechanism should involve stakeholders such as the citizens, civil society organizations, and other relevant stakeholders. This will ensure that the process is transparent and that all stakeholders have a say in the process. The social audit mechanism should also involve public hearings and other forms of public consultation to ensure that the process is participatory and inclusive. The social audit mechanism should be based on a set of principles such as transparency, accountability, and ethical conduct. It should also have clear guidelines and procedures for assessing the performance of the judiciary. This will ensure that the process is fair and objective. The social audit mechanism should also have a system for monitoring and evaluating the performance of the judiciary. This will ensure that the process is effective and that the judiciary is held accountable for its actions. In conclusion, an independent and empowered social audit mechanism is essential to ensure performance, accountability, and ethical conduct of the judiciary. This mechanism should involve stakeholders and citizens in the process and should be based on a set of principles. It should also have clear guidelines and procedures for assessing the performance of the judiciary and a system for monitoring and evaluating the performance. This will ensure that the judiciary is held accountable for its actions and that justice is delivered to the people. Distinguish between laws and rules. Discuss the role of ethics in formulating them. (विधि और नियम के बीच विभेदन कीजिए । इनके सूत्रीकरण में नीति-शास्त्र की भूमिका का विवेचन कीजिए।) 2020 Laws and rules are both forms of regulations that govern the behavior of individuals and organizations in society. However, they differ in their scope, authority, and enforcement. Laws are formal regulations that are created by the government and enforced by the legal system. They are binding and apply to all citizens and organizations within a jurisdiction. Laws are enacted to promote the public good, protect the rights of individuals, and maintain order in society. Violation of laws can result in criminal or civil penalties, including fines and imprisonment. Rules, on the other hand, are regulations created by organizations or individuals to govern behavior within specific contexts. They are often less formal than laws and may not have the same level of authority or enforcement. For example, a company may have rules regulating employee behavior, but violating these rules would not result in criminal penalties. Ethics plays a critical role in the formulation of both laws and rules. Ethics provides a moral framework for decision-making, and helps to ensure that regulations are consistent with widely accepted moral principles. In the formulation of laws, ethical considerations may include questions about the distribution of rights and responsibilities, the protection of individual freedoms, and the responsibility of government to promote the common good. In the case of rules, ethical considerations may include questions about fairness, transparency, and the impact of the rules on individuals and communities. For example, when formulating laws related to privacy, ethical considerations may include questions about the balance between individual privacy rights and the need to protect public safety. Similarly, in the formulation of workplace rules, ethical considerations may include questions about the rights of employees and the responsibilities of employers to provide safe and fair working conditions. In conclusion, laws and rules are both important forms of regulations that govern behavior in society. While they differ in scope and authority, both are influenced by ethical considerations. Ensuring that regulations are consistent with widely accepted moral principles is critical to promoting the public good, protecting individual rights, and maintaining social order. Explain the process of resolving ethical dilemmas in Public Administration. (लोक प्रशासन में नैतिक दविु धाओ का समाधान करने के ं प्रक्रम को स्पष्ट कीजिए।) 2018 Resolving ethical dilemmas in public administration is a complex and challenging process that involves balancing competing values and interests. Ethical dilemmas arise when a public administrator is faced with conflicting moral obligations or conflicting legal requirements. The following is a step-by-step process for resolving ethical dilemmas in public administration: 1. Identify the ethical dilemma: The first step in resolving an ethical dilemma is to identify and clearly define the problem. This involves recognizing the conflicting values and interests that are at the heart of the dilemma. 2. Gather information: The next step is to gather information and relevant data to help inform the decision-making process. This may include reviewing relevant laws, policies, and procedures, as well as consulting with experts and stakeholders. 3. Analyze the situation: Once the information has been gathered, the next step is to analyze the situation from various ethical perspectives. This may include considering the impact of the decision on different stakeholders, as well as any legal or policy implications. 4. Evaluate options: After analyzing the situation, the next step is to evaluate possible courses of action. This involves weighing the pros and cons of each option and determining which option best aligns with the public administrator's ethical obligations. 5. Make a decision: Based on the information gathered and the analysis of the situation, the public administrator must make a decision. This decision should be based on the administrator's best judgment and guided by the relevant ethical principles and values. 6. Take action: The final step is to take action and implement the decision. This may involve communicating the decision to stakeholders and taking any necessary steps to implement the decision. Here are a few examples of ethical dilemmas that public administrators may face and how they could be resolved: 1. Confidentiality: A public administrator may be faced with a dilemma when faced with a request for confidential information that may be harmful to individuals or organizations. In this situation, the administrator must balance the obligation to protect the privacy of the individuals or organizations with the need to provide the requested information. 2. Conflicts of interest: A public administrator may be faced with a dilemma when faced with a situation where their personal interests conflict with their professional obligations. In this situation, the administrator must consider their obligations as a public servant and avoid any actions that would compromise their integrity or the public's trust in the government. 3. Budget cuts: A public administrator may be faced with a dilemma when faced with the need to make budget cuts that will affect essential programs or services. In this situation, the administrator must balance the obligation to provide necessary services with the need to balance the budget and avoid financial insolvency. In conclusion, resolving ethical dilemmas in public administration requires a careful and deliberate process. Public administrators must be guided by a strong ethical code and a commitment to serving the public interest. By following a structured process and considering all relevant factors, public administrators can make informed and ethical decisions that promote the public good. 1. Watergate Scandal: The Watergate scandal, which occurred during the Nixon administration in the 1970s, is a famous example of an ethical dilemma in public administration. The scandal involved the illegal actions of the Nixon administration, including the break-in of the Democratic National Committee headquarters and the subsequent cover-up of the crime. The ethical dilemma faced by public administrators in this case was whether to follow the law or follow the orders of their superiors. 2. Abu Ghraib Prison Scandal: The Abu Ghraib prison scandal, which occurred during the Iraq War in the early 2000s, is another example of an ethical dilemma in public administration. The scandal involved widespread abuse of prisoners at the Abu Ghraib prison, including physical and psychological abuse, and was the result of the failure of public administrators to uphold ethical standards and protect the human rights of prisoners. 3. Edward Snowden and the NSA: The case of Edward Snowden, a former contractor for the National Security Agency (NSA), is a recent example of an ethical dilemma in public administration. Snowden leaked classified information about the NSA's surveillance programs, raising questions about the ethics of government surveillance and the rights of individuals to privacy. The ethical dilemma faced by public administrators in this case was whether to prioritize the security of the nation or respect the privacy rights of individuals. Suppose the Government of India is thinking of constructing a dam in a mountain valley bond by forests and inhabited by ethnic communities. What rational policy should it resort to in dealing with unforeseen contingencies? (मान लीजिए कि भारत सरकार एक ऐसी पर्वतीय घाटी में एक बाँध का निर्माण करने की सोच रही है, जो जं गलो से ं घिरी है और जहाँ नृजातीय समुदाय रहते हैं । अप्रत्याशित आकस्मिकताओ से न ं िपटने के लिए सरकार को कौन-सी तर्कसं गत नीति का सहारा लेना चाहिए ?) 2018 The construction of a dam in a mountain valley is a complex project that involves multiple stakeholders, including the government, ethnic communities, and the environment. Unforeseen contingencies can arise at any stage of the project and have the potential to cause significant harm to the environment, local communities, and the project itself. Therefore, it is essential that the government adopts a rational policy for dealing with these contingencies. The policy should be guided by the principles of sustainable development and should prioritize the protection of the environment and the well-being of local communities. The policy should also be flexible enough to respond to the changing circumstances that may arise during the course of the project. Unforeseen contingencies that the government should be prepared to address include: 1. Environmental degradation: The construction of a dam in a mountain valley is likely to have significant environmental impacts, such as the loss of forests, increased soil erosion, and the degradation of water quality. The government should have measures in place to mitigate these impacts, such as planting new trees, implementing soil conservation measures, and monitoring water quality. 2. Displacement of local communities: The construction of a dam may result in the displacement of local communities, which can have significant social and economic impacts. The government should have a comprehensive resettlement plan in place that provides displaced communities with adequate compensation and alternative livelihood opportunities. 3. Conflict with local communities: The construction of a dam may lead to conflicts with local communities, particularly if their rights and interests are not adequately protected. The government should engage with local communities and involve them in the decision-making process to ensure that their rights and interests are respected. 4. Technical failures: Technical failures, such as breaches in the dam or problems with the power generation system, can have serious consequences. The government should have contingency plans in place to respond to such failures and minimize the risk of harm to local communities and the environment. 5. Cost overruns: Cost overruns can occur due to a variety of factors, such as changes in the scope of the project, unexpected construction delays, or technical problems. The government should have contingency plans in place to respond to cost overruns and ensure that the project remains economically viable. In order to deal with these unforeseen contingencies, the government should adopt a comprehensive and integrated approach that takes into account the interests of all stakeholders and prioritizes the protection of the environment and local communities. This approach should involve: 1. Adequate planning and preparation: The government should conduct a thorough environmental and social impact assessment before the construction of the dam. This should inform the development of a comprehensive contingency plan that takes into account the potential risks and impacts of the project. 2. Transparency and accountability: The government should be transparent and accountable in its decision-making and ensure that the interests of all stakeholders are considered. This should include regular consultation with local communities, environmental organizations, and other stakeholders. 3. Effective monitoring and evaluation: The government should have a robust monitoring and evaluation system in place to ensure that the project is implemented in a sustainable and responsible manner. This should include regular monitoring of environmental and social impacts and the effectiveness of mitigation measures. 4. Flexibility: The government should be flexible in its approach and be prepared to respond to changing circumstances. This may require the implementation of additional mitigation measures or the revision of the contingency plan. Corporate Governance and Ethical Concerns and dilemmas in government & private institutions (b) In contemporary world, corporate sector’s contribution in generating wealth and employment is increasing. In doing so, they are bringing in unprecedented onslaught on the climate, environmental sustainability and living conditions of human beings. In this background, do you Responsibility (CSR) is efficient and sufficient enough to fulfill the social roles and responsibilities needed in the corporate work mandated? Critically examine. (b) समकालीन दन ुिया में, धन और रोजगार पैदा करने में कॉर्पोररेट क्त्र का योगदान बढ़ रहा है। ऐसा करके , वे जलवायु, प षे र्यावरणीय स्थिरता और मनुष्यों के रहने की स् ष्यों थिति पर अभूतपूर्व हमले कर रहे हैं। इस पृष्ठभूमि में, क्या आप उत्तरदायित्व (सीएसआर) कॉर्पोररेट कार्य में आवश्यक सामाजिक भूमिकाओ और ज ं िम्दार मे ियो को पूरा करने ंके लिए कुशल और पर्याप्त हैं? विश्लेषणात्मक परिक्षण कीजिये। 2022 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a concept that has gained popularity in recent years, as companies have become more aware of the impact that their operations have on the environment, communities, and society as a whole. The concept of CSR is based on the idea that companies have a responsibility to operate in a manner that takes into account the interests of all stakeholders, including employees, customers, shareholders, and the environment. However, the question remains as to whether CSR is efficient and sufficient enough to fulfill the social roles and responsibilities that are needed in the corporate world. In other words, can CSR be seen as an effective mechanism for addressing the challenges posed by the growing impact of the corporate sector on the environment and society? One argument in favor of CSR is that it provides companies with the opportunity to take a proactive approach to addressing social and environmental issues. By engaging in CSR activities, companies can demonstrate their commitment to sustainability and social responsibility, and can work to mitigate the negative impacts of their operations. For example, a company might invest in renewable energy projects or implement sustainable practices in its supply chain, which can help to reduce its carbon footprint and improve its overall sustainability profile. However, there are also some criticisms of CSR as a mechanism for addressing social and environmental challenges. One argument is that CSR is often seen as a voluntary activity that is optional for companies, rather than a mandatory requirement. This means that only a small number of companies are likely to engage in CSR activities, and that the overall impact of these activities may be limited. Moreover, some companies may engage in CSR activities simply as a means of improving their public image, rather than because of a genuine commitment to sustainability and social responsibility (a) Whistle blower, who reports corruption and illegal activities, wrongdoing and misconduct to the concerned authorities, runs the risk of being exposed to grave danger, physical harm and victimization by the vested interests, accused persons and his team. What policy measures would you suggest to strengthen protection mechanism to safeguard the whistle blower? (a) व्हिसल ब्लोअर, जो सं बंधित अधिकारियो को ं भ्रष्टाचार और अवैध गतिविधियो, गलत कामो ं और कदाचार की र ं िपोर्ट करता है, निहित स्वार्थों, आरोपी व्यक्तियो और उनकी ं टीम द्वारा गंभीर खतरे, शारीरिक नुकसान और पीड़ित होने का जोखिम उठाता है। व्हिसल ब्लोअर की सुरक्षा के लिए सुरक्षा तंत्र को मजबूत करने के लिए आप किन नीतिगत उपायो का सुझाव देंगे? ं 2022 In India, the Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2014 provides protection to whistle-blowers, but there have been concerns about its implementation and effectiveness. To strengthen the protection mechanisms for whistle-blowers in India, the following policy measures can be adopted: 1. Strengthening Implementation: The government should take steps to strengthen the implementation of the Whistle Blowers Protection Act, including the creation of an independent agency to receive and investigate complaints, and the appointment of special prosecutors to handle cases involving whistle-blowers. 2. Public Awareness Campaigns: The government should launch public awareness campaigns to educate the public about the rights and protections available to whistle-blowers, and to encourage more people to come forward with information. 3. Improved Investigation and Prosecution: The government should take steps to improve the investigation and prosecution of cases involving whistle-blowers, including providing adequate resources and training to law enforcement agencies. Protecting whistle-blowers is a critical component of promoting transparency and accountability in public administration. By adopting strong legal and policy measures to protect whistle-blowers, governments can create a culture of transparency and encourage more people to come forward with information about corruption and illegal activities. Ultimately, this will lead to a more just and equitable society for all. Corporate social responsibility makes companies more profitable and sustainable. Analyse. (कॉर्पोररेट सामाजिक दायित्व कम्पनियो को अ ं धिक लाभदायक तथा चिरस्थायी बनाता है । विश्लेषण कीजिए।) 2017 Corporate social responsibility (CSR) refers to the voluntary actions that a company takes to address its social and environmental impact beyond its legal obligations. The idea behind CSR is that companies have a responsibility to not only make profits for their shareholders but also to positively contribute to society and the environment. The evidence suggests that CSR can lead to both financial and non-financial benefits for companies. On the financial side, CSR can help companies to: 1. Attract and retain employees: Companies that engage in CSR activities are often seen as more attractive employers, leading to better employee morale, reduced turnover, and improved productivity. 2. Enhance reputation and brand image: CSR activities can improve a company's reputation, leading to increased brand loyalty, customer satisfaction, and ultimately sales. 3. Access new markets and customers: Companies that engage in CSR can access new markets and customers who value environmentally and socially responsible products and services. 4. Improved risk management: CSR activities can help companies to identify and manage risks associated with their operations, reducing the likelihood of legal or reputational damage. On the non-financial side, CSR can lead to: 1. Improved relationships with stakeholders: Companies that engage in CSR activities can build stronger relationships with stakeholders, such as employees, customers, and local communities, leading to increased trust and support. 2. Positive impact on society and the environment: CSR activities can have a positive impact on society and the environment, such as reducing carbon emissions, conserving natural resources, and improving quality of life. CSR can result in both financial and non-financial benefits for companies. By engaging in CSR activities, companies can improve their reputation, attract and retain employees, access new markets, and reduce risks, while also making a positive impact on society and the environment. This can help companies to become more profitable and sustainable in the long-term. Certainly, here are some examples of companies in India that have embraced corporate social responsibility and have seen positive outcomes: 1. Tata Group: The Tata Group, one of India's largest conglomerates, has a long history of supporting various social and environmental causes. Its philanthropic arm, the Tata Trusts, has made significant investments in areas such as healthcare, education, and sustainable development. As a result, the Tata Group has built a strong reputation for corporate social responsibility, which has helped to enhance its brand and increase customer loyalty. 2. Infosys: The Indian IT company has been a leader in sustainable business practices and has made significant investments in environmental conservation, education, and rural development. Its commitment to CSR has helped to enhance its reputation, attract and retain employees, and reduce risks and opportunities associated with environmental and social issues. 3. Mahindra & Mahindra: The Indian multinational corporation has a strong commitment to sustainability and social responsibility, and has launched various initiatives in areas such as renewable energy, rural development, and water conservation. This has helped the company to build a positive reputation, attract and retain employees, and reduce risks associated with environmental and social issues. Increased national wealth did not result in equitable distribution of its benefits. It has created only some “enclaves of modernity and prosperity for a small minority at the cost of the majority.” Justify. (वर्धित राष्ट्रीय सं पत्ति के लाभो का न् ं यायोचित वितरण नही हो सका है । इसने “ब ं हुमत के नुकसान पर के वल छोटी अल्पसं ख्या के लिए ही आधुनिकता और वैभव के एन्क्लेव” बनाए हैं । इसका औचित्य सिद्ध कीजिए।) 2017 The unequal distribution of wealth, despite an increase in national wealth, is a common issue in many countries around the world. The phenomenon of creating "enclaves of modernity and prosperity for a small minority" refers to the unequal distribution of wealth and resources, which results in some areas experiencing growth and prosperity while others are left behind. This unequal distribution can be attributed to several factors, including: 1. Inefficient allocation of resources: The unequal distribution of resources, such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure, can result in certain regions being left behind, leading to persistent poverty and inequality. 2. Income inequality: Income inequality can arise from factors such as unequal access to education, skills, and job opportunities, leading to unequal distribution of income and wealth. 3. Corruption and political influence: Corruption and political influence can result in a skewed distribution of resources and wealth, with those in power receiving an disproportionate share of the benefits. To address these issues, the following solutions can be implemented: 1. Redistributive policies: The government can implement redistributive policies, such as progressive taxation and transfer payments, to reduce income inequality and ensure a more equitable distribution of wealth. 2. Investment in human capital: The government can invest in human capital, such as education and healthcare, to increase access to opportunities and reduce income inequality. 3. Anti-corruption measures: The government can implement anti-corruption measures, such as increased transparency and accountability, to reduce corruption and political influence. 4. Economic growth policies: The government can implement economic growth policies, such as infrastructure development and job creation, to promote inclusive growth and ensure that the benefits of economic growth are shared equitably. Case Study: Rejected Consignment (2022)You have done MBA from a reputed institution three years back but could not get campus placement due to COVID-19 generated recession. However, after a lot of persuasion and series of competitive tests including written and interview, you managed to get a job in a leading shoe company. You have aged parents who are dependent and staying with you. You also recently got married after getting this decent job. You were allotted the Inspection Section which is responsible for clearing the final product. In first one year, you learnt your job well and was appreciated for your performance by the management. The company is doing good business for last five years in domestic market and this year it is decided even to export to Europe and Gulf countries. However, one large consignment to Europe was rejected by their Inspecting Team due to certain poor quality and was sent back. The top management ordered that ibid consignment to be cleared for the domestic market. As a part of Inspecting Team, you observed the glaring poor quality and brought to the knowledge of the Team Commander. However, the top management advised all the members of the team to overlook these defects as the management cannot bear such a huge loss. Rest of the team members except you promptly signed and cleared the consignment for domestic market, overlooking glaring defects. You again brought to the knowledge of the Team Commander that such consignment, if cleared even for domestic market, will tarnish the image and reputation of the company and will be counter-productive in the long run. However, you were further advised by the top management that if you do not clear the consignment, the company will not hesitate to terminate your services citing certain innocuous reasons. Under the given conditions, what are the options available to you as a member of the Inspecting Team? Critically evaluate each of the options listed by you. What option would you adopt and why? What are the ethical dilemmas being faced by you? What can be the consequences of overlooking the observations raised by the Inspecting Team? 1. Options available to the member of the Inspecting Team: a. To clear the consignment for the domestic market, as advised by the top management. b. To refuse to clear the consignment, despite the threat of termination of employment. c. To raise the issue with higher authorities or external organizations, such as the government or industry associations. d. To resign from the job and look for alternative employment. 2. Evaluation of options: a. Clearing the consignment: This option involves going along with the top management's instructions, even though the consignment has glaring defects. While it may be the easiest option in the short term, it is likely to harm the reputation of the company and the individual in the long run. Moreover, it may also be against the law or industry regulations. b. Refusing to clear the consignment: This option involves standing up for what is right and not overlooking the defects, despite the threat of termination of employment. This may result in the individual losing their job, but it also sends a message about the importance of ethical behavior and the value of maintaining the reputation of the company. c. Raising the issue with higher authorities or external organizations: This option involves bringing the issue to the attention of those outside the company who may be able to intervene and address the situation. This could result in positive outcomes for the individual, the company, and the industry as a whole, but it also involves taking a significant risk and potentially damaging relationships within the company. d. Resigning from the job: This option involves leaving the job and looking for alternative employment. While it may provide a way out of the current ethical dilemma, it may also result in the individual losing their source of income and potentially facing challenges in finding new employment. 3. The option to adopt: In this situation, the best option is to refuse to clear the consignment, despite the threat of termination of employment. While it may be the hardest option in the short term, it is likely to have the most positive outcomes in the long run. It sends a message about the importance of ethical behavior and the value of maintaining the reputation of the company. It also demonstrates the individual's integrity and commitment to doing what is right, even in difficult circumstances. 4. Ethical dilemmas faced: The member of the Inspecting Team is facing several ethical dilemmas, including: a. The duty to act in the best interests of the company versus the duty to act in accordance with ethical principles. b. The duty to follow the instructions of the top management versus the duty to do what is right. c. The duty to maintain their job and income versus the duty to maintain their reputation and integrity. 5. Consequences of overlooking the observations raised by the Inspecting Team: Overlooking the defects in the consignment and clearing it for the domestic market can have several negative consequences, including: a. Damaging the reputation and credibility of the company, both domestically and internationally. b. Breaking the law or industry regulations, potentially resulting in legal or regulatory action against the company. c. Undermining the role and importance of the Inspecting Team, and potentially creating an environment where ethical behavior is not valued or encouraged. d. Harming the health and safety of the domestic consumers who purchase the defective products. In conclusion, the member of the Inspecting Team is facing a difficult ethical dilemma, and the best option is to refuse to clear the consignment, despite the threat of termination of employment. While this may have short-term consequences, it is likely to have long-term benefits for the individual, the company or the consumers. Case Study: Mir Jafar Recruitment (2022)Prabhat was working as Vice President (Marketing) at Sterling Electric Ltd., a reputed multinational company. But presently the company was passing through the difficult times as the sales were continuously showing downward trend in the last two quarters. His division, which hitherto had been a major revenue contributor to the company’s financial health, was now desperately trying to procure some big government order for them. But their best efforts did not yield any positive success or breakthrough. His was a professional company and his local bosses were under pressure from their London-based HO to show some positive results. In the last performance review meeting taken by the Executive Director (India Head), he was reprimanded for his poor performance. He assured them that his division is working on a special contract from the Ministry of Defence for a secret installation near Gwalior and tender is being submitted shortly. He was under extreme pressure and he was deeply perturbed. What aggravated the situation further was a warning from the top that if the deal is not clinched in favour of the company, his division might have to be closed and he may have to quit his lucrative job. There was another dimension which was causing him deep mental torture and agony. This pertained to his personal precarious financial health. He was a single earner in the family with two schoolcollege going children and his old ailing mother. The heavy expenditure on education and medical was causing a big strain to his monthly pay packet. Regular EMI for housing loan taken from bank unavoidable and any default would render him liable for severe legal action. In the above backdrop, he was hoping for some miracle to happen. There was sudden turn of events. His Secretary informed that a gentleman Subhas Verma wanted to see him as he was interested in the position of Manager which was to be filled by him in the company. He further brought to his notice that his CV has been received through the office of the Minister of Defence. During interview of the candidate-Subhash Verma, he found him technically sound, resourceful and experienced marketeer. He seemed to be well-conversant with tendering procedures and having knack of follow-up and liaising in this regard Prabhat felt that he was better choice than the rest of the candidates who were recently interviewed by him in the last few days. Subhash Verma also indicated that he was in possession of the copies of the bid documents that the Unique Electronics Ltd. would be submitting the next day to the Defence Ministry for their tender. He offered to hand over those documents subject to his employment in the company on suitable terms and conditions. He made it clear that in the process, the Sterling Electric Ltd. could outbid their rival company and get the bid and hefty Defence Ministry order. He indicated that it will be win-win situation for both-him and the company. Prabhat was absolutely stunned. It was a mixed feeling of shock and thrill. He was uncomfortable and perspiring. If accepted, all his problems would vanish instantly and he may be rewarded for securing the much awaited tender and thereby boosting company’s sales and financial health. He was in a fix as to the future course of action. He was wonder-struck at the guts of Subhash Verma in having surreptitiously removing his own company papers and offering to the rival company for a job. Being an experienced person, he was examining the pros and cons of the proposal/situation and he asked him to come the next day. Discuss the ethical issues involved in the case. Critically examine the options available to Prabhat in the above situation. Which of the above would be the most appropriate for Prabhat and why? The ethical issues involved in this case are primarily related to confidentiality, honesty, and professionalism. Subhash Verma's actions in obtaining confidential bid documents from his own company and offering them to Sterling Electric Ltd. in exchange for a job is a clear violation of trust and confidentiality. Additionally, the use of confidential information for personal gain raises questions of honesty and integrity. Furthermore, Prabhat's position as Vice President of Marketing places him in a fiduciary position, and the use of confidential information obtained through questionable means would put him in an ethical bind. Prabhat has several options available to him in this situation. Firstly, he could choose to accept the proposal put forth by Subhash Verma and secure the tender for Sterling Electric Ltd. This would likely result in personal benefits, such as resolving his financial difficulties, but it would also come with significant ethical implications. Secondly, he could choose to report the matter to the company and the relevant authorities, which would be the ethical course of action, but could also result in negative consequences for his own job and reputation. Finally, he could choose to ignore the proposal and not engage with Subhash Verma at all. The most appropriate option for Prabhat would be to report the matter to the relevant authorities. This would be the most ethical course of action as it would uphold the values of confidentiality, honesty, and professionalism. Additionally, by reporting the matter, Prabhat would be fulfilling his duties as a fiduciary of the company, and preventing the use of confidential information for personal gain. While this may result in negative consequences for Prabhat's own job, it would also demonstrate his commitment to ethics and integrity. Case Study: Running Corona Hospital (2021)The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has quickly spread to various countries. As of May 8th, 2020, in India 56342 positive cases of corona had been reported. India with a population of more than 1.35 billion had difficulty in controlling the transmission of coronavirus among its population. Multiple strategies became necessary to handle this outbreak. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of India raised awareness about this outbreak and to take all necessary actions to control the spread of COVID -19. Indian Government implemented a 55-day lockdown throughout the country to reduce the transmission of the virus. Schools and colleges had shifted to alternative modes of teaching-learning-evaluation and certification. Online mode became popular during these days. India was not prepared for a sudden onslaught of such a crisis due to limited infrastructure in terms of human resources, money and other facilities needed for taking care of this situation. This disease did not spare anybody irrespective of caste, creed, religion on one hand and ‘have and have not’ on the other. Deficiencies in hospital beds, oxygen cylinders, ambulances, hospital staff and crematorium were the most crucial aspects. You are a hospital administrator in a public hospital at the time when coronavirus had attacked a large number of people and patients were pouring into the hospital day in and day out. What are your criteria and justification for putting your clinical and non-clinical staff to attend to the patients knowing fully well that it is a highly infectious disease and resources and infrastructure are limited? If yours is a private hospital, whether your jurisdiction and decision would remain the same as that of a public hospital? As a hospital administrator in a public hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic, the first priority would be to ensure that the safety and well-being of both patients and healthcare workers are protected. In such a situation, with limited resources and infrastructure, it becomes necessary to prioritize the allocation of clinical and non-clinical staff to attend to the patients. 1. Criteria and Justification for Allocating Clinical and Non-Clinical Staff: In making decisions about the allocation of staff, the following criteria should be considered: a. The severity of the patient's illness: Patients with severe illness should be given priority in receiving medical attention. This would include patients who are critically ill or in need of immediate medical intervention. b. The risk of transmission: Healthcare workers should be equipped with personal protective equipment (PPE) and trained in the proper use of PPE to reduce the risk of transmission. In addition, patients who are highly infectious should be given priority for treatment in isolation wards. c. The availability of staff: The hospital should have a sufficient number of healthcare workers to attend to the needs of the patients. In the event of a shortage, the hospital should prioritize the allocation of available staff to the most critical cases. d. The skill level of the staff: Clinical staff with the necessary skills and expertise should be allocated to patients who require specialized care. Based on these criteria, the hospital administrator should allocate clinical and non-clinical staff in a way that maximizes the utilization of resources and protects the safety and well-being of both patients and healthcare workers. 2. Decision-making in a Private Hospital: If the hospital is a private hospital, the jurisdiction and decision-making process would remain the same as that of a public hospital. As a healthcare provider, the hospital has a professional and ethical obligation to provide care to patients regardless of their ability to pay. In a pandemic situation, the allocation of resources and staff should be based on the criteria discussed above, rather than financial considerations. In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic has created a complex and challenging situation for healthcare providers. As a hospital administrator, it is important to make decisions that prioritize the safety and well-being of both patients and healthcare workers, while also ensuring that resources are utilized efficiently. The criteria discussed above should be used to guide the allocation of clinical and non-clinical staff in a way that maximizes the utilization of resources and protects the safety and well-being of all involved. Case Study: Food Processing Company's Brand Image (2021)A reputed food product company based in India developed a food product for the international market and started exporting the same after getting necessary approvals. The company announced this achievement and also indicated that soon the product will be made available for domestic consumers with almost the same quality and health benefits. Accordingly, the company got its product approved by the domestic competent authority and launched the product in the Indian market. The company could increase its market share over a period of time and earned substantial profit both domestically and internationally. However, the random sample test conducted by the inspecting team found the product being sold domestically in variance with the approval obtained from the competent authority. On further investigation, it was also discovered that the food company was not only selling products that were not meeting the health standard of the country but also selling the rejected export products in the domestic market. This episode adversely affected the reputation and profitability of the food company. What action do you visualize should be taken by the competent authority against the food company for violating the laid down domestic food standard and selling rejected export products in the domestic market? What course of action is available with the food company to resolve the crisis and bring back its lost reputation? Examine the ethical dilemma involved in the case 1. Action by Competent Authority: The competent authority in this case could take several actions against the food company for violating the domestic food standards and selling rejected export products in the domestic market. Some of the actions are: a. Imposition of fines and penalties: The competent authority can impose fines and penalties on the food company for violating the food standards and for selling rejected export products in the domestic market. The amount of fines and penalties can be decided based on the extent of violation and harm caused to the consumers. b. Suspension of License: The competent authority can also suspend the license of the food company for a specified period of time, thereby prohibiting the company from selling any food products in the market until the suspension is lifted. c. Revocation of License: In severe cases, the competent authority can revoke the license of the food company, making it permanently ineligible to sell food products in the market. d. Prosecution: The competent authority can initiate criminal proceedings against the company and its management for selling food products that are not meeting the health standards and for selling rejected export products in the domestic market. 2. Course of Action for the Food Company: The food company can take several steps to resolve the crisis and bring back its lost reputation. Some of the steps are: a. Rectifying the Violations: The food company should take immediate steps to rectify the violations and bring its products in line with the domestic food standards. The company should also recall all the products that do not meet the standards from the market. b. Apologizing to the Consumers: The company should issue a public apology to the consumers for the harm caused and assure them that such incidents will not happen again. c. Implementing Quality Control Measures: The food company should implement stricter quality control measures to prevent such incidents from happening in the future. The company should also conduct regular audits and inspections to ensure that its products meet the required standards. d. Compensating the Affected Consumers: The food company can offer compensation to the affected consumers as a goodwill gesture to regain their trust. 3. Ethical Dilemma: The ethical dilemma in this case is the conflict between the responsibility of the food company to provide safe and healthy food products to the consumers and the responsibility to earn profits for its stakeholders. By selling rejected export products in the domestic market and by not meeting the domestic food standards, the food company violated the trust of the consumers and acted unethically. Additionally, the offer made to the women employee to withdraw the complaint and the FIR also raises ethical questions about the company's commitment to addressing workplace harassment. Case Study: CSR Funding in Amaria (2020)Parmal is a small but underdeveloped district. It has a rocky terrain that is not suitable for agriculture, though some subsistence agriculture is being done on small plots of land. The area receives adequate rainfall and has an irrigation canal flowing through it. Amria, its administrative centre, is a medium-sized town. It houses a large district hospital, an Industrial Training Institute and some privately owned skill training centres. It has all the facilities of a district headquarters. A trunk railway line passes approximately 50 kilometers from Amria. Its poor connectivity is a major reason for the absence of any major industry therein. The state government offers a 10 year tax holiday as an incentive to new industry. In 2010 Anil, an industrialist decided to take benefits to set up Amria Plastic Works (APW) in Noora village, about 20 km from Amria. While the factory was being built, Anil hired the required key labour and got them trained at the skill training centres at Amria. This act of his made the key personnel very loyal to APW. APW started production in 2011 with the labour drawn fully from Noora village. The villagers were very happy to get employment near their homes and were motivated by the key personnel to meet the production targets with high quality. APW started making large profits, a sizeable portion of which was used to improve the quality of life in Noora. By 2016, Noora could boast of a greener village and a renovated village temple. Anil liaised with the local MLA to increase the frequency of the bus services to Amria. The government also opened a primary health care centre and primary school at Noora in buildings constructed by APW. APW used its CSR funds to set up women’s selfhelp groups, subsidize primary education to the village children and procure an ambulance for use by its employeed and the needy. In 2019, there was a minor fire in APW. It was quickly extinguished as fire safety protocols were in place in the factory. Investigations revealed that the factory had been using electricity in excessof its authorized capacity. This was soon rectified. The next year, due to nationwide lockdown, the requirement of production fell for four months. Anil decided that all employees would be paid regularly. He employed them to plant trees and improve the village habitat. APW had developed a reputation of high-quality production and a motivated workforce. Critically analyse the story of APW and state the ethical issues involved. Do you consider APW as a role model for the development of backward areas? Give reasons. The story of Amria Plastic Works (APW) highlights the positive impact that an industry can have on a rural, underdeveloped area. Anil, the industrialist, not only brought employment opportunities to the villagers but also improved the quality of life in Noora through his company's activities. APW used its resources to set up women's self-help groups, subsidize primary education, and provide basic healthcare facilities. These actions show that the company was conscious of its corporate social responsibility (CSR) towards the community and made efforts to contribute to the local development. However, there are also several ethical issues involved in the story of APW. Firstly, it is not clear whether Anil acquired the necessary permits and followed the regulations in setting up the factory. The story mentions that APW was using electricity in excess of its authorized capacity, which could suggest that the company may have cut corners in the initial setup process. Secondly, the company's dependence on a single village for its labour raises questions about the exploitation of the local workforce. Although the villagers were happy to get employment near their homes, it is important to ensure that they are being paid fairly and have safe working conditions. Moreover, while Anil's actions during the nationwide lockdown of 2020 are commendable, it raises the question of what happens to the employees during other times when the company is not in production. The lack of transparency and information regarding the company's policies towards its employees raises concerns about their welfare and job security. In conclusion, while the story of APW highlights the positive impact that an industry can have on a rural, underdeveloped area, there are several ethical issues that need to be addressed. The company's use of excessive electricity and the dependence on a single village for its workforce raise questions about its compliance with regulations and its treatment of employees. As such, while the company can serve as a model for the positive impact that industries can have on rural areas, it cannot be considered a role model until these ethical concerns are addressed. Case Study: Sexual Harassment in Pvt Company (2019)An apparel manufacturing company having a large number of women employees was losing sales due to various factors. The company hired a reputed marketing executive, who increased the volume of sales within a short span of time. However, some unconfirmed reports came up regarding his indulgence in sexual harassment at the workplace. After sometime a women employee launched a formal complaint to the management against the marketing executive about sexually harassing her. Faced with the companies’ indifference, in not taking cognizance of her grievances, she lodged an FIR with the police. Realizing the sensitivity and gravity of the situation, the company called the women employee to negotiate. In that she was offered a hefty sum of money to withdraw the complaint and the FIR and also give in writing that the marketing executive is not involved in the case. Identify the ethical issues involved in this case. What options are available to the women employee? In this case, there are several ethical issues involved: 1. Sexual harassment: If the reports and the complaint made by the female employee are true, it means that the marketing executive has indulged in sexual harassment, which is a violation of workplace ethics and a serious offence under law. 2. Indifference of the management: The indifference shown by the management in not taking cognizance of the grievances of the female employee raises questions on the ethics and values of the company. 3. Offering money to withdraw the complaint: The offer of a hefty sum of money to the female employee to withdraw the complaint and the FIR is unethical as it can be seen as an attempt to silence the victim and protect the accused. The options available to the female employee are: 1. Continue with the complaint: The female employee can continue with the complaint and the FIR against the marketing executive and seek justice through the legal system. 2. Accept the offer: The female employee may accept the offer of money to withdraw the complaint and the FIR, but it is important to consider the ethical implications of this decision. 3. Negotiate: The female employee can negotiate with the management to take appropriate action against the accused and provide a safe and secure workplace for all employees. Each of these options has its own merits and demerits. Continuing with the complaint can lead to justice for the victim and set a precedent for the workplace to take sexual harassment seriously. But it can also result in personal and professional consequences for the female employee and a potentially hostile work environment. Accepting the offer may provide the female employee with financial benefits but it may also perpetuate the culture of silence around sexual harassment and send a negative message about the value of speaking out against such incidents. Negotiating with the management can bring about a resolution that is fair to both the victim and the accused, but it requires strong communication skills and a willingness to compromise. It is important for the company to take prompt and appropriate action to address the situation, including conducting a thorough investigation and taking action against any employees found guilty of harassment. The management should also implement policies and procedures to prevent and address sexual harassment in the workplace. Additionally, the company should provide support and resources for employees who have been affected by harassment. Case-Study: Give Compensation to Dead Drunkard Worker’s Family (2017)You are the head of the Human Resources department of an organisation. One day one of the workers died on duty. His family was demanding compensation. However, the company denied compensation because it was revealed in investigation that he was drunk at the time of the accident. The workers of the company went to strike demanding compensation for the family of the deceased. The Chairman of the management board has asked for your recommendation. What recommendation would you provide the management? Discuss the merits and demerits of each of the recommendations. As the head of the Human Resources department, the following are some of the recommendations that can be given to the management in this situation: 1. Provide compensation to the family of the deceased worker: One option is to provide compensation to the family of the deceased worker despite the fact that he was drunk at the time of the accident. This option would show the company's empathy and concern for the well-being of its employees and their families. Merits of this option are: - The company will be able to maintain a positive image in the eyes of the public and its employees. - This can help in reducing the workers' discontent and defuse the situation. - Providing compensation can help in maintaining industrial peace and preventing future strikes. Demerits of this option are: - The company will have to bear the financial cost of compensation. - It may set a wrong precedent and encourage workers to indulge in such behavior in the future. - This may not align with the company's policies and procedures and set a negative tone in terms of compliance and integrity. 2. Provide limited compensation: Another option is to provide limited compensation to the family of the deceased worker. This could include a certain amount as financial assistance, but not the full compensation. Merits of this option are: - The company will still show its concern for the well-being of its employees and their families. - This may help in reducing the workers' discontent and defuse the situation to a certain extent. - This will be more cost-effective for the company. Demerits of this option are: - This may not fully satisfy the demands of the workers and the family of the deceased, leading to more unrest. - This may not align with the company's policies and procedures and set a negative tone in terms of compliance and integrity. 3. Refuse compensation: Another option is to refuse compensation to the family of the deceased worker. This could be on the grounds that he was drunk at the time of the accident and it was his own fault. Merits of this option are: - The company will be able to maintain its policies and procedures and uphold the principle of compliance and integrity. - This will send a message to the workers that such behavior will not be tolerated. - This will be cost-effective for the company. Demerits of this option are: - The company will not be able to maintain a positive image in the eyes of the public and its employees. - This may lead to more discontent among the workers and a potential strike. - This may negatively impact the relationship between the company and its employees. In conclusion, each of the options has its own merits and demerits, and the management must weigh these before taking a decision. The most appropriate option will depend on the company's policies, values, and overall strategy. The management must also consider the potential consequences of its decision, both short-term and long-term, and take a decision that will be in the best interest of the company and its employees. Case-Study: Fake Testimony to Save Manager? (2017)You are the manager of a spare parts company A and you have to negotiate a deal with the manager of a large manufacturing company B. The deal is highly competitive and sealing the deal is critical for your company. The deal is being worked out over a dinner. After dinner the manager of manufacturing company B offered to drop you to the hotel in his car. On the way to hotel he happens to hit motorcycle injuring the motorcyclist badly. You know the manager was driving fast and thus lost control. The law enforcement officer comes to investigate the issue and you are the sole eyewitness to it. Knowing the strict laws pertaining to road accidents you are aware that your honest account of the incident would lead to the prosecution of the manager and as a consequence the deal is likely to be jeopardised, which is of immense importance to your company. What are the dilemmas you face? What will be your response to the situation? 1. The Dilemmas: The manager of the spare parts company A is facing several ethical dilemmas in this situation. Firstly, there is a dilemma between being honest and telling the truth about the road accident, and lying to protect the manager of the manufacturing company B and preserve the deal. Secondly, there is a dilemma between the personal values of doing what is right and fair, and the professional obligation to secure the deal for the company. Thirdly, there is a dilemma between the moral responsibility to assist the injured person and the potential consequences of doing so on the deal and the company. 2. Response to the situation: Given the ethical dilemmas and the potential consequences of the situation, the manager of the spare parts company A can take the following steps to respond to the situation. a. Seek legal advice: Before making any decisions, the manager should seek legal advice to understand the implications of telling the truth or lying about the road accident. This will help the manager to make an informed decision based on the laws and regulations of the state. b. Consider the impact on the injured person: The manager should also consider the impact of the road accident on the injured person and the moral obligation to assist and support them in getting medical help. c. Take a stance based on personal and professional values: Based on the legal advice and the impact on the injured person, the manager should take a stance that aligns with his personal and professional values. If the manager feels that telling the truth is the right thing to do, he should do so even if it means jeopardizing the deal. On the other hand, if the manager feels that lying is not an ethical option, he should refuse to do so, even if it means losing the deal. d. Explore alternative options: Instead of choosing between telling the truth and lying, the manager can explore alternative options that balance the interests of all parties involved. For instance, the manager can offer to assist the injured person while maintaining confidentiality about the details of the road accident. This way, the manager can fulfill his moral obligation while avoiding the potential consequences of the situation. 3. Merits of the third way: Exploring alternative options and finding a balance between personal and professional values has several merits. Firstly, it allows the manager to fulfill his moral obligation to assist the injured person and maintain his personal values. Secondly, it helps to minimize the potential consequences of the situation on the deal and the company. Thirdly, it demonstrates the manager's integrity and ethical leadership, which can enhance the reputation of the company in the long term. In conclusion, the manager of the spare parts company A is facing several ethical dilemmas in the situation. The manager should seek legal advice, consider the impact on the injured person, and take a stance based on personal and professional values. If possible, the manager can explore alternative options that balance the interests of all parties involved, which has several merits and demonstrates ethical leadership. Case-Study: Give Bribe or End Career (2014)Suppose you are the CEO of a company that manufactures specialized electronic equipment used by a government department. You have submitted your bid for the supply of this equipment to the department. Both the quality and cost of your offer are better than those of the competitors. Yet the concerned officer is demanding a hefty bribe for approving the tender. Getting the order is important both for you and for your company. Not getting the order would mean closing a production line. It may also affect your own career. However, as a value-conscious person, you do not want to give bribe. Valid arguments can be advanced both for giving the bribe and getting the order, and for refusing to pay the bribe and risking the loss of the order. What those arguments could be? Could there be any better way to get out of this dilemma? If so outline the main elements of this third way, pointing out its merits. 1. Arguments for giving the bribe: - The immediate financial benefits for the company, including keeping the production line open and ensuring job security for employees - The potential loss of the tender to competitors, leading to a decrease in market share and reputation - The pressure to meet targets and expectations from shareholders, stakeholders, and superiors. Arguments against giving the bribe: - Ethical considerations, including the violation of moral principles and the compromise of personal integrity - The possibility of legal consequences, such as fines and imprisonment for corruption - The potential harm to the reputation of the company and the CEO, leading to loss of credibility and trust among customers, partners, and employees. 2. Alternative course of action: - Report the corruption: The CEO can report the corruption to the appropriate authority, such as the Anti-Corruption Bureau, and provide evidence to support the claim. This course of action is consistent with ethical principles, and it can help to prevent further corruption and promote transparency and accountability in the procurement process. - Negotiate with the department: The CEO can negotiate with the department and try to find a mutually acceptable solution that meets both the company's requirements and the department's needs. This course of action can help to build a positive relationship with the department, enhance the reputation of the company, and promote ethical practices in the procurement process. 3. Merits of the alternative course of action: - Promotes ethical behavior and accountability: Reporting the corruption or negotiating with the department promotes ethical behavior and accountability, which is essential for the long-term success and sustainability of the company. - Enhances reputation and credibility: Taking an ethical stance and avoiding bribery can enhance the reputation and credibility of the company, attracting new customers, partners, and employees. - Protects personal and corporate interests: Reporting the corruption or negotiating with the department can protect personal and corporate interests by avoiding the legal consequences of bribery, such as fines and imprisonment, and the harm to reputation that can result from paying a bribe. In conclusion, while giving the bribe may provide immediate financial benefits, it also comes with significant ethical, legal, and reputational risks. Therefore, it is recommended that the CEO adopt an alternative course of action, such as reporting the corruption or negotiating with the department, which promotes ethical behavior, accountability, and the long-term success and sustainability of the company. A private company is known for its efficiency, transparency and employee welfare. The company though owned by a private individual has a cooperative character where employees feel a sense of ownership. The company employs nearly 700 personnel and they have voluntarily decided not to form a union. One day suddenly in the morning, about 40 men belonging to a political party gatecrashed into the factory demanding jobs in the factory. They threatened the management and employees, and also used foul language. The employees feel demoralized. It was clear that those people who gate-crashed wanted to be on the payroll of the company as well as continue as the volunteers/ members of the party. The company maintains high standards in integrity and does not extend favours to civil administration that also includes law enforcement agency. Such incidents occur in public sector also. Assume you are the CEO of the company. What would you do to diffuse the volatile situation on the date of gate-crashing with the violent mob sitting inside the company premises? What could be the long-term solution to the issue discussed in the case? Every solution/action that you suggest will have a positive and a negative impact on you (as CEO), the employees and the performance of the employees. Analyze the consequences of each of your suggested actions. 1. If I were the CEO of the company, I would follow the following steps to diffuse the volatile situation on the date of gate-crashing with the violent mob sitting inside the company premises: a. Contact the local law enforcement agency and seek their assistance in removing the violent mob from the company premises. It is important to maintain the safety and security of the employees and the company premises. b. Schedule a meeting with the representatives of the political party and try to understand their demands and concerns. It is important to listen to their perspective and try to resolve the issue through mutual understanding and dialogue. c. In the meantime, I would instruct the HR department to initiate an investigation into the incident and take appropriate action against the employees who were involved in the gate-crashing. d. I would also reach out to the employees and address their concerns and fears. I would reassure them that the company is committed to maintaining its high standards of integrity and employee welfare, and that the incident is an aberration. 2. The long-term solution to the issue discussed in the case would involve: a. Establishing strong relationships with the local law enforcement agencies and seeking their support in preventing similar incidents in the future. b. Conducting regular trainings and awareness programs for the employees on the importance of safety and security, and on how to handle similar situations in the future. c. Implementing a robust HR policy that clearly outlines the company's stance on such incidents and the consequences of violating it. This will help in maintaining the integrity and safety of the employees and the company premises. d. Building a strong relationship with the local community and engaging with them to understand their concerns and needs. This will help in preventing similar incidents in the future and maintaining a harmonious relationship between the company and the local community. 3. The consequences of each of the suggested actions are as follows: a. Contacting the local law enforcement agency: This action will result in immediate removal of the violent mob from the company premises and ensure the safety and security of the employees. However, this may result in negative publicity for the company and lead to a strained relationship with the political party. b. Scheduling a meeting with the representatives of the political party: This will help in resolving the issue through mutual understanding and dialogue. However, this may lead to further demands and expectations from the political party. c. Conducting an investigation into the incident and taking appropriate action against the employees involved: This will help in maintaining the integrity of the company and send a strong message to the employees that such incidents will not be tolerated. However, this may result in a negative impact on employee morale and lead to resentment among the employees. d. Reaching out to the employees and addressing their concerns: This will help in boosting employee morale and reducing the negative impact of the incident. However, this may lead to increased expectations from the employees and result in higher workload for the HR department. In conclusion, as the CEO, it is important to weigh the pros and cons of each action before making a decision and take steps that ensure the safety, security, and welfare of the employees while maintaining the integrity and standards of the company. Case-Study: To do Drug Research on Non-Profitable Disease or Not? (2015)One of the scientists working in the R & D laboratory of a major pharmaceutical company discovers that one of the company's best selling veterinary drugs, B has the potential to cure a currently incurable liver disease that is prevalent in tribal areas. However, developing a variant of the drug suitable for human beings entailed a lot of research and development having a huge expenditure to the extent of 50 crores rupees. It was unlikely that the company would recover the costs as the disease was rampant only in poverty-stricken area having very little market otherwise. If you were the CEO, then— Identify the various actions that you could take; Evaluate the pros and cons of each of your actions. There are several actions that a CEO of a pharmaceutical company could take when faced with a situation as described above: 1. Invest in R&D to develop a variant of the drug for human consumption 2. License the drug to another company to develop the variant for human consumption 3. Donate the drug for free to the poverty-stricken areas where the disease is prevalent 4. Sell the drug at a lower price in the poverty-stricken areas 5. Discontinue the drug and focus on more profitable products Evaluate the pros and cons of each of your actions: 7. Investing in R&D to develop a variant of the drug for human consumption has the advantage of providing the company with a new product that can generate revenue. The company would also receive recognition and credibility for their efforts to find a cure for a currently incurable liver disease. However, the major disadvantage is the large expenditure involved, and there is a risk that the company may not be able to recover the costs, especially if the market for the drug is limited. 8. Licensing the drug to another company to develop the variant for human consumption has the advantage of reducing the financial burden on the pharmaceutical company. The company could receive royalties for the use of their research and also benefit from the marketing efforts of the licensing company. However, the licensing company may not have the same level of expertise or ethical considerations as the original company and could prioritize profits over patient welfare. 9. Donating the drug for free to the poverty-stricken areas has the advantage of providing access to life-saving treatment for those who cannot afford it. It also reflects positively on the company's reputation and corporate social responsibility. However, the company may face criticism for not making any financial gains from the product, and the donation could be seen as a marketing ploy. 10. Selling the drug at a lower price in the poverty-stricken areas has the advantage of generating revenue while still making the drug accessible to those who cannot afford it. The company can also use this as a marketing tool to showcase its commitment to corporate social responsibility. However, there is a risk that the lower price could be seen as exploitation of vulnerable populations and could damage the company's reputation. 11. Discontinuing the drug and focusing on more profitable products has the advantage of reducing financial losses and allowing the company to concentrate its resources on more profitable products. However, this decision could be seen as unethical and could damage the company's reputation, especially if the disease is prevalent in poverty-stricken areas where patients have limited access to medical care. Case-Study: To Whistle-Blow Against Polluting Industry or Not? (2016)A fresh engineering graduate gets a job in a prestigious chemical industry. She likes the work. The salary is also good. However, after a few months accidentally discovers that a highly toxic waste is being secretly discharged into a river nearby. This is causing health problems to the villagers downstream who depend on the river for their water needs. She is perturbed and mentions her concern to her colleagues who have been with the company for longer periods. They advise her to keep quite as anyone who mentions the topic is summarily dismissed. She cannot risk losing her job as she is the sole bread-winner for her family and has to support her ailing parents and siblings. At first, she thinks that if her seniors are keeping quiet, why should she stick out her neck. But her conscience pricks her to do something to save the river and the people who depend upon it. At heart she feels that the advice of silence given by her friends is not correct though she cannot give reasons for it. She thinks you are a wise person and seeks your advice. What arguments can you advance to show her that keeping quiet is not morally right? What course of action would you advise her to adopt and why? 1. Arguments Against Keeping Quiet: - Ethical Obligation: As a fresh engineering graduate who is aware of the toxic waste being dumped into the river, the individual has an ethical obligation to speak up and prevent the harm being caused to the villagers and the environment. By keeping quiet, she would be complicit in the harm being done, and her silence would be equivalent to supporting the unethical actions of the company. - Moral Courage: Speaking up against unethical actions takes moral courage and the individual has a duty to stand up for what is right, even if it means putting her job at risk. The consequences of her silence could be far-reaching, and the health problems caused to the villagers could be long-lasting. - Professional Responsibility: As an engineer, the individual has a professional responsibility to use her skills and knowledge to promote the public good and prevent harm. By staying silent, she would be neglecting her professional obligations and failing to act in the best interests of the public. - Personal Integrity: The individual's silence would go against her personal values and beliefs, and she would likely feel guilty and remorseful for not taking action. Maintaining personal integrity is crucial for one's overall well-being and happiness. 2. Advising the Course of Action: - Internal Reporting: The individual should first bring the issue to the attention of her immediate supervisor and raise her concerns about the toxic waste being discharged into the river. If her supervisor is unresponsive or dismissive, she can escalate the matter to a higher authority within the company. The goal of internal reporting is to find a solution within the company and to prevent the harm being caused to the villagers and the environment. - External Reporting: If internal reporting is unsuccessful, the individual can report the issue to relevant external organizations, such as the local government or environmental protection agencies. These organizations have the authority to investigate and take action against the company if necessary. - Whistleblowing: If all other options have been exhausted and the company continues to discharge toxic waste into the river, the individual can consider whistleblowing, which is the act of reporting illegal or unethical activities to the public or media. This is a drastic step and should only be taken as a last resort, as it carries a high risk to the individual's job security and personal safety. 3. Critically Evaluating the Options: - Internal Reporting: This option is the least risky, but it may also be the least effective, as the company may not take action or may cover up the issue. The individual should be prepared for the possibility that her concerns may not be addressed, and she may face retaliation from her superiors. - External Reporting: This option carries a moderate level of risk, as the company may take retaliatory action against the individual for reporting the issue externally. However, it is also the most likely to result in meaningful action, as external organizations have the authority to investigate and take action against the company. - Whistleblowing: This option carries the highest level of risk, as the company may take retaliatory action against the individual, and she may face legal or professional consequences. However, it is also the most likely to bring the issue to the public's attention and result in meaningful action to stop the toxic waste from being discharged into the river. 4. Ethical Dilemmas: - Confidentiality: The individual may feel conflicted about breaking confidentiality by reporting the toxic waste being dumped into the river, as she may have signed a non-disclosure agreement or be bound by other confidentiality obligations. - Job Security: The individual may also feel conflicted about risking her job security and financial stability, especially since she is the sole breadwinner for her family and has to support her ailing parents Case-Study: New Project Hurting Lifestyle of Locals? (2016)ABC Ltd. is a large transnational company having diversified business activities with a huge shareholder base. The company is continuously expanding and generating employment. The company, in its expansion and diversification programme, decides to establish a new plant at Vikaspuri, an area which is underdeveloped. The new plant is designed to use energy efficient technology that will help the company to save production cost by 20%. The company’s decision goes well with the Government policy of attracting investment to develop such underdeveloped regions. The Government has also announced tax holiday for five years for the companies that invest in underdeveloped areas. However, the new plant may bring chaos for the inhabitants of Vikaspuri region which is otherwise tranquil. The new plant may result in increased cost of living, aliens migrating to the region, disturbing the social and economic order. The company sensing the possible protest tried to educate the people of Vikaspuri region and public in general that how its Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policy would help overcome the likely difficulties of the residents of Vikaspuri region. In spite of this the protests begin and some of the residents decided to approach the judiciary as their plea before the Government did not yield any result. Identify the issues involved in the case. What can be suggested to satisfy Company's goal and to address the resident's concern. 1. The issues involved in the case are: a. The impact of the new plant on the social and economic order of the Vikaspuri region, including increased cost of living, migration of outsiders, and disturbance of the peaceful environment. b. The potential resistance and protests from the local residents. c. The tension between the company's goal of expanding and saving production costs, and the government's policy of attracting investment to underdeveloped areas. d. The lack of effective communication and cooperation between the company and the residents of Vikaspuri, resulting in failed attempts to address the residents' concerns. 2. To address the resident's concerns and satisfy the company's goal, the following can be suggested: a. A comprehensive impact assessment study of the new plant on the social and economic aspects of the Vikaspuri region should be conducted and shared with the residents to allay their fears. b. The company should engage in effective and transparent communication with the residents to understand their concerns and address them in a timely manner. c. The company's CSR policy should be implemented in a meaningful and tangible manner, to the benefit of the local community, to win their trust and support. d. The government can play a mediatory role in bringing the company and the residents together and find a mutually acceptable solution. e. The company can also consider alternative locations that may not pose a threat to the local community's social and economic order.
1 <www.mrunal.org/2021>]]>07-gs-4/5.-public-civil-service-values-and-ethics-in-public-administration-status-and-problems/pyq.html07 GS-4/5. Public--Civil-Service-values-and-Ethics-in-Public-Administration---Status-and-Problems/PYQ.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#important Probity in Governance - For efficient governance, socio econ dev Ensures accountability, maintain integrity, ensure compliance, preserve public confidence, avoid misconduct Private interest - brings benefits/ disadvantage to officers Public Interest - of community Conflict of Interest - officers private interest in conflict w/ public interest Public Service concept Exec branch of Gov, all CS are public service but not vice versa Imp administrative, managerial capacities; effective policy making, regulation; coordination b/w institution of governance, leadership at diff levels, service delivery New Public Service - run gov as a democracy Development Adm - action oriented goal oriented its 4 behavioural parameters are Change Orientation, Result O, Citizen participative O, Commitment to Work Traditional Adm - follows status quo, emphasis on econ, efficiency, hierarchical, rigid, routines operations, centralised, resists change, little involvement of people New Public Adm - anti positivist, anti-technical, anti-hierarchical, anti-traditional
https://legalaffairs.gov.in/sites/default/files/ (X) Probity%20in%20Governance. Pdf ]]>07-gs-4/6.-probity-in-governance-concept-of-public-service/6.6-probity-in-governance-concept-of-public-service.html07 GS-4/6. Probity-in-Governance---Concept-of-public-service/6.6 Probity-in-Governance---Concept-of-public-service.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT07-gs-4/6.-probity-in-governance-concept-of-public-service/6.7-philosophical-basis-of-governance-and-probity.html07 GS-4/6. Probity-in-Governance---Concept-of-public-service/6.7 Philosophical-basis-of-governance-and-probity.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT07-gs-4/6.-probity-in-governance-concept-of-public-service/pyq.html07 GS-4/6. Probity-in-Governance---Concept-of-public-service/PYQ.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMThttps://darpg.gov.in/citizens-charters-historical-background Citizens Charter - gives commitment of public body towards people 6 principles are - Quality, Choice, Standards, Value, Accountability, Transparency (VACS TQ) Adv - transparent/ accountable, imp service delivery, more responsive, public participation Issues w/ CC in IN - no legal backing, poor design/content, lack of consultation, no groundwork, lack public awareness, Resistance to change, Lack of review, need of senior citizen, Recom of 2nd ARC One size does not fit all CC for each independent unit or org Wider consultation w/ civil society Firm commitments, internal process and structure be reformed, redress mechanism, periodic evaluation, user feedback related bench mark, hold officers accountable Sevottam Model - 3 inter related modules of CC, Delivery Capacity, Public Grievance Define, Set, Develop, Perform, Monitor, Evaluate, Continuous Adv - better quality mgt, better implementation, guides them through systematic initiatives, Social Audit - details of resources used by public agency shared w/ people through public platform, social accountability Multi Perspective, Comprehensive, Participatory, Multi directional, Regular, Comparative, Verified, Disclosed Enhances reputation, Alerts policymakers, affects positive organisational change, Inc accountability, Assists in re focusing priorities, inc confidence in social areas, Limitation - localised scope, ad hoc nature, informal, diff audits for diff programs, cannot be generalised for whole pop, lack of trained auditors, lack of action on reports Way Ahead - invest in education and awareness, build institutional capacity, support NGOs, media should be development focusedqq Codes of Conduct :Work Culture :Quality of Service Delivery :]]>07-gs-4/7.-information-sharing-and-transparency-in-govt,-rti,-code-of-ethics,-codes-of-conduct,-citizens-charters,-work-culture,-quality-of-service-delivery/7.1-information-sharing-and-transparency-in-govt,-rti,-code-of-ethics,-codes-of-conduct,-citizens-charters,-work-culture,-quality-of-service-delivery.html07 GS-4/7. Information-sharing-and-transparency-in-govt,-RTI,-Code-of-Ethics,-Codes-of-Conduct,-Citizens-Charters,-Work-Culture,-Quality-of-service-Delivery/7.1 Information-sharing-and-transparency-in-govt,-RTI,-Code-of-Ethics,-Codes-of-Conduct,-Citizens-Charters,-Work-Culture,-Quality-of-service-Delivery.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT07-gs-4/7.-information-sharing-and-transparency-in-govt,-rti,-code-of-ethics,-codes-of-conduct,-citizens-charters,-work-culture,-quality-of-service-delivery/7.2-utilisation-of-public-funds,-challenges-of-corruption.html07 GS-4/7. Information-sharing-and-transparency-in-govt,-RTI,-Code-of-Ethics,-Codes-of-Conduct,-Citizens-Charters,-Work-Culture,-Quality-of-service-Delivery/7.2 Utilisation of Public funds, Challenges of Corruption.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT07-gs-4/3.-aptitude-and-foundational-values-for-civil-service/pyq.html07 GS-4/3. Aptitude-and-Foundational-values-for-Civil-Service/PYQ.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT07-gs-4/4.-emotional-intelligence-concepts,-their-utility-and-application-in-administration-and-governance/4.1-emotional-intelligence-concepts,-their-utility-and-application-in-administration-and-governance.html07 GS-4/4. Emotional-Intelligence-Concepts,-their-utility-and-application-in-administration-and-governance/4.1 Emotional-Intelligence-Concepts,-their-utility-and-application-in-administration-and-governance.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMThttps://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/introduction/virtue.shtml Consequentialism : Whether something is good or bad depends on its outcomes. end should be right means may or may not, greatest good for greatest no of people. Ethical Egoism + Ethical Altruism + Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism : most good to most number of people Jeremy Bentham's Gross or Quantitative Utilitarianism - actions are wrong if it produces pain, each man desires his own happiness. 1.1 Deals with maximising happiness for everyone. Mills Refined or Qualitative U - qualitative nature of pleasures like intellectual pleasure instead of sensual ones. 2.1 Certain pleasures were of greater consequence than others and these higher pleasure could only be recognised by those who have experienced them.

https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/introduction/consequentialism_1.shtml Deontological or Non Consequential - actions should be right consequences may or may not Kantian Ethical Theory : revolves around duty, what to do in certain situations, right and fair on wider level, Categorical imperative - internal law imposed by conscience Duties listed by WD Ross : tell truth, right the wrongs done to others, act justly, help other, improve oneself, give thanks, avoid injury to others. Plato's concept of virtues - disciple of Socrates, man is social by nature, goodness is in human nature, virtue is knowledge 4 imp virtues - wisdom, Courage, Temperance, Justice 3 keys to moral life is Passion, Spirit, Rationality Aristotelian Concept of Virtue - motives and values are also imp, considers Justice as supreme virtue divides into Distributive - equitable distri of wealth and honour, Remedial - fair transaction among mem of community Golden mean of excessive indulgence and excessive repression of desire Moral Relativism - morality is relative to norms of one's culture, no universal moral principle Moral Objectivism - there are universal and objectively valid moral principles that are not related to society Moral Absolutism - certain principles are universal and non-over rideable Moral Realism - real objective and moral facts or truths in universe Moral Subjectivism - moral judgements are only statements of persons feelings or attitudes Moral Emotivism - moral claims are expressions of approval and disapproval, does not provide info about speakers feelings just expressions Moral Prescriptivism - ethical statements are recommendations Ethical/Moral Supernaturalism - Ethics inseparable from religion Moral Intuitionism - good and bad cannot be broken into sub components Hedonism - all human actions guided by pleasure , pleasure is highest good, type of consequentialism, right action produces pleasure, wrong Psychological Hedonism - pleasure is natural object of desire Ethical Hedonism - man ought to seek pleasure, p is proper object of desire, Egoistic Hedonism, Altruistic Hedonism Indian Philosophy Orthodox/ Aastik School, Heterodox/ Nastik School Strong metaphysical phenomena, absolutistic and spiritualistic, 4 Purusharthas - Dharma, Artha, Kama, Moksha Buddhist Ethics - 5 precepts - Not killing other living beings, not taking the not given, avoid sexual misconduct, avoid false speech, abstain from drink drugs Jain Ethics - Ahimsa, Satya, Asteya/non stealing, Brahmacharya, Aparigraha
CharavakaEthics - materialism, atheism, Hedonism, only this world exists, deny Dharma Moksha, physical pleasure is goal of life Gandhian Ethics - On Moral Behaviour - volitional, intentional, universal, practical, selfless, calm, tranquillity, fostering of good habits, chastity, altruism, righteousness On Non Violence - includes truth, fearlessness, harbour no anger, suffer anger of opponent, voluntarily submit, non-retaliation On Economy - earn their own bread through manual labour, wealth should be distributed by society, no violent overthrow, Rich should be trustees of wealth Thomas Hobbes Psychological Egoism - society originates out of self-interest Ayn Rand - Ethical Egoism Feminist Ethics - Carol Gilligan revise reformulate traditional ethics, gendered centred approach ]]>07-gs-4/4.-emotional-intelligence-concepts,-their-utility-and-application-in-administration-and-governance/4.2-contribution-of-moral-thinkers-and-philosophers-from-india-and-world.html07 GS-4/4. Emotional-Intelligence-Concepts,-their-utility-and-application-in-administration-and-governance/4.2 Contribution-of-Moral-thinkers-and-Philosophers-from-India-and-World.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>07-gs-4/4.-emotional-intelligence-concepts,-their-utility-and-application-in-administration-and-governance/pyq.html07 GS-4/4. Emotional-Intelligence-Concepts,-their-utility-and-application-in-administration-and-governance/PYQ.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT07-gs-4/5.-public-civil-service-values-and-ethics-in-public-administration-status-and-problems/5.0-public-civil-service-values-and-ethics-in-public-administration-status-and-problems.html07 GS-4/5. Public--Civil-Service-values-and-Ethics-in-Public-Administration---Status-and-Problems/5.0 Public--Civil-Service-values-and-Ethics-in-Public-Administration---Status-and-Problems.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT07-gs-4/5.-public-civil-service-values-and-ethics-in-public-administration-status-and-problems/5.1-ethical-concerns-and-dilemma-in-govt-and-private-institution;-.html07 GS-4/5. Public--Civil-Service-values-and-Ethics-in-Public-Administration---Status-and-Problems/5.1 Ethical-concerns-and-Dilemma-in-govt-and-private-institution;-.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT07-gs-4/5.-public-civil-service-values-and-ethics-in-public-administration-status-and-problems/5.2-laws,-rules,-regulations-and-conscience-as-sources-of-ethical-guidance.html07 GS-4/5. Public--Civil-Service-values-and-Ethics-in-Public-Administration---Status-and-Problems/5.2 Laws,-rules,-regulations-and-conscience-as-sources-of-ethical-guidance.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT07-gs-4/5.-public-civil-service-values-and-ethics-in-public-administration-status-and-problems/5.3-accountability-and-ethical-governance.html07 GS-4/5. Public--Civil-Service-values-and-Ethics-in-Public-Administration---Status-and-Problems/5.3 Accountability-and-ethical-governance.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT07-gs-4/5.-public-civil-service-values-and-ethics-in-public-administration-status-and-problems/5.4-strengthening-of-ethical-and-moral-values-in-governance.html07 GS-4/5. Public--Civil-Service-values-and-Ethics-in-Public-Administration---Status-and-Problems/5.4 Strengthening-of-ethical-and-moral-values-in-governance.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT Content - CABEI Components of Attitude : - Cognitive component - judgement on basis of available info, beliefs, thoughts and attributes - Affective C - feelings and emotions, - Behavioural - tendency to act in certain manner Types of Attitude - Explicit attitude - result of conscious cognition/ aware of his - Implicit - derived from past memories, unknowingly
How Attitudes are formed : - Classical Conditioning -> dog-bell experiment of Pavlov - Instrumental Conditioning - behaviours followed by positive outcome makes them repeat it. - Genetic Factors - ex preference for food - Observational learning - observe rewards/ punishments ![[attitudes-how-they-form-change-shape-behavior-2795897-final-01-fe167926b1a641ec9d4187eed53c4df3.png |500]] Structure : Attitude Strength - strongly related to self, certainty, intensity extremity, origin, personal importance Attitude Accessibility - from memory A Ambivalence - conflicted towards A, both positive and negative towards object Functions of A (UKEdVeS)- Utilitarian/instrumental function - positive A towards objects w/ +ve rewards Knowledge Fn - to get an organised view of world, society Ego defensive Fn - help cope w/ emotional conflicts Value Expression - demonstrate one's self image First 4 functions were defined by Daniel Katz Social identity Fn - what they convey about people ]]>07-gs-4/2.-attitude-content,-structure,-function/2.1-attitude-content,-structure,-function.html07 GS-4/2. Attitude---content,-structure,-function/2.1 Attitude---content,-structure,-function.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/attitude-2-320.webp"></figure>07-gs-4/2.-attitude-content,-structure,-function/2.2-its-influence,-relation-with-thought-and-behaviour.html07 GS-4/2. Attitude---content,-structure,-function/2.2 Its-influence,-relation-with-thought-and-behaviour.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT07-gs-4/2.-attitude-content,-structure,-function/2.3-moral-and-political-attitudes.html07 GS-4/2. Attitude---content,-structure,-function/2.3 Moral-and-political-attitudes.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT07-gs-4/2.-attitude-content,-structure,-function/2.4-social-influence-and-persuasion.html07 GS-4/2. Attitude---content,-structure,-function/2.4 Social-influence-and-Persuasion.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT07-gs-4/2.-attitude-content,-structure,-function/pyq.html07 GS-4/2. Attitude---content,-structure,-function/PYQ.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT07-gs-4/3.-aptitude-and-foundational-values-for-civil-service/3.1-aptitude-and-foundational-values-for-civil-service.html07 GS-4/3. Aptitude-and-Foundational-values-for-Civil-Service/3.1 Aptitude-and-Foundational-values-for-Civil-Service.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT07-gs-4/3.-aptitude-and-foundational-values-for-civil-service/3.2-integrity,-impartiality,-non-partisanship.html07 GS-4/3. Aptitude-and-Foundational-values-for-Civil-Service/3.2 Integrity,-impartiality,-non-partisanship.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT07-gs-4/3.-aptitude-and-foundational-values-for-civil-service/3.3-objectivity,-dedication-to-public-service,-empathy.html07 GS-4/3. Aptitude-and-Foundational-values-for-Civil-Service/3.3 Objectivity,-Dedication-to-public-service,-empathy.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT07-gs-4/3.-aptitude-and-foundational-values-for-civil-service/3.4-tolerance-and-compassion-towards-weaker-section.html07 GS-4/3. Aptitude-and-Foundational-values-for-Civil-Service/3.4 Tolerance-and-compassion-towards-weaker-section.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT07-gs-4/2nd-arc-4th-report-ethics-in-governance.html07 GS-4/2nd-ARC-4th-Report---Ethics-in-Governance.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT002 Planning Comm.(DPC) recom policy measure to improve preparedness
Hooda document #report for true security to people. Recomm : military joint manship (Co Defence Staff) (3 services), cultural change in defence production (DRDO), defence cyber agency
bring civil society family educationists etc to curb radicalisation Integrated Battle Groups(IBGs) to be structured : Brigade size, self-sufficient combat function; task, terrain specific w both defence and offensive capabilities.
CoDS (CDS) : 1st envisaged in Kargil Review #Committee, oversees the coordination of all 3 services. Adv : effective leadership, seamless advice, services chiefs would spend more time on operational role becomes counter-productive
Displaced Families of (PoJK) and Chhamb under the PM's Development Package 2015. Will get one time fin assistance, enable them to earn a reasonable monthly income #scheme Helping the civil administration is the secondary task of the Armed Forces, National Crisis Management Comm NCMC is final authority to decide the no of personnel to be deployed for such task. Border adjustment tax (BAT) on imports in addition to customs levy
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances NDPS 1985 made to fulfill treaty obligation of UN; Centre regulates movt, cultivation, declare any substance as narcotics; Both Centre and States appt officers for purpose of #Act. IN part of 16 bilateral pacts to fight drug trafficking ex SAARC, BRICS Colombo plan, ASOD etc. SIMS or Seizure Information Management System has data for seizure data Multi Agency Centre MAC common counter terrorism grid under IB made operational in 2001 after Kargil war. 28 orgs are part of it who share real time intelligence input. 2019-05-06 19:44:35 Masood Azhar designated global terrorist by UNSC for support JeM funding operating, recruiting for Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan, selling arms ammo. Not acting on terrorists like these was the reason why Pakistan still on FATF Grey list. The Sanctions Committee UNSC Resolution 1267 in 1999. Consequences: assets seized, travel ban, arms embargo, domestic immobilization. 2020-10-22 08:12:14 Indian Armed Force Army, Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard CAPF Assam Rifles, BSF, CISF, CRPF, ITBP, NSG, SSB
#todo ⏫ 2020-10-22 08:11:51 Sponsors terrorists through smuggling drugs, arms, human beings, Extortion, Kidnapping, counterfeit currency, Hawala,
#todo ⏫ 2020-10-30 16:58:55Answers and Analysis Human rights activists constantly highlight the view that the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 (AFSPA) is a draconian act leading to cases of human rights abuses by the security forces. What sections of AFSPA are opposed by the activists? Critically evaluate the requirement with reference to the view held by the Apex Court. (मानवासधकार सहरियतावादी लगातार इस नवचार को उजागर करते हैं हक सिस्त बल (नविेष िक्तियाँ) असधननयम, 1958 (ए.एफ.एस.पी.ए.) एक रिू र असधननयम है, जजससे सुरक्ा बलो के द् ं ारा मानवासधकार दरुपयोगो ु के मामले उ ं त्न्न होते हैं। इस असधननयम की कौन-सी धाराओ का स ं हरियतावादी नवरोध करते हैं? उच्चतम न्ायालय के द्ारा व्यति नवचार के सं दभ्भ में इसकी आवश्यकता का समालोचनात्मक मूलांकन कीजजए।) 2015 • Section 4 of the AFSPA gives the armed forces sweeping powers to search any premises, arrest without warrant and even open fire if they feel that it is necessary for the maintenance of public order. • Section 6 of the AFSPA states that no prosecution, suit or other legal proceedings shall be instituted, except with the previous sanction of the Central Government, against any person in respect of anything done or purported to be done in exercise of the powers conferred by the Act. • Section 7 of the AFSPA states that no suit, prosecution or other legal proceedings shall lie against any person in respect of anything done or intended to be done in good faith under this Act. • Section 8 of the AFSPA states that no court shall take cognizance of any offence alleged to have been committed by any member of the armed forces in the discharge of his duty except with the previous sanction of the Central Government. • Section 9 of the AFSPA states that no proceedings whatsoever shall be instituted in any court against any person in respect of anything done or purported to be done in exercise of the powers conferred by this Act. • Section 10 of the AFSPA states that no person accused of any offence shall be apprehended without a warrant. • Section 11 of the AFSPA states that no person accused of any offence shall be detained in custody for a period exceeding 24 hours without the authority of a magistrate. • Section 13 of the AFSPA states that no civil court shall have jurisdiction over any matter which the armed forces are empowered by the Act to determine. • Section 14 of the AFSPA states that no person shall be prosecuted or punished for any act done or purported to be done in exercise of the powers conferred by the Act. The Supreme Court of India has held that the AFSPA is a valid piece of legislation and is not violative of the fundamental rights guaranteed under the Constitution. The court has also held that the provisions of the Act are not arbitrary or oppressive and are in consonance with the principles of natural justice. The court has further held that the powers conferred on the armed forces are necessary for the maintenance of public order and the security of the State. The court has also held that the provisions of the Act are not intended to be used for the purpose of punishing innocent citizens and that the powers conferred on the armed forces should be used only in exceptional circumstances and with utmost caution. The court has also held that the provisions of the Act should be interpreted in a manner that ensures that human rights are not violated. [Naga People's Movement of Human Rights v. Union of India (1998) 2 SCC 109.]
https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-in-nagaland-case-when-sc-laid-down-procedure-for-using-afspa-7661500/]]>06-gs-3/5.-security/5.3-various-security-forces-and-agencies-and-their-mandate;-linkages-of-organised-crime-with-terrorism.html06 GS-3/5. Security/5.3 Various security forces and Agencies and their mandate; Linkages of Organised Crime with Terrorism.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT study of moral thought and moral language it asks What is Morality? or What is the knowledge of morality? Morality : Principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong.


Deals with what practices are right and wrong and our obligations to others and future generation. The study of ethical behaviour. Virtue Ethics Person based ie it looks at the virtue or moral character of the person carrying out an action instead of what is their ethical duties and rules or consequences of a particular actions. Provides guidance to person as to what is expected of him. Deals with the purpose of Human life, meaning of life, Plato Aristotle. 7 main virtue ethics are chastity, temperance, charity, diligence, kindness, patience, and humility. 4 cardinal virtues Prudence, Justice, Fortitude, Temperance.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/introduction/virtue.shtml Consequentialism : Whether something is good or bad depends on its outcomes. end should be right means may or may not, greatest good for greatest no of people. Ethical Egoism + Ethical Altruism + Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism : most good to most number of people Jeremy Bentham's Gross or Quantitative Utilitarianism - actions are wrong if it produces pain, each man desires his own happiness. 1.1 Deals with maximising happiness for everyone. Mills Refined or Qualitative U - qualitative nature of pleasures like intellectual pleasure instead of sensual ones. 2.1 Certain pleasures were of greater consequence than others and these higher pleasure could only be recognised by those who have experienced them.

https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/introduction/consequentialism_1.shtml Deontological or Non Consequential - actions should be right consequences may or may not Kantian Ethical Theory : revolves around duty, what to do in certain situations, right and fair on wider level, Categorical imperative - internal law imposed by conscience Duties listed by WD Ross : tell truth, right the wrongs done to others, act justly, help other, improve oneself, give thanks, avoid injury to others. aka comparative ethics is study of people's beliefs about morality through emperical research into their attitudes. for ex what is right and wrong, virtuous characterstics of moral agents.
practical application of ethics ie real world action viz in areas of private and public life. Bioethics Cyber Ethics Environmental Ethics International Ethics Business Ethics ]]>07-gs-4/0.-human-interface-and-ethics-in-public-realtions/ethics-and-human-interface.html07 GS-4/0. Human Interface and Ethics in Public Realtions/Ethics and Human Interface.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure> Vishakha guidlines ]]>07-gs-4/0.-human-interface-and-ethics-in-public-realtions/ethics-in-private-and-public-relationships.html07 GS-4/0. Human Interface and Ethics in Public Realtions/Ethics in Private and Public Relationships.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/ethics-in-private-public-relationships.png"></figure>https://mrunal.org/2021/10/download-upsc-mains-gsm4-topicwise-all-papers-2013-2021.html]]>07-gs-4/0.-human-interface-and-ethics-in-public-realtions/pyq.html07 GS-4/0. Human Interface and Ethics in Public Realtions/PYQ.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT[1] Expected by all human beings. It is what makes us Human. 5 core HV are - Love, Peace, Truth, Right Conduct and Non-violence (LPTRN) Others are - respect, acceptance, consideration, appreciation, listening, openness, affection, empathy Various other types of V are Individual, Social, Environment, Organizational, Constitutional. Example from Famous personalities : Buddha and Jain Tirthankaras preaching core human values as a coherent force to unite different societies/communities during ancient India. Bhakti saints as being forebearears of Human values despite prevalence of Medievalism, Barbarism and Incessant warfare during the time. Served as beacon of light for many. The example of Gandhiji and his satyagrah as being an influence of LPTRN to other leaders like MLK Jr, Nelson Mandela. Shown by allied forces after the surrender of German and Japan who despite committing inhuman atrocities at Auswitz, Warsaw, Nanking were treated with right conduct, respect, consideration. Life of Florence Nightingale serving the wounded soldiers after seeing the suffering during the Crimean war of 1850s. Rawls was an American moral and political philosopher who is known for his work 'A Theory of Justice'. Social justice is fairness, equity in terms of distribution of wealth, opportunities and privileges within a liberal society. His theory of justice as fairness recommends equal basic liberties, equality of opportunity, maximum benefit to least advantaged section where inequalities exists.
He carried forward the idea of Social Contract forward. A/C to him society is responsible for distribution of primary goods necessary for the individual to realise their rational life plans. [3] A/C his there are 2 principles of Justice Equal Liberty : Ex Fundamental Rights, Political Liberties, Liberty of Conscience, Freedom of Speechm Right to property etc. They are subject to 2nd Principle of Justice. Social Inequality : “the inequalities of income and welfare are considered to be fair if and only if these inequalities are for the benefit of the worst off” aka Difference Principle. It requires that institutions of adm be accessible to every individual.
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4915381/↩︎ ]]>07-gs-4/1.-human-values/1.1-human-values.html07 GS-4/1. Human-Values/1.1 Human-Values.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT07-gs-4/1.-human-values/1.2-lessons-from-lives-and-teachings-of-great-leaders,-reformers,-administrators.html07 GS-4/1. Human-Values/1.2 Lessons-from-lives-and-teachings-of-great-leaders,-reformers,-administrators.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT07-gs-4/1.-human-values/1.3-role-of-family,-society,-educational-institution-in-inculcating-values.html07 GS-4/1. Human-Values/1.3 Role-of-family,-society,-educational-institution-in-inculcating-values.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT07-gs-4/1.-human-values/pyq.html07 GS-4/1. Human-Values/PYQ.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#report. AMR is leading cause of deaths worldwide. Gain of Function is a field of research focused on growing generations of microorganisms under condition that cause mutations in a virus. It uses genetic engineering ie editing the genetic code to modify the virus in a predetermined by the scientists or serial passaging allows pathogens to grow under different circumstances and then observing the changes. Gain of function causes mutation that make pathogens more deadly. Loss of function involves inactivating mutations. It carries biosafety risk referred to as dual use research of concern DURC. Green Energy Corridor GEC phase II for Intra State Transmission System InSTS. GEC aims to synchronise electricity from renewable sources with conventional power GEC InSTS wanted evacuation and integration of renewable energy capacity through setting up of transmission lines and inc transformation capacity of substances.
Stockholm Convention Helioswarm mission is constellation of nine spacecraft that will capture fluctuations in magnetic field and motions of solar wind/ solar wind turbulence. MUSE Multi Slit Solar Explorere MUSE to help understand how Suns corona is driven Solar Orbiter = ESA + NASA will provide images of Sun's south and north poles Betelgeuse : star in Orion constellation that is dimming slowly Very Large telescope located in Atacama Desert,Chile consists of 4 unit telescopes Muktoshri arsenic resistant rice from West Bengal. Arsenic is naturally present in high levels in groundwater and in rocks and soils first GI tag - Darjeeling Tea SunRise : NASA mission use Cubesats GRACE - FO - Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow on b/w NASA and German Research Einsteins theory of relativity predicts the existence of gravitational waves higher than fundamental frequency Geofencing : app/ software uses GPS, RFID, WiFi etc to trigger a mobile device when it enters a particular geo-location Madhuban : type of Fortified carrot rich in iron and B-carotene RTLAMP amplifies RNA helps in detection of virus Feluda paper strip test to detect corona in an hour CSIR BerD made from Berberine present in fruits, turmeric etc. Ber D can be used a Alzheimers inhibitor Solar Minimum : every 11 years or so the sunspots fade away, SpaceX Demo 2 manned mission to ISS 1st after 2011 GI Tag : Black rice of Manipur, Gorakhpur Terracotta and Kadalai Mittai of Kovipatti, TN. GI valid for 10 years
ICUBE 2019 by Kantar #report on digital adoption, 574 mil monthly active users, 24% inc, penetration of 41% by 2020 - 639 mil. ANITA : Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna by NASA is a radio telescope used to detect ultra-high energy cosmic ray neutrinos first NASA observatory for neutrinos 5G club proposed by UK to be of 10 democracies IN is included Extreme Helium Star low mass supergiant almost devoid of Hydrogen. White star :exhausted their nuclear fuel ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) detecting and quantifying substances like peptides, proteins, antibodies and hormones, a form of rapid test. Immunoglobulin G IgG is an antibody RT-PCR (Rapid Antibody and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction) - identifies SARS CoV 2 RNA, RNA is converted to DNA through reverse transcription Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) : hosted by OECD, to guide responsible dev in AI grounded in Human rights, inclusion, diversity, innovation etc. IN is founding member NEOWISE - NASA telescope, detects infrared and asteroids, Near Earth Objects NEOs etc Tianwen-1/ Huoxing 1 - China's 1st mars probe, orbiter -landerrover. Lander called Zhurong Perseverance Rover : NASA, will manufacture molecular oxygen on Mars from its CO2 rich atmosphere. Carries Ingenuity - helicopter. Planned 1st step to bring back rock. Has extracted O2 from CO2 from MOXIE process. Is exploring Jezero crater on Mars. International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) : fusion reactor, first fusion device to produce net energy, maintain reaction for long periods of time, test technology. Fusion of Deuterium and Tritium plasma. Tokamak was its predecessor BeiDou CN satellite navigation system Digital Quality of Life on internet affordability and e-infrastructure, security etc IN ranked 57 top by DEN lacked on quality, security, e-infra. RBI Localisation Mandate for Payments Data store all pay related data locally have unfettered access to it FIN Min eased directive said only mirroring would be okay Data protection bill mandatory storage of critical personal data - RBI wanted fortnightly data DPIIT Draft e-commerce policy Need : data sovereignty, national security, economic dev, data privacy, curtail arbitrary use, remove conflict of jurisdiction Solar cycle : changing of Sun's magnetic north and south every 11 years, they cause solar eruption in sky, affects electronic equipment, radiation dangerous for astronauts Chandra X : ray translates data collected from outer space into sound Galactic centre, Cassiopeia A, Pillars of Creation Nebula
International Property Appellate Board IPAB : hear and resolve appeals against decision of registrar under Indian Trademark Act 1999, GI Act 1999 #body Net neutrality : govt and internet service providers treat all data on internet equally, all ISPs to provide same level of data access to all traffic Non personal data : person cannot be identified, not favourable for MSMEs, start ups
Payments and Settlement System PSS #Act - regulation and supervision, RBI is designated authority NASA's Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) detected water on sunlit side of Moon Saggitarius A* was one of 2 black holes that was photographedd by Event Horizon Telescope. Holographic Imaging to detect virus and antibodies, uses laser beams to make 3D image Biofortification is done when crop is being grown; Food fortification done during processing 5 Eyes Group of nation : US, UK, CAN, AUS, NZ, against end to end encryption of messages Monoclonal antibodies are man-made proteins that act like antibodies of immune system and target a specific antigen. Indigen program : analyse 1029 sequenced genomes from IN. Help classify mendelian disorders, improve medicine outcomes by CSIR EOS 01 - IN latest Earth Obs Sat renamed from the RISAT series Crew 1 mission by NASA and SpaceX, Falcon 9 1st spacecraft certification provided by NASA Ariel Space Mission : large scale survey of exoplanets, study nature and evolution Sentinel 6 satellite : measure changes of global sea level, Jason CS mission. ISRO Shukrayaan : to study Venus Hayabusa 2 : asteroid sample return mission from Ryugu Fast Radio Burst FRBs : generated by type of Neutron star - Magnetar Video streaming providers or Over the top OTT platforms now come under Mo Broadcasting Cord blood banking : blood from umbilical cord and placenta post delivery, process of freezing stem cells for later use. It contains special hemtopoietic stem cells to treat diseases. Umbilical cord blood could be used to treat HIV. Cryogenic engine : imp to launch heavy sat, uses Liq H2 and Liq O2 at extremely low temp Astrosat : IN 1st multi wavelength(visible, x-ray, UV etc) space telescope, combination of 5 telescopes, multi-institute project
Parliamentary Panel #report on 5G. Challenges - lack of various approvals, uncertainty around auctions, price of spectrum, low reach of optical fibre, Spectrum are airwaves of a particular frequency PSLV C51 : 1st flight of New Space India Ltd, carried 19 Sats and 1st Brazilian - Amazonia 1 NISAR : joint earth observing sat b/w NASA and ISRO to track changes in Earths surface especially Sea and Land ice. Uses a Synthetic Aperture Radar SAR for the purpose. FSSAI Guideline on GMO crops it regulates GMO limit on imported food crops is 1% Companies to disclose cryptocurrencies in financial statement by Mo Corporate Affairs Davinci+ and Veritas are NASA mission to be launched to study Venus. Magellan by NASA and Akatsuki by JAXA were some previous ones. ESA wants to launch EnVision and 2 observatories Theseus and Spica. Polarisation : property of light that shows the direction on which light wave oscillates. LEO satellites. Benefits : closer to earth -> provides strong signals, potential to rival ground based network Criticism : regulation of companies, complicated regulatory framework, challenge to received license for each country, difficulty for astronomers, interrupt frequency of those orbiting above them. Bitcoin legalised in El Salvador CHIME Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment : is a large stationary telescope that receives radio signals Gain of Function : research focuses on conditions that cause mutations in a virus; it involves manipulating pathogens to predict changes and dev vaccines accordingly. Serial Passaging : where pathogen is allowed to breed in diff conditions and changes in mutations are observed DMCA Digital Millenium Copyright Act DMCA Unity 22 mission of Virgin Galactic aboard VSS Unity mission. NASA Cassini Spacecraft discovered methane at Titan moon of Satrun. Huygens was the lander for the mission. VIPER mission of Nasa to explore Moons south pole to see if human life is sustainable there. NEA Scout us a small spacecraft that will collect data from Near Earth Asteroids NEAs will use solar sail propulsion. XMM Newton mission X ray space observatory launched by ESA as part of Horizon program. Nauka is a space laboratory Russia launched to space its biggest ever. EOS 03 : Earth Observation Satellite by ISRO. Central Bank Digital Currency CBDC by RBI. Reduce cost of currency mgt, need for inter bank settlement would not be required. Challenges : Cybersecurity threat, lack of digital literacy, challenge in regulation and tracking investment, threat to Privacy. 2019-06-13 12:06:01 AI Kerala police robot, Chennai restaurant robot, Ahmedabad telerobotic medical surgery. IN does not have AI regulation: . Need : give legal definition AI see if intention can be attributed AI, regulate usage data since privacy fundament right, National Start for AI by NITI Aayog 5g Auction ping 1ms(latency) 1Gbps 700mhz 3.5ghz 26/28ghz band auction major source income gov. Concerns : Cellular Operators Association IN(COAI) cumulative debt sector 7lkh Crore, spectrum overpriced.
Google claims to have achieved quantum supremacy. Google launches radar based soli chip tracks motion on microscopic scale. Blockchain : structure of data is secure, cryptographic and distributed across networks, no need of centralised authorisation. every transaction a block is created and added to permanent database. National Informatics Centre NIC set up a Centre of Excellence CoE in Bengaluru for demo and proof of concept, provide services etc Edge computing : data is analysed locally, in real-time without latency, only imp data sent to the network, more vulnerable to malicious attacks, physical vulnerability. Can protect against catastrophic single incident. Kerala Fibre Optic Network Project obj to provide free high speed internet to 2mil BPL families. BHIM app now international shown in SIN FinTech festival. BHIM UPI : QRbased payment jointly developed by NPCI and NETS of Singapore. Adv : UPI is interoperable as compared to e-wallets. Starlink project : to have 12000 satellites in low earth orbit, uninterrupted internet services to everyone, current ways of fibre optics and wireless restricted, time lag would reduce Contract for the Web create a global plan of action for a web that benefits all reps of gov, coys, civil society etc to come together it is not legally binding
CSIR and Indian Institute of Chemical Tech CSIR IICT Nuclear Magnetic Resonance NMR test facility. NMR used for structural characterisation of pharmaceutical and for quality control and research #body Gov instant messaging system GIMS dev by National Informatics Centre NIC for inter and intra org comm equivalent to WhatsApp and Telegram, IN alternative and no security concerns hosted in IN has end to end encryption
National Broadband Mission NBM : access to broadband across country, 30lkh km route of optical fibre inc tower density from 0.42 to 1, investment of $100 bil inc. Dev of Broadband Readiness Index, digital fibre map. NBM will lay emphasis on universality, affordability and quality #scheme Biosimilar medicine : almost identical copy of an original product, produced after the patent on original expires. Biosimilars are equivalent of biological identity while generic is chemically equivalent. ECho Network to encourage cross disciplinary leadership train postdoctoral leaders in research and outreach through interactive sessions. Improve interdisciplinary skills and collaborative mindset NEON (New/NEO + human) computationally created virtual human. CORE R3 and SPECTRA are technologies behind it; could be used as a virtual assistance with learning abilities 2019-04-30 13:03:23 DoBiotech fund Centre Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB) + National Research Centre on Meat for cell based meat(Cellular agriculture). Process : remove muscle tissue animal. Make stem cell add plant based serum, grow muscle and produce meat from it. CCMB sequences genomes of Asiatic Lion, IUCN red list, 523 pop, to study adaptability of environment or behaviour
Fortification of rice #Scheme under DoFood & Public distribution, centrally sponsored, FSSAI regulates it, Fortified rice contains Vit A, B1, B12, Folic Acid, Fe and Zn.
National Policy on Biofules-2018 #scheme target 20% blending ethanol in petrol 5% bio-diesel in diesel by 2030. 1st Gen can be eaten, 2nd Gen derived from feedstock, 3rd Gen(Algae generated). Policy expands scope raw material for ethanol production, protecting farmers, Viability Gap funding, boost biodiesel production. E 20 is a fuel has 20% ethanol blending; Other Gov steps towards this - National Biofuel Coord Comm procure surplus rice from FCI to make Ethanol, EBP program launched in 2003
Genome IN initiative #scheme : Do Biotech sequence 10,000 IN people and 10k diseased study diversity and cancer risk through machine learning. study various types of mutations, data accessible. IndiGen project is different it maps genes of diverse ethnicities implemented by CSIR to help genetic epidemiology and dev public health tech. Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) transfer from the dogs to tigers and leopards in Ranthambore and previously Gir Lions, infects gastrointestinal, respiratory, and central nervous systems, no known cure. NOT ZOONOTIC.
ROTAVIRUS : Mo Health indigenous vaccine ROTAVAC5D by Bharat biotech, severe diarrhoea and death among children less than 5 yr 10% mortality. Checking antibiotic resistance of Ganga : microbial diversity; IN had some of the highest antibiotic resistance rates, levels of resistance genes that lead to "superbugs" were about 60 times greater during the pilgrimage months.
National Genomic Grid #scheme : will study genomic data of cancer patients will be in line w/ National Cancer Tissue Biobank (NCTB) IN joins Global Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Development Hub : HQ at Berlin. Infections like TB, gonorrhea, and pneumonia harder to treat due to superbugs. Microbial Fuel Cells(MFC) installed in London plant takes 1st botanical selfie. MFC converts chemical energy to electrical, bacteria oxidises organic and inorganic material
Guidelines for nano-pharmaceuticals released in IN dev by DBT, ICMR, CDSCO. They are Nanocarrier based targeted drug delivery have high efficacy, low toxicity and safer than conventions meds. Organoids/ group of cells grown in lab that mimics a fully grown organ using stem cell Help study gene and proteins, complex arrangement of cells, effect of new drugs. Organoids were transplanted into mice - humanisation of host animals. Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the study of Arctic Circle (MOSAiC), 2019-04-28 13:33:05 About BepiColombo ESA JAXA, mercury, 2 orbiter planet and magnetosphere, challenge sun, earlier NASA Mariner '75 - Messenger '08, help understand history of formation NASA InSight Mission part of Discovery prgrm, deep martian surface, measure heat output listen marsquake, understand creatn mars+ terrestrial formation of planets, 'Mole' drill 16ft inside surface Ultima Thule water found, asteroid in Kuiper belt outer solar system by NASA New Horizon study formation plutonian system - transformation early solar system UAE Mars Mission 'Hope' 1st Arab country by 2020 insights about the weather, temperature changes, topography, volcano peaks, dust storms etc. DART Double Asteroid Redirection test : kinetic impact, by NASA, small aircraft payload, launched by SpaceX, defend earth, Didymos A and Didymos B (impact asteroid), change asteroid path slowly over time for planetary defence. ESA approved budget of Hera for asteroid landing in binary asteroid sys Didymos due in 2024 called Asteroid Impact Deflection assistance program. Will carry NEXT-C Nasa Evolutionary Xenon Thruster. DRACO or Didymos Recon and Asteroid Camera. LICIACube - light Italian Cubesat for imaging of asteroid. Dimorphous is the asteroid where impact would take place. MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging spectrodiometer) maps Earth 1km resolution by NASA, Greening led by China India, green leaf area increase 25% and 6.3 % of world resp. MODIS use : predict global change, assist policy makers. Operation Artemis : successor of Apollo by US; moon landing by 2024, ARTEMIS 1 : uncrewed moon ortbit 2020, 2 : crewed earth orbit '22, 3 : crewed moon landing '24; objective to study effects of Sun's radiation on Moon; will be launched on new US rocket called Space Launch System. Change' 4 : lander rover, landed far side moon - Von Kramer crater Aitken Basin, found material from upper crust moon, astronomical observation, survey land, find minerals, study environment Change'5 : unmanned, bring back lunar rocks Square Kilometre Array (SKA) : largest radio telescope, fastest supercomputer part 250 pflops (2nd IBM Summit), obs detailed larger area, intergovernmental - 10 mem countries to be built in Australia and South Africa. Proposal merge LISA + Athena (ESA) study blackhole collision. ATHENA (Adv telescope high energy physics) : largest x-ray obsvatory black hole form evolve ordinary matter near dark matter
LISA(Laser interferometer space antenna) 1st space borne obsvatory gravitational waves low freq #PrelimsPYQ Spectrum Roentgen Gamma(SRG) telescope : GER-RUS mission, 3d xray map universe find black holes dark energy stars, 4yr mission NOT detect gamma radiation Spitzer Space telescope retires : study universe in infrared under NASAs great observatory prgrm. OSIRIS Rex (Origins Spectral Interpretation Resource Id Security regolith explorer): closest man made craft around planetary object Bennu asteroid Chosen Coz: close to earth, bigger in size 500m rotates slowly, primitive asteroid not changed carbon rich, high prob collision in 22nd century. Mission meant to return sample from asteroid. Lunar Evacuation System by ESA to evacuate astronaut from lunar surface in case injury NASA Curiosity (exploring Gale crater investigate climate geology env conditions favourable for life water + habitability) finds Methane on Mars unsure if Biological/ Geologically produced Falcon Heavy 3rd launch puts Deep space atomic clock NASA, 1sec per 10mil yr stable to help spacecraft navigate, Lightsail 2 solar powered sail from planetary society. ASCENT (Adv spacecraft Energetic non-toxic propellant)green fuel lowers launch processing time result low cost previous used Hydrazine. Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere(PUNCH) by NASA understand solar winds in 2022 Launch Abort System NASA, activate during rocket malfunction has 3 diff solid fuel motors, will pull manned capsule(Orion - Artemis prgrm) away TESS (Transient Exoplanet Survey Satellite) NASA mission led by MIT +Google NASA's Parker Solar Probe : part "Living With a Star" progm Sun's atmosphere closest human-made object to Sun. use Venus' gravity during seven flybys, corona is hotter than the surface of the sun gives rise to the solar wind charged particles help forecast changes in Earth's space environment. Israeli spacecraft Beresheet crash landed on moon, had tardigrade Launched by Falcon 9. 1st privately-operated mission on Moon Magnetospheric Multiscale mission (MMS) precise measurements of an interplanetary shock FEDOR (Final Experimental Demonstration Object Research): life-size humanoid robot Russia assist astronauts on the ISS, controlled through human wearing exoskeleton. In 2011, NASA sent up Robonaut 2 developed with General Motors Japan sent up a small robot called Kirobo Gravitational Lensing: natural phenomenon bending of light by massive masses eg galaxy to investigate how new stars are born, Using NASA's James Webb Space Telescope. work out exactly how much dark matter there, how is it distributed. It is directly sensitive to the amount and distribution of Dark matter. It proves Einsteins theory of general relativity. Asteroid Impact deflection assessment(AIDA) : by NASA and ESA to test if it is possible to deflect asteroid by crashing a spacecraft in it. Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) launched by NASA in 2009 to ID potential lunar resources, gather detailed maps of surface, collect radiation data, study the moons polar regions. NASA ICON mission : study Earth's ionosphere on Pegasus rocket will be operated by California Univ. Thirty Metre Telescope TMT : astronomical observatory w/ an extremely large telescope (ELT) by US CN JP IN CAN planned on Mauna Kea Hawaii for near visible and infrared observations, help study distant fainter objects. Copernicus program: Earth Observation program provide timely accurate info for mgt of env headed by European Commission(EC) w/ ESA as partner. ESA developing Sentinel satellites for Copernicus' operational needs. Sentinel 3 : world fire atlas data released shows 5x more fires in Aug 2018 than Aug 17 49% of fires were detected in Asia the most. NASA Voyager 2 has exited heliosphere and entered interstellar space 2nd after V 1 to leave solar sys. Heliosphere created by solar wind is bubble shaped and opposing flow of interstellar wind. only mission to have studied Neptune and Uranus during flyby's, farthest man made object is Voyager 1 Arianspace was world's 1st commercial launch service provider East Asian Observatory EAO part of EAO consortium is non-profit Hawaii corporation; consists of CN, JP, TAI, SKR as full members and THA, VIE, MAL and INDO as observers. Accretion Bust : when forming star swallows a huge amount of matter resulting is a burst. Maser(Microwave Amplification) Monitoring Organisation M2O was formed to observe such burst events International Space Station ISS launched in 1998 involved US, RUS, CAN, JP, ESA; in LEO used for experimental purposes. 1st space station was Salyut. Zhurong is CN 1st Mars rover Outer Space Treaty for its exploration and use under the United Nations was signed in 1967 and has 111 mem including India. Nations were to be responsible for space activities for done by both govt and non govt entities. Parties were to immediately inform other parties of outer space discoveries. India is a party to all the major international treaties/regulations related to outer space, including Outer Space Treaty, the Rescue Agreement, the Liability Convention and the Registration Convention and has also signed the Moon Treaty. 2019-05-08 10:13:13 Aditya L1 : solar mission will study outer layer (Chromosphere) coronal mass ejection, space weather prediction, halo orbit sun, L1 is lagrange Pt 1 where gravity of 2 bodies balance each other Indian ASAT Shakti 4th country joint DRDO ISRO from Balasore Odisha; debris in space Kessler syndrome, altitude of 350km LEO. To tackle debris : deorbiting measures, use data form NASA space debris sensor and change course, use of Laser beam
YVIKA (Yuva Vigyaniki Karyakram) 3 #scheme 9th class student rural preferred, to promote space knowledge by ISRO in tune with Jai Vigyan Jai Anusandhan 7 Mega mission ISRO next 10 yrs, Chandrayaan 2, Xposat, Aditya L1, MoM 2, Lunar polar, Chandrayaan 3, Venus mission, Exoworlds. Xposat (X ray polarimeter) 2020 5yr mission study polarization. RISAT 2B aboard PSLV C 46 556 km orbit 37 deg inclination, synthetic aperture radar all weather, 4th sat category, agriculture military disaster mgt use land mapping etc, radial rib antenna Risat 2B1 aboard C 48 radar imaging earth observation satellite similar to RISAT 2B 5 yr mission life. RISAT was 1st deployed on 2009 uses synthetic aperture radar for all weather mil surveillance. RISAT 2X band prioritised over Risat 1 - C Band SAR due to Mumbai attack IN Space Station 5 7 yrs after Gaganyaan, 20 tonnes small, 400 km above, prolonged exploration space requires perm station, ISS retire 2025 : NASA ESA JAXA Roscosmos CSA, 250 miles finished 2011, 6 astronauts + visitors, research study microgravity, help explore other world, 9th space station, 2 sections RUS and US Chandrayaan 2 15 July GSLV MKIII, Orbiter-Lander(Vikram)-Rover(Pragyan), Rover study composition surface mineralogical + elemental studies detected charged particles while passing through 'geotail' region of interaction b/w Sun's solar winds and Earth magnetosphere Space Situational Awareness Control Centre(SSACC) by ISRO : for protecting high valued space assets from debris, collisions, inactive sats
Human spaceflight program : Gaganyaan planned on 2022. Need : Boost industries, employment, tech dev, spur research and dev, motivation, prestige. #scheme ISRO developing LOx methane engine, methane can be synthesised in space with water and CO2 is seen as fuel of the future
Project Netra to track space debris by setting can track objects 10cm - 3400 km in size. Total 7500 ton space garbage focus on Geostationary Orbit 36000km where India has 15 communication satellites #scheme PSLV C47 is the XL configuration has 6 solid strap on boosters launched the Cartosat 3 earth imaging sat resolution of 0.25 mtr used for weather mapping and cartography - urban planning, infra dev coastal land use etc. PSLV launches to low earth orbit . At 36000 km called the high earth orbit the sat orbits in sync w/ earth's rotation is stationary in one latitude called geosynchronous. Indian Data Relay Satellite System IDRSS for space to space tracking and communication among satellites, it will concentrate on low eath orbit sats. IDRSS sats will be launched aboard GSLV will be 2000kg class in geostationary orbits. GSAT 30 was launched will replace INSAT 4A works on both Ku Band and C band frequencies will provide DTH, Very small aperture terminals for ATMs, stock exchange etc. 2019-05-01 17:52:13
US puts IN (25yrs) 'Priority Watch List' 'Watchlist' little improvement IP framework, topped CN. Reasons IN : difficult maintain patent eg pharma coys, patentability exception again pharma coys, ineffective sys protect unfair commercial use agri chem products #report GI Tag : given agricultural manufactured natural product from a definite geographical area, element of IPR per Paris Convention, GI governed by WTO TRIPS + IN GI of Goods act '99 GI tag to Odisha Rasagola 2nd after Kandhmal Haldi
Patent prosecution highway program by Indian Patent Office IPO; accelerated patent prosecution procedures by sharing info b/w patent offices #scheme Patents come under DPIIT, Mo Commerce.
Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property - multilateral treaty administered by the WIPO it protects armorial bearings, flags and other state symbols #important
2020-10-22 07:50:03
#todo 2019-05-26 10:31:31IN data localisation norm : process data (legislative purpose, issue licenses, prevent law order breakdown, if mandated by other laws) Help : law order, socio-economic growth, boost start up
Srikrishna #committee : cannot depend US other, sea optic network breakdown. Recom : - at least 1 copy stored IN, - prevent foreign survey IN data. - Per RBI data localisation for payment sys is mandatory. - Same views can be seen manifesting in Draft personal data protectn bill 2018 & e commerce policy : cross border sharing.Challenges: overlook negative aspect of localization, short sighted, might not help e-com growth, may spur retaliatory measure, rise in price of foreign cloud services impact MSMEs, detrimental global economy, infra IN insufficient Need: integrated long term strat, create opportunity local data centres, regulatory + legislative framework, Infra investment, attention IT BPO sector. CA,AU,CN,VN w IN, BR JA SKR NZ making laws, US EU say hamper free trade harmful coys bcz multiple compliance. Alter : Law agencies illegally use data, against Article 21(Puttaswami v Union IN) privacy right, citizen right uphold.
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#todo Pharma Sector in India India is the largest provider of generic drugs globally. 50% of global demands of vaiicne, 40% generic demand in US and 25% of all medicine in UK come from India. 80% of all drugs to treat AIDS are supplied by Indian firms. 3rd largest in terms of volume and 13th in terms of value. Challenges : Highly dependent on China for APIs ie almost 70%. Fakes of high value brands. India is trying to concentrate on bulk drugs to dec cost of APIs.
#todo 2019-05-08 15:01:10 Jellyfish stings anti venom made by Gene edition using CRISPR Cas9 called Cyclodextrin. Genes contain bio-information. CRISPR Cas9 (enzyme) : Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, makes gene editing faster simpler. Targeting specific DNA stretches, corrects gene defects, Cas9 protein removes the effected strand(Stretch), DNA automatically heals, Ethical concerns, no global protocol, scrutiny required China used cure HIV in embryos removing CCR5 gene but ethically CRISPR (clinically untested procedure) not used clinical embreyos, only against disease which have no treatment(HIV supressed by drugs), CCR5 helps in prevent lung infections/pneumonia, CN wants draft regulation against reproductive uses technique AMR ex. Staphylococcus Aureus resistant to Methicillin, UN Ad Hoc group issues warning : increase in death upto 10 million by 2050 and increase in poverty, could lead to 2008 like financial crisis. Caused by incessant use, counterfeit drugs, unclean water, inadequate sewage treatment. Treatment more riskier, costlier, time taking. India : poorly regulated pharma industry, phasing out critical human use antibiotics in animals, multi-stakeholder approach, distributing responsibly, development of new antibodies, improved hygiene, vaccination, wealthier nation help poor ones, strong regulatory mech, R&D. Most misused in dairy sector 2020-10-22 07:51:10
#todo 2019-04-29 14:23:35
#Act PepsiCo sues Gujarat farmers sowing proprietary potato FC5 Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights (PPV&FR) Act 2001, make a system to protect commercial breeders farmers, make available newer plant varieties to farmers, stimulate investment breeding, accelerate agriculture production, protect rights of both breeders and farmers, facilitate seed industry in conformity with Int Union For the Protection of New varieties of Plants UPOV 1978 Breeders' Rights : exclusive rights to produce, sell, market, distribute, import or export the protected variety, can appoint agent/ licensee and may exercise for civil remedy in case of infringement of rights. Researchers' Rights : use any of the registered variety under Act, includes use 1 to develop other variety but repeated use needs prior permission breeder Farmers' Rights: farmer who developed their own variety can register like a breeder -no fee required; can save, use, sow, re-sow, exchange, share, sell, farm produce including protected variety eligible for recognition rewards conservation efforts, compensation provision 2020-10-30 16:55:26Contribution of Indians in S&T, Indigenisation of Tech The increase in life expectancy in the country has led to newer health challenges in the community. What are those challenges and what steps need to be taken to meet them? (देि में आयु संभानवता में आई वृगधि से समाज में नई स्ास्थ्य चुनौनतयाँ खडी हो गई हैं। यह नई चुनौनतयाँ कौन-कौन सी हैं और उनके समाधान हेतु क्ा-क्ा कदम उठाए जाने आवश्यक हैं?) 2022 What is the basic (principle behind vaccine development ? How do vaccines work? What approaches were adopted by the Indian vaccine manufacturers to produce COVID-19 vaccines? (वैसिीन नवकास का आधारभूत ससधिांत क्ा है? वैसिीन कै से काय्भ करते हैं? कोनवड-19 िीको के न ं नमा्भण हेतु भारतीय वैसिीन ननमा्भताओ ने क् ं ा-क्ा पधिनतयाँ अपनाई हैं?) 2022 What is India’s plan to have its own space station and how will it benefit our space programme? (भारत की अपना स्यं का अंनतररक् कें द्र प्ाप्त करने की योजना है और हमारे अंनतररक् काय्भरिम को यह हकस प्कार लाभ पहंचाएगी ?) 2019 How is the government of India protecting traditional knowledge of medicine from patenting by pharmaceutical companies? (भैषजजक कं पननयो के द् ं ारा आयुनवज्ा्भन के पारंपररक ज्ान को पेिेंि कराने से भारत सरकार हकस प्कार रक्ा कर रही है?) 2019 Discuss the work of 'Bose-Einstein Statistics' done by Prof. Satyendra Nath Bose and show how it revolutionized the field of Physics. (प्ो० सत्येन्द्र नाथि बोस द्ारा हकए गए 'बोस-आइन्साइन सांक्ख्की के काय्भ पर चचा्भ कीजजए और दिा्भइए हक इसने हकस प्कार भौनतकी के क्त्र में े रिांनत ला दी थिी।) 2018 India has achieved remarkable successes in unmanned space missions including the Chandrayaan and Mars Orbitter Mission, but has not ventured into manned space mission, both in terms of technology and logistics? Explain critically. (भारत ने चन्द्रयान व मंगल कक्ीय गमिनो सह ं हत मानव-रहहत अंतररक् गमिनों में असाधारण सफलता प्ाप्त की है, लेहकन मानव-सहहत अंतररक् गमिनो में ं प्वेि का साहस नहीं हकया है । मानव-सहहत अंतररक् गमिन लांच करने में प्ौद्योगगकीय व सुप्चालननक सहहत मुख् रुकाविें क्ा हैं ? समालोचनात्मक परीक्ण कीजजए।) 2017 Give an account of the growth and development of nuclear science and technology in India. What is the advantage of fast breeder reactor programme in India? (भारत में नाशभकीय नवज्ान और प्ौद्योगगकी की संवृगधि और नवकास का नववरण प्स्तुत कीजजए । भारत में तीव्र प्जनक ररयेट्र काय्भरिम का क्ा लाभ है ?) 2017 Discuss India's achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology has helped India in its socio-economic development? (अंतररक् नवज्ान और प्ौद्योगगकी के क्त्र में भारत की उपल े त्धियो की च ं चा्भ कीजजए। इस प्ौद्योगगकी का प्योग भारत के सामाजजक-आर्थिक नवकास में हकस प्कार सहायक हआ है?) 2016 Why is nanotechnology one of the key technologies of the 21st century? Describe the salient features of Indian Government's Mission on Nanoscience and Technology and the scope of its application in the development process of the country. (अनतसूक्ष्म प्ौद्योगगकी (नैनोिेक्ोलॉजी) 21वीं िताबी की प्मुख प्ौद्योगगहकयो में से एक ं क्ो है? अ ं नतसूक्ष्म नवज्ान और प्ौद्योगगकी पर भारत सरकार के गमिन की प्मुख नविेषताओ त ं थिा देि के नवकास के प्रिम में इसके प्योग के क्त्र का व े ण्भन कीजजए।) 2016 What do you understand by ‘Standard Positioning Systems’ and ‘Protection Positioning Systems’ in the GPS era? Discuss the advantages India perceives from its ambitious IRNSS programme employing just seven satellites. (जी.पी.एस युग में ‘मानक स्स्नत-ननधा्भरण प्णाललयो’ और ‘पर ं रिुधि स्स्नत-ननधा्भरण प्णाललयो’ से ं आप क्ा समझते हैं? के वल सात उपग्रहो का इ ं स्तेमाल करते हए अपने महत्वाकांक्ी आई.आर.एन.एस.एस. काय्भरिम से भारत हकन लाभो को देखता है, ं इस पर चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2015 Scientific research in Indian universities is declining, because a career in science is not as attractive as our business operations, engineering or administration, and the universities are becoming consumer oriented. Critically comment. (भारतीय नवश्नवद्यालयो में वैज् ं ाननक अनुसं धान का स्तर गगरता जा रहा है, क्ोहक ं नवज्ान में कै ररयर उतना आकष्भक नही है ज ं जतना हक वह कारोबार सं व्यवसाय, इंजीननयरी या प्िासन में है, और नवश्नवद्यालय उपभोतिा-उन्ुखी होते जा रहे हैं। समालोचनात्मक हिप्पणी कीजजए।) 2014 Can overuse and the availability of antibiotics without doctor's prescription, the contributors to the emergence of drug-resistant diseases in India? What are the available mechanisms for monitoring and control? Critically discuss the various issues involved. (क्ा ऐन्टीबायोहिको का अ ं नत-उपयोग और डॉट्री नुसख़े के नबना मुति उपलधिता, भारत में औषसध-प्नतरोधी रोगो के आ ं नवभा्भव के अंिदाता हो सकते हैं? अनुवीक्ण और ननयंत्रण की क्ा हरियानवसधयां उपलधि है? इस सं बं ध में नवशभनन मुद्ो पर समालोचनापू ं व्भक चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2014 ]]>06-gs-3/3.-science-and-technology/3.2-it,-space,-computers,-robotics,-nano-tech,-bio-tech,-ipr.-feb-2020-onwards.html06 GS-3/3. Science and Technology/3.2 IT, Space, Computers, Robotics, Nano-Tech, Bio-Tech, IPR. Feb 2020 Onwards.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#important Extreme weather events becoming more severe and frequent. Edging closer to 1.5 deg warmer world. $ Climate change impact should be understood as impacts on various components of life Ex Impact on Biodiversity and ecosystem (Animals and Plants), Impact on Humans (Health, Economic, Food and Water, Humanitarian crisis).
India ratifies Kigali Amendment
Sujalam Campaign by Mo Jal Shakti #scheme to create more ODF+ villages through community consultation, Baithats, Gram sabha meetings. ODF+ declared when at any point of the day not a single person is found to be defeacating in the open and all community toilets are functional and well maintained. ODF++ faecal/sludge/septage and sewage is safely amanged and treated w/ no discharge in open water bodies in open areas.
Leaded petrol has been eradicated - UNEP. Nelapattu wildlife sanctuary is located near Pulicat Lake. Groundswell report on Climate Change by World bank. Green Bonds : fixed income instrument used to raise money for climate and env projects. It is backed by the issuing entity's balance sheet and have the same credit rating as the issuer. WB is major issuer. Blue Bonds protect ocean and related ecosystem it is a subset of Green bonds. Climate Bonds used for projects focusing on reducing carbon emission. Sea snot is a slimy sludge formed by nutrient rich algae. Marine Env Protection Committee MEPC : Estd by International Maritime Org. IMO to protect and sasfeguard interests of marine ecosys. Flyway is a route regulary used by large number of migrating birds. Total 10 such flyways have been identified. India is part of Central Asian Flyway. UN Water Convention : legally binding instrument and intergovernmental platform to ensure sustainable use of transboundary water resources. Man Animal Conflict : Sonitpur model where WWF trained villagers how to drive elephants away and avoid MAC -> dropping of crop losses. National Board of Wildlife Committee recommendations on MAC : Empower gram panchayats, Utilise coverage under PMFBY for crop compensation, augmenting fodder and water sources, Interdepartmental committees, Early warning system, Toll free hotline. Global Coral Reef Monitoring System : prepares regional periodic assessment report on status of coral reefs. World Lost 14% of Coral Reef; Ocean acidification, warming of oceans, overfishing etc are reasons Loss more apparent on Hard corals; Algal Blooms are a sign of stress on corals. WMO Report on Terrestrial Water Storage : Terrestirial water = Surface+ soil moisture + ice + ground water. Overall TWS loss of 1cm per year. Maximum in Antarctica and Greenland. Outside of them Indian has the highest at 3 cm/per year esp north India.
UNHRC has recongnised right to healthy environment as a universal right. Would fit into constitutions of nations since it is related to Human right; fill gap in international laws; strengthening basis for international enforcement.
Kunming Declaration #imp adopted by UNCBD calling upon to build an Ecological Civilisation. Mainstream biodiveristy protection and recog imp of conservation in public health.
Nations committed to adopt and implement effective post 2020 plan for Cartagena Protocol. 30 by 30 target to give 30% of Earth's land and oceans protected status by 2030.
Production Gap #report by UNEP : said that top fussil fuel producing countries are not prepare to meet Paris Climate Agreements.
WMO #report on CO2 emission. Inc from 2019 to 2020 lower than last yr; Methane, Nitrous oxides. Climate Vulnerability Index CVI released by Council on Energy, Environment and Water CEEW. Per report Assam, AP, Maha, Ktaka and Bihar most vulnerable to extreme climate events ex floods. 463/640 districts vulnerable to extreme weather events.
International Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infra CDRI has launched Infrastructure for Resilient Island States IRIS #scheme that would focus on building capacity, having pilot projects, esp in small island dev states. Global Methane Pledge at CoP26 joint effort by US and EU over 90 mem have signed aims to cut emission by upto 30% by 2030 on 2020 level.
High Ambition Coalition HAC : is an informal group of approximately 61 countries under UNFCCC. Founded by Marshall Islands in 2014 to ensure Paris agreement. HAC for Nature and People : Indian joined the coalition. HAC for nature was initiated at One Planet Summit. Has the 30x30 target that aims to halt loss of species and protect vital ecosystem. Aims to achieve a 30% protection. 2020-04-14 08:08:01
COP 13 on Conservation of Migratory Species CMS of Wild Animals #important
State of India's Birds 2020 #report was presented in CoP 13 on Migratory Species that was held in Gandhinagar in Gujarat. 80% of birds dec in last 5 years most in vultures, eagles, warblers and migrating shore birds, Indian Peafowl, Sparrows etc that adapt have inc . Great Indian Bustard, Asian Elephant and Bengal Florican were included in the Appendix I (threatened with extinction) of UN Convention on Migratory Species. Asian Elephant's IUCN status is Endangered. adopted Gandhinagar Declaration
World Air Quality #Report 2019 was released by IQAir and Greenpeace based on PM2.5 comparisons. Bangladesh most polluted. Ghaziabad was most polluted city.
1000 springs initiative is an online portal on GIS based Spring Atlas by Mo Tribal Affairs to imp access to safe and adequate water for tribal communities, youths will be trained under this. #scheme major reasons for contamination of water in Delhi as per BIS is leaking pipes. Northern European Enclosure Dam (NEED) - proposed to build b/w Scotland and Norway to protect from rising sea levels. 15 countries will be involved in this. Black Carbon is 2nd largest contributor to climate change after CO2 , is short lived - days to weeks. IN is 2nd largest emitter. United for Biodiversity program to raise awareness by European Commission Earth hour is organized by WWF COVID declared a notified disaster to make states eligible for assistance under State Disaster Response Fund SDRF PM National Relief Fund gives relief to families affected by natural disasters, defray medical expenses East Gandak river south Ganga area been found to be Uranium contaminated. Punjab most contaminated 2nd is Raj. Sundarban is 60% of IN mangrove, 27th Ramsar site, UNESCO world heritage site, Fishing cat, Irrawady Dolphin, Critically End Northern River Terrapin in found here
Global Forest Resource Assessment 2020 by FAO, #report every 5 years. Forest area declined, rate of loss also dec Africa largest loss, Asia largest gain, most gain by CN, AUS, IN. World Forest area 4.06 bil hectares, largest were tropical. IN 0.38% net gain, mostly due to Joint Management Forest Program and community managed F areas. Eco-Sensitive area : located within 10km of protected area NP and WS notified by MoEFCC under EPA '86, shock absorbers.
Gadgil #committee defined boundaries of Western Ghats, proposed entire area be designated as Ecologically Sensitive Area ESA, 2200 grids, WG Ecology Authority
Kasturirangan #committee seeks to bring just 37% of WG under ESA. Recom ban on mining, quarrying and sand mining, no new thermal project only new hydro projects, ban new polluting industry, forest diversion allowed Townships were banned only constructions upto 20 ha projects allowed. Styrene gas aka vinyl benzene or Polyvinyl chloride PVC gas used in making polystyrene plastics, fiberglass, rubber, and latex.
Nagar van #scheme - dev 200 urban forests in next 5 yrs under Mo EFCC Ambarnaya River - RUS oil spill affected, Permafrost is ground that remains frozen for 2 or more consecutive years.
Environmental Performance Index EPI 2020 by Yale and Columbia Univs and WEF. IN rank 168 #report Nature Index tracks research articles published in natural science journals by Nature Research. New guidelines for import of exotic species - a/c definition they are under Appendices I,II,III in CITES. Gir Lion census - total Lions are 674, Kuno-Palpur WS identified as relocation of lions
Decarbonizing Transport in Emerging Economies (DTEE) project by NITI Aayog and OECD - low carbon transport system, design emission assessment framework for IN #scheme Ozone pollution : not directly emitted but formed by reaction b/w NOx and other Volatile organic compounds and gases in air chemically react in the presence of sunlight. 6th mass extinction aka anthropocene extMass Extinction is when Earth loses 3/4 of its species in short time, most in tropical regions. It is currently ongoing and since 1500 7.5-13% species have been lost. Tropical regions have shown highest no of declining species. Dehing Patkai Wildlife Sanctuary upgraded to NP status aka Jeypore rainforest also an Elephant reserve, largest lowland rainforest. IN 1st NP was Jim Corbett then called Hailey NP
Voluntary National Review VNR 2020 #report - on adoption and implementation of SDGs.
Gangetic Dolphins in Chambal have decreased to just 68. #important #PrelimsPYQ : Is an indicator species of overall condition of river. Threats include Hunting, over & unsustainable fishing, Deteriorating water quality, Construction of dams, Habitat fragmentation. Schedule I in WPA 1972. Appendex I in CITES, Endangered in IUCN Red list. Fluviate (riverine) and freshwater in nature. Mammal & Cannot breathe in water. Green-Ag project implemented in 5 states MIZ, RAJ, MP, OD, UK. Funded by GEF integrate biodiversity, climate change and sustainable land management Aerial seeding in Aravallis Measure taken to counter pollution in DEL - persuade farmers to Pun, Har to use mechanical alternatives to stubble burning, closure of thermal power stations, industries use piped natural gas, GRAP Lead poisoning 800 mil children have high Pb levels in blood. Caused by : substandard/illegal recycling of batteries, inc in vehicle ownership, Groundwater issues - NGT orders overhaul of extraction for commercial activities. IN ranked 120 in water quality index, 54% of GW level have dec, most GW extracted 25% of world One Sun One World One Grid OSOWOG : sharing solar energy. Benefit : IN would generate 40% power from non-fossil fuel by 2030, lead to reduced project cost, higher efficiencies, inc asset utilisation, more investment. b/w India and UK to tap solar energy brings together ISA of India and UKs green grid initiative. How to protect tigers - role of forest bureaucracy ltd to restricted to wildlife enforcement, merging project tiger w/ other central wildlife conservation scheme, gov monopoly over tiger con be removed Protection of elephants - water source, forest fire mgt, El. proof trenches, hanging fences and rubble walls, chili smoke + playing sound of bees, corridors, Gaj Yatra project for awareness, NGOs like Asian Elephant Alliance, Elephant Family MoForest guidelines to manage Human-Elephant conflict : retain natural habitat, elephant proof trenches in TN, handing fences rubber walls in KTAKA, use chilli smoke, SMS alerts etc Green Term Ahead Market GTAM : in electricity is new model for selling power by renewable dev in open market, bilateral transactions, contracts be segregated into Solar Non Solar RPO, Daily and weekly contracts, price discovery on continuous basis. Benefits : lessen burden on RE rich states, incentivize them, promote RE merchant capacity addition, inc participants, benefit buyers, cater a pan IN market Draft EIA notification 2020 : exemptions to large industries projects from public consultation, does not require publication of information or holding of public consultation, post facto clearance, shortens period of public consultation hearings, reduces time provided for public to submit their response, allow declaration of some areas as economically sensitive Low Ozone over Brahmaputra valley due to construction activities, phyto-sanitary state indicates low impact of organic species on ozone conc Climate Smart Cities Assessment Framework CSCAF by MoHUA inculcate climate sensitive approach, provide clear roadmap to combat CC NPV/Net present value is monetary approximation of value that is lost when piece of forest land is razed Methane Hydrate deposits found in Krishna Godavari Basin
Living Planet #report 2020 by WWF pop of vertebrate species declined by 68%, Wildlife population in freshwater declined, 75% of Earth's ice free land significantly altered IN lost 12% of wild animals, 19% amphibians, 3% birds Land Degradation - reduction or loss of biological or economic productivity Desertification - degradation of land in arid semi-arid dry sub humid areas BEAMS Beach Env Aesthetics Management Services under ICZM to abate pollution, high standards of cleanliness hygiene, promote sustainable dev, conserve coastal ecosys Zombie fire : continues to burn underground reignites on surface after sometime seen in Arctic tundra. Amazon lost 17% of forest due to fire
National Air Quality Index - based in PM 10, PM 2.5, NO2, SO2, CO, O3, NH3, Pb has 6 air qualities dev by CPCB #report Tree transplantation Policy by Delhi Gov
State of Global Air by Health Effects Institute HEI and Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation IHME #report Yellow dust is sand from desert in China and Mongolia IN's IMD launched flash flood guidance for South Asia countries - BAN, BHU, NEP, SL Ammonia acceptable limit is 0.5ppm Cetacean stranding aka beaching of the whales PUSA decomposer mix of 7 fungi to digest cellulose lignin pectin in paddy straw. Govt proposed this as solution to counter stubble burning. Deemed forest : land having characteristic of forest irrespective of ownership Dinoflagellates are unicellular organism which produce light when disturbed by waves causing red or blue tides. Pilibhit Tiger reserve has got 1st international Tiger Reserve TX2 award given by Petersburg tiger summit. Tarballs : light absorbing small carbonaceous particles formed due to burning of biomass IN achieved 21% of emission intensity reduction target to keep NDC.
Voluntary disclosure #scheme for acquiring illegal/exotic animals under Appendices I,II, III of CITES. Firefly Bird diverter for GIB's to avoid power lines in Pokharan Tso Kar wetland added located in Ladakh - saline lake in Changthang region Commission for Air Quality Management CAQM : formed in 2020, permanent statutory body 20 mem, supersede CPCB/SPCB in Delhi, PUN, HAR, UP, RAJ, have penal powers. Chair - Secy/Chief secy
Birds of Sundarban Biosphere reserve #report by ZSI - Masked finfoot, Buffy Fish owl recorded only from here Rare birds viz Goliath Heron, Spoon billed sandpiper only found from here Sigur plateau and Moyar River valley located in Nilgiris Extinction Rebellion - organise for climate and ecological emergency using non-violence and civil disobedience Carbon Watch - app to assess carbon footprint, 1st launched by Chandigarh Caracal included in Critically Endangered Framework for water quality testing by Jal Shakti Ministry - part of Jal Jeevan, NABL to be set in every state, State Gov to include private players, regular inspection mandated results to be fed into Water Quality Info Mgt system
World Air Quality #report - by IQAir based on PM 2.5 data. Delhi worst polluted capital, 22/30 most polluted cities in IN, Major sources of pollution are Transportation, Biomass burning, electricity generation etc, IN 3rd most polluted country
Tiger relocation project - from Kanha and Bhandavgarh to Satkosia 3.2 Ocean Acidification and Ocean Depletion > Biosphere Reserves #scheme
Net Zero aka carbon neutrality where emissions are compensated by absorption and removal of greenhouse gases, does not fit Paris Agreement Could be a distractino from decreasing emissions, force 80% rise in global food prices as more land would be used for planting trees. Chilka has Irrawaddy, Bottle-nose and Humpback dolphins
Indian Rhino Vision IRV : by Forest dept, WWF, Assam; objectve is to inc Rhino pop in Assam #scheme
National Climate Vulnerability Assessment #report by DST identifiies vulnerable areas and its causes it is part of NAPCC. JH, MIZ, OD, CTG, ASM etc most vulnerable; will help reporting NDCs. La Sourfriere volcano erupted in Caribbean. Volcanic aerosols formed when Sulphuric Acid in atmosphere codenses, it inc the reflection of radiation from the Sun back into space, cooling troposhere/lower atmosphere IN-GER agreement for Technical coop to combat Plastic entering Marine env Pyarsol b/w IN-GER to change organic waste into biochar and energy in smart cities
Global Methane Asessment #report by Climate and Clear Air Coalition and UNEP. Human caused CH4 emission has inc, CO2 level dec during Covid 19. Fossil fuels, waste and agriculture sector had most. NITI Aayogs transhipment project at Great Nicobar Islands near Glathaea bay threatens Giant Leatherbacks Eco Bridges : wildlife corridors for crossing through human structures like roads, highways etc made up of native vegetation has a contiguos look with landscape.
Over 100 years of Snow Leopard Research #report by WWF. 70% habitat left unreasearched. Project Snow Leopard and SECURE Himalaya are 2 projects launched by IN to protect it. **Programs to protect Snow Leopard** - Project Snow Leopard by Indian Govt. - Global Snow Leopard and Ecosystme Protection GSLEP program - SECURE Himalaya by GEF and UNDP in 4 states. - Himal Sanrakshak for community volunteering - Bishkek Declaration A-76 worlds largest iceberg broke off Antarctica. Maldhari tribes live in Banni grasslands of Gujarat
National Mission on use of Biomass in Coal based thermal power plants to inc levels of Co-firing. Cofiring is where Biomass substitutes coal etc fossil fuel. #scheme Uranium : also used as shield against radiation due to high density and as counterweights in aircraft and industrial machinery. Found in Dharwar rocks, Singhbhum, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Kullu in HP, AP and Telangana. Global Nitrogen Conference in Germany : Estd 2003 for policy makers to coordinate to manage reactive nitrogen. Methods to contain Oil spill : Containment Booms or floating barriers to restrict spread; Skimmers for physically separating oil various sorbents are used for this; Dispersing agents breaks oil into small drops; Bio-Agents like Alcanivorax bacteria or Methylocell to naturally biodegrade Anti Hail guns throw supersonic waves in the air to prevent formation of hailstorms Sea Snot : slimy layer of grey/green sludge of nutrient loaded algae that deposit along the coast. High Level Dialogue on Desertification, Land Degradation and Drought DLDD with UNCCD
Children and Digital Dumpsites #report by WHO for children working in e-waste dumping sites. Green Hydrogen : H2 produced by electrolysis using renewable energy, has 0 carbon footprint. Vital for IN to meet NDC, can act as energy storage option, used as long distance mobilisation in railways, large ships, buses, trucks etc. NTPC to set up green Hydrogen mobility project in Ladakh GOI announced GH Mission to produce them from renewable sources, Centre of Excellence on Hydrogen CoE-H has been set up to promote R&D, Strategic Clean Energy Partnership SCEP w/ USA. Blue Hydrogen : is when natural gas is plit into H2 and CO2 and the CO2 is captured and then stored. Grey Hydrogen : similar to Blue but CO2 is not captured and is released into atmosphere. Land for Life award by UNCCD.
Antarctic #Treaty : in 1961 by 12 countries for Antarctica to be w/o permanent settlement. HQ in Buenos Aires. Provides for : its peaceful usage, freedom of scientific observation, neutralise territorial sovereignty.
Project BOLD to plant bamboo saplings areas that have drought by KVIC as part of Khadi Bamboo Festival to celebrate Azadi ka amrit mahotsav. Flex Fuel vehicles FFVs : could run on both gasoline and petrol w/ ethanol blends. Reduces pollution, Alternative fuel costs less, will be extension of Ethanol Blended Petrol EBP program. Challenges : Custormer acceptance, Running cost, cost of such engines are more. Fite for 55 prgram by EU to reduce emission by 55% by 2030.
State of Environment #Report 2021 by Centre for Science and Env CSE - Pandemic generation upto 14 yrs will suffer long lasting impact viz underweight, stunting etc, 500mil children forced out of school
State of Worlds land and water resources for food and agriculture #report by FAO. Said that sources of fodder have declined and agricultural land availability has dec. Saraswati originated from Kapal Tirth in Himalayas near Kailash. Satluj, Markanda and Sarsuti were its tributaries. 2019-05-04 01:33:01
National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) by MoEFCC directed by NGT to dec PM 10 PM 2.5 by 20-30% in next 5 yrs, in 102 non-attainment cities, 1st effort for National framework with time bound target - declared by NGT as unconstitutional #scheme WHO says 14/15 most polluted cities in India Stringent implementation of BS-VI norms and adoption of third-party audits for polluting industries with effect 1st April 2020. Armed/Paramilitary forces exempted
Centre of Excellence for Waste Management under PM Science and Technology and Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC). 21 mem body, formulate ST programs, advise in Developing 'Clusters of Excellence' #body India has 75% waste that is recyclable but only 30% is done. lack of (proper guidelines, planning, waste collection, awareness, treatment system)
Namami Gange #scheme implemented by NMCG to integrate previous programs. 8 states, 100% centrally funded. NMCG is implementing arm of National Ganga Council NGC - headed by PM replaced National Ganga River Basin Authority NGRBA has CM of 5 states on board, formed under EPA 1986. NMCG formed 2011 as registered society, 2 tier structure - Governing Council and Exec committee #MainsPYQ UK declares national climate emergency to become carbon neutral by 2030, dec 90% (1990) emission by 2050, prevent temp inc 2C from pre-industrial level (Paris Agreement). Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) - independent intergov body estd 2012 in Panama not under UN but UNEP provides secretariat. Findings : human activities accelerating extinction, 1 million species are threatened, foreign species invasion is affecting natives, altered various ecosystem loss of habitat Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) formal process backed by EPA 1986, assessment released to all stakeholders
Forest Rights #Act 2006 legislation separated forest & its produce and wildlife protection Threat to habitat of Bengal tigers inc level of water, submergence of Sunderbans by 2070 it will go extinct, hunting, illegal trade
UNEP Sand Sustainability #report. Findings : increasing sand consumption, 2nd largest natural resource extracted but least regulated construction of industry, demand met from quarries, Critical in China India Threat : marine ecosystem due to lower groundwater, reduction of sediment deposit rate Herbivores census in Gir forest, every 5 yrs to check available prey for Asiatic Lions. Findings steadily increasing animals like spotted deer - Nilgais - langurs - Chausingha etc Waste Water : 80% wastewater remains untreated, 37% capacity to treat but many facilities do not function on max capacity. By UNWater
National Academy of Sciences USA paper #report . Findings : pollution has dec income, 1mil species have extinction threat, arctic is melting due to resource exploitation there, CO2 is 415ppm the highest ever Fully recyclable plastic poly(diketoenamine) PDK
India Cooling Action Plan ( ICAP ) Aims : Dec cooling demand 20-25%, refrigerant 25-30%, energy 20-40%, training 100k technicians w/ Skills Indian mission by 2037 #scheme . Stubble Burning is a wheat by-product that emits NO2 SO2 CO CO2 Clears field quick, kills weed pests, reduce Nitrogen tie up Need incentivise farmers, deny MSP, Centre intervention, suggest alternative like paddy straw based power plants, incorporate of crop residue in the soil, composting, find industrial use of husks/stubble Plastic production lifecycle leads to 3.8% green-house emission, 61% resin production, throwing incinerated plastic 40% landfill burned China CFC-11(major) illegal release 25%. Montreal Protocol 1987 signatories should phase out CFC etc by 2000. Cheap foam manufacturing -> Ozone depletion (measured in Dobson unit). Coral : polyps colony, class Cnidaria (jellyfish) 28-31 deg sea temp biodiversity hotspot regulate CO2 water climate change inc temp leads Coral Bleaching(not dead recover) : shed symbiotic fungi (zooxanthellae) give yellow red color
5th June World Env day. 2019 theme 'Beat Air pollutn' host - China #important
IN fertiliser industry #report by Green Rating Project - untreated ammonia seeping into groundwater limit is 0.50 ppm in drinking limit but some places it is 93ppm. no regulation for NH3 during production.
State of India's Environment #report by Centre for Science and Environment CSE - Non Profit, estd 1980 given Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace in 2018. Findings : Air Pollution resp for 12.5% of all deaths; India does not track all indicators of SDG; Surface and Groundwater are critically polluted; Farm sector under stress and Rural health infra is ailing; Waste is in becoming un-manageable, smart cities program not being allocated funds, Energy production capacity is low. Forest and Wildlife are endangered. Kelps underground algae in Artic increasing due Climate Change global warming Ways to tackle Eutrophication - waste water treatment; remove NPK from run-off water, remove phosphorus in detergents; improve agri techniques, alternative practice in animal husbandry; Oxygenation of water reduce eutrophication, chemical precipitation Phosphorus from water adding Aluminium salts, iron, calcium carbonate etc Bonn Challenge : to restore 150 mil hectare degraded/deforested land by 2020 launched Germany + IUCN in 2011, 350 mil hectare 2030 endorsed and extended in NY Declaratn, UN Climate Summit in 2014. IN joined in 2015 Small Islands developing states (SIDS) : may fail achieve SDGs due to inc population & climate change as per UN World pop report because of Climate variability, sea level rise compounds, dec in agri and tourism etc. 1/3rd of their population live in land 5 mt below sea level. Contribute only 1% of greenhouse gas emission but face most of the impact. Global Carbon Project : estd 2011 of Future Earth reports IN CO2 production rapidly increasing (2x global speed) road transport most responsible. 'Blue Flag' certification for beaches is done by FEE (the Foundation for Environmental Education) an NGO of DEN. MoEFCC selected 13 beaches. Most such beaches are in Spain followed by Greece and FR. IN got 8 beaches certified IUCN Red list of threatened species mention 28,338. Finding : rate of extinction inc due to urbanisation, decline in free flowing rivers eg deep sea fishes in Japan
Tiger Estimation #report 2018. Guinness world record for world's largest camera trap wildlife survey. Findings : 2967 Tigers in IN, most in MP>Ktaka>Ukhand, Pench Reserve, best improvement in Sathyamangalam (TN); Efforts: Mstripes is monitoring system by NTCA, Global Tiger Initiative by WB, Project Tiger 1973 IN, St Petersberg tiger summit - TX2 slogan Global Tiger Initiative has 2 arms Global Tiger Forum and Global Snow Leopard Ecosys Global Coalition to Protect Pollinators: Initiative taken by NER, at CoP convention of Biological Diversity in MEX; pollinators are threatened w global extinction per (IUCN) Red List Green Bonus, Separate ministry demands by IHR. "Mussoorie resolution" passed to conserve region; Payment for ecosystems services (PES) - distribution of incentive fund b/w the Union and state, 14th commission included forest cover as a determining factor in a state's share 7.5% weight to forest cover. NOT INCLUDED IN 15FC. Env and Social Mgt Framework ESMF : WB-funded project to assess coastal dev projects what guideline to adopt, minimise impacts, compensate for loss of livelihood, adopt higher work safety standard, etc. CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered species) IN proposed listing species eg small clawed and smooth coated otters, Indian star tortoise are included now in App I Samagra Shiksha Jal Suraksha: by Mo HRD for school students to save one litre of water per day Frequent Droughts and Flood cycles: in Maha, Guj, Raj, the NE States, Karnataka, the Konkan coast Madhav Gadgil Report, Kasturirangan Committee, Sendai Framework reports are imp in this context Global Assessment of Forest Biodiversity by WWF: based on the Forest Specialist Index tracks wildlife that lives only in forests. Key findings: 53% decline in number of forest wildlife pop less among birds. Single Use Plastics: remove by 2022, from 2nd Oct it is banned. But waste plastic from packaging remains unaddressed. India is the largest emitter of SO2 15% of world emission per NGO Greenpeace due to coal based electricity production.
WB #report on Water Pollution - Concerns : stalling economic growth, worsening health conditions, reducing food production, poverty. Biological Oxygen Demand inc GDP growth in downstream regions dec by 0.83%, N2 is key contributor, affects Brain dev in Children. Fly ash : converted into waterproofing material, major source of PM 2.5, contains heavy metals, 100x more radioactive than nuke wastes, causes water pollution. Used in mfd of Portland Cement, bricks/blocks/tiles manufacturing, road embankment.
Composite Water Mgt Index (CWMI) by NITI: Guj is ranked one AP, MP, Goa, K.taka and TN. #report Amazon Rainforest deforestation and forest fires are directly related. Shrunk by 1,345 sq km;
Compensatory Afforestation Fund CAF and Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA) made by SC under the CAF Act 2016 to compensate the loss of forest area and to maintain the sustainability, establishes National and State Fund, 90% to State. #body
#Report on Global illegal trade in Tigers by TRAFFIC NGO + WWF + IUCN from 2000-18, 2359 tigers seized most from IN then CN then INDO, were traded for skins, bones, claws and teeth.
IPCC report 45% dec in carbon emission from 2010 level by 2030. Disproportionate price being paid by Global south w/ lesser per capita carbon emission #report #important
JET (Just energy transition) will help resource poor developing countries to make the transition w/o worrying about finances, richer countries should support by changing their energy infra spend 1.5% of GDP, Global Carbon Tax
Expanding plantation of exotic species in Western Ghats can wipe out Shola Vegetation
Emission Trading #Scheme (ETS) by GUJ gov to reduce pollution load at the same time bring the cost down for Industry puts a cap on total emission load. Black carbon particle due to incomplete combustion found to affect unborn baby, inhalation of it gets transferred from mothers lungs to the placenta of baby can cause miscarriages, premature birth, low birth weight etc.
US Agency for International Development (USAID) and MoEF&CC launched ForestPLUS 2.0 to bolster ecosystem mgt #scheme
IPCC - 'Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate'. Key findings : rate of ocean heating more than doubled, marine heatwaves more frequent oceans have taken more than 90% of excess climatic heat. IPCC Working Group III is meeting in IN hosted by MoEFCC to examine links b/w consumption behaviour and greenhouse gas emission.
Deep Carbon Observatory (DCO) #report on mass release of Carbon/CO2 emission from past extinction events. Findings : 1% carbon is above surface, rest trapped in planets crust and mantle, human emission 100x more than volcanoes i.e. 10 giga tons Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) Expedition under International Arctic Science Committee (IASC), aim to improve weather forecasting. Global warming rates in Arctic is 2x normal rates CSIR develops green crackers, have reduced emissions and decibel levels due to production of water molecules will also be cheaper MoES (Earth Sciences) launched Air Quality Early Warning System can predict places likely to see stubble burning, uses data of past 15 years from C-DAC creates a probability map GRAP : prevent worsening of air quality of DEL-NCR, fixes accountability and deadlines, co-ordination among agencies has gone up, prepared by EPCA Hindu Kush called third pole : rich in socioeconomic and cultural diversity, has 4 global biodiversity hotspot, largest reserve of ice outside of polar region, source of 10 major Asian rivers Green Wall in NW IN, 1,400km long and 5km wide green belt from Gujarat to the Delhi-Haryana will check eastward expansion of Thar in sync w/ IN goal to restore 26 mil hectare land Odd-Even was 1st implemented in Beijing before 2008 Olympics later became permanent. SC expanded the definition of forest to include lands that were already notified by the centre as well as the dictionary definition - allowed states to evolve their own criteria and define lands as forest.
Global Mobility #Report released by [Sustainable Mobility for All(SuM4All) initiative]{.ul}. no country on track to achieve towards SDG, higher burden on developing countries.
UNEP states adopted the Colombo Declaration for tackling global nitrogen challenge - to halve N2 waste by 2030. N2 runoffs lead to water pollution, cause acid rain, etc. #Treaty #important Wasteland Atlas 5th edition by Mo Rural Dev; Findings : 16.96% of area is wasteland in 2016 dec from 17.21% in 2009.
2019 Brown to Green #Report by Climate Transparency partnership : review of G20 countries climate performance; Findings : carbon emissions rising, none would achieve their emission target per Paris Agreement. IN has most ambitious NDC (Nationally determined contributor), investing most in renewables, progressive policy Dal lake area to be declared Eco sensitive zone
Jal Jeevan Mission #scheme Mo Water Resources in southern states, provide piped water to all rural and urban household by 2024. IN has only 4% of global freshwater. Looks to create a jan andolan for water based on a community approach.
Water Quality #Report Delhi did not meet requirements MUM met all for tap water. New Water Policy 2012 currently in force, concept of an integrated water resources mgt approach took river basin/sub basin as unit for planning. Proposed min water levels to be maintained in Ganga.
Lance #Report 'Countdown on Health and Climate Change' demonstrates what action needed to meet Paris agreement. Findings : infants will bear greatest burden of malnutrition, rise in infectious diseases eg Cholera, IN particularly at risk : need 7.4% year on year cut in CO2 emission till 2020. Climate Protection Act by Germany. Features : price on Cemission in transport and heating sector, emission targets in every sector, coys marketing non renewables need to obtain pollution rights birds deaths in Sambar Lake was caused due to climate Avian Neuromuscular Botulism Ken-Betwa interlinking project KBLP involves deforestation of portion of Panna tiger reserve to irrigate Bundelkhand region, 1st such project of country. Project under National Perspective Plan for interlinking of rivers prepared in 1980. Immensely benefit water starved regions of Bundelkhand in UP, MP. SPV called KBLP Authority be created for construction of dams ex Daudhan Dam, canals etc. National Interlinking of Rivers Authority NIRA be created for planning, investigation, financing, implementation of interlinking projects w/ powers to set up SPVs. May lead to dec in pop of tigers, chital, sambar, blue bull etc. Daudan dam is to be constructed on the canal.

UNEP flagship Emission Gap #Report : diff b/w the wanted level of emission w/ the projected level of emission. Report measures emissions, commitments of countries, pace at which emission must be reduced. Findings : world will fail to reach 1.5 C goal of Paris agreement global temp will rise to 3.2 C IN is 4th largest GHG emitter will achieve its self-declared climate goals Need : Inc funding to NRs, decarbonisation, acces to electricity req EU has become 1st multilateral bloc to declare climate emergency symbolic move. Torrefaction tech thermal process used to produce high grade solid biofuels from various strams of woody biomass/ agro residues to reduce stubble burning . Extra Neutral Alcohol is by product of the sugar industry it is primary raw material for alocholic beverages, is colourless, neutral smell. World Soil Day on 5th Dec by FAO. Need to protect: holds 3x times Cvis a vis atmosphere, 815 mil people are food insecure, 33% of soils already degraded
Global Climate Risk Index 2020 by Germanwatch HQ Berlin #report . IN specific findings : 5th most vulnerable country to CC, worsened from 2017 mainly due to severe rainfall and heavy flooding. recorded highest no of fatalities due to climate change and 2nd highest monetary loss, JP is worst hit. Adaptation fund : estd by Kyoto Protocol of the UNFCCC it finances projects that help vulnerable comm in developing countries adapt to climate change.
Climate Change Performance Index CCPI 2019 by Germanwatch. IN ranked 9th based on GHG emission, RE, Energy use, Climate policy #report . India specific finding : gov yet to form a policy to reduce subsidy to fossil fuels, more stringent laws/ amendments should be made US replace KSA as worst, majority countries show decline in emissions IUCN adds 1840 new species to it Red list of Threatened species. 5 Quantitative criteria to assess extinction risk : rate of pop decline, geographic range, small pop size, restricted living area, probability of extinction.
Central Water Commission CWC #report on heavy metals contaminating IN rivers. Findings : 2/3rd of water quality stations are contaminated, Iron most common, Arsenic and Zn, Ni, Pb, Cr. Contamination depends on season during monsoon. Sources of pollution are mining, milling, plating, surface finishing industries Sustainable dev cell by Mo Coal to promote env sustainable coal mining, advise, mentor and plan mitigation measures to max utilisation of available resources. Project Dolphin similar to P Tiger; Dolphins included in Schedule 1 of WPA and categorise Endangered by IUCN, only live in freshwater are blind and fish using ultrasound. European Green Deal wants Climate neutrality by 2050 law binding on all mem for zero net emissions. EU committed 40% reduction in emission by 2030 on 1990 levels now promising 50-55%. Miyawaki method involves planting saplings in small areas it makes them compete for resources and grow 10x faster.
Green Credit #Scheme : allows forest to be traded as a commodity. Now the Forest Dept can outsource its responsibilities of reforesting to NGOs. Exhaust scrubbers are used in Ships as a method to scrub out sulphur emitted from exhausts, open loop scrubber produces acid as by-product which is discarded in the ocean. International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) was adopted by Int Maritime Organisation aims to minimize accidental and routine pollution from ships. Ranking of states was done by Mo Jal Shakti under the National Hydrology Project. Gujarat topped and Delhi was among the worst performing ones.
Carbon Disclosure Project India annual #report by NPO Global Reporting Initiative examines carbon reduction activities of coys. IN among top 5 global to adopt science based target initiative, more coys now reporting RE targets India has achieved complete phasing out of HCFC 141b used as blowing agent in foam mfg, gases or liquids at room temp, do not dissolve in water but dissolve in organic solvents, 2nd most after CFC Biorocks : steel structures are submerged into ocean and electricity is passed the minerals dissolved in sea accumulate to form Biorocks, used for restoring coral reefs, being done in Gulf of Kutch African Cheetah is now being reintroduced in India Nauradehi in MP Montreux record - Keoladeo NP in Raj and Loktak Lake MAN are currently in it. Chilka was there but was removed.
State of Forest #Report 2021 : Forest cover grew AP growth was max. Total forest and tree cover is 24.62% or 80.9 mil hectares. Above Ground Biomass has been estimated using L band SAR. Mapping of Climate Change Hotspots in Indian Forests 2019-05-15 18:34:01
World Migratory Bird day WMBD : 11 may, started 2006 organised by Convention of Migratory Species(CMS) aka Bonn convention under UNEP #important CMS COP12 Manila : innovative partnership increase awareness, CMS global platform, conservation all migratory species one of its kind CMS only global and UN based intergov organisation that deals with migratory birds
UN Env. I Wildlife crime control bureau (WCCB) launch "Not all birds migrate by choice" campaign, awareness public support prevent smuggle illegal trade, Tiger pangolin 1st stage animWCCB statutory under [[Mo-EFCC][Acts and Policies#WPA 1972 -]] Section 38, collect intelligence enforce law apprehend criminal, crime data bank, coordinate/assist other/foreign agencies, capacity building prosecution, advise Gov. 2019-04-28 06:39:49
IN chose Co Chair yr 2020 in Geneva Swiz 6th session member since 2015, reduce vulnerability to natural disasters, funding by WB, implement 00 Disaster and DM > Sendai Framework for DRR Role : provide tech assistance, funding, integrate risk reduction method to development, capacity building.
Sendai framework 2015-2030 : adopted on 3rd UN World Conference on Dis Risk Reduction Sendai Japan, 7 targets 4 priorities, voluntary non-binding, resilience of nations,Hyogo Framework 4th World Reconstruction Conference held in conjunction with GFDRR, "Inclusion of resilient recovery", platform to collect assess share experience, resilient recovery fosters social inclusion equality dignity diversity no one is left out, Needed to meet SDG. Cyclone Vayu severe cyclonic storm Arabian Sea (only 14% cyclonic & 23% super cyclonic storms IN), Gujarat sparsely populated impact thus less. First Resilient Kerala Program, loan WB $250mil against natural disasters, focus strengthening institutional + financial capacity protect assets +livelihood. Need : 2018 flood 1/6th pop affected.
International Charter space and major disasters (2000): non-binding charter, transmission of charitable and humanitarian related data, joining on voluntary basis; Need : fast rescue during emergency, damage mapping offer objective tool to aid disaster mgt #Treaty
Dams 3. Volcano, Floods > Floods situation in Maha and Ktaka. Poor mgt. of dam water. Problems w/ IN dams: old, structural deterioration, differential settlement of foundation, clog of filters, increase of uplift pressures, reduction in freeboard, cracks in core, loss of bond b/w concrete structure and embankment, reduction in slope stability erosion of earthen slopes, coordination at state and inter-state level body to oversee coordination launched by PM during UN Climate Summit in NYUS knowledge is generated and exchanged, assist countries to upgrade their capacities and practices benefit all sections of society and areas with high disaster risk eg IHR, would address concerns that are common to developing and developed countries, small and large economies
National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) #body organised one day National workshop on Post Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA). National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP); PDNA was dev by UN, WB, EU to assess full impact of a disaster, define the needs, looks ahead to restore damaged infra, houses, livelihoods etc. To meet challenge of climate change pan IN climate vulnerability map is being dev by DST and Swiss agency as part of the National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE) and National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change (NMSKCC)
NDRF under Sec 46 of Disaster Mgt Act 2005 managed by Centre to supplement State DRFs for funding emergency response, relief and rehab. Financed through cess, excise and customs. National Calamity Contingency Duty is levied additionally, people can also give, under the Public Accounts under Reserve funds not bearing interest International day for disaster reduction on Oct 13 in 1989 objective is to raise awareness
'Red Atlas Action Plan Map' atlas made by Mo-Earth-Science to aid gov on mitigation, preparedness, operations and mgt aspects
'Coastal Flood Warning System App (CFLOWS-Chennai)' #scheme for flood mitigation in Chennai by NIOT coastal flood warning integrated system, GIS based decision support sys, hosted and operated by National Centre for coastal Research can simulate and predict what will happen in an area.
Shanghai-Cooperation-Organization(SCO) Joint Exercise (SCOJtEx)-2019 is to improve disaster response mechanism.
Disaster Mgt #Act 2005 : estd NDMA, National Executive Comm NEC to assist National Authority, Central Gov can issue any direction to any authority anywhere irrespective of any law in force including overriding powers to assist in DM, PM exercises all powers with regards to this, subordinate authorities have to follow the directives
2. Tsunami ready - community performance based program by Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission IOC - UNESCO to imp coastal community preparedness, min loss of life and property. Force Majeure Clause : parties can break from their obligation temporarily or permanently w/o necessary breaching contract during crisis ex war, natural calamity, act of god etc NH3 leak interacts w/ moisture in body used in fertiliser and formaldehyde mfd Glacial Lake Outburst flood GLOF caused when dam holding glacial lake bursts, sudden release of water, inc downstream discharge of rivers. Causes - erosion, water pressure build up, avalanche, earthquake etc
FSI #report on Forest Fires highest in Odisha, collection of Mahua, Kendu leaves, shifting cultivation and grazing major reasons National Action Plan on Forest Fire : minimise forest fire by enabling, empowering and incentivising forest fringe communities. Forest Fire Prevention and Mgt scheme FPM : Centrally sponsored prgm to assist states 2020-10-22 08:02:332019-11-03 15:10:54 Most Thermal power plants in IN in water scarce areas ; consume huge amt water causing disruption, central electricity authority asked TTPs to show metered and un metered usage; RTI show only 51% of TTPs meet criteria; Need : self-disclosure should be made mandatory, data should be place in public domain make it transparent, 3rd party evaluation should be made compulsory, these rules should be made enforceable; No specific penalty for specific offences only blanket punishment 2019-06-01 11:44:16Renewable/Solar: next 4yrs $80bil investment in RE , 4th EY's RE attractive index say that IN get sunlight all yr, 175 RE capacity (100 solar + 60 wind + 10 biomass+ 5 small hydro) + 50 large hydro = 225GW, wind and solar energy suffer lack policy & implementation, 2019-20 cut solar target 23% India has one of the fastest growing Renewable Energy capacity in the world. COP-21 in Paris Agreement India said that it'll achieve 40% of power generation capacity from non fossil fuels. Target of 450 GW Renewable by 2030. Prob : Land aquisition, slowdown eco growth low adoption of solar power agri pump(KUSUM scheme) lack long term vision, import tariff 25% solar cells module/safeguard duty + GST & IGST (pre GST no tax) inc capital cost solar prjcts, decrease tariff main pt of gov but not pass to consumer, Wind Guj gov indifference export.
#scheme 2020-06-11 19:24:53 centrally sponsored umbrella scheme that consists of Project Tiger, Development of Wildlife Habitats and Project Elephant would also address the Man-Animal conflict and benefit communities to relocate from core protected areas implementation by states in designated Tiger Reserves, Protected Areas and Elephant Reserves Species Recovery program is one of its 3 parts along with Support to Protected Areas except for those under Project Tiger and Protection of Wildlife Outside Protected Area program. by Mo EFCC was launched in line with the Skill India programme for skilling in environment and forest sector. to help in attainment of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), SDGs, National Biodiversity Targets (NBTs) and Waste Management Rules (2016). aims to train over 5.5 lakh workers Botanical Survey of India and Zoological Survey of India were the nodal Centres employment in zoos/wildlife sanctuaries/national parks etc implemented by utilising the network and expertise of ENVIS hubs established by the Government of India as a plan programm in 1982. on providing environmental information to decision makers, policy makers etc large number of nodes, known as ENVIS Centres, have been established has been designated as the National Focal Point for INFOTERRA which is a global environmental information network of the UNEP was started to create a young pool of trained environmental managers, ecologists and socio-economists. help generate information on various aspects of Himalayan environment. financial support will be provided under the National Mission on Himalayan Studies (NMHS) Fellowships will be awarded for a maximum period of 3 years Areas that are being focused are Water resource management, Hydropower development, assessment and prediction of water induced hazards, ecotourism etc outlines measures on climate change related adaptation and mitigation it pulls together existing gov national plans on water, renewable energy etc. Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change in charge of overall implementation Eight core missions include National Solar Mission, National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency, National Mission on Sustainable Habitat, National Water Mission etc aims at enhancing India's diminishing forest cover. increase forest/tree cover to the extent of 5 million hectares (mha) and improve quality on another 5mha To improve/enhance eco-system services like carbon sequestration and storage, hydrological services etc increase forest-based livelihood income of about 3 million households stands for Pro-Active and Responsive facilitation by Interactive and Virtuous Environmental Single-window Hub. online submission, monitoring and management of proposals seeking various types of environment clearances from Central, State and district-level authorities enables project proponents, citizens to view, track and interact with scrutiny officers generates online mail alerts to state functionaries in case of delays
#scheme 2020-06-11 19:16:20 Central Sector Scheme to improve ground water management through community participation in priority areas of 7 states. implemented over a period of 5 years 2020-25 states are Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. promote panchayat led ground water management and behavioural changes two major components : Institutional Strengthening - Capacity Building and Incentive Component for the States. total outlay of Rs 6,000 Crore, 50% shall be in the form of World Bank loan will be given to the states as grants. for rural water supply began in 1972 as Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme was renamed as National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) in 2009. aims to provide Functional Household Tap Connection to every rural household i.e., Har Ghar Nal Se Jal by 2024. Pani Samitis (water committees) comprising villagers will decide what they will pay for the water they consume. emphasize the role of gram panchayat and implemented by the states. Fund sharing is 90 :10 for IHR +NE and 50:50 for other states Following insitutional arrangements have been proposed. National Jal Jeevan Mission at the Central level State Water and Sanitation Mission (SWSM) at State level District Water and Sanitation Mission (DWSM) at district level Village Water Sanitation Committee (VWSC)/ Paani Samiti at village Leve Public Finance Management System (PFMS) should be used for tracking the funds is a time-bound, mission-mode water conservation campaign collaborative effort of various ministries coordinated by Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DDWS). Water conservation and rain water harvesting Renovation of traditional and other water bodies/tanks Reuse of water and recharging of structures. Watershed development Intensive afforestation Jaldoot a travelling exhibition organised for outreach. launched to give loan assistance to the States for almost complete major/medium irrigation projects. share is 2:1 for General Category States and Special Category States, it is 3:1 also be extended to minor surface irrigation projects of special category states It has now been subsumed under PM Krishi Sinchai Yojana consolidate water conservation and management through holistic and integrated approach involving all stakeholders. Under this Model Command Area approach and Jal Gram Yojana were started. 1 village in all 672 states will be selected. consolidates the existing ongoing efforts covers 8 states such as Uttarakhand, U.P, Bihar, W.B, Jharkhand, M.P, Haryana and Delhi involves beautification of river fronts and development of Ghats. programme is 100% centrally funded Interventions include Sustainable Municipal Sewage management Rural sewage mgt Industrial discharge and pollution abatement, River Regulatory Zones on Ganga Banks, Ganga Knowledge Centre, Promotion of Tourism and Shipping in sustainable manner Ganga Vriskharopan Abhiyan was launched in 5 ganga basin states as part of Forest Interventions in Ganga (FIG) component of Namami Gange programme. Clean Ganga Fund has also been established. to assist Urbal Local Bodies for achieving Clean Ganga by sensitzing people. under Mo Water Resources. 80% financial assistance from World Bank and AIIB as loan to improve the safety and operational performance of selected dams.+ 100% food grains and 20% sugar be mandatorily packed in diversified jute bags improve safety and operational performance, DHARMA sys to monitor health of dams, Seismic hazard analysis info sys SHAISYS volunteers from 5 ganga states to support the local level institutions and monitor the quality of the natural resources. Its objectives are create awareness link local communities and their livelihoods link local peoples livelihood and well-being. Organise open-water rafting and kayaking expedition on the Ganga River managing and converting cattle dung and solid waste in farms to compost, biogas and bio-CNG. To increase income and keep village clean through SHGs. 1 village in every district will be selected. is a community owned drinking water programme for sustained piped drinking water supply powered by solar energy. launched in 115 aspirational districts train hundreds of rural technicians for operation and maintenance 90% of the project cost will be taken care by the Government along with Mo Urban Development to achieve universal sanitation coverage. Behaviour change is the primary focus Fund share of 90:10 in NE and special category states and 75:25 in other states. Swachh Manch web platform to bring togther stakeholders, enable uploads of pictorial evidence ODF Plus and ODF Plus Plus Protocol to follow up. for value and quality addition to the ongoing Rural Drinking Water Supply Programme. Involves installation of stand-alone purification system in rural schools. Vaishno Devi judged as Swachh Iconic Place for heritage, spiritual and cultural places.
#scheme 2020-06-11 17:57:28 a direct market intervention scheme of the Do Pharmaceuticals objectives to make quality generic medicines available at affordable prices through Jan Aushadhi Stores/Kendras. Launched by Dept of Pharma, Mo Chemical and Fertilizer. Pharmaceutical & Medical Devices Bureau PMBI is implementing agency. Encourages doctors to prescribe generics, any civil society with 3yrs experience can also open JASs. Bureau of Pharma PSUs of India BPPI is the implementing agency by Mo Chemicals and Fertilizers online redressal of consumers grievances relating to pricing and availability of medicines. National Pharamaceutical pricing authority NPPA will initiate action within 48 hours. Neem Coating of Urea mandatory for all the domestic producers to produce 100% urea as Neem Coated Urea (NCU) causes slow release of N2 resulting in reduced consumption good for env New Urea Policy 2015 Notified by department of fertilisers with objective of maximising indigenous urea production, promoting energy efficiency in Urea production and rationalising subsidy burden on the govt. Applicable to 25 gas based units. From March 2018 new DBT was introduced. Farmer would have to pay the entire cos tof fertiliser upfront and they will get back subsidy amt back from Gov. Retailers have a point of sale machine linked to the e-Urvarak portal anyone buying have to show Aadhar or Kisan Credit Card number. New Investment Policy 2012 Policy on Promotion of City Compost Use of Space Technology in Fertilizer Sector - study done to map Rock phosphate Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) Scheme - since 2010 - annually subsidized Phosphatic & Potassic (P&K) fertilizers, Scheme for Development of Pharmaceutical Industry - assistance to Bulk Drugs, Medical Device Industry, Cluster Development Pharma Tech Upgradation Assistance Scheme, Pharmaceutical Promotion Dev Scheme PPDS NPPA - est in 1997 under Do Pharmaceutical, HQ in Delhi, Fixing/Revising prices of pharma products Drug Prices Control Order DPCO 2013 NLEM Petroleum, Chemicals and Petrochemical Investment Regions (PCPIRs) Central Institute of Plastic Engineering & Technology (CIPET): STAR 2020-10-30 16:53:38Answers and Analysis Discuss in detail the photochemical amog emphasizing its formation, effects and mitigation. Explain the 1999 Gothenburg Protocol. (इसके ननमा्भण, प्भाव और िमन को महत्व देते हए फोिोके गमकल स्ॉग की नवस्तारपूव्भक चचा्भ कीजजए । 1999 के गोथिेनवग्भ प्ोिोकॉल को समझाइए।) 2022 Do you think India will meet 50 percent of its energy needs from renewable energy by 2030 ? Justify your answer. How will the shift of subsidies from fossil fuels to renewables help achieve the above objective? Explain. (क्ा आपके नवचार में भारत अपनी ऊजा्भ आवश्यकता का 50 प्नतित भाग, वष्भ 2030 तक नवीकरणीय ऊजा्भ से प्ाप्त कर लेगा ? अपने उत्र के औचचत्य को ससधि कीजजए। जीवाश् ईंधनो से स ं ल्सिडी हिाकर उसे नवीकरणीय ऊजा्भ स्ोतो में लगाना उप ं यु्भति उद्ेश्य पूर्त में हकस प्कार सहायक होगा? समझाइए।) 2022 Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases which cause global warming, in the light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997. (ग्ोबल वार्मग (वैजश्क तापन) की चचा्भ कीजजए और वैजश्क जलवायु पर इसके प्भावो का उल् ं ेख कीजजए । क्ोिो प्ोिोकॉल, 1997 के आलोक में ग्ोबल वार्मग का कारण बनने वाली ग्रीनहाउस गैसो के स्तर को कम करने के ल ं लए ननयंत्रण उपायो को ं समझाइए।) 2022 Explain the purpose of the Green Grid Initiative launched at world leaders Summit of the COP 26 UN Climate Change Conference in Glassgow in November, 2021. When was this idea first floated in the International Solar Alliance (ISA)? (नवम्र में ग्ासगो में नवश् के नेताओ के शिखर सम् ं ेलन में सी. ओ. पी. 26 सं युति राटिट् जलवायु पररवत्भन सम्लन में, आर े भि की गई हररत गग्रड पहल का प्योजन स्पटि कीजजए। अंतरा्भटिट्ीय सौर गठबं धन (आई एस ए) में यह नवचार पहली बार कब हदया गया थिा?) 2021 Describe the key points of the revised Global Air-Quality Guidelines (AQGs) recently released by the World Health Organisation (WHO). How are these different from its last update in 2005? What changes in India's National Clean Air Programme are required to achieve these revised standards? ( नवश् स्ास्थ्य सं गठन (डब्लू एच ओ) द्ारा हाल ही में जारी हकए गए सं िोसधत वैजश्क वायु गुणवत्ा हदिाननददेिो (ए. क् ं ू. जी.) के मुख् नबदं ओु का व ं ण्भन कीजजए। नवगत 2005 के अध्तन से, ये हकस प्कार शभन्न हैं? इन सं िोसधत मानको को प् ं ाप्त करने की ललए, भारत के राटिट्ीय स्च् वायु काय्भरिम में हकन पररवत्भनो की आवश्यकता है?) ं 2021 Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (सं युति राटिट् जलवायु पररवत्भन फ़े मवक्भ सम्ेलन (यू. एन. एफ. सी. सी. सी.) के सी. ओ. पी. के 26 वें सत्र के प्मुख पररणामो का व ं ण्भन कीजजए । इस सम्ेलन में भारत द्ारा दी गई वचनबधिताएँ क्ा हैं?) 2021 How does the draft Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2020 differ from the existing EIA Notification, 2006? (पया्भवरण प्भाव आकलन (ई.आइ.ए.) असधसूचना, 2020 प्ारूप मौजूदा ई.आइ.ए.असधसूचना, 2006 से कै से शभन्न हैं?) 2020 What are the salient features of the Jal Shakti Abhiyan launches by the Government of India for water conservation and water security? (जल सं रक्ण एवं जल सुरक्ा हेतु भारत सरकार द्ारा प्वर्तत जल िक्ति अशभयान की प्मुख नविेषताएँ क्ा हैं?) 2020 Describe the benefits of deriving electric energy from sunlight in contrast to the conventional energy generation. What are the initiatives offered by our Government for this purpose? (पारम्पररक ऊजा्भ उत्ादन के नवपरीत सूय्भ के प्काि से नवद्युत ऊजा्भ प्ाप्त करने के लाभो का व ं ण्भन कीजजए। इस प्योजनाथि्भ हमारी सरकार द्ारा प्स्तुत पहल क्ा हैं?) 2020 What are the key features of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) initiated by the Government of India? (भारत सरकार द्ारा आरभि हकए गए राटिट्ीय स्च् वायु काय्भरिम (एन.सी.ए.पी.) की प्मुख नविेषताएँ क्ा हैं?) 2020 Define the concept of carrying capacity of an ecosystem as relevant to an environment. Explain how understanding this concept is vital while planning for sustainable development of a region. (पया्भवरण से सम्ं सधत पाररस्स्नतक तंत्र की वहां क्मता की सं कपिना की पररभाषा दीजजए । स्पटि कीजजए की हकसी प्देि के दीघवोपयोगी नवकास (स्टेनेबल डेवलपमेंि) की योजना बनाते समय इस सं कपिना को समझना हकस प्कार महत्वपूण्भ है।) 2019 What are the impediments in disposing the huge quantities of discarded solid wastes which are continuously being generated? How do we remove safely the toxic wastes that have been accumulating in our habitable environment? (ननरंतर उत्न्न हकए जा रहे फें के गए ठोस कचरे की नविाल मात्राओ का न ं नस्तारण करने में क्ा-क्ा बाधाएँ हैं? हम अपने रहने योग्य पररवेि में जमा होते जा रहे जहरीले अपशिटिो को सुर ं शक्त रूप से हकस प्कार हिा सकते हैं?) 2018 What is wetland? Explain the Ramsar concept of 'wise use' in the context of wetland conservation. Cite two examples of Ramsar sites from India. (आद्र्भभूगम क्ा है? आद्र्भभूगम संरक्ण के सं दभ्भ में 'बुगधिमत्ापूण्भ उपयोग की रामसर संकपिना को स्पटि कीजजए। भारत से रामसर स्लो के दो उदाहरणो ं का उ ं धिरण दीजजए।) 2018 How does biodiversity vary in India? How is the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 helpful in conservation of flora and fauna? (भारत में जैव नवनवधता हकस प्कार अलग-अलग पाई जाती है? वनस्पनतजात और प्ाशणजात के सं रक्ण में जैव नवनवधता असधननयम, 2002 हकस प्कार सहायक है?) 2018 ‘Climate Change’ is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change? ('जलवायु पररवत्भन' एक वैजश्क समस्ा है । भारत जलवायु पररवत्भन से हकस प्कार प्भानवत होगा ? जलवायु पररवत्भन के द्ारा भारत के हहमालयी और समुद्रतिीय राज्य हकस प्कार प्भानवत होगे ?) ं 2017 Rehabilitation of human settlements is one of the important environmental impacts which always attracts controversy while planning major projects. Discuss the measures suggested for mitigation of this impact while proposing major developmental projects. (बडी पररयोजनाओ के न ं नयोजन के समय मानव बस्स्तयो का पुन ं वा्भस एक महत्त्वपूण्भ पाररस्स्नतक सं घात है, जजस पर सदैव नववाद होता है। नवकास की बडी पररयोजनाओ के ं प्स्ताव के समय इस सं घात को कम करने के ललए सुझाए गए उपायो पर च ं चा्भ कीजजए। ) 2016 What are the consequences of illegal mining? Discuss the ministry of environment and forests' concept of “GO AND NO GO” zones for coal mining. (अवैध खनन के क्ा पररणाम होते हैं? कोयला खनन क्ेत्र के ललए पया्भवरण एवं वन मं त्रलय के ‘हाँ’ या ‘नही’ की अवधारणा की ं नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013 Give an account of the current status and the targets to be achieved pertaining to renewable energy sources in the country. Discuss in brief the importance of National Programme on Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs). (देि में नवीकरणीय ऊजा्भ के स्ोतो के सं द ं भ्भ में इनकी वत्भमान स्स्नत और प्ाप्त हकए जाने वाले लक्ो का ं नववरण दीजजए। प्काि उत्ज्भक डायोड (एल० ई० डी०) पर राटिट्ीय काय्भरिम के महत्त्व की नववेचना सं क्ेप में कीजजए।) 2016 To what factors can the recent dramatic fall in equipment costs and tariff of solar energy be attributed? What implications does the trend have for the thermal power producers and the related industry? (सौर ऊजा्भ की उपकरण लागतो और ं िैररफ में हाल के नािकीय पतन के क्ा कारक बताए जा सकते हैं? इस प्वृचत् के तापीय नवद्युत उत्ादको और सं बं ं सधत उद्योग के ललए क्ा ननहहताथि्भ हैं?) 2015 Should the pursuit of carbon credit and clean development mechanism set up under UNFCCC be maintained even through there has been a massive slide in the value of carbon credit? Discuss with respect to India's energy needs for economic growth. ( क्ा यू.एन.एफ.सी.सी. के अधीन स्ानपत काब्भन रिे हडि और स्च् नवकास यांगत्रकत्वो का अनुसरण जारी रखा जाना चाह ं हए, यद्यनप काब्भन रिे हडि के मूल में भारी गगरावि आयी है? आर्थिक सं वृगधि के ललए भारत की उजा्भ आवश्यकताओ की दृ ं नटि से चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2014 Environmental impact assessment studies are increasingly undertaken before project is cleared by the government. Discuss the environmental impacts of coal-fired thermal plants located at Pitheads. (सरकार द्ारा हकसी पररयोजना को अनुमनत देने से पूव्भ, असधकाररक पया्भवरणीय प्भाव आकलन अध्यन हकय जा रहे है। कोयला गत्भ- शिखरो पर अवस् ं स्त कोयला-अगग्नत तापीय सं यंत्रो के प ं या्भवरणीय प्भावो पर च ं चा्भ कीजजए।) 2014 Write a note on India’s green energy corridor to alleviate the problems of conventional energy. (परम्परागत ऊजा्भ की कहठनाइयो को कम करने के ल ं लए भारत की ‘हररत ऊजा्भ पट्ी’ पर एक लेख ललखखए।) 2013 Coastal sand mining, whether legal or illegal, poses one of the biggest threats to our environment. Analyse the impact of sand mining along the Indian coasts, citing specific examples. (तिीय बाल खनन, चाहे वह वैध हो या अवैध हो, हमारे पया्भवरण के सामने सबसे बडे खतरो में से एक है । भारतीय त ं िो पर हो रहे बालू खनन के ं प्भाव का, नवशिटि उदाहरणो का हवाला देते ं हए, नवश्ेषण कीजजए।) 2019 Not many years ago, river linking was a concept but it is becoming reality in the country. Discuss the advantages of river linking and its possible impact on the environment. (यह बहत वषमों पहले की बात नही है ज़ब न ं हदयो को जो ं डना एक सं कपिना थिी, परन् अब यह दे ु ि में एक वास्तनवकता बनती जा रही है । नहदयो को जो ं डने से होने वाले लाभो पर एवं प ं या्भवरण पर इसके सं भानवत प्भाव पर चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2017 What do you understand by run of the river hydroelectricity project? How is it different from any other hydroelectricity project? (जल वृनटि पोनषत नदी (Run-of-river) जल नवद्युत पररयोजना से आप क्ा समझते है? यह हकसी अन् जल नवद्युत पररयोजना से हकस प्कार शभन्न होती है?) 2013 The Namami Gange and National mission for clean Ganga (NMCG) programmes and causes of mixed results from the previous schemes. What quantum leaps can help preserve the river Ganga better than incremental inputs? (नामामी गंगे और स्च् गंगा का राटिट्ीय गमिन (एन.एम.सी.जी.) काय्भरिमो पर और इससे ं पूव्भ की योजनाओ से ं गमशरित पररणामो के कारणो ं पर च ं चा्भ कीजजए। गंगा नदी के परररक्ण में कौन-सी प्मात्र छलांगे, रिगमक योगदानो की अपेक् ं ा ज्यादा सहायक हो सकती हैं?) 2015 Enumerate the National Water Policy of India. Taking river Ganges as an example, discuss the strategies which may be adopted for river water pollution control and management. What are the legal provisions for management and handling of hazardous wastes in India? (भारत की राटिट्ीय जल नीनत की पररगणना कीजजए। गंगा नदी का उदाहरण लेते हए, नहदयो के जल ं प्दूषण ननयंत्रण व प्बंधन के ललए अंगीकृ त की जाने वाली रणनीनतयो की ं नववेचना कीजजए। भारत में खतरनाक अपिेषो के ं प्बंधन और संचालन के ललए क्ा वैधाननक प्ावधान है?) 2013
Swacch-Nirmal Tat Abhiyaan by MoEFCC to make beaches clean and create awareness, best 3 beaches will be rewarded #scheme
003 Fiscal System or Public Finance in India↩︎
3.1 Climate Change and Impact on India↩︎
1.8 EIA↩︎ ]]>06-gs-3/4.-environment/4.1-environment,-pollutions,-eia-and-dm-feb-2020-onwards.html06 GS-3/4. Environment/4.1 Environment, Pollutions, EIA and DM Feb 2020 Onwards.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>[1]
Disaster risk is defined as “the potential loss of life, injury, or destroyed or damaged assets which could occur to a system, society or a community in a specific period of time, determined probabilistically as a function of hazard, exposure, vulnerability and capacity.[2] ! Refer Disaster Mgt Notes 11. 2nd ARC - Report 3 Crisis Management2020-11-07 12:43:43 New entry 'Management of Disaster' be included in Concurrent List DM act be amended Categorisation of disasters, function of NDMA should be to recommend policies, SOPs etc Prompt information of concerned authority should be lawful duty of every functionary Create uniform structure at apex level to handle all crises headed by PM at national level, CM at state level etc Stringent punishment for mis-utilization of funds, Mayor assisted by Commissioner of Municipal Corp should be responsible for Crisis Mgt Law should be set up for collection of data, managing flow in rivers and release of water from reservoirs, prevent disasters w/ interstate ramifications Role and responsibility needs to be specifically identified and defined on the lines of Mo Agri NIDM continue as autonomous body, function as an apex insti in disaster mgt DM should be intro as subject in mgt and Public Adm Enunciating a Policy towards Crisis mgt DM should be professionalised Risk Mgt be brought at centre in all mitigation plans Hazard and Vulnerability analysis needs to be done Involve community and local govt Special needs of women, children, elderly and physically challenge be addressed Assessment of Risk Hazard and Vulnerability Analysis Seismic micro-zonation of vulnerable major cities, w/ topmost priority to cities w/ pop of 1 million GIS should be used to integrate spatial data, there should be a common platform for all types of data NSRA, ISRO, NIC, GSI, NIDM should be made into a common platform Detailed vulnerability analysis in all hazard prone areas highlighting the vulnerabilities of diff sections of society and infrastructure Role of media should be there for sensitizing people, generate awareness DM plans need to have 2 components Long term mitigation and Emergency response plan Make DM plans part of Developmental plans Construction of Disaster Resistant Structure - Structural prevention measures as part of long term DM plans Appropriate Zoning Regulation Bylaws should have disaster resistant features Disaster safety guidelines should be widely disseminated Demonstration camps should be made enforcement of building regulation Standards prescribed by BIS for disaster resistant buildings should be available in public domain for free of cost Standards used for making Govt buildings used by public should become integral part of long disaster mgt plans Implementation look like Effective enforcement of laws should be ensured 3rd party audit, periodic inspection of all such places, public education is important Early warning system Responsibility of govt machinery and local bodies to disseminate warning NGOs and community needs to be fully prepared and trained Disseminate warnings to all sections of people Early warning system should be evaluated after each disaster Building community resistance Location specific training programs for community should be executed Crisis mgt awareness needs to be mainstreamed, curriculum should be introduced in school, colleges, universities and professional courses Govt and insurance companies should play a more proactive role Emergency response plans should be up to date and unambigous, SOPs should be developed, precise instructions for DM personnels Unity of Command should be there, procurement and distribution should be done in transparent manner Monitoring and vigilance committee, trauma and counselling should be made an integral part of relief operations Police, Home Guards, firemen etc should be adequately trained in managing crisis areas Home Guards should be given para medical training Setting up of Emergency Operations Centre EOC Relief and Rehabilitation Damage assessment should be carried out by multi-disciplinary team Recovery strategy should be prepared, should include aspects of rehabilitation Min standards of relief, focus on vulnerable population Implementation and rehab efforts and special emphasis on vulnerable section Concurrent audits quick financial audits Risk reduction be incorporated in recovery plans, land use during reconstruction Grievance redressal at local and district Specific vulnerabilities of women needs to be brought out, efforts in making women economically independent Trauma counselling and psychological care National Institute of Draught management should be put in place Livelihood management in extremely draught prone areas Making people pursue their livelihoods compatible with their ecosystem needs to be evolved State Govt needs to rewrite Relief manuals, should be updated once in few years Method and mechanism for declaration of droughts be modified under guidance of NDMA If certain percentage of area normally remains unsown it should be declared drought affected Such estimates be verified with reference to remote sensing data Try to make rivers perennial Rainfed areas authority - national rainfed areas authority immediately constituted Epidemics Comprehensive revised model of legislation should be made Role of District administration finds explicit mention in Public health emergency bill All crisis disaster mgt should include plans for handling possible disruptions in essential services All agencies should have their own internal crisis management plans Regulatory authorities should make SOPs, and Crisis management programs Disaster ManagementAnswers and Analysis Explain the mechanism and occurrence of cloudburst in the context of the Indian subcontinent. Discuss two recent examples. (भारतीय उपमहाद्ीप के सं दभ्भ में बादल फिने की हरियानवसध और घिना को समझाइए । हाल के दो उदाहरणो की च ं चा्भ कीजजए।) 2022 Explain the causes and effects of coastal erosion in India What are the available coastal management techniques for combating the hazard? (भारत में तिीय अपरदन के कारणो एवं ं प्भावो को समझाइए । ं ख़तरे का मुकाबला करने के ललए उपलधि तिीय प्बंधन तकनीकें क्ा है?) 2022 Discuss about the vulnerability of India to earthquake related hazards. Give examples including the salient features of major disasters caused by earthquakes in different parts of India during the last three decades. (भूकम्प संबं सधत संकिो के ल ं लए भारत की भेध्ता की नववेचना कीजजए। नपछले तीन दिको में, भारत के ं नबशभन्न भागो में भूकम्प द् ं ारा उत्न्न बडी आपदाओ के उदाहरण ं प्मुख नविेषताओ के सा ं थि दीजजए।) 2021 Discuss the recent measures initiated in disaster management by the Government of India departing from the earlier reactive approach. (आपदा प्बनन में पूव्भवतथी प्नतहरियात्मक उपागम से हिते हए भारत सरकार द्ारा आरभि हकए गए अशभनूतन उपायो की ं नववेचना कीजजए।) 2020 Disaster preparedness is the first step in any disaster management process. Explain how hazard zonation mapping will help in disaster mitigation in the case of landslides. (हकसी भी आपदा प्बं धन प्रिम में आपदा तैयारी पहला कदम होता है । भुस्खलनो के मामले में, स्प ं टि कीजजए की सं कि अनुक्ेत्र मानचचत्रण हकस प्कार आपदा अपिीकरण में मदद करेगा।) 2019 Vulnerability is an essential element for defining disaster impacts and its threat to people. How and in what ways can vulnerability to disasters be characterized? Discuss different types of vulnerability with reference to disasters. (आपदा प्भावो और लोगो ं के ल ं लए उसके खतरे को पररभानषत करने के भेद्यता एक अत्यावश्यक तत्त्व है । आपदाओ के ं प्नत भेद्यता का हकस प्कार और हकन-हकन तरीको के सा ं थि चररत्र-चचत्रण हकया जा सकता है ? आपदाओ के सं द ं भ्भ में भेद्यता के नवशभन्न प्कारो पर च ं चा्भ कीजजए।) 2019 Describe various measures taken in India for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) before and after signing 'Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030)'. How is this framework different from 'Hyogo Framework for Action, 2005? (भारत में आपदा जोखखम न्ूनीकरण (डी० आर० आर०) के ललए सेंडाई आपदा जोखखम न्ूनीकरण प्ारूप (2015-2030) हस्ताक्ररत करने से पूव्भ एवं उसके पचिात् हकए गए नवशभन्न उपायमों का वण्भन कीजजए। यह प्ारूप 'ह्योगो कार्भवाई प्ारूप, 2005' से हकस प्कार शभन्न है?) 2018 On December 2004, tsumani brought havoc on 14 countries including India. Discuss the factors responsible for occurrence of Tsunami and its effects on life and economy. In the light of guidelines of NDMA (2010) describe the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events. (हदसम्र 2004 को सुनामी भारत सहहत चौदह देिो में तबाही लायी ं थिी । सुनामी के होने के ललए जजम्ेदार कारको पर एवं जीवन ं तथिा अथि्भव्यवस्ा पर पडने वाले उसके प्भावो पर च ं चा्भ कीजजए । एन.डी.एम.ए. के हदिा ननददेिो (2010) के ं प्काि में, इस प्कार की घिनाओ के दौरान ं जोखखम को कम करने की तैयाररयो की ं हरियानवसध का वण्भन कीजजए।) 2017 The frequency of urban floods due to high intensity rainfall is increasing over the years. Discussing the reasons for urban floods. highlight the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events. (कई वषमों से उच्च तीव्रता की वषा्भ के कारण िहरो में बाढ़ की बारम् ं ारता बढ़ रही है। िहरी क्ेत्रो में बाढ़ के ं कारणो पर च ं चा्भ करते हए इस प्कार की घिनाओ के दौरान जोख ं खम कम करने की तैयाररयो की ं हरियानवसध पर प्काि डाललए। ) 2016 With reference to National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) guidelines, discuss the measures to be adopted to mitigate the impact of the recent incidents of cloudbursts in many places of Uttarakhand. (राटिट्ीय आपदा प्बनन प्ासधकरण (एन० डी० एम० ए०) के सुझावो के स ं न्भ्भ में, उत्राखण्ड के अनेको स् ं ानो पर ं हाल ही में बादल फिने की घिनाओ के सं घात को कम करने के ल ं लए अपनाए जाने वाले उपायो पर च ं चा्भ कीजजए।) 2016 The frequency of earthquakes appears to have increased in the Indian subcontinent. However, India’s preparedness for mitigating their impact has significant gaps. Discuss various aspects. (भारतीय उप-महाद्ीप में भूकं पो की आवृ ं चत् बढ़ती हई प्तीत होती है। हफर भी, इनके प्भाव के न्ूनीकरण हेतु भारत की तैयारी (तत्रता) में महत्वपूण्भ कगमयाँ हैं। नवशभन्न पहलुओ की च ं चा्भ कीजजए।) 2015 Drought has been recognised as a disaster in view of its party expense, temporal duration, slow onset and lasting effect on various vulnerable sections. With a focus on the September 2010 guidelines from the National disaster management authority, discuss the mechanism for preparedness to deal with the El Nino and La Nina fallouts in India. (सूखे को उसके स्ाननक नवस्तार, काललक अवसध, मं थिर प्ारभि और कमजोर वगमों पर स्ायी प्भावो की दृ ं नटि से आपदा के रूप में मान्ता दी गई है। राटिट्ीय आपदा प्बं धन प्ासधकरण के ससतंबर 2010 माग्भदिथी ससधिान्ो पर ध् ं ान कें हद्रत करते हए भारत में एल नीनो और ला नीना के सं भानवत दष्प्रु भावो से न ं नपिने के ललए तैयारी की काय्भनवसधयो पर ं चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2014 How important are vulnerability and risk assessment for pre-disaster management. As an administrator ,what are key areas that you would focus in a disaster management? (नवपदा-पूव्भ प्बं धन के ललए सं वेदनिीलता व जोखख़म ननधा्भरण हकतना महत्त्वपूण्भ है? प्िासक के रूप में आप नवपदा प्बं धन प्णाली में हकन मुख् नबन्ओु पर ध् ं ान देंगे?) 2013
https://www.unisdr.org/2004/campaign/booklet-eng/Pagina8ing.pdf↩︎
https://www.un-spider.org/risks-and-disasters/disaster-risk-management↩︎ ]]>06-gs-3/4.-environment/4.2-disaster-management.html06 GS-3/4. Environment/4.2 Disaster Management.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTMo-Home-Affairs. Khalistan supporters in foreign countries, violated visa norms, accused of crimes against children/ indulged in criminal activities. List made to stop them from entering IN. #scheme Brus aka Reang of Tripura are recognised as PVTGs in Mizoram. Targeted ethnically. Bru militancy was reaction against mizo nationlist groups. Hojagiri folk dance, Buisu festival.
New and Emerging Strategic Technologies NEST under MEA will assess foreign policy and international legal implications of emerging tech, will negotiate to safeguard Indian interest at multilateral forums. #body
Mutual Legal Assistance #treaty has been revised : to seek info about email of a person from foreign country it has to be linked to a crime, data must be obtained and processed fairly and lawfully, transferred data shall be kept no longer than required period.
Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) inaugurated set up under the Cyber and Information Security division, identify research problems, prevent misuse of cyber space etc. #body Juice Jacking is a malware carried out through a USB charging cable in public charging spaces.
NCRB has launched 2 online national level services related to Search Missing Persons and Generate Vehicle NOC will be launched by Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems CCTNS in Digital Police Portal. under National e-Governance Plan to digitize data in stations - 2015 Inter Operable Criminal Justice System ICJS was added to the project. SC in Sushila Aggarwal case 2020 has said that Anticipatory Bail connot be limited to a fixed time period and can be moved even before filing of FIR. AB provided under Section 438 of CrPC and only Sessions court and High Court can grant it. SyRI or System Risk Indicator was project by Netherlands to map and store information on people who are most likely to commit fraud and received gov benefit. Clause 6 of Assam accord deals with the protection of Assamese identity of people. EventBot - Trojan
Tour of Duty by Army for Three Years Short Service replace SSC #scheme US State sponsor of terrorism list restrictions are given on foreign assitance, ban on def export etc - SYR, IR, DPRK. Sudan was removed
Mahajan Commission #report - Maha Ktaka border dispute resolution of area surrounding Mysore and Belgaum, not been implemented Frontier Highways project along IN Tibetan border following the McMahon line in Arunachal P Anuradha Bhasin case - SC said internet cannot be suspended indefinitely Biological Weapons and radiological weapons are called as WMD along w/ Nukes and Chemical ones. Hate Speech : per law commission 267 report have potential to provoke individuals and society to commit illegal acts ex lynching, extremism, misinformation
Official Secrets #Act - enacted by Curzon, deals w/ spying/espionage, disclosure of secret info, does not define 'Secret' Greater Tripraland in Tripura by seeking separate state for tribals of Tripura living under Autonomous District Councils, want land from Assam, Mizoram, Bangladesh etc CN launched its digital currency, does not require internet uses Near field Communication Tech NFC National Internet Exchange of India NIXI : NPO under Companies Act for spreading Internet infra through internet exchanges, it runs. IN registry for websites etc Hate Speech : per law commission 267 report have potential to provoke individuals and society to commit illegal acts ex lynching, extremism, misinformation
IT Rules 2021 Guidelines for intermediaries and Digital Media ethics code : #important mandates grievance redressal system for OTTs Chief compliance offier and nodal contact person for significant social media platforms Grievance officer to register within 24 hours and dispose case in 15 days; Removal of sexual explicit content in 24 hours Monthly report on no of complaints and status of redressal Ban in case of non compliance, losing status of intermediaries and become liable for criminal action Concerns : undermines right to privacy, right to anonymity under RTP, breaks end to end encryption, violates the right to freedom of speech and expression 2022 Amendment to IT Rules 2021
Section 79 of IT #Act protects intermediaries from liability for content published on their website. Innovations for defence excellence - Defence Innovation Organisation iDEX-DIO : to achieve self reliance and foster innovation and tech dev in defence and aerospace sector. National Fund to Control Durg Abuse by Mo SJE to carry out deaddiction program under the Narcotic Drugs & Psychotropic Substances Act 1985. World Drug Report 2021 by UNODC - 275 million people used drugs globally.36 mil suffered from drug use disorder. - Rise in Cannabis use India has 3.1 cr cannabis users.Various Progams by Indian govt are - Nasha Mukt Bharat - National Action Plan for Drug Deman reduction NAPDDR - Narco Coordination Centre NCORD 2020-03-07 18:41:42 1st Winter grade diesel outlet was opened for Ladakh.
NIA Amendment #Act 2019 - NIA will investigate terrorism related offences taking place outside India relating to Indian property/citizens of India. Mandate was expanded by including offences like human trafficking, etc #important
Cyber Crime Reporting Portal by Mo-Home-Affairs complaints are accessible to law enforcements irrespective of states/UTs #scheme
BOLD-QIT (Border Electronically Dominated QRT Interception Technique) under Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS) against illegal infiltration in border areas aka Smart Fencing #scheme 2019-04-28 06:39:50
Unlawful Activities Prevention #Act (UAPA), 1967 - against activities directed against integrity sovereignty, secessionist movements criminal, amended 2 times 2008 2012. Both Indians and Foreign Individuals can be charged, death penalty and life imprisonment highest punishment Criticism : vague definition of terrorism covers non-violent political activities, membership of banned org also crime, preventive detention 180day w/o warrant, no bail, authorises special courts. UAPA amendment Act 2019: can designate orgs/individuals as terrorists, detention in apprehension of terrorism; DG NIAs permission required to seize properties; empowers officers of NIA to investigate; insertion of international treaties in the schedule International Convention for Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism (2005) Ban on LTTE retained another 5 yrs, Sikhs for Justice Org banned under UAPA National Democratic Front of Bodoland NDFC as unlawful association under UAPA UAPA Tribunals: review ban imposed by gov, consists of a sitting HC judge to decide if there is sufficient cause to declare as unlawful. Recently Jamaat-e-Islami, J&K was banned which raised concerns against procedural inequality, not given fair trial and no parity b/w states and Orgs/Indviduals, against freedom of speech. Was banned for supporting militancy and extremism and indulging in anti-national/subversive activities. Tribunal confirmed the ban Jamat ul mujahideen BD banned, amended '08 '12,
Round tripping is money that leaves the country through various channels comes back as foreign investment Global Depository Receipts GDRs, Participatory Notes are some ways #important Observation by SC : terrorist act -> should not be used lightly, every criminal cannot be labelled terrorist, cannot be casually applied to cases under IPC. 2020-06-11 19:35:44 Online cybercrime reporting platform One national level cyber forensic laboratory Training of Police officers, judges & prosecutors Cybercrime awareness activities Research & Development Mission Mode Project (MMP) under the National e-Governance Plan of Gov. to enhance efficiency and effectiveness of Police. state-of-the-art tracking system around investigation of crime and detection of criminals. under the aegis of National Defence Fund to encourage higher technical & professional education for the dependent wards & widows of CAPF and Assam Rifles rates of scholarship have been increased from Rs 2,000/month to Rs 2,500 month for boys and from 2,250/month to Rs 3,000/month for girls ambit of the scholarship scheme is extended to the wards of state police officials. Quota of scholarship will be 500 in a year. 2020-10-22 08:04:32 China - supported Nagas, Mizo, Meiti insurgents, training centres in Yunan BAN - Al Qaeda, ISIS, Ansarulla Bangla Team Myanmar - rebels like Kuki Chin group facilitate drug supply in border No direct or indirect link w/ any gov clandestine, fundamentalist ideology, backed by efficient fin network, use of IT, illicit drug trafficking Threat to multi religious, multi ethnic and pluralistic society, Pak supported, nexus w/ Taliban, Jihadi elements Threats : bomb blasts on major establishment, fake currency racket, smuggle weapons, propagate religious hatred, incite regionalism secessionist tendencies 2020-11-07 17:48:11 comprehensive anti-terrorist legislation w/ adequate safeguard prevent misuse Define terrorism more clearly definition should include : Use of firearms, explosives and other legal substances, Assassination, providing material support ex Finances Bail provisions : No bail before public prosecutor presents his case, or before court is satisfied, review comm should review case of all detenus periodically Confession before police made admissible Penalisation of possessing arms in prohibited areas Federal Agency to investigate terrorist offence, CBI should have people of integrity, autonomy and independence of this agency be ensured through a laid down procedure Money Laundering Act be suitably amended to expand list of predicate offences, Fin transaction reporting regime be extended Specialised cell be created in proposed National Counter terrorism centre, for speedy investigation 2020-10-22 08:06:32 Integrate it w/ rest of IN Deal w/ separatist elements w/ heavy hand giving blanket bans Comprehensive economic dev of state Rehabilitate Kashmiri Pandits Keep pressure on PoK, Ask China to withdraw from JK Reasons feeling of neglect, false propaganda, alienation of tribals, changes in demographic pattern, sanctuary from MYA BAN, assistance to rebel groups from these countries, widespread corruption among ruling elite, involvement of foreign intelligence agencies, connivance/helplessness of neighbouring countries Insurgency due to ethnic divide, drug smuggling, extortions, Drug smuggling gun running are rife ULFA, NDFB, UPDS in Assam NLFT in Tripura NSCN I/M, NSCN K in Nagaland Apunba Lup of Meities NORINCO - CN state weapons manufacturing agency has emerged as largest supplier Need : dialogue to be preferred, terms of suspension of operation must be strictly enforced, accountability in utilisation of funds, people of NE be given greater opportunities of cultural interaction ISI, Babbar Khalsa, Khalistan Zindabad Force KZF, Khalistan Tiger Force KTF, International Sikh Youth Federation ISYF genuine attempt to win hears, peace talks Reasons: Inc in pop unemployment in BAN, recurrent natural disasters, better economic opportunities, religious persecution of H, discrimination of Tribals, growing fundamentalism Solution : Accommodation Control - accepting a chunk of illegal migrants, neo classical economics though Greater Border Control - inc deployment of police paramilitary, physical barriers, ID cards be issued Intervention - change economic, political social factors in source countries, It is incitement of hatred against particular group, marginalised people etc. Hate Speech : per law commission 267 report have potential to provoke individuals and society to commit illegal acts ex lynching, extremism, misinformation
Viswanathan #committee also tries to define hate speech racial,class etc stereotypes and stubborn ideological predisposition gives rise to it threatens dignity, inclusiveness of society Amish Devgun case : hate speech was linked to violation of unity and fraternity and breach of human dignity that constitutes essential facet of right to life and liberty. Need ECI must set up ties with tech companies to check such news, posts. Policy framework by govt is needed imposing hefty fine on social media companies if they fail to remove such content 2020-11-07 17:00:03 Long term 10yr, short term 5 yr program on 14 pt strategy Negotiation, inspection, review of organisation performance trained special task force, strengthen local police station, adequately staffed local recruit effective implementation of ST act 2006 multidisciplinary oversight committee may be constituted Nexus b/w illegal mining/forest contractors and transporters be broken to break fin support For implementation of large infra, agencies like BRO in place of contractors may be considered 2020-10-22 08:07:06 Double edged sword used to encourage national cause and also hatred and acrimony Role in Authoritarian system, Libertarian system, Social Responsibility System Unbiased, free from publicity mechanism, educate people, highlight issues, build bond b/w people and gov, ensure working of Gov, preserve pursue national interest Media and National Security : media motivates people, counter hostile propaganda, Free advertisement, conduct focus group research, communication opportunities b/w employees, used by companies for file sharing, private communication, partnership benefits to small enterprises, encourages feedback proposals ideas etc Cyber terrorism, bullying, frauds, can damage critical infra, target fin networks, drug trafficking Threats from - Criminal orgs, National Subversive groups(Marxist Leninist), cracker groups, religious secs, companies, Hacker groups, NPOs, Political parties, Public institutions Instigate riots, negative publicity 2020-10-22 08:13:09 Spread over large area, inc in potential for violence, expansion in NE, Nexus w/ other extremist groups, declared open support to terrorist and secessionist movements in JK, NE AP, BR, JH, CHA, MAHA, OD, WB IEDs, sophisticated weapons, nexus w/ LTTE, NSCN IM, Communist Party of Nepal, CPI M, ULFA, etc development plans be taken, sustained counter insurgency, sincere implementation of socio economic dev scheme, grievance redressal machinery at different levels land alienated from tribals be restored to them Tribal rights over forest must be recognised, better surrender policy Slow democratic processes, land reforms were major breakthrough, state politics differed led to different socio-economic paths for its people Dev of big industries in tribal areas affected tribals, failed to maintain law and order in these areas - made people indifferent Recruitment nowadays is coercive Backward regions grants fund to redress regional imbalance PESA, NREGA, FRA 2006 CobRA, CRPF, Greyhounds, Operation Green Hunt, Salwa Judum peoples hunt by Gondi tribe later made SPOs - oppression by them Chain of command problems, frequent attacks and casualties Against Army involvement because Option of last resort, no lack of physical/manpower support in CRPF etc Army already overstretched AFSPA could be used as counter psy ops for recruitment Islamic State IS attacks becoming frequent In PK BD, despite losing ground IS major threat affiliated groups Boko Haram, IS Nangarhar attack Hazar community recruti members from Khorasan, Afg (aka wilayat). IS view is puritanical Salafist Islamic ideology, IS fighters deserts of Iraq, Syrian pockets, Jordan. War on Terror : Enduring freedom invasion of Afghanistan, 2nd Coalition of the willing ousted Saddam, Libya & Syrian war on terror not successful Unable to oust Taliban, Isis formed and safe haven respectively, getting worse, greater availability small arms war torn areas. Required : intelligence, policing, effective counter terrorism, Chinese re-education camp hard line, comprehensive multidimensional strat required, success failure different approach should be studied, UN role should extensive 2020-10-30 16:57:38Social MediaAnswers and Analysis Naxalism is a social, economic and developmental issue manifesting as a violent internal security threat. In this context, discuss the emerging issues and suggest a multilayered strategy to tackle the menace of Naxalism. (नसिलवाद एक सामाजजक, आर्थिक और नवकासात्मक मुद्ा है जो एक हहसक आ ं न्ररक सुरक्ा ख़तरे के में रूप प्कि होता है । इस सं दभ्भ में उभरते हए मुद्ो की च ं चा्भ कीजजए और नसिलवाद के ख़तरे से ननपिने की बहस्तरीय रणनीनत का सुझाव दीजजए।) 2022 Analyse the multidimensional challenges posed by external state and non-state actors, to the internal security of India. Also discuss measures required to take to be taken to combat the threats. (भारत की आंतररक सुरक्ा के ललए बाह्य राज्यो और ं ग़र-राज्य कारको ै द् ं ारा प्स्तुत बहआयामी चुनौनतयो का ं नवश्ेषण कीजजए । इन संकिों का मुक़ाबला करने के ललए आवश्यक उपायो की भी च ं चा्भ कीजजए।) 2021 Analyse the complexity and intensity of terrorism, its causes, linkages and obnoxious nexus. Also suggest measures required to be taken to eradicate the menace of terrorism. (आतंकवाद की जहिलता और तीव्रता, इसके कारणो, संबंधो ं त ं थिा अनप्य गठजोड का नवश्ेषण कीजजए । आतंकवाद के ख़तरे के अन्ूलन के ललए उठाए जाने वाले उपायों का भी सूजाव दीजजए।) 2021 What are the sound determinants of left-wing extremism in Eastern part of India? What strategy should Government of India, civil administration and security forces adopt to counter the threat in the affected areas? (भारत के पूवथी भाग में वामपंथिी उग्रवाद के ननधा्भरक क्ा हैं? प्भानवत क्ेत्रो में खतरो ं के ं प्नतकाराथि्भ भारत सरकार, नागररक प्िासन एवं सुरक्ा बलो को ं हकस सामररकी को अपनाना चाहहए?) 2020 The banning of ‘Jamaat-e–islaami’ in Jammu and Kashmir brought into focus the role of over ground workers (OGWs) in assisting terrorist organizations. Examine the role played by OGWs in assisting terrorist organizations in insurgency affected areas. Discuss measures to neutralize the influence of OGWs. (जम् और कश् ू ीर में 'जमात-ए-इस्लामी' पर पाबं दी लगाने से आतंकवादी सं गठनो को सहायता पह ं ंचाने में भूगम- उपरर काय्भकता्ओ (ओ. जी. डब ं लू) की भूगमका ध्ान का कें द्र बन गई है । उपप्लव (बगावत) प्भानवत क्ेत्रो में आतंकवादी सं गठनो को सहायता पह ं ंचाने में भूगम-उपरर काय्भकता्भओ द् ं ारा ननभाई जा रही भूगमका का पररक्ण कीजजए । भूगम-उपरर काय्भकता्भओ के ं प्भाव को ननष्प्रभानवत करने के उपायो की च ं चा्भ कीजजए।) 2019 The Indian government has recently strengthened the anti-terrorism laws by amending the unlawful activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), 1967 and the NIA Act. Analyze the changes in the context of prevailing security environment while discussing the scope and reasons for opposing the UAPA by human rights organizations. (भारत सरकार ने हाल ही में नवसधनवरुधि हरियाकलाप (ननवारण) असधननयम (यू. ए. पी. ए), 1967 और एन. आइ. ए. असधननयम के सं िोधन के द्ारा आतंकवाद-रोधी कानूनो को मजबूत कर ं हदया है । मानवसधकार संगठनो द् ं ारा हरियाकलाप (ननवारण) असधननयम का नवरोध करने के नवस्तार और कारणो पर च ं चा्भ करते समय वत्भमान सुरक्ा पररवेि के सं दभ्भ में, पररवत्भनो का ं नवश्ेषण कीजजए।) 2019 Left Wing Extremism (LWE) is showing a downward trend, but still affects many parts of the country. Briefly explain the Government of India's approach to counter the challenges posed by LWE. (बामपंथिी उग्रवाद में अधोमुखी प्वृचत् हदखाई दे रही है, परंतु अभी भी देि के अनेक भाग इससे प्भानवत है। वामपंथिी उग्रवाद द्ारा प्स्तुत चुनौनतयो का ं नवरोध करने के ललए भारत सरकार के दृनटिकोण को संक्प में स्प े टि कीजजए।) 2018 Mob violence is emerging as a serious law and order problem in India. By giving suitable examples, analyze the causes and consequences of such violence. (भारत में भीड हहसा एक ग ं भिीर कानून और व्यवस्ा समस्ा के रूप में उभर रही है। उपयुति उदाहरण देते हये, इस प्कार की हहसा के कारणो ं एवम् पर ं रणामो का ं नवश्ेषण कीजजए।) 2017 The scourge of terrorism is a grave challenge to national security. What solutions do you suggest to curb this growing menace? What are the major sources of terrorist funding? (आतंकवाद की महानवपचत् राटिट्ीय सुरक्ा के ललये एक गभिीर चुनौती है। इस बढ़ते हए संकि का ननयंत्रण करने के ललये आप क्ा-क्ा हल सुझाते हैं ? आतंकी ननधीयन के प्मुख स्ोत क्ा हैं ?) 2017 The north-eastern region of India has been infested with insurgency for a very long time. Analyze the major reasons for the survival of armed insurgency in this region. (भारत का उत्र-पूवथीय प्देि बहत लम् समय से े नवद्रोह-ग्रससत है। इस प्देि में सिस्त नवद्रोह की अनतजीनवता के मुख् कारणो का ं नवश्ेषण कीजजए।) 2017 "Terrorism is emerging as a competitive industry over the last few decades." Analyse the above statement. (“नपछले कुछ दिको से आतंकवाद एक ं प्नतस्पधा्भत्मक उद्योग के रूप में उभर रहा है।" उपयु्भति कथिन का नवश्ेषण कीजजए।) 2016 The persisting drives of the government for development of large industries in backward areas have resulted in isolating the tribal population and the farmers who face multiple displacements with Malkangiri and Naxalbari foci, discuss the corrective strategies needed to win the left wing extremism (LWE) doctrine affected citizens back into the mainstream of social and economic growth. (नपछडे क्ेत्रें में बडे़ उद्योगो का ं नवकास करने के सरकार के लगातार अशभयानो का पर ं रणाम जनजातीय जनता और हकसानो, ज ं जनको अनेक नवस्ापनो का सामना करना प ं डता है, का नवलगन (अलग करना) है। मकिानगगरर और नसिलबाडी पर ध्ान कें हद्रत करते हए, वामपंथिी उग्रवादी नवचारधारा से प्भानवत नागररको को सामाज ं जक और आर्थिक संवृगधि की मुख् धारा में हफर से लाने की सुधारक रणनीनतयो पर च ं चा्भ कीजजए।) 2015 Religious indoctrination via digital media has resulted in Indian youth joining the ISIS. What is ISIS and its mission? How can ISIS be dangerous for the internal security of our country? (हडजजिल मीहडया के माध्म से धार्मक मतारोपण का पररणाम भारतीय युवको को आई.एस.आई.एस. में ं िागमल हो जाना रहा है। आई.एस.आई.एस. क्ा है और उसका ध्य (ल े क्) क्ा है? आई.एस.आई.एस. हमारे देि की आंतररक सुरक्ा के ललए हकस प्कार खतरनाक हो सकता है?) 2015 Article 244 of Indian Constitution relates to Administration of Scheduled areas and tribal areas. Analyze the impact of non-implementation of the provisions of fifth schedule on the growth of Left Wing Extremism. (भारत के सं नवधान की धारा 244 अनुसूचचत व आहदवासी क्ेत्रें के प्िासन से संबं सधत है। उसकी पाँचवी सूची के ं काया्भस्न्वत न करने से वामपंथिी पक् के चरम पंथि पर प्भाव का नवश्ेषण कीजजए।) 2013 ]]>06-gs-3/5.-security/5.1-role-of-external-state-and-non-state-actors-in-creating-challenges-to-internal-security.html06 GS-3/5. Security/5.1 Role of external state and non state actors in creating challenges to Internal Security.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTCyber Terrorism an online extremism summit Paris, 18 countries, against internet abuse. #Treaty
J&K PUBLIC SAFETY #Act (PSA) : preventive detention any person > 16yo w/o trial up to 2yr for acting against state and 1 yr for maintenance of Public order, protection for action taken "in good faith";
National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) project to link social media accounts to database records of immigrants accessible to all authorities for investigation into suspected cases of terrorism #scheme
Global Internet Forum to Tackle Terrorism (GIFCT) : disrupt terrorist activities on digital platforms, independent org estd 2017 #body
Budapest Convention on Cyber security was US led - counter cybercrime through imp national laws, investigative techniques, inc cooperation 64 states have ratified it. IN did not participate as it allows transboundary transfer of data undermining sovereignty #important #Treaty
Armed Forces Special Powers #Act AFSPA 1958 - maintain public order in disturbed area (Section 3 of the act), prohibit gathering of 5 or more, arrest if reasonable suspicion w/o warrant, permission to fire, prosecution of authorised officer requires prior permission. Central Govt or Governor of State or Administrator of UT can declare whole or part of State/UT as disturbed area.
Jeevan Reddy #committee made some recom : AFSPA should be repealed and inserted in UAPA, Unlawful Activities Act should be modified, grievance cell set in AFSPA districts. 2nd ARC also recom repeal. Nagaland was declared disturbed area for 6 more months by Mo Home AFSPA to continue for 6 more months. 5th report of 2nd ARC also made recom for its repeal. - Promulgated by British in response to QIM was retained and notified as act in 1958. - Still in force in Mizoram, Nagaland, Manipur, Assam, JK and parts of Arunachal Pradesh. - Imposed by Centre or Governor of State after being declared as disturbed. - Forces need to warn before firing, suspects apprehended should be handed to police in 24 hours. - AF must act in cooperation with district administration. Gujarat Control on Terrorism and Organised Crime GCTOC - provides admissibility of evidence collected through interception of mobile calls or through confession before police, non-bailable offences, economic offences included, creation of a special court. No Money for terror conference in AUS, org by Fin Intelligence Unit FIUs called The Egmont Group is a world forum to exchange info and combat money laundering. Arunachal Pradesh mulling separate cadre due to cultural and topographical diversity, will help understand pulse of the people.
Detention centres for illegal migrants, 6 detention centres in Assam has capacity of 1000 set up under Foreigners #Act 1946 : states req no specific approval from Center, should be set up outside jail premises. Accord w/ NDBF and ABSU to resolve Bodo issue : Bodo dominated 4 districts will be redrawn be renamed as Bodoland Territorial Area District. Rehab and Cash support. First of such accords was signed in 1993 w/ ABSU, dispute started in 1966-67 against illegal immigration, encroachment etc.
Inner Line Permit(ILP) required for those who reside outside protected state, issues for tourism only. Aim to prevent fake indigenous inhabitant certificates, monitored by Commissioner of Nagaland and nodal officers, will be given unique Id. ILP is an extension of Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation #Act 1873. Protected Area permit is similar to ILP but for non-Indian citizens while visiting NE states. Was made under Foreigners Protected Areas Order 1958. Mo Home Affairs, State Govt and Indian missions abroad can issue them. Restricted Area permit is required for non Indians to vist Andaman Nicobar and parts of Sikkim. Was made under Foreigners Order 1963.
Global #report on Illegal wildlife trade aka Money Laundering and Illegal Wildlife Trade by FATF worth $23 bil/yr, misuse legitimate trade, rely on corruption, fraud etc, role of online marketplaces, payments etc Stalkerware can be installed only when someone has physical access to device BAR O Meters used to record TRP ratings National Cyber Security - Cybercrime cost Rs1.25 trillion loss, cyber threats increasing,
Cyber Volunteer #Scheme - by MHA, will flag unlawful content on Internet I4C program Telecom Licensing Conditions Amended : use product from trusted sources, defence and national security concern before purchase of equipment, permission from authority, National Cyber Security Coordinator for deciding list trusted/non trusted. IT Rules : 3 tier structure to ensure observation of code of ethics by digital media publisher. Rules violate Art 19 Cyber Security Index GCI 2020 by UNITU measures commitment of countries towards cybersecurity. India at 10th topped by US. c0c0n is Kerala police hacking conference report that cybercrime inc 500% during pandemic. 2020-10-22 08:11:20 Radcliff boundary commission, terrain not even, 3326km, highly populated, Nehru Noon Agreement, Indira Mujibur Agreement, Exclaves - enclaves, Problems : Illegal immigration : both push and pull factors total 15 mil Cattle and Other Smuggling Arms, sugar, salt, diesel, human, narcotics trafficking etc ULFA, ATTF, NLFT, NDFB Border Trade, Fencing and Floodlighting, Integrated Check Post, Radcliff line, LoC, Actual Ground Position Line AGPL near Siachen Glacier Double row fencing, electrified, sensors, landmines, Heroine smuggled, Smart Fence mechanism Macmohan line, entire border is disputed Indo Tibet Border dispute since 1954, LAC after 1962, 3 stages of negotiations - Agreeing to guiding principles, Recognising Boundary area, Demarcation Difference in PLA and CCP, Confidence building measures b/w Army HQ and Field commands of the 2 sides Limited trade from Lipu Lekh, Shipki La, Nathu La Border road construction very limited Demarcated in 1967, rugged terrain, internal dynamics like clan loyalties of tribal people, inter clashes, insurgency, trans-border ethnic ties No physical barrier - very porous Golden Triangle - illegal flow of drugs, Heroin is main item Treaty of Peace and Friendship formed border in 1950, equal rights in matters of residence, acquisition of property, employment and movement etc Land grabbing, forcible grabbing of land, terrorist/Maoist infiltration, ISI base Previous insurgent groups were removed by BHU govt in operation all clear Initiated in western region, socio economic dev and promotion of well-being and a security environment 2020-10-22 08:05:07 Cyber Security, Cyber Space, Critical Information Infrastructure, Cyber Attack Motives : commercial gain by hacking banks and fin institutions, attack critical assets, military secrets, spread message for some campaigns Malware, Phishing, DoS, Man in the Middle attacks, SQL injection, Cross Site Scripting XSS, Social Engineering Application, Information, Network Securities Disaster Recovery Planning For individuals - to safeguard personal information, for Business Organisation - loss of competitive information, For government - local, state or central ITU specialized agency within UN Budapest convention on CyberCrime IN not signatory Internet Governance Forum IGF Internet Corporation for Assigned names and numbers ICANN
IT #Act 2000 : tampering w/ computer source documents, hacking, act of cyber terrorism, cheating using computer resource Strategies under National Cyber Police 2013 - creating secure cyber ecosystem, creating mechanism for security threat, CERT-in, securing e governance, NCIIPC operating as nodal agency, promote cutting edge research, HRD inc used of mobile tech, proliferation of IoT, inherent vulnerabilities of Cyberspace, lack of awareness on Cyber Security, Lack of Cyber security specialists, Inc use of cyberspace terrorists Cyber Surakshit Bharat initiatives National Cyber Security Coordination Centre NCCC, Cyber Swachhta Kendra -> to detect malicious programs and provide free tools to remove such programs. Information Security Education and Awareness Project SEA, International Coop
I4C
NCIIPC CERT-In : All organisation providing digital services have been mandated to repot cyber security incidents to it. 2020-10-22 08:10:17 Unfavourable impact on economy and political steadiness Fulfils ambitions of drug trafficker, terrorist, organised criminal, insider dealer Crime against nations, economies, govt Done by disguising sources, changing form, transferring money Significance of Money Laundering - after 9/11 attack Placement : generated from illegal activities, cash is eliminated from place of possession ex exchanging currency for smaller denomination, multiple deposits of smaller denomination, rep offices of foreign banks Layering : cover audit trail, hide source of ownership, various different transaction are treated Integration : illegal funds taken back as payments for services rendered, techniques very similar to legitimate ones Undermining of legitimate sector undermines integrity of fin market Loss of control on economic policy Economic distortion and instability Loss of revenue Threat to privatisation Reputation Risk Increased criminality, Social effect - transfers economic powers from right to wrong Microeconomic effect, Macroeconomic effect Criminal Law Amendment Ordinance
Smugglers and Foreign Exchange Manipulators #Act ct 1976
Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substance #Act 1985
FCRA #Act 1976, PMLA 2002 #Act , IPC,
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances #Act Act, Arms Act, WPA US Patriot Act, 2020-10-30 16:58:14Cyber Security and Social MediaAnswers and Analysis What are the maritime security challenges in India? Discuss the organisational, technical and procedural initiatives taken to improve the maritime security. (भारत में समुद्री सुरक्ा चुनौनतयाँ क्ा हैं? समुद्री सुरक्ा में सुधार के ललए की गई सं गठनात्मक, तकनीकी और प्हरियात्मक पहलो की ं नववेचना कीजजए।) 2022 Maritime security in India is facing a number of challenges, including illegal activities such as piracy, smuggling, and illegal fishing. Other threats include terrorism, human trafficking, and environmental degradation. Organizational Initiatives: The Indian government has taken a number of organizational initiatives to improve maritime security. These include the establishment of the Indian Coast Guard (ICG) in 1978, the promulgation of the Maritime Zones of India Act in 1981, and the establishment of the National Maritime Authority (NMA) in 2004. The ICG is responsible for patrolling the Indian coast and enforcing maritime laws. The NMA is responsible for formulating and implementing maritime security policies. Technical Initiatives: The Indian government has also taken a number of technical initiatives to improve maritime security. These include the installation of Automatic Identification System (AIS) transponders on all Indian flagged vessels, the implementation of the Vessel Traffic Management System (VTMS), and the installation of Coastal Surveillance Radar Systems (CSRS). The AIS transponders help identify and track vessels, while the VTMS and CSRS help monitor and manage vessel traffic. Procedural Initiatives: The Indian government has also taken a number of procedural initiatives to improve maritime security. These include the introduction of the Indian Port Security Code (IPSC) in 2008, the establishment of the National Maritime Security Council (NMSC) in 2009, and the adoption of the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code in 2011. The IPSC provides guidelines for port security and the NMSC is responsible for formulating and implementing maritime security policies. The ISPS Code provides guidelines for the security of ships and port facilities. How is S-400 air defence system technically superior to any other system presently available in the world? (S-400 हवाई रक्ा प्णाली, नवश् में इस समय उपलधि अन् हकसी प्णाली की तुलना में हकस प्कार से तकनीकी रूप से रिेटि है?) 2021 The S-400 air defence system is technically superior to any other system presently available in the world due to its advanced capabilities. It has a maximum range of 400 km, which is significantly greater than the range of other systems. It can detect and track up to 300 targets simultaneously and engage up to 36 targets at once. It is also able to engage targets at a much higher altitude than most other systems, allowing it to intercept ballistic missiles. Additionally, it can detect stealth aircraft and has an advanced electronic countermeasures system to counter jamming. Finally, the S-400 system is also much more mobile than other systems, making it easier to deploy in the field. For effective border area management, discuss the steps required to be taken to deny local support to militants and also suggest ways to manage favourable perception among locals. (प्भावी सीमावती क् ं त्रे प्बनन हेतु हहसावा ं हदयो को स् ं ानीय समथि्भन से वंचचत करने के आवश्यक उपायो की ं नववेचना कीजजए और स्ानीय लोगो में ं अनुकू ल धरना प्बंधन के तरीके भी सुजाइए।) 2020 Border area management is a complex task that requires a multi-pronged approach. It involves the management of both the physical and psychological aspects of the region, as well as the effective management of the local population. The most important objective of border area management is to deny local support to militants and to create a favourable perception among the locals. The first step in denying local support to militants is to improve security in the region. This includes deploying more troops and police to the region, as well as increasing the presence of intelligence agencies. This will help to deter militants from entering the region and will also create a sense of security among the local population. Additionally, it is important to ensure that the security forces are well-trained and equipped to deal with any threats. The second step is to improve the infrastructure in the region. This includes providing basic amenities such as water, electricity, and roads. This will ensure that the local population has access to basic necessities and will also create a sense of development in the region. Additionally, it is important to provide economic opportunities to the local population. This can be done by providing access to educational and employment opportunities, as well as providing incentives for businesses to set up in the region. The third step is to engage with the local population. This can be done through a variety of ways, such as organising meetings with local leaders and organising events to promote local culture and traditions. Additionally, it is important to ensure that the local population is informed about any security measures that are being taken in the region. This will help to create a sense of trust between the security forces and the local population. The fourth step is to create a favourable perception among the locals. This can be done by engaging with the local population in a positive manner and by creating a sense of ownership among the locals. Additionally, it is important to ensure that the security forces are not seen as an oppressive force, but rather as a force that is there to protect the local population. Finally, it is important to ensure that the local population is aware of the consequences of supporting militants. This can be done through public awareness campaigns and by making sure that the local population is aware of the legal ramifications of supporting militants. Additionally, it is important to ensure that the local population is aware of the benefits of not supporting militants. This can be done through providing incentives for those who do not support militants and by providing information about the consequences of supporting them. Analyze internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan borders including Line of Control (LoC). Also discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard. (आन्ररक सुरक्ा ख़तरो त ं थिा ननयन्त्रण रेखा सहहत म्ांमार, बांग्ादेि और पाहकस्तान सीमाओ पर स ं समा-पार अपराधों का नवश्ेषण कीजजए। नवशभन्न सुरक्ा बलो द् ं ारा इस सन्भ्भ में ननभाई गई भूगमका की नववेचना भी कीजजए।) 2020 Cross-border movement of insurgents is only one of the several security challenges facing the policing of the border in North-East India. Examine the various challenges currently emanating across the India-Myanmar border. Also, discuss the steps to counter the challenges. (उत्र-पूवथी भारत में उपप्लनवयो की सीमा के आरपार आवाजाही, सीमा की पुल ं लससग के सामने अनेक सुरक् ं ा चुनौनतयो में से के वल एक है । भारत- ं म्ांमार सीमा के आरपार वत्भमान में आरंभ होने वाली नवशभन्न चुनौनतयो का पर ं रक्ण कीजजए । साथि ही चुनौनतयो को ं प्नतरोध करने के कदमो पर च ं चा्भ कीजजए।) 2019 The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China's larger 'One Belt One Road' initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same. (चीन-पाहकस्तान आर्थिक गललयारे (सी० पी०ई०सी०) को चीन की अपेक्ाकृ त असधक नविाल 'एक पट्ी एक सडक' पहल के एक मूलभूत भाग के रूप में देखा जा रहा है। सी० पी०ई०सी० का एक सं शक्म वण्भन प्स्तुत कीजजए और भारत द्ारा उससे हकनारा करने के कारण गगनाइए।) 2018 The terms 'Hot Pursuit' and 'Surgical Strikes' are often used in connection with armed action against terrorist attacks. Discuss the strategic impact of such actions. ('उग्र अनुसरण' एवं 'िलक प्हार' पदों का प्योग प्ायः आतंकी हमलो के ं नवरुधि सैन् काय्भवाही के ललए हकया जाता है। इस प्कार की काय्भवाहहयो के यु ं धिनीनतक प्भाव की नववेचना कीजजए।) 2016 Border management is a complex task due to difficult terrain and hostile relations with some countries. Elucidate the challenges and strategies for effective border management. (दग्भ ु म क्ेत्र एवं कुछ देिो के सा ं थि ित्रुतापूण्भ सम्नो के कारण सीमा ं प्बनन एक कहठन काय्भ है। प्भाविाली सीमा प्बनन की चुनौनतयो एवं रणनी ं नतयो पर ं प्काि डाललए।) 2016 International civil aviation laws provide all countries complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above the territory. What do you understand by airspace? What are the implications of these laws on the space above this airspace? Discuss the challenges which this poses and suggests ways to contain the threat. (अन्रा्भटिट्ीय नागर नवमानन ननयम सभी देिो को अपने भूभाग के ऊपर के आका ं िी क्ेत्र पर पूण्भ और अनन् प्भुता प्दान करते हैं। आप ‘आकािी क्त्र’ से क् े ा समझते है? इस आकािी क्ेत्र के ऊपर के आकाि के ललए इन ननयमो के क् ं ा ननहहताथि हैं? इससे प्सूत चुनौनतयो पर च ं चा्भ कीजजए और ऽतरे को ननयंत्रण करने के तरीके सुझाइए।) 2014 The diverse nature of India as a multireligious and multi-ethnic society is not immune to the impact of radicalism which has been in her neighbourhood. Discuss along with the strategies to be adopted to counter this environment.( ‘‘बहधार्मक व बहजानतय समाज के रूप में भारत की नवनवध प्कृ नत, पडोस में हदख रहे अनतवाद के सं घात के प्नत ननरापद नही है।’’ ऐसे वातावरण के ं प्नतकार के ललए अपनाए जाने वाली रणनीनतयो के सा ं थि नववेचाना कीजजए।) 2014 How illegal transborder migration does pose a threat to India's security? Discuss the strategies to curb this, bring out the factors which give impetus to such migration. (भारत की सुरक्ा को गैर-कानूनी सीमापार प्वसन हकस प्कार एक खतरा प्स्तुत करता है? इसे बढ़ावा देने के कारणो को उजागर करते ं हए ऐसे प्वसन को रोकने की रणनीनतयो का व ं ण्भन कीजजए।) 2014 In 2012, the longitudinal marking of the high-risk areas for piracy was moved from 65° East to 78° east in the Arabian Sea by International Maritime organisation. What impact does this have on India's maritime security concerns? (2012 में समुद्री डकै ती के उच्च-जोखखम क्ेत्रो के ल ं लए देिांतरी अंकन अन्रा्भटिट्ीय समुद्री सं गठन द्ारा अरब सागर में 65° पूव्भ से 78° पूव्भ तक खखसका हदया गया थिा। भारत के समुद्री सुरक्ा सरोकारी पर इसका क्ा पररणाम है?) 2014 China and Pakistan have entered into an agreement for development of an economic corridor. What thread does it dispose for India's security? Critically examine. (चीन और पाहकस्तान ने एक आर्थिक गललयारे के नवकास के ललए समझौता हकया है। यह भारत की सुरक्ा के ललए क्ा खतरा प्स्तुत करता है? समालोचनात्मक परीक्ण कीजजए।) 2014 How far are India's internal security challenges linked with border management, particularly in view of the long porous borders with most countries of South Asia and Myanmar? (दशक्ण एशिया के असधकतर देिो त ं थिा म्ांमार से लगी नविेषकर लम्ी लछहद्रत सीमाओ की दृ ं नटि से भारत की आंतररक सुरक्ा की चुनौनतयाँ सीमा प्बंधन से कै से जुडी है?) 2013 Organised Crime and Money Laundering Discuss the types of organised crimes. Describe the linkages between terrorists and organised crime that exist at the national and transnational levels. (संगहठत अपराधो के ं प्कारो की च ं चा्भ कीजजए। राटिट्ीय और अंतरा्भटि ीट् य स्तर पर मौजूद संगहठत अपराध और आतंकवाहदयो के बीच संबंधो ं का व ं ण्भन कीजजए।) 2022 Discuss how emerging technologies and globalisation contribute to money laundering. Elaborate measures to tackle the problem of money laundering both at national and international levels. (चचा्भ कीजजए हक हकस प्कार उभरती प्ोध्ोगगहकयाँ और वैश्ीकरण मनी लॉनन्डट्ग की समस् ं ा में योगदान देते है। इनसे ननपिने के ललए राटिट्ीय व वैजश्क स्तर पे उपायो को ं नवस्तृत कीजजए।) 2021 India's proximity to two of the world's biggest illicit opium-growing states has enhanced her internal security concerns. Explain the linkages between drug trafficking and other illicit activities such as gunrunning, money laundering and human trafficking. What counter-measures should be taken to prevent the same? (सं सार के दो सबसे बडे अवैध अफीम उगाने वाले राज्यो से भारत की न ं नकिता ने भारत की आंतररक सुरक्ा चचताओ ं को ब ं ढ़ा हदया है। निीली दवाओ के अवैध ं व्यापार एवं बं दूक बेचने, गुपचुप धन नवदेि भेजने और मानव तस्री जैसी अवैध गनतनवसधयो के बीच क ं हडयो को स्प ं टि कीजजए। इन गनतनवसधयो को रोकने के ल ं लए क्ा-क्ा प्नतरोधी उपाय हकए जाने चाहहए?) 2018 Money laundering poses a serious threat to country's economic sovereignty. What is its significance for India and what steps are required to be taken to control this menace? (अवैध धन स्ांतरण देि की आर्थिक प्भुसत्ा के ललए एक गंभीर सुरक्ा जोखख़म होता है। भारत के ललए इसका क्ा महत्त्व है और इस ऽतरे से बचने के ललए क्ा कदम उठाए जाने चाहहए?) 2013 Cyber Security and social media What are the different elements of cyber security? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the extent to which India has successfully developed a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy. (साइबर सुरक्ा के नवशभन्न तत्त्व क्ा हैं? साइबर सुरक्ा की चुनौनतयो को ध् ं ान में रखते हए समीक्ा कीजजए हक भारत ने हकस हद तक एक व्यापक राटिट्ीय साइबर सुरक्ा रणनीनत सफलतापूव्भक नवकससत की है।) 2022 Keeping in view India's internal security, analyse the impact of cross-border cyber attacks. Also discuss defensive measures against these sophisticated attacks. (भारत की आन्ररक सुरक्ा को ध्ान में रखते हए, सीमा-पार से होने वाले साइबर हमलो के ं प्भाव का नवश्ेषण कीजजए। साथि ही, इन पररष्कृ त हमलो के ं नवरुधि रक्ात्मक उपायो की च ं चा्भ कीजजए।) 2021 What is the CyberDome Project? Explain how it can be useful in controlling internet crimes in India. (साइबरडोम पररयोजना क्ा है ? स्पटि कीजजए की भारत में इंिरनेि अपराधो को न ं नयंगत्रत करने में यह हकस प्कार उपयोगी हो सकता है।) 2019 Discuss different types of cyber crimes and measures required to be taken to fight the menace. (साइबर अपराध के नवशभन्न प्कारो और इस ं ख़तरे से लडने के आवश्यक उपायो की ं नववेचना कीजजए।) 2020 Data security has assumed significant importance in the digitized world due to rising cyber crimes. The Justice B. N. Srikrishna Committee Report addresses issues related to data security. What, in your view, are the strengths and weakness of the Report relating to protection of personal data in cyber space? (अंकीयकृ त (हडजजिाइज्ड) दनु नया में बढ़ते हए साइबर अपराधो के कारण डारा सुरक् ं ा का महत्व बहत बढ़ गया है। जस्टस बी० एन० रिीकृ ष्णा सगमनत ररपोि्भ में डािा की सुरक्ा से संबं सधत मुद्ो पर सोच- ं नवचार हकया गया है। आपके नवचार में साइबर स्पेस में ननजी डािा की सुरक्ा से संबं सधत इस ररपोि्भ की खूनबयाँ और खागमयाँ क्ा-क्ा है?) 2018 Discuss the potential threats of Cyber attack and the security framework to prevent it. (साईबर आरिमण के सभिानवत खतरो की एवम् इन् ं ें रोकने के ललए सुरक्ा ढांचे की नववेचना कीजजए।) 2017 Use of Internet and social media by non-state actors for subversive activities is a major concern. How have these have misused in the recent past? Suggest effective guidelines to curb the above threat. (गैर-राज्य अशभकता्भओ द् ं ारा इन्टरनेि एवं सोिल मीहडया का नवर्ं सकारी गनतनवसधयो हेतु ं प्योग सुरक्ा के ललए एक बृहद च ् चता का ं नवषय है। हाल ही में इनका दष्प्रु योग हकस प्कार हआ है? उपयु्भति खतरे को ननयंगत्रत करने के ललए प्भावकारी सुझाव सुझाइए।) 2016 Discuss the advantage and security implications of cloud hosting of server vis-a-vis in-house machine-based hosting for government businesses. (सरकारी काय्भकलापो के ल ं लए, सव्भरो की ं क्ाउड होस्टंग बनाम स्संस्ागत मिीन-आधाररत होस्टंग के लाभो और सुरक् ं ा ननहहताथिमों पर चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2015 Considering the threats cyberspace poses for the country, India needs a "Digital Armed Force" to prevent crimes. Critically evaluate the National Cyber Security Policy, 2013 outlining the challenges perceived in its effective implementation. (नवचार करते हए हक साइबरस्पेस देि के ललए खतरा प्स्तुत करता है, भारत को ऐसे अपराधो को रोकने के ल ं लए एक ह्डजजिल सिस्त बलय् की आवश्यकता है। राटिट्ीय साइबर सुरक्ा नीनत, 2013 के प्भावी काया्भन्वयन में हदखाई देने वाली चुनौनतयो की रूपरेखा ं प्स्तुत करते हए, इस नीनत का समालोचनात्मक मूलांकन कीजजए।) 2015 What is digital signature? What does its authentication mean? Giver various salient built in features of a digital signature. (‘आंगुललक हस्ताक्र’ (Digital Signature) क्ा होता है? उसके द्ारा प्माणीकरण का क्ा अथि्भ है? ‘आंगुललक हस्ताक्र’ की प्मुख नवनवध अंतस् नविेषताएँ बताइए।) 2013 What are social networking site and what security implications do these sites present? (‘सामाजजक सं जाल स्ल’ (Social Networking Sites) क्ा होती है और इन स्लो से क् ं ा सुरक्ा उलझने प्स्तुत होती हैं?) 2013 Cyber warfare is considered by some defense analysts to be a larger threat than even Al Qaeda or terrorism. What do you understand by Cyber warfare? Outline the cyber threats which India is vulnerable to and bring out the state of the country's preparedness to deal with the same. (कुछ रक्ा नवश्ेषक इलेट्ॉट् ननकी संचार माध्म द्ारा युधि के अलकायदा और आतंकवाद से भी बडा खतरा मानते है। आप इलेट्ॉट् ननकी संचार माध्म युधि’ (Cyber Warfare) से क्ा समझते हैं? भारत ऐसे जजन खतरो के ं प्नत संवेदनिील है उनकी रूप-रेखा खीचं चए और देि की उनसे ननपिने की तैयारी को भी स्पटि कीजजए।) 2013 ]]>06-gs-3/5.-security/5.2-security-challeges-and-their-management-in-border-areas,-cyber-security,-money-laundering.html06 GS-3/5. Security/5.2 Security challeges and their management in border areas, Cyber Security, Money Laundering.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT06-gs-3/2.-agriculture/mo-agriculture-and-farmers-welfare.html06 GS-3/2. Agriculture/Mo Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#report Hog Cholera or Classical Swine Flu happens in Pigs and goats.
Enhanced Access and Service Excellence EASE 3.0 for tech-enabled banking features like palm banking for end to end digital delivery and Banking on the go at frequently visited spots like malls, stations etc. #scheme 28 Feb is celebrated as national science day to commemorate the discovery of Raman Effect. It is a change in wavelength of light when it is deflected by molecules. Ralder X bomb detection device by DRDO.
India has 5th largest 3.1 Coal reserves in the world. Rapid tests to detect corona infections checks for specific antibodies released. National Innovation Fund NIF under DST its programs are INSPIRE MANAK, Micro Venture Innovation Fund MVIF, IGNITE annual competition.
Antibodies : are proteins secreted by immune cells called B lymphocytes. Plasma therapy is similar to passive immunization but is temporary unlike vaccines. #important
Software Technology Parks of India STPI : under Meity estd in 1991 boost export #scheme TriboE Mask : hold electric charge to restrict entry of germs without external power source. Triboelectric charging type of contact electrification.
Reverse Vaccinology ? #todo 📅 2023-04-15
R&D statistics indicators by DST : Gross expenditure tripled b/w 2008-2018, 0.7% of GDP in 2017-18., 3rd in Publishing, 9th in patent filing. #report
UV short wavelength than visible light, UV-C are most harmful completely absorbed by atmosphere, can kill germs aka UV germicidal radiation UVGI. UV-A has longest wavelength and UV-C shortest. #important Quantum Entanglement : pair or group of particles interact in a way that each particle cannot be described independently of the state of others. Tardigrades show this property. RT LAMP test : COVID 19 kit components easily available. LiDAR : remote sensing methods uses laser light to measure variable distances
Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre IN-SPACe : to provide private players use of IN space infra under Dept of Space, GOI. #important To act as link b/w ISRO and private space coys. Autonomous body parallel to ISRO with its own board. PC Mahalanobis : architect of IN statistical sys estd ISI, journal Sankhya, helped estd CSO, NSSO, pilot surveys, optimum survey design etc. Mahalanobis distance -> cluster analysis and classification techniques. 4th Gen biofuel : uses genetically engineered crop that take high amt of carbon and are harvested and converted into fuel. Raman scatter : molecule scatters incident light from a high intensity source, scattered light is at different wavelengths/colours. Pressurized heavy water reactor used Deuterium Oxide D2O as its coolant and moderator and unenriched Uranium as fuel. Genome sequencing can read bigger chunk of virus genome, trace evolutionary history of virus, track mutation more reliably, does not need primers and probes.
Chunauti : next-gen start up challenge for edu tech, agri tech, fin tech, supply chain, logistics, infra etc. #scheme
Global Innovation Index - IN 48th, Eastward global shift in locus of innovation towards CN, IN, PHL #report by WIPO. Global Innovation Index 2021 IN 46th.
National Initiative for Developing and Harnessing Innovation NIDHI : program under it PRAYAS Promoting Accelerating Young and Aspiring Innovators Startup was launched. #scheme World Solar Technology Summit WSTS by FICCI - by ISA. Brain template Atlas : provide precise reference in individual patients, help understand illness like ADHD, Autism, substance dependence, reliable tracking for brain development. Feluda : paper based test strip to detect COVID 19 uses CRISPR technology. HCNG : reduces CO emission by upto 70%, 5% savings in fuel, lower NO release, engines require min modification, ideal for heavy duty vehicle, better performance. Disadv : determine H2 Natural Gas ratio is difficult, new infra to make HCNG, high cost Hepatitis C is a blood borne virus, no effective vaccine, Noble in 2020, 5 Hep virus A B C D E. Water on Moon's Southern hemisphere Clavius crater, could be from small asteroids or sun's solar winds Gyan Circle VenturesTechnology Incubation Active Drug Ingredient API aka Bulk drug is key in any medicine, IN launched Bulk Drug scheme 1 time grant of 70% cost of common facilities 90% in Hill states, max 1000 cr, 1 site per state.
PM Wani : accelerate broadband services #scheme
Covaxin : Bharat Biotech, Covishield - Astrazeneca. #PrelimsPYQ M sand is substitute for river sand for concrete construction, produced by crushing hard granite stone. Well graded, can be controlled easily, no organic/soluble compounds. Flue gas : any gas exiting a flue/chimney; removal of SO2 is called Flue gas desulphurisation through wet scrubbing, spray dry, wet sulphuric acid, SNOX process, dry sorbent injection system. Asian waterbird census by Wetlands International. Einsteinium : highly radioactive, Isotope 253 has half-life 20 days, 254 is stable. Stardust 1.0 first commercial space vehicle to run on biofuel by bluShift aerospace.
Technical Education Quality Improvement Program TEQIP #scheme - under MHRD, WB assistance, overhaul quality in Low Income States. Institution and Student based measures like accreditation of courses, governance reforms, improve quality of teaching etc. CCEA gave approval to National Technical Textile Mission : 1st component on R&D, promotion and dev of market, export promotion, education training and skill dev. Digital Green certificate for EU citizens who are vaccinated, recovered from COVID to travel freely in EU. Aluminium Air Batteries : utilise oxygen in air by Al Hydroxide solution to produce electricity. Has lower cost, energy dense, offers more range on vehicles, easy to recycle, cannot be charged like Li-Ion. Baikal GVD (Giga Volume Detector) : underwater neutrino detection observatory. Uranium Enrichment is done to raise % level of U-235 through centrifuge refining. 90% enriched Uranium can be used for Nuclear weapons. Experimental Advanced Superconduction Tokamak EAST aka 'artificial sun' in China achieved temp 7 times that of sun. Uses Nuke fusion mimic sun it is part of project International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor ITER.
Cyber Capabilities and National Power #report by International Institute for strategic Studies IISS. US top tier 10yrs ahead of China. IN has made moderate progress. Atomic Fission of materials was achieved by focusing laser beams to a tiny spot to create a mega blast of energy. Produces little waste and no greenhouse gas. National Engineers day Sept 5 along w/ Sri Lanka and Tanzania to celebrate M. Vivesvaraya's birth day. Isothermal Forging Tech : Enginnering parts are formed through this, used to make aero-engines. Laser Communications Relay Demonstration LCRD by NASA to test optical communication in space. Optical communication is smaller, requries less power as compared to Radio instruments. Steps taken by govt to inc semiconductor production in India : Fin support upto 50% to set up fabrication units. Centre ans states to work to set up high tech cluster. India semiconductor mission to act as nodal agency for efficient and smooth implementation of schemes Chips to start up program to develope well trained engineers Cryptobiosis or anabiosis is a metabolic state of life shown by an organism in response to adverse environmental conditions. Xenotransplantation is grafting or transplantating of organs or tissues b/w mem of different species. Quantum Communication QC way of connecting 2 places with high levels of code and quantum cryptography that cannot be decrypted or broken. Quantum key distribution or QC works using photons ie particles that transmit light to transfer daya. QKD allows 2 distance users to produce 1 common random string of secret keys. ABHYASHEAT (High-speed Expendable Aerial Target) DRDO used as target for other missiles etc.
International Centre for Automotive Technology (ICAT) : division of NATRIP Implementation Society (NATIS) under the Do Heavy Industries, India. NATRIP (National Automotive testing R&D infra project). #body Technical Textiles : used for performance + functional properties Eg Medical Textiles, Agro-Textiles for crop protection, protective clothing etc, geotextiles : reinforce embankments limiting floods. World market for it is $250 billion India share is $19 bil. Govt plans include giving out HSN codes, National Textile Mission, 92 Technical textile items have been made mandatory for use by govt. FB's new crypto currency Libra controlled by Libra association a non-profit, pegged like EU/$ to decrease volatility. Superconductivity at room temp (Silver and Gold globules). Superconductor : zero resistance to electricity + diamagnetism (repulses external magnetic field). IN based Neutrino Observatory (INO) for high energy nuclear physics research, funded Do Atomic Energy + DST in Theni District TN. Iron Calorimeter is to be constructed for studying neutrinos. National Centre for High Energy Physics at Madurai.
Automatic Facial Recognition System (AFRS) to be used by Nat. Crime Record Bureau (NCRB) use neural network AI, threat to FR, need to conduct privacy impact assessment, used for not its original purpose, mass surveillance concerns. #scheme
Subhash Chandra #Committee (Inter Ministerial) proposes ban on Virtual currencies; fine up to 25 crore, official digital currency instead, backs blockchain in certain areas;
Samudrayaan Project #scheme : deep ocean mission(DOM) bolster Indian Ocean exploration undertaken by National Institute of Ocean Technology; focus on deep sea mining (polymetallic nodules), DOM have desalination plant and submersible vehicle
Deep Ocean Mission #scheme : focus on deep sea mining, ocean climate change, underwater vehicles and robotics. By Mo Earth Sciences. Components are : Carrying 3 people upto depth of 6000 metres; integrated mining system for polymetallic nodule mining; search flora and fauna; explore hydrothermal minerals.
IMPRINT(IMPacting Research Innovation and Tech) initiative by IISC and IIT to research of immediate help to society mostly engineering challenges #scheme
Ucchatar Avishkar Yojana by MoHRD and other ministries to promote industry sponsored outcome based research that directly impacts needs of industry and improves competitive edge. #scheme Railways is upgrading all Link Hoffman Busch coaches with Head on Technology.
High-temperature (150 C) proton exchange membrane technology fuel cell system dev by CSIR through PPP model under New Millennium Indian Technology leadership Initiative.
India Innovation Index #report by NITI. KTAKA most innovative TN, MAHA, TEL etc SIK DEL top in NE states and UT's. 2020 report Ktaka topped. Indigenous Air Independent Propulsion sys developed by DRDO for diesel-electric subs ensures operability w/o surfacing, decreases radar profile.
NAVIc Navigation w/ IN constellation #scheme independent regional navigation satellite has 7 sats - 3 are geostationary and 4 geosynchronous JP has QZSS and Galileo of EU. Problems w/ RO plants : deposition of brine along shores. affects flora and fauna due to hypersalinity. construction requirea excess groundwater. Alternatives Low temp thermal desalination LTTD technique. IN CBM (natural gas) resources are in ==Gondwana sediments, Damodar, Koel valley and Son Valley=.
Public Health foundation of IN new #report on Antibiotic resistance. Findings : IN one of the top users private sector. has most prescription rate. most among children. Rare Earth Metals 17 metallic elements includes lanthanides. unique catalytic, nuclear, electrical and magnetic etc properties. Used in lighter, flints, glass polishing to lasers. magnets, batteries, high temp superconductivity. India has given Indian Rare Earth limited IREL monopoly over primary mineral containing Rare Earth Elements. It produces very low amt. Need : Open for private cos, create new Dept for REE to oversee policy formulation, Autonomous regulator to resolve disputes. New prototype of one kilogram NPK 57 available in IN last yr definition was changed new def the amt of electricity needed to counteract the weight/ grav force acting on a mass. National Mathematics day on Dec 22 on Srinivasa Ramanujan birth anniversary, published 1st paper in Journal of IN mathematical society in 1911 went to Eng in 1914.
National Green Corps 'Ecoclub' launched under by MoEFCC for hands on experience to school children about env, #scheme SnowEx 5yr program by NASA address snow remote sensing through airborne campaigns and field work. National Children Science Congress NCSC held in Thiruvananthpuram, for children b/w 10-17 yrs under DST. Indian Science Congress ISC by ISC Association since 1914.
Scientific Social Responsibility SSR #scheme harness latent potential, individual scientists will be req to devote 10 person days per yr for sharing knowledge to society. Li-S battery : has 5x capacity of traditional Li-ion battery is also cheaper. problem -> sulphur electrode would break after repeated charge cycles use of polymers prevent this.
Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) #important project has 3 gravitational wave detectors 2 at Hanford Washington (one of them to come to India) and 1 at Livingston Louisiana. First Gov owned waste-energy plant was commissioned in Mancheswar Odisha. Advantages : Pre segregation of waste not required; drying of waste not req; waste processed and reformed in 24 hours; no biological decomposition. Starship is rocket by SpaceX, is fully reusable transportation system. Geospatial Energy Map of India : enables visualisation of energy installation ex conventional power plants, oil wells, petroleum refineries etc. By NITI and ISRO. 2020-01-08 11:26:57 Nobel Prize started in 1901 had originally 5 disciplines Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature and Peace. 6th Award Economics was started in 1968 consists of a diploma and prize money. Nominated by a committee comprising of univ professors, scientists, previous winners etc they cannot nominate themselves. NP in Medicine Kaelin, Ratcliffe, Semenza : how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability - it plays a role in the immune system and earliest stages of dev inside the womb, can cure diseases like anaemia. Peebles, Mayor, Queloz won NP in Physics : for understanding of our place in the Universe - relation b/w radiation emitted and matter created. Mayor and Queloz got for discovery of exoplanet outside our solar sys know as 51 Pegasus B. Chemistry : Goodenough, Whittingham, Yoshino development of lithium-ion batteries. Li has the greatest electrochemical potential, provides largest energy density for weight, safe, low maintenance, high cell voltage. Limitations : requires protection circuit for safety, aging and capacity deterioration after 8 year, expensive to manufacture. Literature : Polish author Olga Tokarczuk and Austrian novelist Peter Handke will get 2018 and 2019 prize. Peace Prize : Abiy Ahmed Ali (PM of Ethiopia) "for his efforts to achieve peace and international cooperation" w/ neighbours Eriteria. Sveriges Riksbank prize in Economics to Banerjee, Duflo, Kremer "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty". Duflo has become the second woman to win prize after Elinor Ostrom (2009) of US. 2021-07-04 11:58 Nobel in Medicine for Hepatitis C : helped eliminate post transfusion hepatitis, Hep C causes acute and chronic, cause liver cancer, bloodborne, NO effective vaccine. A to E are types.
Nobel in Chemistry for CRISPR/ CAS 9 - Adv : Simple, works on all life forms, efficient, agriculture. UN World Food Program : Nobel Peace Prize, World Hunger Map is being prepared by Alibaba group. Nobel Prize in Medicine for dicoveries of receptors for temperature and touch. Can be used to develop treatments for a wide range of disease and conditions, Chemistry for development of assymetric organocatalysis. Are derived from naturally occuring chemicals, greener and cheaper, do not need purification to yield desired compound. 2020-10-22 07:49:00
#todo 2020-01-08 10:55:03 Flagship initiative of NITI Aayog promote innovation and entrepreneurship in the country. six major initiatives Atal Tinkering Labs (ATL) to cultivate 1 mil children as innovators, focus on innovation, economic aid given ATL marathon to choose entrep and train them in specific sector Gives one time financial support to educational insitutions Atal Incubation Centers Atal New India Challenges Mentor India Campaign Atal Community Innovation Center - Program for underserved and unserved areas, PPP mode aid upto 5cr ARISE : innovation and research in the MSME industry Gandhian Challenge by AIM for children to ideate innovative solutions for sustainable IN of their dreams. Community Innovator Fellowship launched with UNDP as partner would give fellowship to girls for SDG based solutions in their pre incubation phase. 2021-07-23 11:29
#todo 2020-10-22 07:49:42
#todo 2020-06-11 19:22:11 Stree Swabhiman initiative for promoting women's menstrual health and hygiene. Jeevan Pramaan : scheme under Meity is an AADHAR Biometric Authentication scheme based digital life certificates for Pensioners will provide access to affordable eco-friendly sanitary napkins. Sanitary Napkin manufacturing units will be set up at CSC operated by women entrepreneurs. connect academic and R&D institutions with the supercomputing grid by CDAC and DEITY Supercomputers would be installed across the country over the National Knowledge Network grid. NSM provides high performance computing HPC facilities access to Institutions. Electronics and IT aims to promote large scale manufacturing in Electronics System Design and Manufacturing (ESDM) sector. It is a move towards 'Net Zero imports' goal of the gov in electronics. Will provide subsidy for capital expenditure upto 20% for investment in SEZ and 25% in non SEZs and providing reimbursement of duties and central taxes. Incentives will be available for 5 yrs. for a digitially empowered society and knowledge economy is monitored by committee comprising of several members. has 3 components : Digital infrastructure, Delivering services digitally and digital literacy. It has 9 key points: comprsing of Universal access to phones, Broadband Highways, Public internet access, e-governance, e-kranti, information for all etc. Common Services Centers CSC to act as access points for delivery of Government to Citizens and host of B2C services in rural and remote areas. focus on skilling women engineering graduates in field of Cyber Security. It was launched by Microsoft and Data Security Council of India DSCI. For underserved women from Tier 2/ Tier 3 cities C-DAC will impart training. 4 month interactive training course. aim to make 6 crore person in rural areas digitally literate. nominated digitally illiterate from eligible rural household aged 14-60yrs under the Digital India Program aims at setting up business process outsourcing (BPO) units in rural areas. under the Digital India Programme capital support along with special incentives up to Rs 1 lakh in the form of viability gap funding (VGF) Main objective is employment generation special incentives for employment to women and Divyang Special provisions for Himalayan States Metro cities are excluded. establishment of 5,000 seats in respect of BPOs in NER provides up to 50% of expenditure incurred on BPO/ITES operations towards capital expenditure upto 1 lakh/seat. Rs.1 Lakh/Seat for training expenditure and providing employment to Women and Persons with disability 5% of eligible financial support for units set up by local entrepreneurs. Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) is the implementing agency secure dedicated personal electronic space for storing the documents of resident Indian citizens provide citizens a shareable private space on a public cloud for storing personal documents like University Certificates, PAN cards, Voter ID etc Also an associated facitlity of e-signing the documents. objective is to enhance the number of PhDs in Electronics System Design & Manufacturing (ESDM) and IT/ITES will give more fellowship amount than most of the other PhD Schemes Part-time PhD candidates get onetime incentive on completion Supports 200Young Faculty Research Fellowships 2020-06-12 13:37:22 implement appropriate S&T interventions for sustainable development through cluster approach in dev of rural areas in country by utilising local resources and locally available skill emphasis on agriculture related industries aims at establishment of Innovation hubs and research parks. It is a pan India mission focuses on empowering Smalland Women-Farmers with Science Implementation, it provides fellowship for training education etc. scheme aimed at selective breeding of the native livestock to improve resistance and yield. Implemented by National Institute of Animal Biotechnology. accelerating biopharmaceutical development create globally competitive industry. Target to increase India's share from 2.8% to 5%. implemented by Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC) - NPO set up by Do Biotech Co funded by WB, Innovate in India Program launched under this Ramanujan Fellowship of the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) Ramalingaswami Re-entry Fellowship of the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) INSPIRE Faculty Fellowship of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) for young researchers Nakshe portal contains all Topographic maps made by Survey of India 2020-06-11 19:21:34 ACROSS Scheme : Atmosphere & Climate Research-Modelling Observing Systems & Services to provide a reliable weather and climate forecast including cyclones, storm surges, heat waves etc. Also provide impetus to scientific and technical talents available in the country. It has 9 sub schemes under it Including Doppler Weather Radars DWRs, Monsoon Mission III, Monsoon Convection, Clouds and Climate Change MC4, High Performance Computing System HPCS. Sagar Vani : information dissemination system serves the fishermen community,gives out alerts and advisories to them through television and cable networks. Info is given out by INCOIS. Gramin Krishi Mausam Seva in collab with ICAR issues crop and location specific weather based agro advisories. Agro-meteorological Advisory Services (AAS) prepares the biweekly weather based bulletins. INCOIS : gives best possible ocean info and advisory to society, industry, govt agencies. Swell Surge forecast system was launched by it. stands for Ocean Services, Technology, Observations, Resources Modelling and Science from 2017-2020 Aimed at stepping up ocean research and setting up early warning weather systems Setting up observatories, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Plant OTEC 2020-10-30 16:56:02Answers and Analysis Each year a large amount of plant material, cellulose, is deposited on the surface of Planet Earth. What are the natural processes this cellulose undergoes before yielding carbon dioxide, water and other end products? (पृथ्ी की सतह पर प्नत वष्भ बडी मात्रा में वनस्पनत पदाथि्भ, सेलुलोस, जमा हो जाता है । यह सेलुलोस हकन प्ाकृ नतक प्हरियाओ से गुजरता है ज ं जससे हक वह काब्भन डाइऑसिाइड, जल तथिा अन् अंत्य उत्ादो में पर ं रवर्तत हो जाता है?) 2022 Launched on 25th December, 2021, James Webb Space Telescope has been much in the news since then. What are its unique features which make it superior to its predecessor Space Telescopes? What are the key goals of this mission? What potential benefits does it hold for the human race? (25 हदसम्र, 2021 को छोडा गया जेम्स वेब अंतररक् िेलीस्ोप तभी से समाचारो में बना ं हआ है। ।उसमें ऐसी कौन-कौन सी अनन् नविेषताएँ हैं जो उसे इससे पहले के अंतररक् िेलीस्ोपो से ं रिेष्ठ बनाती हैं? इस गमिन के मुख् ध्ेय क्ा हैं? मानव जानत के ललए इसके क्ा सं भानवत लाभ हो सकते हैं?) 2022 What are the research in developmental achievements in applied biotechnology? How will these achievements help to uplift the poor sections of the society? (अनुप्युति जैव-प्ौद्योगगकी में िोध और नवकास सं बनी उपलत्धियाँ क्ा है ? ये उपलत्धियाँ समाज के ननध्भन वगमों के उत्ान में हकस प्कार सहायक होगी?) ं 2021 The Nobel Prize in Physics of 2014 was jointly awarded to a Akasaki, Amano and Nakamura for the invention of Blue LEDs in1990s. How has this invention impacted the everyday life of human beings? (वष्भ 2014 में भौनतक नवज्ान में नोबेल पुरस्ार सं युति रूप से आकसाकी, अमानो तथिा नाकामुरा को 1990 के दिक में नीली एल. ई. डी. के आनवष्कार के ललए प्दान हकया गया थिा। इस आनवष्कार ने मानव-जानत के दैनंहदन जीवन को हकस प्कार प्भानवत हकया है?) 2021 What do you understand by nanotechnology and how is it helping in health sector? (नैनोिेक्ोलाजी से आप क्ा समझते हैं और यह स्ास्थ्य क्त्र में कै से म े द्द कर रहा है?) 2020 How is science interwoven deeply with our lives? What are the striking changes in agriculture triggered off by the science-based technologies? (नवज्ान हमारे जीवन में गहराई तक कै से गुथिा हआ है? नवज्ान-आधाररत प्ौद्योगगहकयो द् ं ारा कृ नष में उत्न्न हए महत्वपूण्भ पररवत्भन क्ा हैं?) 2020 COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented devastation worldwide. However, technological advancements are being availed readily to win over the crisis. Give an account of how technology was sought to aid management to the pandemic. (कोनवड-19 महामारी ने नवश्भर में अभूतपूव्भ तबाही उत्न्न की है। तथिानप, इस संकि पर नवजय पाने के ललए प्ौद्योगगकीय प्गनत का लाभ स्च्े ा से ललया जा रहा है। इस महामारी के प्बनन के सहायताथि्भ प्ौद्योगगकी की खोज कै से की गई, उसका एक नववरण दीजजए।) 2020 Why is there so much activity in the field of biotechnology in our country? How has this activity benefitted the field of biopharma? (क्ा कारण है हक हमारे देि में जैव प्ौद्योगगकी के क्ेत्र में अत्यसधक सहरियता है? इस सहरियता ने बायोफामा्भ के क्त्र को कै से लाभ पह े ंचाया है?) 2018 Stem cell therapy is gaining popularity in India to treat a wide variety of medical conditions including Leukaemia, Thalassemia, damaged cornea and several burns. Describe briefly what stem cell therapy is and what advantages it has over other treatments? (लूकीगमया, थिैलासीगमया, क्नतग्रस्त कॉर्नया व गंभीर दाह सहहत सुनवस्तृत चचहकत्ीय दिाओ में उपचार करने के ल ं लए भारत में ्टैम कोशिका चचहकत्ा लोकनप्य होती जा रही है । सं क्ेप में वण्भन कीजजए हक ्टैम कोशिका उपचार क्ा होता है और अन् उपचारो की तुलना में उसके क् ं ा लाभ हैं ?) 2017 India’s Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) which has a database containing formatted information on more than 2 million medicinal formulations is proving a powerful weapon in the country's fight against erroneous patents. Discuss the pros and cons making this database publicly available under open-source licensing. (भारत की पारंपररक ज्ान हडजजिल लाइब्रेरी (िी.के .डी.एल.) जजसमें 20 लाख से ज्यादा औषधीय फॉमूलेिनो पर सं रू ं नपत जानकारी है, त्रुहिपूण्भ पेिेंिो के ं प्नत देि की लडाई में एक िक्तििाली हसथियार सानबत हो रही है। मुति- स्ोत लाइसेंससग के अधीन इस आंकड ं ा-सं चय (डेिाबेस) को साव्भजननक रूप से उपलधि कराने के पक् और नवपक् पर चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2015 What are the areas of prohibitive labour that can be sustainably managed by robots? Discuss the initiatives that can propel research in premier research institutes for substantive and gainful innovation. (ननषेधात्मक रिम के कौन-से क्त्र हैं, ज े जनका रोबोिो के द् ं ारा धारणीय रूप से प्बं धन हकया जा सकता है? ऐसी पहलो पर ं चचा्भ कीजजए, जो प्मुख अनुसं धान सं स्ानो में मौल ं लक और लाभप्द नवाचार के ललए अनुसं धान को आगे बढ़ा सकें ।) 2015 In a globalised world, intellectual property rights assume significance and are a source of litigation. Broadly distinguish between the terms–copyrights, patents and trade secrets. (वैश्ीकृ त सं सार में, बौगधिक असधकारो का महत्व हो जाता है और वे मुक ं द्मेबाजी का एक स्ोत हो जाते हैं। कॉपीराइि, पेिेंि और व्यापार गुत्प्तयो के बीच मो ं िे तौर पर नवभेदन कीजजए।) 2014 What do you understand by Umpire decision review in cricket? Discuss its various components. Explain how silicon tape on the edge of a bat may fool the system? (हरिके ि में ‘खेल-पंच ननण्भय पुनरीक्ण प्णाली’ से आप क्ा समझते है? उसके नवनवध अवयव की नववेचना कीजजए। ससललकॉन िेप में बल्े का हकनारा हकस प्कार भम पैदा कर सकता है? समझाइए?) 2013 What is an FRP composite material? How are they manufactured? Discuss their applications in aviation and automobile industry. (FRP गमशरित पदाथि्भ क्ा होता है? उनका उत्ादन कै से होता है? नवमानन और कार उद्योग में उनके उपयोग की नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013 Bring out the circumstances in 2005 which forced amendment to section 3(d) in the Indian Patent Law, 1970. Discuss how it has been utilized by Supreme court in its judgment rejecting Novartis patent application for "Glivec". Discuss briefly the pros and cons of the decision. (भारतीय एकस् असधकार ननयम (Patent Law) 1970 की धारा 3 (क) में वष्भ 2005 ने बलात् सं िोधन कराने वाली पररस्स्नतयो को स्प ं टि करते हए यह नववेचना कीजजए हक इसके कारण सववोच्च न्ायालय ने नावराहिस की ग्ाइवेक (Glivec) के एकस् असधकार आवेदन को हकस प्कार अस्ीकार हकया। ) 2013 How does the 3D printing technology work? List out the advantages and disadvantages of the technology. (3-आयामी (3D) मुद्रण तकनीक हकस प्कार काय्भ करती है? इस तकनीक की लाभ-हाननयाँ सुचीबधि कीजजए।) 2013 What do you understand by fixed dose drug combinations (FDCs)? Discuss their merits and demerits. (‘ननजचित मात्र औषध सं योगो’ ( ं FDCs) से आप क्ा समझते हैं? उनके गुण-दोषों नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013 ]]>06-gs-3/3.-science-and-technology/3.1-science-and-technology.html06 GS-3/3. Science and Technology/3.1 Science and Technology.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT “Development Financial Institution.canvas” is not created yet. Click to create.
RBI has exempted banks from maintaining CRR for loans given to retail and MSME for 5 yrs if loans were given b/w Jan 31 and July 31 20
ADB has listed its Masala Bond India INX : 1st international exchange HQ in GIFT city.
National Career Service #scheme to bridge gap b/w job seekers and employers had one of the worst utilisation of funds per Par. Standing Commi
Ways and means advance WMA, RBI announced 60% inc in to state gov Targeted long term repo operation (TLTRO) period of 1 - 3 yrs to banks at prevailing repo rate Helicopter money : printing large sums of money and distributing it to public RBI measures to tackle COVID -
1st round cut Repo, Reverse Rep, Targeted LTRO.
2nd round : further cut repo to 3.75%, 50% of LTRO towards small and mid-sized NBFC, and MFIs, refinance NABARD, NHB , SIDBI, WMA to gov, relax NPA norms.
Monetary Policy #committee : usually meets 6 times a year constituted under RBI act of 1934. Has 6 mem gov nominates 3. RBI governor is ex-officio chair, Gov nominees are not officials.
Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan
Voluntary Retention route VRR #scheme : encourage FPIs to take long term investments inDebt market, greater operational flexibility to chose debt instrumednts and exemptions from regulatory requirements Limit of 40k cr in VRR Govt and 35k in VRR Corp, tenure of 3 yrs min
#Report Resolving Insolvency Index, India's ranking jumped 56 places to 52 in 2019 under the WB EODB 'Doing Business' report. De-criminalization of technical & procedural violations under Companies Act. Simplified Proforma for Incorporating Company Electronically (SPICe) introduced which extends 8 services. SPICe+ replaced it. Online incorporation of name etc of companies is done. RUN Reserve Unique Name : web service for name reservation for companies & LLPs
Ratings downgrade : Bonds issued by IN are now riskier than before, difficult to raise funds by gov; Forex reserves inc from $5.8 bil in 1991 to $493 bil in May 2020. 64% is in securities, 28% in foreign central bank, 7.4% in foreign commercial banks, 653 tonnes of gold (March 2020)
Garib Kalyan Rozgar Abhiyan #scheme provide livelihoods to migrants who have gone home, esp rural citizens, 116 districts for 125 days campaign 50,000 crore worth public works, village to join through KVKs International Comparison Program (ICP) largest worldwide data-collection initiative, under UN Statistical Commission(UNSC) to produce PPPs data and Price Level Indices PLI data. PLI = ratio of PPP and its market exchange rate
National Centre for Financial Education NCFE #body : adopt 5C Content, Community, Capacity, Communication and Collaboration; fin literacy content for school children and integrate it to professional vocational courses, monitoring and evaluation Sin goods : reduce consumption, compensate society for health system cost, inc resource for health GST Shortfall : states borrow certain amount at an interest rate financed through compensation cess on certain demerit goods.
Challenges : 14% projected growth on GST was ambitious. Need : amend constitution to reduce period from 5 to 3 yrs, C gov fund this from own revenue, C borrow half of cess fund #important GST compensation issue on cess shortfalls : C should borrow, GST compensation act 2017 5 yr compensation, economic slowdown, expected rev gap of Rs 3 lakh cr, Cess taken from pan masala, tobacco products.
Start Up Village entrepreneurship Program SVEP #scheme : providing self-employment opportunities w/ fin assistance, business mgt, soft skills
EASE (Enhanced Access and Service Excellence) 2.0 banking reform index institutionalize CLEAN and SMART banking #scheme
International Financial Services Centre IFSC #body
provides fund raising services for individuals, asset mgt and global portfolio diversification, wealth mgt, global tax mgt, Risk mgt operations, provides regulatory sandbox in GIFT city, Gujarat, statutory body under Mo Finance Composition of 1 Chair, 1 mem each from RBI, SEBI, IRDAI, PFRDA, 2 from Central Gov, 2 other full time/part time mem; 3 yr term. Infinity Forum inaugurated to bring leading minds together from FinTech.
Domestic Systematically Important insurers D-SIIs by IRDAI will be subjected to enhanced regulatory supervision, raise level of corporate governance, ID all relevant risk, promote sound risk mgt culture
KV Kamath #Committee to make recom on norms for resolution of COVID 19 related stressed loans set up by RBI for Debt restructuring of MSME: Graded approach to restructure based on severity, classify as mild, moderate, severe five fin parameter to gauge health of industries; 26 sectors identified, scrutinise loans above 1500cr Additional Tier AT 1 Bond are unsecured perpetual bonds to meet Basel III norms Economy Noble Prize : auction theory new format,
Insurance Ombudsman #scheme by GOI by IRDAI
OMOs
Mohanty #committee on extant ownership guidelines and corporate restructure for Private Sector Banks. Recom : raise cap of promoters stake, large corporates be allowed after amending 1949 Act, additional supervisory mechanism for them. Negative Yield bonds issued by Central Banks or Govt, CN 1st time issued, massive liquidity injected by global central bank has driven up prices yield went down, investors hedge their risks here. NYBs are debt instruments that pay investor amt lower than purchase price of the bond. Investors pay borrowers to keep their money with them. Done during times of stress and uncertainity to protect from significant erosion of wealth. Bond price and Yield are inversely related higher the price of bond lower is the yield. Various types of recoveries : Z, V, U, W, L, J - V is the fastest. K Shaped recov when different sections recover at diff rates -> Secured income/ higher income households has seen savings inc -> fuel future consumption, unsecured/lower income households ones have been permanently been hit. Atmanirbhar Bharat Rojgar Abhiyan : Gov will pay 24% contribution towards EPF for wages below 15,000 who lost employment due to COVID. Asset under Management AUM : total value of all fin assets mgd on behalf of clients. Recognition of Prior learning by Skill IN under SANKALP of MSDE. Zero Coupon Bonds : special G secs that have no interest, non-transferable, recap bonds, non-tradeable Bad Banks : buys NPAs from Banks at market rates, Bank writes NPA off from balance sheet. DG of Trade Remedies under Mo Commerce and Industry reviews anti-dumping duties on goods it is a quasi-judicial body.
G-SAP Govt : Securities Acquisition Program #scheme by RBI will purchase gov bonds worth 1 lk crore in 1st quarter of FY22. Will provide certainity to MF market -> reduce volatility in bond prices. Also dec aggregate cost of borrowing for centre and states.
State of Working India SWI #report by Azim Premji University : pandemic forced people out of their formal jobs to causal work, sudden inc in poverty, most in the manufacturing sector. IPO Grey market is over the counter market where IPO shares and applications are traded before they become officially available for trading in the stock market. No regulations govern it. Kostak rate is the price at which investor buys IP before it is listed.
Retail Direct #Scheme by RBI. Retailers can open direct gitl accounts directly w/ RBI to inc accessibility to GSecs -> allows them to buy, sell securities online in both primary and secondary markets. Global Survey on Digital and Sustainable Trade Facilitaion by UNESCAP binannual report every 2 years to review progress of trade facilitation reforms. Various schemes implemented to enhance transparency are AEBAS : Aadhar Enabled Biometric Attendance for real time monitoring employee attendance e-Office : inter govt and intra govt transparency in transactions. GeM portal : for monitoring and buying supplies. Non Tariff Barriers are trade restrictions as part of a countries political or economic strategy. Ex Quotas, embargo, sanction, levies, licenses, voluntary export restraints. Tariff barriers are OTH tax or duty imposed. Early Harvest Deals EHD : precursor to FTA trading partners reduce tariff barriers on some goods to promote trade.
National Monetisation Pipeline NMP #scheme : infra assets of govt be sold over next 4 yrs, will unlock value in Brownfield/lying vacant projects. Ex in Roads, Railways, Power. Future Mobility park : Make use of advances in data science, AI and sensing technology to provide cleaner transport, automation etc. International Central Securities Depository ICSD settles trades in international securities such as Eurobonds. Ex Clearstream, Euroclear. It does things like safekeeping, Deposti and Withdrawal, Dividend, interest calculation etc. Account Aggregator : NBFC regulated by RBI that helps individual securely and digitally access and share info from one fin institution to another. IPO Grey market is unofficial market where IPO shares are bought or sold before they become available for trading on stock market. No one regulates it. Rate at which investor buys IPO before listing is called Kostak rate. 2 New RBI Schemes launched :
RBI Retail Direct #scheme : to enhance acccess to gov securities market for retail investors. Offers new avenue for directly investing in securities issued by Centre or States. Free of cost accounts for investors to trade on gsecs.
Reserve Bank Integrated Ombudsman #scheme RB-IOS : aimed at further improving grievance redressal mechanism for resolving complaints. Theme is to estd 'One Nation - One Ombudsman' with one portal, one email and one address for customers. Integrates 3 ombudsman schemes into 1. Removes jurisdictional limitations and limited grounds for complaints. SEBI has stopped trading in derivative contracts of various farm commodities viz non basmati paddy, wheat, chana, mustard, soya bean, crude oil palm and moong for 1 yr. RBI Working Group on digital lending recom : Separate legislation be enacted to oversee such lending and sep nodal agency for it. Self regulatory org be set up for its participants All loan disbursement to be made directly into bank accounts. Data collection must require prior consent of borrowers and be stored locally Offline digital payments b/w Rs 200-2000 does not require internet or telecom connectivity. RBI has recently allowed it. Can be done using cards, wallets, mobile devices etc. Not require Additional factor of authentication. Domestic-Systematically Important Bank D-SIBs are important for country's growth. RBI notifies such banks taking into account size, complexity, lack of substitutability etc. Criteria is to have assets of them should be 2% of GDP. They need to maintain higher share of risk-weighted assets (RWAs) as Tier I equity. SBI needs to maintain Additional Common Equity Tier 1 at 0.60% of RWAs.
2019-04-28 11:33 :23
7th Economic census 2019 by MoSPI : w/ CSC of MEITY first done in 1976. Covers all entrepreneurial unit engaged in production. Used for computing their contri to GDP #report
Service Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) by OECDs. India has called it biased against developing countries #report shows service sector restrictive but it has got most FDI Regulatory measure introduced in one area decreases rating in other, data is arbitrarily generated 35% IN graphite reserves Arunachal J&K Jharkhand Odisha per GSI Masala Bond : Rs denominated bond; raised by an overseas body who would want Rupee. But only for dev of township and affordable housing Special regulator supervisor cadre to strengthen RBI for NBFC, urban coop banks, check default fraud as growing complexity diversity in sector Large modern Currency Chest(CC) service charge inc Rs 5 to 8/100 piece deposit in non CC branch, Currency Chest is authorised by RBI deposit notes/coin limit is Rs 1000cr RBI OMO inject Rs 15,000 cr through gov bond Digital payments **Nandan Nilekani** #committee. Recommend : - 10x growth in 3 yrs, every user in 5km radius shadow area deploy banking correspondent, - remove transactn charge digital pay to gov, more gov participatn, RBI set interchange rate of transactn - leave Merchant Disc rate on market, digitise mass volume channel eg tolls bill ticket payments etc, - special risk mitigatn and complaint redressal portal data monitoring district level targeted infra develop.
Public Labour force survey (PLFS) #important by NSSO 2019 and 2020. IN first computer based survey UR rural + urban highest 1972 Since 2012 most among rural men Urban 7.8 from 7.7 Rural 5 from 5.3, UR Urban fem male 15-29 yr most affected esp educated. New RBI policy on resolution of stressed asset : made voluntary for lenders to take defaulters to bankruptcy code gives 30 days time to resolve dispute
Reciprocal Trade Agreements (RTA) bilateral/regional : inc market access, mem grant special adv each other, eg GSP, FTA, Custom Union Common Market, Fiscal Stability and Development Council (FSDC)] - Meity secy now also included in Members. Cess levied on tax (direct + indirect) payable not on income, credited to CFI to meet specific purpose cannot be spend on anything else ex. Env cess, infra cess etc. **NITI Aayog $5tril economy by 2024 @12% GDP growth** - States improve core competence, priority to agriculture - imp logistics supply marketing flow etc. - streamline NITI Aayog to play facilitator role, access quality health, education to all, equality of opportunity. - remove gender disparity, more lending MSMEs(11+cr jobs), combat pollution sustainable growth.
Trade Infrastructure for Support #Scheme to enhance export competitiveness - bridge infra gaps - last mile and first mile connectivity by Mo Commerce **Core Investment Companies CIC** - are NBFCs w/ asset size ≥100cr. - work in acquisition of shares + securities - are exempted from registration and regulation from RBI. - RBI proposes stricter rules for CIC. **Tapan Ray** #committee on CICs recom : - CIC to form board level committees appoint independent directors and conduct internal audits, - prep consolidated financial statement, step-down CIC may not be permitted to invest in other CICs
International Cooperation #Scheme under Mo MSME enhance their competency and explore new tech to improve capacity, fin assistance is given Overseas/sovereign bond : Gsecs issued to finance fiscal deficit, manage temporary cash mismatches. traded in secondary market and denominated both in domestic and foreign currency. In India it is done in domestic. risks quick increase in forex reserves make rupee strong -> discourage exports Sovereign Bonds to be issued by Gov. External Borrowing is done because domestic borrwoing is crowding out.
More SEBI is audited by CAG and surplus goes to General Fund of SEBI. Gov wants to transfer surplus to CFI, leaves only a reserve fund.
Fit and Proper criteria by RBI #important #scheme : SBI+ nationalised bank to form Nomination and Remuneration committee for appointing directors; 3 yr term maximum for 2 terms, 35-67yrs old Monetary policy : use of monetary instruments to achieve financial goals. By RBI Act, 1934 ex Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF), Marginal Standing Facility (MSF) Bank Rate etc.
Partial Credit Guarantee #Scheme for PSB : gov provide 10% of amt defaulted for the 1st time after the purchase of the a high rate pooled asset by the PSB, to address temporary assets liability mismatches and distressed sale Negative Rate policy : institutions are required to pay interest for parking excess reserves. Done in countries with low inflation as it impedes spending. RBI regulatory Sandbox : businesses can test innovative products under relaxed regulatory conditions. Minimum net worth of ₹25 lakh incorporated and registered in the country or banks licensed IN fastest growing fintech market projected that $1 trillion transaction by 2029 presently 3rd largest Existing Microcredit Model: very small loans to impoverished borrowers eg entrepreneurs, rural labourers etc connect them to larger economy. It is failing.
Advisory Board for Banking frauds #body : (CVC) has constituted it for fraud of over ₹50 crore in Delhi (RBI) will provide required secretarial services, logistic and analytical support necessary funding. RBI Panel on Economic Capital Framework: ECF refers to risk capital required by central bank to counter unforeseen risks. transfer of record Rs 1.76 lakh crore dividend and surplus reserves was recom by Bimal Jalan Committee RBI does not pay taxes on its earnings and profits Merger of Banks : 10 PSB into 4; PNB, OBC and United Bank of India -- 2nd largest bank. CBDT has entered into multiple Advance Pricing Agreements (APA) under Fin act of 2015. APA are b/w taxpayer and tax authority determining the tax pricing methodology for pricing future international transactions. Compulsory for banks to link their new floating rate home, auto and MSME loans to an external benchmark (chose 1 from 4 i.e. repo etc for borrowers to get benefit.
Bharat Bill Payment System run by NPCI is a one stop bill payment platform.
SGB **RBI study of state level budgets** - except for 2016-17 states have met their fiscal def target of 3%, - meeting this by not increasing revenue but through inc expenditure and more borrowing, - reduction of overall size of budget, still debt to GDP is 25% of GDP, - revenues shrank due to low tax buoyancy, unpredictability of ICGST and grants.
Asia Pacific Trade and Investment #Report 2019 by UNESCAP and UNCTAD. Findings : Non-tariff measures have increased -> affected 58% of trade and have direct impact on trading partners **IMF's World Economic Outlook #report** 2019 - IN at 6.1% growth still world's fastest growing major economy - Growth low here due to weakness in NBFC, Real estate, automobile and housing sector; due to regulatory uncertainties, low domestic demand - Need: broad based structural reforms, fiscal consolidation, enhance tax base, rationalise subsidies, reduce Gov role in fin system
IN launched BHIM 2.0 w/ additional features vis new languages, increased limit of high value transaction, donation gateway, link multiple bank account, apply for IPO, 3 levels of authentication etc. It hasUPI based payment interface by NPCI
Credit Suisse Group released 10th annual Global Wealth #Report. CN overtakes US w/ more people in top 10% of global wealth distribution, per IN adult it is Rs 10.31 lkh, accounts for 2% of global millionaires. Merger of BSNL and MTNL : What will happen? allotment of 4g spectrum, debt restructuring, reducing employee cost, monetising assets. Why was it done? was uncompetitive, Overstaffed, expenses on managing employees, interference of DoT Adjusted Gross Revenue(AGR) : usage and licensing fees charged by DoT on telecom operators calculated on all revenues earned by telco. SC has upheld the AGR calculation formula. Center has provided a 4 yr moratorium to pay dues on AGR and Spectrum charges. Option to convert the interest on moratorium into equity. Definition of AGR changed to remove all non-telecom rev.
Center for monitoring Indian Economy CMIE #report on Unemployment. Most decline in agri and female workers. CMIE is an independent think tank.
Global Microscope #report on Fin Inclusion by Economist Intelligence Unit EIU. Obs : IN among top nations with most condusive env for fin inclusion, overall it has improved. Steps taken by IN RBIs draft National Strategy for FI, high level committee to review existing status of digitisation etc. Moody's has cut IN outlook rating from stable to negative due to inc in fiscal deficit, NBFI's crisis spread to retail, automobile, home sales etc.
Int Institute of Management SWZ's World Talent Ranking #report . SWZ 1st IN slipped to 59th due to low quality of life, low expenditure on education and health and lesser women's part in workforce. **Recent Economic Reforms** - Corporate Tax decreased to 22% w/; no min alternate tax (MAT) eligible w/o exemptions; - corporate tax rate after surcharge and cess be 25.17%; - local coys incorporated b/w Oct 2019/ March 2023 to pay 15%; - for new coy effective charge will be 17.01%. Fiscal Deficit Counter Cyclical Capital Buffer CCyB allows banks to hold capital when credit is growing to use it when financial cycle is down
#scheme2020-06-12 11:41:43 launched to provide for the welfare of areas and people affected by mining related operations objective : To minimize/ mitigate the adverse impacts of mining
implemented by the District Mineral Foundations (DMFs) set up as a Non-profit. It would be operated through funds that are collected under DMF. 60% of the funds will be utilised for high priority areas like drinking water etc rest for physical infrastructure.
#scheme 2020-06-12 11:49:42 is an umbrella program consists of 7 missions Mission 25 Tonne to inc revenue by augmenting carrying capacity. Mission Zero Accident Mission PACE (Procurement and Consumption Efficiency) Mission Raftaar - inc avg speed of freights trains Mission Hundred for sidings Mission Beyond book-keeping Mission Capacity Utilisation Rashtriya Rail Sanraksha Kosh or Rail Safety Fund receives allocation from Central Road Fund.
#scheme 2020-06-12 11:40:11
#todo Contributes to 29% of Indian GDP Employ 120million people and make 45% of overall exports from India MSME contribute about 6.11% of mfg GDP and 24.63% of GDP from service activities 33.4% of Indias mfg output. 20% of MSME are from from rural areas. Udyam is the system of registration pre requisite for any MSME to avail concessions done online based on self declaration. Uploading of proofs not necessary. Export of goods and services not to be counted while calculating turnover Champions control room across country for facilitating registration. MSME Samadhaan portal launched to clear delayed payments to MSMEs. Challenges : High no of pending cases in MSME Samdhaan portal Difficult to access formal credit. Women owned MSMEs have difficultu accessing formal finance Infra issues like high cost of land, diff to get power or water connection, logistics issue etc
#scheme Its goals are to develop an ecosystem for Zero Defect Manufacturing in MSMEs, and improve quality of products. MSMEs are given financial assitance. Quality Council of India has been appointed as implementing agency. Gov institutions and Registered Industry Associations can only apply. 8 different schemes of Khadi Village industry was merged into Khadi Vikas Yojana' and 'Gramodyog Vikas Yojana'. It includes : Market Promotion & Development Assistance (MPDA) Interest Subsidy Eligibility Certificate (ISEC) Workshed, Strengthening Weak Infra Village Industries Grant etc component under Khadi Gramodyog Vikas Yojana introduced for enterprise based operation in Khadi sector aimed at generating self-employment opportunities through establishment of micro-enterprises in non-farm sector. KVIC is nodal agency target of 75 projects per district awarded. high rate of subsidy 25-35% for women, SC/ST, OBC etc loan of up to Rs.1 crore with subsidy of 15% Mandatory geo tagging of units Merger of Coir Udyami Yojana in PMEGP inc access of MSMEs to capital
based on the recom of the U K Sinha #committee aims to raise MSME contribution to GDP from current 29% to 50% provides an upfront subsidy of 15% on institutional credit up to Rs 1 crore additional 10% subsidy for SC-ST entrepreneurs Scheme is a demand driven one without any upper limit on overall annual spending started for registartion of MSME entrepreneurs, will improve EoDB For Incubation -> promote creatvitiy and adoption of latest tech, Design -> provide expert advice and IPR -> to improve IP culture. CHAMPIONS : for making smaller units big 2020-06-09 18:58:27 M Visvesvaraya proposed the 10 year plan for IN in 1934 1st attempt at planning - proposed to double the income of country National Planning Committee NPC setup in 1938 under J Nehru emphasis of state owned heavy industries Bombay plan - 1944 by leading industrialists - expansion of textile and consumer industries MN Roy - Peoples plan, SN Agarwal - Gandhian Plan Long term Goals of 5 year plans were Growth, Modernisation, Self-Reliance and Social Justice 1st Plan(1951-56) - stress on agriculture, 3.61% growth target of 2.1% 2nd Plan (1956-61) - estd of heavy industries/capital goods, based on Nehru-Mahalanobis model, achieved target 3rd Plan(1961 - 66) - balance industry and agri, aim was self-sustaining economy, 1st time borrowing from IMF, 62,65 wars and drought led to failure Annual Plans (66-67, 67-68, 68-69) - inflation, floods, forex crisis, political instability due to death of Nehru, Shastri aka plan holiday 4th Plan (1969-74) - aim growth with stability, social emphasis education and employment, bank nationalisation, abolition of privy purses, green rev, oil shock, 71 war 5th plan (1974-79) - aim growth for social justice, cut short by Janata Party Gov its 6th FYP was removed from official records, 79-80 was Plan Holiday Rolling Plan adopted in 1962 - b/w normal plan and plan holiday, are flexible and able to overcome the rigidity of fixed FYPs 6th Plan (1980-85) - Garibi Hatao, also emphasis on infrastructure, 5.7% growth more than target, 7th Plan (1985-90) : rapid growth in food grain production and employment, beginning of liberalisation, long term fiscal policy started, 3 year exim policy 1st time announced 2 Plan holidays 1990-91 and 1991-92 due to economic crisis 8th Plan (1992-97) : based on RaoManmohan Singh Model, Disinvestment started joined WTO, Constitutional basis to Panchayati Raj, SEBI made statutory body Indicative Planning - Private sector given substantial role 9th FYP (1997-02) - political instability, East Asian Fin crisis 1997, Privatisation of PSU started 10th FYP (2002-07) - aim was 8% GDP growth, reduce poverty by 5%, gainful high quality employment, reduce gender gap in literacy 11th FYP (2007-2012) - Recession, Sovereign debt crisis in Greece, thrust was agri, education and infra 12th FYP (2012-17) - 8% growth rate, NITI Aayog Governing council consists of CM of all states/Uts and Lt Govs Team India wing engages states and the Centre Knowledge and Innovation Hub - think tank capabilities 4 ex officio mem from Union council of ministers nominated by PM Part time mem - max 2 from leading univs Planning Commission did not have reps from States/UT's, PC was operational arm of the National Dev Council NDC a political institution, PC had more mem all were full time, PC had allocative functions Corresponding Chapter from Notes/ Mapping Mains Syllabus Indian Economy :
001 Economy and Economics Economic Survey - 2022-2023 Summary Budget 2023-2024, 2022-2023. Ongoing Issues from Newspaper Notes. Issues relating to Planning, mobilisation of resources,
002 Planning Issues related to Growth, Development and Employment : 2019-12-28 10:42:32Nationalisation of banks in 1969 14 private banks, six in 1980. Large share of noninstitutional sources eg landlords, traders and moneylenders failed to meet the credit needs of the rural areas; new branch licensing policy -> branches had to be opened in unbanked rural areas priority-sector lending was introduced : whereby 40% set aside credit for agriculture, MSME, housing etc, differential interest rate scheme for the weakest sections, Lead Bank scheme : a district was assigned to one bank RRBs estd in 1975 to enlarge the supply of institutional credit (NABARD) in 1982 to regulate cooperative banks and RRBs outstanding debt of rural households increased growth of financial intermediation, bank deposits, gross savings rate rose, gross investment rate rose, demonstrated the utility of monetary policy in furthering redistributionist goals monetary policy should be divorced from redistributionist goals. banks should be free to practise commercial modes viz profitability as the primary goal, open and close branches as they desired Priority sector guidelines were diluted, rate regulations were removed branches closed growth of agricultural credit fell total outstanding debt of rural households fell post; 2004 policy to double the flow of agricultural credit within three years new branch authorisation policy, Permission if RBI was satisfied that bank would serve underbanked areas By 2011 mandated that at least 25% of new branches located in unbanked centres encouraged public banks to lend more for retail and personal loans, high-risk sectors banks funded by short-term deposit liabilities were taking on exposures that involved long-term risks rising non-performing assets fear of fiscal deficits date updated: '2021-07-28T21:02:21+05:30'2020-10-30 16:43:33Answers and Analysis Is inclusive growth possible under market economy? State the significance of financial inclusion in achieving economic growth in India. (क्ा बाज़ार अथि्भव्यवस्ा के अन्ग्भत समावेिी नवकास सं भव है? भारत में आर्थिक नवकास की प्ात्प्त के ललए नवत्ीय समावेि के महत्व का उल्ेख कीजजए।) 2022 Economic growth in the recent past has been led by increase in labour productivity. Explain this statement. Suggest the growth pattern that will lead to creation of more jobs without compromising labour productivity. (“हाल के हदनो का आर्थिक ं नवकास रिम उत्ादकता में वृगधि के कारण सं भव हआ है।” इस कथिन को समझाइए । ऐसे सं वृगधि प्नतरूप को प्स्तानवत कीजजए जो रिम उत्ादकता से समझौता हकए नबना असधक रोजगार उत्चत् में सहायक हो।) 2022 Explain the difference between computing methodology of India's gross domestic product (GDP) before the year 2015 and after the year 2015. (भारत की सकल घरेलू उत्ाद (जी. डी. पी.) के वष्भ 2015 के पूव्भ तथिा वष्भ 2015 के पचिात पररकलन नवसध में अंतर की व्याख्ा कीजजए।) 2021 Do you agree that the Indian economy has recently experienced a V-shaped recovery? Give reasons in support of your answer. (क्ा आप सहमत हैं की भारतीय अथि्भव्यवस्ा ने हाल ही में V-आकार के पुनरुत्ान का अनुभव हकया है? कारण सहहत अपने उत्र की पुनटि कीजजए।) 2021 What are the salient features of the National Food Security Act, 2013? How has the Food Security Bill helped in eliminating hunger and malnutrition in India? (राटिट्ीय खाद्य सुरक्ा असधननयम, 2013 की मुख् नविेषताएँ क्ा हैं ? खाद्य सुरक्ा नवधेयक ने भारत में भूख तथिा कु पोषण को दूर करने में हकस प्कार सहायता की है?) 2021 Explain intra-generational and inter-generational issues of equity from the perspective of inclusive growth and sustainable development. (समावेिी संवृगधि एवं सं पोषणीय नवकास के पररप्ेक् में, आंतपीढ़ी एव अंतपीढ़ी साम्ा के नवषयो की ं व्याख्ा कीजजए।) 2020 Define potential GDP and explain its determinants. What are the factors that have been inhibiting India from realizing its potential GDP? (सं भाव्य स.घ.उ.(जी.डी.पी.) को पररभानषत कीजजए तथिा उसके ननधा्भरको की ं व्याख्ा कीजजए। वे कौन-से करक हैं, जो भारत को अपने सं भाव्य स.घ.उ. (जी.डी.पी.) को साकार करने से रोकते रहे हैं?) 2020 Do you agree with the view that steady GDP growth and low inflation have left the Indian economy in good shape? Give reasons in support of your arguments. (क्ा आप इस मत से सहमत हैं की सकल घरेलू उत्ाद (जी. डी. पी) की स्ायी सं वृगधि तथिा ननम्न मुद्रास्ीनत के कारण भारतीय अथि्भव्यवस्ा अच्छी स्स्नत में है ? अपने तकमों के समथि्भन में कारण दीजजए।) 2019 It is argued that the strategy of inclusive growth is intended to meet the objectives of inclusiveness and sustainability together. Comment on this statement. (यह तक्भ हदया जाता है की समावेिी सं वृगधि की रणनीनत का आिय एकसाथि समावेशिता और धारणीयता के उदेश्यो को प् ं ाप्त हकया जाना है । इस कथिन पर हिपण्ी कीजजए।) 2019 How are the principles followed by the NITI Aayog different from those followed by the erstwhile Planning Commission in India? (भारत में नीनत आयोग द्ारा अनुसरण हकए जा रहे ससधिान् इससे पूव्भ के योजना आयोग द्ारा अनुसररत ससधिान्ो से ं हकस प्कार शभन्न हैं?) 2018 Among several factors for India’s potential growth, savings rate is the most effective one. Do you agree? What are the other factors available for growth potential? (भारत की सं भाव्य सं वृगधि के अनेक कारको में बचत दर, सवा्भसधक प्भावी है । क्ा आप इससे सहमत हैं ? सं वृगधि सं भाव्यता के अन् कौन से कारक उपलधि हैं ?) 2017 Account for the failure of manufacturing sector in achieving the goal of labour-intensive exports rather than capital-intensive exports. Suggest measures for more labour-intensive rather than capital-intensive exports. (रिम-प्धान ननया्भतो के ल ं क् को प्ाप्त करने में नवननमा्भण क्ेत्रक की नवफलता के कारण बताइए । पूंजी-प्धान ननया्भतो की अपेक् ं ा असधक रिम-प्धान ननया्भतो के ल ं लए, उपायो को सुझाइए।) ं 2017 What are the salient features of ‘inclusive growth’? Has India been experiencing such a growth process? Analyze and suggest measures for inclusive growth. ('समावेिी सं वृगधि' के प्मुख अशभलक्ण क्ा हैं ? क्ा भारत इस प्कार के सं वृगधि प्रिम का अनुभव करता रहा है ? नवश्ेषण कीजजए एवं समावेिी सं वृगधि हेतु उपाय सुझाइये।) 2017 Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) is necessary for bringing unbanked to the institutional finance fold. Do you agree with this for financial inclusion of the poorer section of the Indian society? Give arguments to justify your opinion. (प्धान मं त्री जन-धन योजना (पी० एम० जे० डी० वाइ०) बैंकरहहतो को ं सं स्ागत नवत् में लाने के ललए आवश्यक है। क्ा आप सहमत हैं हक इससे भारतीय समाज के गरीब तबके के लोगो का ं नवत्ीय समावेि होगा? अपने मत की पुनटि के ललए तक्भ प्स्तुत कीजजए।) 2016 Comment on the challenges for inclusive growth which include careless and useless manpower in the Indian context. Suggest measures to be taken for facing these challenges. (भारतीय सन्भ्भ में समावेिी नवकास में ननहहत चुनौनतयो, ज ं जनमें लापरवाह और बेकार जनिक्ति िागमल है, पर हिप्पणी कीजजए। इन चुनौनतयो का सामना करने के उपाय ं सुझाइए।) 2016 The nature of economic growth in India in described as jobless growth. Do you agree with this view? Give arguments in favour of your answer. (हाल के समय में भारत में आर्थिक सं वृगधि की प्कृ नत का वण्भन असिर नौकरीहीन सं वृगधि के तौर पर हकया जाता है। क्ा आप इस नवचार से सहमत हैं? अपने उत्र के समथि्भन में तक्भ प्स्तुत कीजजए।) 2015 Craze for gold in Indians have led to a surge in import of gold in recent years and put pressure on balance of payments and external value of rupee. In view of this, examine the merits of Gold Monetization Scheme. (सोने के ललए भारतीयो के उन् ं ाद ने हाल के वषमों में सोने के आयात में प्ोत्ष्भ (उछाल) उत्न्न कर हदया है और भुगतान-सं तुलन और रुपए के बाह्य मूल पर दबाव डाला है। इसको देखते हए, स्ण्भ मुद्रीकरण योजना के गुणो का परी ं क्ण कीजजए।) 2015 "Success of 'Make in India' programme depends on the success of 'Skill India' programme and radical labour reforms." Discuss with logical arguments. ("भारत में बनाइए’ काय्भरिम की सफलता, ‘कौिल भारत’ काय्भरिम और आमूल रिम सुधारो की सफलता पर न ं नभ्भर करती है।" तक्भ सम्त दलीलो के सा ं थि चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2015 While we found India's demographic dividend, we ignore the dropping rates of employability. What are we missing while doing so? Where will the jobs that India desperately needs come from? Explain. (‘‘जजस समय हम भारत के जनसांहखकीय लाभांि को िान से प्द्भशित करते है, उस समय हम रोजगार-योग्यता की पतनिील दरों को नजरअंदाज कर देते है।’’ क्ा हम ऐसा करने में कोई चूक कर रहे है? भारत को जजन जॉबो की बेसबरी से दरकार है, वे जॉब कहां से आएंगे? स्प ं टि कीजजए।) 2014 Capitalism has guided the world economy to unprecedented prosperity. However, it often encourages shortsightedness and contributes to wide disparities between the rich and the poor. In this light, would it be correct to believe and adopt capitalism driving inclusive growth in India? Discuss. (पूंजीवाद ने नवश् अथि्भव्यवस्ा का अभूतपूव्भ स्ृगधि तक हदिा-ननददेिन हकया है। परंतु हफर भी, वह असिर अदूरदर्िता को प्ोत्ाहहत करता है तथिा धनवानो और न ं नध्भनो के बीच ं नवस्तृत असमताओ को ब ं ढ़ावा देता है। इसके प्काि में, भारत में समावेिी संवृगधि को लाने के ललए क्ा पूंजीवाद में नवश्ास करना और उसको अपना लेना सही होगा? चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2014 With a consideration towards the strategy of inclusive growth, the new companies bill, 2013 has indirectly made CSR a mandatory obligation. Discuss the challenges expected in its implementation in right earnest. Also discuss other provisions in the bill and their implications. (समावेिी नवकास की रणनीनत को ध्ान में रखते हए नए कम्पनी नबल 2013 ने ‘सामूहहक सामाजजक उत्रदाययत्व’ को अप्त्यक् रूप से अननवाय्भ कत््भव्य बना हदया है। इसके गंभीरता से पालन कराने में अपेशक्त चुनौनतयो की ं नववेचना कीजजए। इस नबल की अन् व्यवस्ाओ और उनकी उलझनो ं की भी च ं चा्भ करें।) 2013 ]]>06-gs-3/1.-economy/1.1-indian-economy-and-issues-relating-to-planning,-mobilisation-of-resources,-growth-dev-and-employement.html06 GS-3/1. Economy/1.1 Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilisation of resources, growth dev and employement.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure> Finance Bill contains provisions on financing the expenditure, and Appropriation Bill specifies the quantum and purpose for withdrawing. Cess is levied on tax payable not on income, can be both direct and indirect and is deposited in the CFI.
SVAMITVA Yojana (Survey of Villages and Mapping with Improvised Technology in Village Areas) : #scheme to map residential land ownership in rural sector, for property record maintenance, under Panchayati Raj ministry, property cards will be prepared by states given to owners Open Budget Survey by International Budget Partnership IBP promotes access to Budget info and accountability. IN ranks 53/117 Banking Regulation Amendment Bill 2020 bring coop banks under supervision of RBI, amalgamation w/o placing it under moratorium NBFC MFIs : min net owned fund of Rs 5 cr or 2cr in NE region, 85% of total net asset in nature of qualifying assets, its share in microfinance sector is 30%, non-deposit taking
Ayushman Sahakar #scheme - assist coop to play imp role create healthcare infra, term loans for working capital and margin money, assistance through state Gov/UT, interest subvention of 1% women majority coop. G Sec prices fluctuate due to change in demand supply, in interest rate, dev in other markets ex forex, dev in international bond market esp US treasuries Escape clause in Govt Budgeting allows it to deviate from fiscal target by 0.5%. New Industrial Dev Scheme for J&K a CSC to generate employement.
Under CGST #act person can be arrested if tax evasion 2cr, 5cr is non-balaible. Green Tax for older vehicles. Off Budget borrowing : loans not taken by Centre but by another public institution which borrows on the direction of central gov, not included in fiscal deficit. FD of 2021-22 was 6.8% - due to COVID, Low revenue flow during lockdown, Govt relief
EPF mandatory for Coys over 20+ employees, Min 12% of monthly salary is contributed Stand Up India Scheme On Tap Licensing
Indian Public Debt highest among emerging economies per Moodys
Connected Commerce #report by NITI Aayog. Identifies challenges in accelerating digital fin inclusion viz Digital Exclusion, Unfamiliarity, Corruption, Inadequate Rural Banking, Accountability issue. Recommendations : Strengthen payment infrastructure, Digitizing registration, Building information sharing system, access to low cost capital by agricultural NBFC, make city transit accessible to all. RBIs earns from : on foreign currency assets, interest of holding of local Rupee denominat gov bonds/securities, Mgt commission on handling borrowigns of state/central gov.
National Asset Reconstruction Company NARCL #body Announced in Budget 2021 is a bad bank that takes over stressed asset > 500cr. Will have ARC and AMC to manage and recover dud assets. Will be a public sector enterprise PSE, deep pockets to buy NPA of huge amounts.
SARFAESI #act provides legal basis for ARCs. Mo Corporate Affairs has changed SME turnover threshold to Rs 250cr for Medium and Rs 50cr from Small cos. All states that are indebted to the Centre require its permission to borrow. Since all states are indebted all of them require consent. Connected lending : when promoter of a bank is also a borrower allowing it to use depositors money to fund their own projects. Ever greening of loans (one loan after another is given to pay back previous ones) could also be done with it. Co-Lending when 2 lender firms come together to disburse loans it is used to improve flow of credit ot the unserved and underserved sectors of economy at an affordable cost. RBI has permitted banks to co-lend with NBFCs. Tokenisation is replacement of actual credit and debit card details with alternate code or 'token'. Does not allow sharing of actual details to merchant. RBI has asked online players to deleted card details or replace them with tokens. 2019-04-29 13:17:02
Indian Startup ecosystem #report. IN 17/100 countries in strength ecosys. Bangalore New Delhi Mumbai top cities. 3800 start-ups $11bil funding, most popular is ecommerce.
PM Jan Dhan #scheme 5 yrs over 99lkh crore deposit 35 cr benefited, poor bank account, 21cr rural 18 cr female, ru-pay card 1st phase 1lkh insurance free, bank correspondence 5000rs remuneration Prepaid Payment instruments (PPIs) eg smart cards, mobile wallets etc, regulated by RBI, used for transaction, 3 types closed (brand specific gift cards), semi closed and open.
NABARD's Rs.700cr venture capital fund Nabventures, fund start-ups in agri sector, boost investment ecosystem, Gov holds 100% stake. #body
RBI Vision 2021 statement for e-payment and settlement system. Theme e-payment experience #scheme IN working age population has grown larger than dependent population 'demographic dividend'; because do decrease in Total Fertility rate(TFR 2.3); TFR high in rural regions.
Angikar Campaign for social behaviour change issues such as water & energy conservation, waste management etc for beneficiaries of completed houses under PMAY (U) Mo Housing and Urban Affairs. #scheme Gov removed Debenture Redemption Reserve used to protect investors from possible defaults, for NBFCs HFCs, done to reduce the cost of raising capital will deepen bond market. Inverted Yield curve when long term interest is less than short term eg un US 10 yr yield is 2yr; interest rate on lending money Alternative Investment fund AIF to be created by Gov to provide last mile funding for stalled affordable and middle income housing projects. They are privately pooled investment funds in form of a trust/ company/ corporate body. RBI announced final guidelines for on tap licensing of private Small Fin Banks. On tap licencing means giving licenses all throughout the year. Individuals/Entities need to have more than 10 yrs of experience and asset >= 5,000cr 'in principle' approval means that bank has 18 months to comply w/ all conditions granted under Banking Regulation Act 1949 North East Handloom and Handicraft Exhibition inaugurated at Aizawl 2019-04-28 06:35:58
Government Owned Contractor Operated model recommended by Lt Gen Shekatkar #committee. Assets owned by gov will be operate by private industries. they will need not make investment on land, machinery etc. Mission are set by gov and implemented by private sector.
Global Investment Trend Monitor #report by UNCTAD : India was top 10 recipient of FDI in 2019 $49bil 16% increase from 2018. Global FDI dec to $1.39tril, South Asia recorded 10% inc Dev countries absorb more than half of global FDI flows.
RBI special liquidity #scheme for NBFCs and HFCs through SPVs. SPV set up by SBI will purchase short term papers/instruments like CPs, NCDs from NBFCs/HFCs who will utilise proceeds for extinguishing existing liabilities. RBI provide funds to subscribe to instruments upto 30k crore, guaranteed by GOI.
#scheme 2020-06-11 19:25:58 for financial inclusion will open bank accounts - zero balance free accident insurance cover, over draft facility RuPay debit w/ inbuilt accident insurance cover of Rs 1 lakh 2nd phase - micro-insurance and pension schemes to unorganized sector workers overdraft facility inc to Rs.10,000 free accident insurance cover for new RuPay card holders has been doubled to Rs 2 lakh upper age limit for overdraft facility has been hiked to 65 from the earlier 60 Social Security Scheme or group insurance scheme administered through LIC. Death and Disability cover to persons b/w age group of 18 yrs to 59 yrs insurance cover for a sum of Rs 30,000/- on natural death, Rs. 75,000/- on death or total permanent disability due to accident, Rs. 37,500/- for partial permanent disability due to accident. total annual premium under the scheme is Rs. 200/- per beneficiary, of which 50% is contributed from the Social Security Fund. provides accidental insurance cover at premium of Rs.12/year. coverage of Rs.2 lakh for accidental death or PTD and 1 lakh for permanent partial disability. age group 18 to 70 years with a savings bank account serves the goal of financial inclusion for weaker sections it has the coverage for death due to any reason and is available to people in the age group of 18 to 50 years having a saving bank account. Rs. 2 lakhs is available for a one year period at a premium of Rs.330/- per annum per member Eligible persons can join the scheme without giving self-certification of good health
started because coverage under the then existing Swavalamban #Scheme was inadequate. subscribers would receive the fixed pension ranging from Rs.1000 - Rs.5000 per month at the age of 60 years depending on their contribution open to all bank account holders who are not members of any statutory social security scheme age of joining APY is 18 years to 40 years focuses on unorganised sector who join NPS or PFRDA Central Government would also co-contribute 50% of the subscriber's contribution or Rs. 1000 per annum, whichever is lower for a period of 5 years upto 2020 same pension would be paid to the spouse, on death of both spouse and subscriber accumulated pension amount goes to nominee. Same investment pattern as NPS of central gov employees. can be opened through banks or online.
#Scheme to provide old age security to citizens. both residents and Non-resident in the age group of 18-65 years can join NPS regulated by PFRDA. matching contribution from the employer PFRDA has now permitted Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) to enrol in NPS at par with Non-Resident Indians. for the benefit of citizens aged 60 years and above. subscribers on payment of a lump sum amount get pension at a guaranteed rate of 9% pa scheme allows withdrawals of deposit amount by the annuitant after 15 years of policy purchase. administered through LIC exclusively for the senior citizens aged 60 years or above. investment limit is Rs.15 lakh/senior citizen and provides an assured return of 8% p.a. for 10 years exempted from Service Tax/ GST and LIC is the implementing agency ceiling of maximum pension is for a family Premature withdrawal from the scheme is possible for medical treatments Any shortfall is subsidized by the gov Micro Units Development & Refinance Agency to refinance collateral-free loans given by the lenders to small borrowers Gives collateral free loans by Banks, NBFCs and MFIs Loans are of 3 categories : Shishu for loans up to Rs. 50,000 Kishore for loans above Rs. 50,000 and up to Rs.5 lakh Tarun for loans above Rs.5 lakh and up to Rs.10 lakh MUDRA debit cards are issued to the borrwers to withdraw loan from any ATM in India 2% Interest Subvention approved on prompt repayment of Shishu Loans
#Scheme will earn interest for the gold that is deposited in a gold savings account. tenure of gold deposits is likely to be for a minimum of one year long-term objective is to reduce the country's reliance on the import of gold. government securities denominated in grams of gold to be issued by RBI. started in 2015 to reduce dependency on gold imports and encourage paper for of saving restricted for sale to resident Indian entities basic unit of 1 gram with maximum investment of 4 kg (from 500g) for individuals and Hindu Undivided Family (HUF) and 20 kg for Trusts. interest rate is fixed at the rate of 2.50% p.a with tenor period of 8 years exit option from 5th yr. capital gains tax has been exempted interest on Gold Bonds shall be taxable Bonds can be used as collateral for loans and are eligible for SLR purposes tradable on stock exchanges redemption price will be in INR based on previous week's simple average of closing price of gold for creation of a New Indirect Tax Network of CBEC by Mo Finance. Will help in Implementation of GST Extension of Indian Customs SWIFT improve EoDB etc scheme for the socio-economic empowerment of Adolescent Girls and Young women To provide them with basic and then market driven skill training Major components are expanding opportunities and strengthen women's participation to Fishermen and Cattle Owners to extend the coverage of institutional credit delivery and improve adequate and timely credit support in this sector To meet the short-term credit requirements simplified procedure to give credit Post-harvest expenses Produce marketing loan also provides the facility of ATM enabled RuPay Card for small farmers, marginal farmers, share croppers, oral lessee and tenant farmers. Self-Help Groups (SHGs) or Joint Liability Groups (JLGs) are also eligible for availaing benefits to attract funds from Corporate secotor, individuals, philanthropists etc for Swacch Bharat mission promote entrepreneurship among Women, SC, ST at grass root level. Women have dominated scheme. Objective is to facilitate loans b/w 10 lakh and 1 crore that would be collateral free through credit guarantee. leverages institutional credit structure to facilitate loans from 1lk to 1cr SIDBI and NABARD are connect centres Loans only for Greenfield Project Borrower -> 18yr w/o any bank default 2020-10-22 07:43:25 Inclusive G - creates emp opportunities, helps reduce poverty, having access to essential services, quality of opportunity, growth process ie env friendly, good governance Skill Dev - harness demographic dividend, paucity of highly trained workforce, non emp of conventionally trained youth, 30% of youth not in education, emp or training Fin Inclusion Tech Advancement improve Agriculture, Manufacturing, Education, Health, Governance Economic Growth and Social Development 373 mil IN experience acute deprivations, 8.8% of pop lives in sever Multidimensional poverty, 20% are vulnerable to MP Unemployment, low investment, low capital utilisation in industry, low agriculture growth Agri Backwardness - 44% people work in agri related emp, contributes only 16.5% Issues : Declining per capita land availability, slow reduction in share of employment, low labour productivity, decline in agri yield, disparities in growth across regions Regional social disparities, low level, slow growth in public expenditure, poor quality delivery system, low social indicators for OBC SC ST Muslims Regional Disparities - in literacy rates, per capital income, caste system, gender gap Various indexes that measure this is in CA Measures taken by Gov Per WEF 3 practical ways to boost social inclusion are countries should inc public and private investment in their citizens capabilities, upgrade national rules institutions, inc public investment in labour intensive sector Make in India aims to attract both capital and technological investment in India to become top FDI destination. Focus on job creation and skill enhancement in 25 key sectors viz automobiles, aviation, biotech. it wants to facilitate investment, foster innovation, have best in class mfg infrastructure, improve EoDB and enhance skill development. Focus on 27 secots under MII2.0 where 15 sectors are covered b DPIIT and 12 sectors by Do Commerce. Mo Commerce and Industry is nodal agency. Steps taken by govt Portal of dissemination of information and interaction with investors has been created to generate awaress about investment opportunities. Invest India set up as investment facilitation agency. Investment Facilitation cell Start up India and Stand up India campaigns have been launched. For MSME promotion India Aspiration Fund set up under SIDBI, SIDBI Make in India Loal for Small Enterprises SMILE started to give out equity based loans, MUDRA bank loans. Issues aimed at capital intensive manufacturing, not labour intensive ones, protectionist approach mfd and construction sectors are losing jobs
#scheme 2020-06-12 11:37:59Pradhan Mantri Shram-Yogi Maandhan for the unorganised sector workers with monthly income of up to Rs 15,000 not paying income taxes. provide assured pension of Rs 3,000 per month cover 10 crore workers in the first 5 years spouse of the beneficiary shall be in case of death entitled to receive 50% of the pension after 60 before 60 can continue the scheme. through auto debit from Jan Dhan/ Savings account Atal Pension Yojana also covers the same sector. Deendayal Upadhyay Shramev Jayate Karyakram launched to provide conducive environment for industrial development. Various initiatives under this include : Shram Suvidha Portal for redressal of grievance Random Labour Inspection scheme Universal Account Number (UAN) for Employee Provident Fund (EPF) to make it more portable Apprenticeship Protsahan Yojana for on job training. Revamped Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana for convergence of all social security schemes. Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Protsahan Yojana for employees earning wages less than Rs.15,000/- per month Gov will pay entire employer's contribution 12% towards EPF and EPS for 3 years. Atal Bimit/Beemit Vyakti Kalyan Yojna launched to financially support those who lost their jobs covered under Employees' State Insurance ESI Act, 1948. Cash benefit is 25% of average per day earning inc to 50% max 90 days of unemployment funded from ESI contribution Coordinated by ESIC Mission Mode Projects - Project within the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) that focuses on one aspect of electronic governance, such as banking, land record and has cleared defined objectives.
#scheme 2020-06-11 19:15:55North East Rural Livelihood Project NERLP by MoDNER : Central Sector scheme externally aided by World Bank and implemented in four North Eastern States namely Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura. to improve livelihoods of the poor especially of women and disadvantaged. by promoting SHGs North East Special Infrastructure Development Scheme : fill up the gaps in creation of infrastructure in specified sectors till March 2020 related to water supply, power etc also social sector of education and health.
#scheme 2020-06-11 19:11:49National Broadband Mission access in all villages in the country by 2022 lay incremental 30 lakh route km of Optical Fiber Cable work with States and UTs for having consistent policies increase tower density from 0.42 to 1 tower per thousand of population by 2024 investments of around Rs.7 lakh crore Broadband Readiness Index will be developed Creation of a digital fiber map. Bharat Net : provide network infrastructure with affordable broadband connectivity on a non-discriminatory basis. First phase - providing broadband connectivity to 1kh gram panchayats by 2017 Second Phase -- providing broadband connectivity to 2 lakh gram panchayats by 2019 Third Phase -- providing state-of-art network using fibers between districts and block with reduced redundancy by 2023 All the Service Providers will be given non-discriminatory access to the National Optic Fibre Network NOFN funded from Universal Service Obligation Fund Bharat Broadband Network, a SPV mandated to create NOFN. Sampoorna Bima Gram Yojana to give rural people affordable life insurances services by Mo Communication. at least 1 village will be identified in each district with pop more than 100 and Rural Postal life insurance will be given for each household. All villages under Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana will be brought under this. Deen Dayal SPARSH or Scholarship for Promotion of Aptitude & Research in Stamps as a Hobby (SPARSH) Yojana. For children of Standard VI to IX having good academic record.DARPAN or Digital Advancement of Rural Post Office for A New India realizing financial inclusion of un-banked rural population. Provide a low power technology solution to each branch postmaster to improve service delivery, reimbursement of social security benefits such as MNREGS, old age pension and DBT will also be done.Pt Deendayal Upadhyaya Sanchar Kaushal Vikas Pratisthan by Mo Communication : skill development scheme that will train rural youth to maintain mobile towers, repair optical fibres etc DoT will train people. Will be implemented in UP, Bihar, Odisha, Punjab and Haryana. Training will be based on National Skill Qualification Framework (NSQF) 2020-10-22 07:44:37
#todo
#todo ⏫ 2020-08-28 08:04:17 Income Distance : Is the difference between per capita GSDP of the state with the state with highest GSDP. States with low per capita given more to maintain equity. Demographic performance is new - reward efforts made by states in controlling their population Total Dev of Rs 8.55 lk cr, 41% of divisible pool of taxes, Max dev to UP and Bihar Also recommends grant in aids to the states which include Revenue deficit grants 14 states will get this , special grants also compensate for dec in devolution Grants to local bodies 90k cr, 4.31% of divisible pool Disaster Mgt grants Sector Specific grants - nutrition, health, pre-primary education, judiciary and railways. 2020-10-30 16:44:44Answers and Analysis Distinguish between capital budget and revenue budget. Explain the components of both these Budgets. (पूँजी बजि तथिा राजस् बजि के मध् अन्र स्पटि कीजजए। इन दोनो बज ं िो के संघ ं िको को समझाइए।) ं 2021 Explain the rationale behind the Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to States) Act of 2017. How has COVID-19 impacted the GST compensation fund and created new federal tensions? (वस्तु एवं सेवा कर (राज्यो को ं क्नतपूर्त) असधननयम, 2017 के तका्भधार की व्याख्ा कीजजए। कोनवड-19 ने कै से वस्तु एवं सेवा कर क्नतपूर्त ननसध (जी० एस० िी० कॉम्पेन्सेिन फन्ड) को प्भानवत और नये संघीय तनावो को उ ं त्न्न हकया है?) 2020 Enumerate the indirect taxes which have been subsumed in the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India. Also, comment on the revenue implications of the GST introduced in India since July (उन अप्त्यक् करो को ग ं गनाइए जो भारत में वस्तु एवं सेवा कर में सस्म्ललत हकये गए हैं । भारत में जुलाई २०१७ से हरियास्न्वत (जी. एस. िी) के राजस् ननहहताथिमों पर भी हिपण्ी कीजजए।) 2019 The public expenditure management is a challenge to the government of India in the context of budget-making during the post-liberalization period. Clarify it. (उत्र-उदारीकरण अवसध के दौरान, बजि ननमा्भण के सं दभ्भ में, लोक व्यय प्बंधन भारत सरकार के समक् एक चुनौती है । इसको स्पटि कीजजए।) 2019 Comment on the important changes introduced in respect of the Long-term Capital Gains Tax (LCGT) and Dividend Distribution Tax (DDT) in the Union Budget for 2018-2019. (के न्द्रीय बजि, 20182019 में दीघ्भकाललक पूंजी अशभलाभ कर (एल० सी०जी०िी०) तथिा लाभांि नवतरण कर (डी०डी०िी०) के संबंध में प्ारंभ हकए गए महत्त्वपूण्भ पररवत्भनों पर हिप्पणी कीजजए।) 2018 One of the intended objectives of Union Budget 2017-18 is to ‘transform, energize and clean India’. Analyse the measures proposed in the Budget 2017-18 to achieve the objective. (2017-18 के संघीय बजि के अभीटि उद्ेश्यो में से एक उद् ं ेश्य 'भारत को रूपांतररत करना, ऊजा्भवान बनाना और भारत को स्च् करना' है । इस उद्ेश्य को प्ाप्त करने के ललए बजि 2017-18 में सरकार द्ारा प्स्तानवत उपायो का ं नवश्ेषण कीजजए।) 2017 Women empowerment in India needs gender budgeting. What are the requirements and status of gender budgeting in the Indian context? (भारत में महहला सिक्तिकरण के ललए जेंडर बजहिंग अननवाय्भ है। भारतीय प्सं ग में जेंडर बजहिंग की क्ा आवश्यकताएँ एवं स्स्नत हैं?) 2016 In what way could replacement of price subsidy with Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) change the scenario of subsidies in India? Discuss. (प्त्यक् लाभ अंतरण (डी.बी.िी.) के द्ारा कीमत सहाययकी का प्नतस्ापन भारत में सहाययहकयो के पर ं रदृश्य का हकस प्कार पररवत्भन कर सकता है? चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2015 What are the reasons for introduction of Fiscal responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) act, 2003? Discuss critically its salient features and their effectiveness. (नवत्ीय दाययत्व और बजि प्बं धन (FRBM) असधननयम 2003 को प्ारभि करने के क्ा कारण थिे? उसके प्मुख प्ावधानो और उनकी ं प्भानवकता का समालोचनात्मक नववेचन कीजजए।) 2013 What is meaning of the term tax-expenditure? Taking housing sector as an example, discuss how it influences budgetary policies of the government. (‘कर खच्भ’ (Tax Expenditure) का क्ा अथि्भ है? गृह क्ेत्र का उदाहरण लेते हए नववेचना कीजजए हक यह िासन की बजि-संबंधी नीनतयो को कै से ं प्भानवत करता है।) 2013 Discussion the rationale for introducing Good and services tax in India. Bring out critically the reasons for delay in roll out for its regime. (भारत में माल व सेवा कर (GST) प्ारभि करने के मूलाधार की नववेचना कीजजए। इस व्यवस्ा को लागू करने में नवलम् के कारणो का समालोचनात्मक व ं ण्भन कीजजए।) 2013
003 Fiscal System or Public Finance in India↩︎ ]]>06-gs-3/1.-economy/1.2-inclusive-growth-and-budgeting.html06 GS-3/1. Economy/1.2 Inclusive Growth and Budgeting.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#scheme National Infrastructure Pipeline NIP : world-class infrastructure, improve quality of life, imp project preparation, attract investment, economic and social infra.
Atanu Chakraborty #report on National Infrastructure Pipeline NIP Recom : investment needed of Rs 111 lakh crore, energy roads etc; push towards asset sales, monetisation of infra assets, setting up of dev fin institution, strengthen municipal bond market.
Global Energy Review by IEA - #report 6% decline in global energy demand most in advance economies. renewables will not see decline in demand.
Impact of Energy Efficiency by Mo Power and NRE, reduced intensity by 20% from 2005 levels #report
Global Energy Transition Index - WEF. IN ranks 74th, SWE tops #report Indian Gas Exchange IGX : online delivery based gas trading platform under IEX (India Energy Market Platform), trading in spot and forward market. Domestic production of LNG is 50% rest is imported Gati Shakti : national infrastructure master plan will bring planning and coordination and minimise delays b/w ministries. Not the same as NIP. Gati Shakti is a digital platform that connects 26 minisries including Roads, Highways, Railways, Shipping, Petroleum & Gas etc. Aims to boost multimodal connectivity and drive down logistics cost. Will cover infra projects worth over 500cr. Portal would provide geospatial data, including on existing infra. Allow govt to track various govt projects. Different dept will be able to prioritise their projects through cross sectoral interactions and boost last mile connectivity.

Ishaat Hussain #committee . provide capital to both Private and non-profit sector. housed within existing stock exchange viz BSE/NSE Recom : direct listing of NPOs, funding through Social Venture Funds, Min reporting standard, Profit social enterprise Pre-packaged insolvency : agreement for resolution of debt of distressed coy b/w secured creditors and investors, incumbent mgt retains control till last, act as alternative resolution mechanism to Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process CIRP, lower burden on NCLT
PLI #scheme for hardware manufacturing in electronics sector. Reasons - high cost of fin, lack adequate infra, inadequate availability of quality power, limited design capabilities, low skill dev. Also for pharma coys. Export Preparedness Index EPI 2020 by NITI Top is Gujarat, Maha, TN. It analysises export achievents of states/UTs Challenges in ex promotion - Intrainter regional disparities, poor trade support and R&D.
Need : joint dev, industry academia linkage, create state level engagement, revamped design standard #report EPI 2021 Gujarat topped. Coastal states performed better. Chennai Andaman Nicobar Island submarine help delivery of e governance, telemedicine, tele education, small enterprises, help BPOs, internet bills will come down. Coal Gasification is the production of Syngas. Benefits : transporting is cheaper, low pollution, greater efficiency but it emits twice as much CO2 as burning coal. Natural Gas Marketing reforms : e bidding, transparent bidding, pricing freedom, India Energy Modeling Forum - by NITI + USAID platform to examine imp energy env issues, inform decision making process, coop, computer models are built. Consists of inter-ministerial comm, steering com. First seaplane service in Gujarat : connects Sabarmati seafront to statue of unity in Kevadia Net Asset : total asset excluding cash, bank balance, money market instruments. Qualifying asset : have substantial period of time to be ready for its intended use. Maritime Cluster in GIFT City Gujarat. Electricity rights of consumer rules 2020 - to facilitate continuous access of electricity. National Common Mobility card - inter operable to pay bus charges, toll, by Nandan Nilekani comm Industrial Corridors : integrates industry, infra, lead to overall eco and social dev; high speed transportation network, cargo handling equipment New Public Sector Enterprise Policy : classification of Atomic energy, defence, power, petro, coal as strategic; Privatisation of remaining coys One Nation One Standard : uniformity in testing and standards, BIS only standard body that frames standards. Margalla-Allapatna in Mandya dist Ktaka Lithium deposits found National Rail Plan : create capacity, 45% freight share by 2030, forecast growth in traffic, reduce overall cost of transportation and time.
National Coal Index : by Mo Coal, price index that reflects change of market price on a particular month. Use - For Taxation, calculate value of mine, annual escalation in price. #report
National Hydrogen Mission NHM - aims to generate H2 from green source #scheme US to put Anti-Dumping Duty on Aluminium sheets from IN.
Remission of Duties and Taxes on Export Products RODTEP #Scheme - replaced MEIS to comply w/ WTO norms, refunds to exporters central, state and local duties/taxes to meet international standards.
National Bank Financing Infrastructure and Development NaBFID : corpus of 20,000 crore, wholly Gov owned, tax benefit for 10yr, eminent person to be chair, mobilise 111 lk crore to fund NIP, enhance credit rating of projects. #body
Research Design and Standards Organisation #body : standards forming body for railways, HQ in Lucknow. Restructuring of OFB : make them productive and profitable, help overcome shortcomings, improve accountability and efficiency. Fear of Job loss and unstable demand of defence product. Strategic Petroleum Reserves SPR program : stores crude oil to deal w/ crisis managed by Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Limited ISPRL SPV made for this very purpose it is wholly owned subsidiary of OIDB (Oil Industry Development Board OIDB) under Mo Petroleum and Natural Gas. ISPRL has storage facility of total 5.33 MMT at 3 locations namely Vizag, Mangaluru and Padur. Shoonya campaign by NITI to promote zero pollution delivery vehicles. **RERA Act 2016** : - Protect home buyers and help boost investment in real estate. - Developers can register projects w/o advertisement and sale after having all regulatory clearances. - Electronic system to update quarterly data about projects - Dev to have separate escrow accounts for projects. - Brokers to also be registered
National Export Insurance #Scheme NEIA : to facilitate commercially viable medium and long term export. **Export Related schemes of Govt.** - Foreign Trade Policy 2015 - Remission of Duties and Taxes and Exported Products RoDTEP - ROSCTL scheme to support Textiles - Trade Infrastructure for Export Scheme TIES, Market Access Initiative MAI scheme, Transport and Marketing Assistance TMA scheme. Coal Shortage reasons are COVID induced supply shock, demand overshooting supply, high import from China -> inc in prices, fall in imports due to high prices. Recent reforms in Coal sector : Commercial mining has been allowed, liberalisation of entry norms, Coal blocks to private coys on revenue sharing basis, incentivisation of Coal gassification.
Bharat Gaurav #scheme by Indian Railways it launched Bharat Gaurav trains that would be run by private players or state govts on theme based circuits. Offers operators 'right of use' of rakes and infrastructure. Railways would provide staff to drive the train, guards and maintenance for coaches. HCNG - Hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas can be used in place of gasoline, diesel fuel and propane. It reduces emissions of CO by 70%. Parvatmala Scheme : National Ropeways Development Programme to improve connectivity in hilly areas where conventional roads cannot be built by Mo Roads and Transport.
RDSS Revamped Distribution Sector RDSS #Scheme is reforms based and results linked scheme to improve operational efficiencies and financials stability of all DISCOMs/Power dept excluding private sector. Scheme wants to dec average technical and commercial (AT&C) loss. It is the loss occured due to price difference b/w the actual cost of electrcity and tariff cost. Gives conditional financial assistance for supply infrastructure based on meeting pre qualifying criteria.
Compulsory smart metering ecosystem, major focus on improving supply for farmers and for providing daytime electricity. Smar meter records various info such as voltage, current, power factors etc. National Smart Metering Program #scheme launched to replace 250mil conventional meters. Existing schemes such as IPDS Integrated Power Dev Scheme, DDUGJY Gram Jyoti Yojana, PMSBHGY Sahaj Bijli har ghar yojana will be merged into this. 2019-04-28 06:33:09
Aadhar and Other laws Amendment #Act 2019 to restrain misuse, no compulsion to show as ID proof. Voluntary use, offline verification w/ prior consent. alternative virtual id will conceal actual aadhar no, children can withdraw after 18. acceptable as KYC document, prevent denial of service, estd Unique Identification authority for IN fund.
National Freight Index by Rivigo will give information about 'live spot rates' on 7mil lane vehicles #report Water grid Power grid push concept of 'One Nation One Grid' NIIF(National Investment Infrastructure fund) to fund highway projects, 40000cr corpus, Gov investing 49% corpus rest raised from third party made to fund greenfield, brownfield and stalled infra projects.
Bharatmala Pariyojana : Phase I outlay 5.35 lkh crore construct 24.8k km road, second largest highway construction project since NHDP, emphasis on Border areas. #scheme
Grid Connected Rooftop solar prgrm for both residential and commercial - 40GW target; augment power supply #scheme Kosi-Mechi(Mahananda) Interlinking project: 4,900 crore to overcome problem of shifting of course of Kosi river, heavy sediment load, flooding etc
FAME II : Do Heavy industry Faster Adoption and Manufaturing of Hybrid and Electric (FAME Vehicles) #scheme Outlay of ₹10,000 crore for 3 years till 2022 setting up charging stations, Interlinking of renewable energy sources with charging infrastructure. Part of the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan
Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid Electric Vehicles in India FAME India Scheme World Biofuel Day every year on 10th August to spread awareness about the importance of non-fossil fuels as an alternative; Government of India(GOI) initiatives are : - administrative price mechanism for Ethanol - simplifying the procurement procedures of OMCs - amending the provisions for easier procurement - objective of reaching 20% ethanol-blending and 5% biodiesel-blending by the year 2030.
'Repurpose Used Cooking Oil (RUCO)' #scheme : collection of used cooking oil by FSSAI then conversion to bio-diesel. The max permissible limits for Total Polar Compounds (TPC) set at 25%, inc every time oil is reheated
SARAL : State Rooftop Solar Attractiveness Index MNRE, SSEF, ASSOCHAM, and Ernst & Young EY. #report Karnataka 1st next Telangana, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh. market potential for rooftop solar at 124 GW but only 1,247 MW of capacity had been installed 2016. Ocean Energy declared as renewable : tidal, wave, ocean thermal energy conversion for meeting the non-solar Renewable Purchase Obligations(RPO). Tidal energy which uses the flow of the tides, wave energy uses the vertical movement. Increase in ethanol procurement price from sugar mills for blending w/ petrol, conversion of old sugar in ethanol is also allowed will dec import dependency, support agri sector, env friendly, additional income to farmers. CN JAP SK working to put Hydrogen Fuel powered cars on roads called Fuel Cell Vehicles(FCVs) only water and heat are by products. 100% clean fuel/ zero emission, use as rocket fuel, costly, difficult to store. Coal Gasification : converted from solid to gas through controlled combustion water intensive, water contamination
One Nation One FASTag #scheme for all NH vehicles and cars to have RFID tags for digital contact-less payments
Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation (SATAT) #scheme compressed bio-gas plants are proposed through independent financers/ benefit both vehicle users, farmers and entrepreneurs. Agri residues will be converted to bio-gas in plants and CBG produced will be transported in cylinders to fuel stations. bio manure, CO2 produced be used for enhanced returns helping entp. Infrastructure investment Investment trust InvIT set up by NHAI highway projects will be bundled to form SPV - would be traded on the stock exchange. InvITs and REITs do not come under the IBC regulations. Are regulated by SEBI and Indian Trust Act 1882. Each InvIT has a Trustee (certified by SEBI), Sponsors are promoters, Investment Manager is entrusted with tast of supervising and Project Manager for executing. Silver line project proposal of KER gov laying semi high speed trains 532 km long JV b/w Mo Railways and Kerala Rail Dev Corporation. Tripura gets 1st SEZ dev by Tripura Industrial Dev Corporation Western Dedicated Freight Corridor broad gauge 1500km corridor b/w JNPT Mumbai and Dadri in UP funded by Soft Loan from JP under Special terms for economic partnership STEP being made by SPV of Indian Railway - Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India Limited DFCCIL
National Infrastructure Pipeline : Rs 103 lakh crore investment project to achieve $5til economy, 6500 diff projects across diff sectors viz safe drinking water, healthcare for all, airport bus terminal etc #important #scheme
State Energy Efficiency Index 2019 - by BEE. States are categorised into Front Runner, Achiever, Contender and Aspirant. KTAKA, HP, HAR and PUD were best performer - MAN, JHA, RAJ and J&K least. #report
Development Support Services For States/UTs (DSSS) For infrastructure projects is implemented by NITI Aayog using PPP model. It provides project level support from concept plan till fin closure. #scheme Real Estate Investment Trusts is like a mutual fund where group of people pool money to invest in properties on a large scale, regulated by SEBI. 2019-12-28 18:32:34
Time Release Study(TRS): DoRevenue, MoFin, enable faster movt of cargo on annual basis, World Customs Organization (WCO) #report
Competition Law Review #report: Recom amendment of Competition act Intro of a 'Green Channel' fast-paced regulatory approvals of mergers and acquisition. dedicated bench in NCLAT for hearing appeals under the Competition Act. speedier resolution of cases of anti-competitive conduct. imposition of penalty to ensure more transparency introduction of a Governing Board to oversee advocacy and quasi-legislative functions. Opening of CCI offices at regional level carry out functions such as research, advocacy.
Code on Wages Act, 2019 passed universal min pay ₹178/day replaces various laws #Act Centre will make decision on wages in railway, mines etc. States on rest Min wage(revised every 5yrs) to be more than Floor wage(Centre decides) Deduction cannot be more than 50%, bonus more than 8.33% or Rs 100 whichever is greater
Inter-ministerial Panel on Fintech #report Recom : legal framework to protect digital consumers, RBI should examine issuance of virtual banking licenses. Dematerialisation of FDs, SGB and PO certificates to promote easy transaction. mandate banks to share crucial customer data after consent. adopt regulation technology, improve their access to MSMEs farmers etc, use drone and remote sensing. Special window for last mile funding of stalled housing projects gov to contribute 10,000cr for the window rest from LIC, private and other lenders ECB will be relaxed for beneficiaries under PMAY. For Export sector : comprehensive tax and duties refund, improve credit flow
Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India (ECGC) has introduced 'NIRVIK' #scheme to ease the lending process and enhance loan availability. Insurance to guarantee 90% of principal and interest, cover pre and post shipment credit etc
UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) recom adoption of unitary taxation system for Multi-national Enterprises to simplify global taxation system.
IMD World Digital competitiveness ranking examining 3 factors i.e. Knowledge, Technology and Future readiness of 63 countries, IN at 44th. US 1st #report Industry 4.0 is the name to the 4th Industrialisation which is the current trend of automation, interconnectivity and data exchange. 2nd Industrialisation was use of steel in 20th century, 3rd was 1950s computers. Enterprise development centres(EDC) Provide vocation skill development course, credit facilitation etc in every district by MSME ministry
WB EODB 'Doing Business' #report released #PrelimsPYQ top improvers are KSA, JOR, TOG. Measures used starting a business, getting construction permits, electricity, registering property, protecting minority investors etc. IN at 63. Challenges : IN lags in enforcing contracts and registering property, resolving commercial disputes. Improved : in sustained business env, easy getting building permits, easy import export, port infra upgraded. RBI introduced liquidity mgt framework for all non-deposit taking NBFCs w/ assets 100cr, CICs and all deposit taking NBFCs to strengthen their asset-liability mgt for liquidity crisis. NBFCs were to maintain liquidity coverage ratio LCR, ensure High Quality Liquidity Assets to survive any scenario for 30 days. RBI revised the framework on currency swap arrangement CSA for SAARC till 2022 to strengthen fin stability and eco coop. RBI can offer CSA for upto $ 2bil, swap drawal can be made in USD, EUR, INR for all SAARC countries subject to bilateral swap agreement Currency Swap involves trading in own local currencies, EXIM are paid at pre-determined rates of exchange w/o bringing 3rd currency like USD
KUSUM #scheme ₹1.4 lakh-crore promoting decentralised solar power production option to sell additional power to the grid help in de-dieselising the sector 60% subsidy on the solar pumps provided 2020-03-07 20:06:21 Rialways to modernize signaling system by implementing Modern Train Control system w/ LTE based radio system. Vande Bharat trains will be mfd in Integrated Coach Factory Chennai.
The Terminal Tax on Railways Passenger #Act, 1956 repealed was taken from or to places of pilgrimage, fairs, exhibitions are held. Operation Thirst by Mo Railways to apprehend sale of sub-standard drinking water. Number of Stations with the High Speed free Wi-Fi increased to more than 5,500. Real Time Train Information System (RTIS) in collaboration with ISRO for automatic chart preparation and passenger train information. 2020-10-22 07:44:26Refer to chapters BoP, WTO, World Bank, Bretton Woods Reforms taken during Liberalisation - Financial, Industrial, Fiscal, Trade Industrial Policy Resolution 1948 Accepted the imp of both private and public sector, also role of cottage industries divided industry in 4 catergories - w/ state monopoly, mixed sector, gov control sectors, private enterprise India was to be a mixed economy IPR 1956 Accelerate rate of growth, speed up industrialisation, dev heavy industries, expansion in public sector reduce disparities in Income and Wealth, dev of competitive cooperative sector, prevent concentration of Business Compulsory licensing for industries Reservation of Industries was done Schedule A where center was given complete monopoly Schedule B state govt was supposed to take up initiatives followed up by private sector. Schedule C all Industrial areas not included in above 2 were put into this. Many of these industries had compulsory licensing Industries Dev and Regulation Act 1951 Regulate industrial investment, production, protection of small scale industries, prevent monopoly in few hands, balanced growth Restrictive provisions, Registration mandatory, examination monitoring of Industries, cancellation of licenses MRTP Act 1969 It was repealed by the Competition act 2002 Was enacted in 1969 on recommendation of Dutt Committee. Objective was to ensure operation of economic system does not result in the concentration of economic power in hands of few rich. prohibit monopolistic and restrictive practices and control monopolies It was not applicable to Govt companies, Trade Unions, Coys under Central or State Act, Coys registered under Cooperative societies act. It set up the MRTP Commission to enforce the act. It was a quasi judicial body. Problems of Excessive Restriction imposed Underutilisation of wastage, licensing requirements, discretionary powers to grant licences corruption and rent seeking, Rise of corporate Bureaucratic nexus, Regional imbalances with some states, killing of competition Industrial Policy Statement 1973 : Classification of certain Industry as core industry. Private sector could apply for industries in not in Schedule A. Some industries were put under reserved list that only small or medium industries could be set up. Concept of Joint sector developed FERA act to regulate foreign exchange was passed. Limited permission to foreign investment was given. Industrial Policy Statement 1977 Indira Gandhi govt had falled and Morarji Desai was the new PM under the influece of his political ideology ie the Gandhian Socialistic views was put forward. Foreign investment in unnecessary areas were prohibited Emphasis on village industries and redefined small and cottage industries. Democratic decentralisation was emphasised and Khadi and village industry was set up. Liberalisation measures in 1980 Industrial Policy statements of 1980, 1985 and 1986 was passed. Exemption from licensing, relaxation of MRTP act FERA regulations, Delicensing of large industries, Re endorsed, promotion of economies of scale, dev of backward areas Incentives given to exporters, promotion of small scale industries, New Industrial policy 1991 New Industrial Policy 1991 major structural break for IN economy, aims to carry forward gains already made in industrial sector, correct existing market distortion, provide gainful and productive emp Abolishment of Industrial licensing, only 5 now require alcohol, cigarettes, hazardous chemicals, defence, electronics aerospace etc Reduced role of public Sector, reserved for Public sector reduced from 17-8, Entry of foreign firms and investment, FDI allowed in capital goods, metallurgical, electronics, FPI Other important liberalisation measures - in industrial location, abolishment of phased manufacturing program, removal of mandatory convertibility National Manufacturing Policy 2011 Inc mfg growth to 14-15% in medium term, inc share of mfg GDP by 25% by 2022 Create 100mil jobs, skill dev, inc domestic value addition, inc global competitiveness Create enabling env for Mfg sector, simplification of business env, National Investment and Mfg zones NMIZ announced Incentives for SMEs; Industrial training and skill up gradation; Rationalisation and simplification of business regulations. Make in India (similar to NMP) Inc mfg to 25%, counter jobless growth, come out from middle income trap, service led growth Gov Initiatives - improve east of doing business, opening of new sectors for FDI, new and improved infra, strengthening IPR, Industrial corridors, FDI, Ease of Laws, Rules, Regulations, Investment security Need : Investing in R&D, Skilling of youth in Big data, AI, Robotics etc, Dev of core infra, reforming labour laws, judicial reforms, promote well dev globally integrated fin markets, etsd flexible exit policy, well dev capital and debt bond, promote dev of young innovative entrepreneurship
#scheme 2020-06-11 17:58:11 Transport and Marketing Assistance TMA Scheme by Mo Commerce and Industry will boost agri exports. Provide financial assistance for transport and marketing of agri products available b/w 1.3.2019 to 31.03.2020. In sync with Agriculture Export Policy that aims to double by USD $60bil by 2022. Start Up India Scheme by Mo Commerce and Industry entity HQ in India shall be considered as a Startup up to 10 years annual turnover should also not exceed INR 100 crore should not be formed by splitting of a big company. Provides for Single window clearance, faster and cheaper patents, faster exits, simple compliance regime, Tax exemptions for 3yrs etc. Rural Version was named Deen Dayal Upadhyay Swaniyojan Yojana backed by MUDRA loans funded by NRLM. It recently launched the Startup Academia Alliance program for mentoring academics in partnership with TERI. Integrate to Innovate Programme by Mo Commerce and Industry : 3-month corporate acceleration programme for energy startups.Cash prize grant of upto ₹ 5 Lakh. Corporates would offer access to technology, technical and commercial mentorship etc. Developed by Invest India.Scheme for IPR awareness - Creative India Innovative India launched by Cell for IPR Promotion and Management (CIPAM). Project duration is 3yr is by Mo Commerce and Industry.Revenue Insurance Scheme for Plantation Crops RISPC for which insurance can no longer be availed from PM Fasal Bima Yojana.Covers small growers of Rubber, Tea, Coffee, Tobacco and Cardamom having 10 ha or less landholding. will cover income loss arising out of yield loss due to non-preventable risks.RISPC is an improved form of Price Stabilization scheme PSS compulsory for growers registered with Commodity Boards CBsNiryat Bandhu Scheme to reach out to the new and potential exporters and mentor them to get into international trade and boost exports.Schemes under Foreign Trade policy of India by Mo Commerce and Industry : Merchandise Exports from India Scheme (MEIS) - accelerate the export of manufactured products, limit on rewards only upto Rs 2 cr, rewards given as per duty scrips, VisheshKrishi and Gram UdyogYojana (VKGUY) - Duty Credit Scrip benefits are granted with an aim to compensate high transport costs Focus Market Scheme increase the competitiveness by reducing freight cost and other duties only for the export of goods Focus Product Scheme which have high export intensity / employment potential Served from India Scheme SEIS service providers of notified services are incentivized in the form of Duty Credit Scrips at the rate of 3 or 5% on their net foreign exchange earnings. 2020-10-22 07:47:30 LR regulated ownership, operation, leasing, sale, inheritance of land Brought in due to massive inequalities, wealth and income, great scarcity, unequal distribution, BPL pop, strong economic political arguments, breaking lands into smaller parts turns Objectives : Enhance productivity, ensure distributive justice, create peasant proprietorship, transfer incomes of few to many, eliminate all forms of social injustice, provide security to tiller of land assure equality and opportunity Land reforms undertaken Abolishment of intermediaries - Zamindars, 60% of area was under, 173 mil acres of land acquired Tenancy reforms - regulation of rent - max limit on rent was fixed security of tenure - legislation passed in states, ownership rights of tenants - sharecroppers in Bengal given ownership Dev of cooperative farming and reo-organisation of agri - solve problem of division of land holdings inc production, more mechanisation Input cost reduction, better resource utilisation, inc labour productivity, inc in marketable surplus land ceilings - statutory max limits on quantity, limit varies from state to state in UP WB ceiling on existing holding is 40 acres and 25 acres, similarly in Punjab, Raj etc land consolidation - program failed as farmers reluctant to exchange their land for new ones, complaints of nepotism corruption, 2020-06-25 16:09:58 Energy Renewable/Solar : next 4yrs $80bil investment in RE , 4th EY's RE attractive index say that IN get sunlight all yr 175 RE capacity (100 solar + 60 wind + 10 biomass+ 5 small hydro) + 50 large hydro = 225GW, wind and solar energy suffer lack policy & implementation, 2019-20 cut solar target 23% Solar Rooftop, Solar parks, projects under National Solar Mission, Solar pumps, Solar cities, Surya Mitra National Offshore Wind Energy Policy, Inclusion of renewable energy in priority sector, investment of 74% foreign equity Prob : Land aquisition, slowdown eco growth, low adoption of solar power agri pump(KUSUM scheme) lack long term vision, import tariff 25% solar cells module/safeguard duty + GST & IGST (pre GST no tax)inc capital cost solar prjcts, decrease tariff main pt of gov but not pass to consumer, Wind Guj gov indifference export Ports Focus on non-major ports, enlarged scale of operations, FDI upto 100% in BOT/BOOT model, public funds deployed for common use infra Roads 2nd largest in the world, fuel cess imposed on petrol and diesel NHDP, NHAI financed from fuel cess imposed on petrol and diesel, ADB, WB, AIIB Special Accelerated Road Dev Program for NE region SARDP-NE Bharatmala, PMGSY, Airports Need : airport infra, upgradation of many airports, upgradation of 18 non metro airports, new ATS automation centre Working group recom State gov should nationalise VAT, ATF Foreign airlines undertake domestic ones Direct import of ATF by airlines, prepare turnaround plans, fare structure be reviewed Railways Challenges : capacity, project execution, high resource requirement, limitation of public resource Measures taken by GOI - High speed communication network put in place, Integrated coach factory in Chennai, Parichaalan mobile application for freight operation, solar panels on rooftop coaches, Diamond Quad, High Speed train project w/ Japan Investment Models Public Private Partnership PPP - Appropriate allocation of Resources, Risks, Responsibilities, Rewards Kelkar Committee report Build Operate Transfer Model BOT or Build Own Operate Transfer BOOT Type of PPP Initial concession of finance, design, construction, own, operating is given to a private firm After a set time limit it is transferred back to the Public entity VBOT : Variable - Build Operate and Transfer In BOT model there is a chance where contractor realizes his investment and profit ahead of his contract period In Variable - BOT the contract is terminated in such cases Concession - it is an agreement of grant of rights, land or property by govt, corporation, etc. Here either the govt can pay the other party or vice versa as per various scenarios. Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM) - Introduced in 2016 by NHAI 40% of capital is paid upfront while remaining 60% of the cost is paid over the life of the project as annuities In BOT model if there is a low realisation of tariffs the contract would still be terminated and lead to loss for the concessionaire, it also led to building of NPAs, risks were unevenly distributed among Public and Private parties. Toll Operate Transfer (TOT) : Toll highways operated by NHAI for more than 2 years Auctioned to private player whoever bids the highest to operate(collect toll) and maintenance Highways are bundled out and given to offset the risks Swiss Challenge : A third party is asked to match the previous proposal, expert committee decides on which is the best proposal Advantages : Efficient use of capital, speeds up process Good citizen services, transparency Genuine competition, cost saving for gov Disadvantages : Politics-business nexus does not let real competition Chances of large scale corruption Kelkar committee discouraged it Viability Gap Funding : one time grant is given for projects that have economic viability but financial support is missing. Ex UDAN Take out Financing : loan on a property will be paid back over a long period which replaces a short term loan . Done to address Asset-Liability mismatch Expand sources of finance for infra projects Plug and Play model Companies can start implementing projects immediately without worrying about all regulatory clearances Done for big projects Help attract foreign and domestic investment Infrastructure debt fund IDF: Have long payback periods are capital intensive Financed by NBFCs, present bond market lacks depth which limits its effectiveness IDF can be structured either as a trust would be managed by SEBI or as a company managed by RBI Infra Investment Trust InvITs - similar to MF, enables direct investment, regulated by SEBI, used by NHAI , risks are contained, tax savings, Design-Build/ Engineering, Procurement, Construction EPC/ Turnkey : Contractor designs and builds the facility for an upfront payment of fees. Lease Operator is responsible for operating and maintaining infra facility but not required to make any large investment Used with other models like BOT, Gov bears the investment risk Suitability and Selection of Model PPPs can be complex Creation of a SPV Special Purpose Vehicle is a key feature - it is a legal entity that undertakes a project and negotiates contract agreements with other parties Their funds cannot be diverted Helps bring together of other investors, sharing risks PPP in ports has been encouraged, FDI is 100% automatic route To attract investment/PPP in social sector reimbursement of service cost will help reduce time and cost over-runs, inc efficiency, improve quality PPP in education - 20 IITs were to be established in this model Criticismprivatisation of education and dilution of the role of the govt PPP in Health Care Services - National Health Policy 2017 advocates PPP Proposed for treating non communicable diseases NCDs Pros Check rampant absenteeism inc gov expenditure has failed to give results Unable to attract and retain talent High growth rate of private sector Cons Risk is unequally spread towards gov Implementation is a challenge Conflict of interest b/w Gov run centres and private PPP in Skill Development PM Kaushal Vikas Yojana, Apprentice promotion scheme uses this model PPP in Digital India - ex Bharat Net project In Swacch Bharat Abhiyan - in social sector PPP model allows local citizens to become direct stakeholders to promote sustainable and inclusive cities that have core facilities like Assured electricity supply, Adequate water supply etc Its components are City Improvement, City renewal, city extension 100 potential cities will be given funding of Rs500 crore for 5 yrs. Impelmentation through SPVs and Urban Local Bodies. Other plans like HRIDAY, AMRUT, JNNURM Challenges in Infra sector : Project delay - cost overruns, delays in acquisition, scarcity of fund, weakness of existing PPP, weakness in existing PPP models, Slowdown in economy, twin balance sheet crisis
#scheme 2020-06-12 13:38 :52
#scheme Flagship scheme of Mo Shipping. Aim : promote port-led development make infra to imporve efficiency and transport time and efficiecnt evacuation from hinterland enhance capacity of major and non major port Significance : Reduce logistics cost esp for EXIM by optimising time cost of container movt, locating industries near coast including mfg clusters. Inc efficiency Improve EoDB throught seamless cargo movt and improvement of operational efficiency. Aid economy -> jobs will be created, skills will be developed etc. Aid regional growth Coastal community dev Community Development Fund will be created for coastal areas. National Sagarmala Apex Committee (NSAC) is envisaged apex body State Sagarmala Committee headed by Chief Minister/Minister in Charge of Ports Sagarmala seaplane service to be launched ! Challenges : Security due to inc in ports Mobilising resources for infrastructure Coordinating among different ministries Environmental issues wrt to coastal areas and compliance w/ CRZ rules Rise in crude oil prices
capacity augmentation of National waterways projects Inland Waterway Authority of India (IWAI) as implementation agency Financed by IBRD In UP, Bihar, Jharkhand and WB project adopted River Information System for the first time in India to optimise resource mgt nodal points along the National Waterway will be created by IWAI.
#scheme 2020-06-12 11:46:24aims to provide 24X7 power supply to rural areas. Subsumed Rajiv Gandhi Grameen VidyutikaranYojana (RGGVY) Launched GARV II app to provide real time data of villages. Integrated Power Development Scheme (IPDS) and Remote Village Electrification Programme (RVEP) are also similar schemes. National LED program to promote energy efficiency in the country. It has 2 components : UJALA-Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs to provide subsidised LED bulbs SLNPStreet Lightning National Program to replace conventional LED street lights. Gram Ujala for rural areas The schemes are being implemented by Energy Efficiency Services Limited EESL implemented by Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) scale up the deployment of energy-saving measures Investment by World Bank also, will help achieve Nationally Determined Contribution under Paris accord. To turnaround the precarious financial situation of state electricity distribution companies ie reduce their interest burden and Aggregate Transmission and Technical (AT&C) losses.This is to take place through 4 initiatives Improving operational efficiency Compulsory smart metering, upgradation of transformers Efficient LED bulbs, agricultural pumps, fans and air conditioners, Reduction in cost of power through inc supply of cheaper domestic coal, coal linkage rationalisation Liberal coal swaps from inefficient to efficient plants Reduction in Interest cost Enforcing Financial Discipline Features of the scheme states shall progressively take 75%, 50%, 25% of DISCOM debts. this will not be included in fiscal deficit of states states will issue non SLR SDL bonds. Debt not taken by states will be converted by banks into loans or bonds. States be given additional coal at notified prices. UDAY scheme is optional for all states
#scheme 2020-06-11 17:57:59Ude Desh Ka Aam Nagrik by Mo Civil Aviation : Airports Authority of India (AAI) maximum airfare has been capped at Rs 2500 for 1hr in aircraft and 30 min on helicopter. have to commit 50% of seats on RCS flights Regional connectivity funds will be created. Central gov will fund 80% of losses incurred by states through Viability Gap Funding VGF. Benefits for 10yr period. UDAN 4.0 recognised Bilaspur in Chattisgarh as priority airport, special emphasis in NE states, Hilly states, islands, operation of helicopters and sea planes. International UDAN plans to connect smaller cities to foreign destinations nearby. State gov will provide financial support for this. Financial support only for 3yr and only Indian carriers can participate. Digi Yatra by Mo Civil Aviation : To develop seamless, consistent, paperless service experience for travellers. Uses facial recognition for faster check-ins.
#scheme 2020-06-12 11:43:41 Surya Mitra Scheme Skill dev scheme for youth in installation, operation etc of solar power projects aimed at creating 50,000 trained technician Course is 3 months longs B.Tech are not eligible 100% funded by GOI Implemented by National Institute for Solar Energy. KUSUM Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan : setting up grid-connected solar plants in rural areas and off-grid solar pumps target of 25,750 MW by 2022 plans to incentivise farmers to run solar farm water pumps and use barren land for generating power for extra income It has 3 components set up 10,000 MW grid connected solar or other RE plant install 17.5 lakh solar pumps solarisation of 10 lakh grid connected solar agri pump deploying 20 GW of grid connected solar power by 2022 which was later revised to 100 GW by 2022 ' targeted investment was $100bil comprise of 40GW Rooftop and 60GW through large and medium scale grid 30% capital subsidy for installation of SPV applications like solar lighting systems, solar PV.
#scheme 2020-06-11 19:34:47 Phase -- II for the period of 3 years commencing from April 1, 2019 in this phase government is targeting a fully (100%) electric fleet for public transport outlay of Rs. 10,000 crore, Rs.1000 crore for setting up charging stations incentive of Rs.10,000 per kilowatt (kW) based on size of battery 2020-10-30 16:45:10Investment and InfrastructureEffect of LiberalisationLand ReformsAnswers and Analysis Why is Public Private Partnership (PPP) required in infrastructural projects? Examine the role of PPP model in the redevelopment of Railway Stations in India. (बुननयादी ढांचागत पररयोजनाओ में सा ं व्भजननक ननजी साझेदारी (पी.पी.पी.) की आवश्यकता क्ो है? भारत में रेलवे ं ्टेिनो के पुनर् ं वकास में पी.पी.पी. मॉडल की भूगमका का परीक्ण कीजजए।) 2022 Investment in infrastructure is essential for a more rapid and inclusive economic growth. Discuss in the light of India's experience. "तीव्रतर एवं समावेिी आर्थिक संवृगधि के ललए आधाररक-अवसंरचना में ननवेि आवश्यक है।" भारतीय अनुभव की पररप्ेक् में नववेचना कीजजए। 2021 Explain the meaning of investment in an economy in terms of capital formation. Discuss the factors to be considered while designing a concession agreement between a public entity and a private entity. (एक अथि्भव्यवस्ा में पूँजी ननमा्भण के रूप में नवननयोग के अथि्भ की व्याख्ा कीजजए। उन कारको की ं नववेचना कीजजए, जजन पर एक साव्भजननक एवं एक ननजी ननकाय के मध् ररआयत अनुबन (कॉन्सेिन एगग्रमेन्ट) तैयार करते समय नवचार हकया जाना चाहहए।) 2020 With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy. (ऊजा्भ की बढ़ती हई जरूरतो के पर ं रप्ेक् में क्ा भारत को अपने नाशभकीय ऊजा्भ काय्भरिम का नवस्तार करना जारी रखना चाहहए? नाशभकीय ऊजा्भ से संबं सधत तथ्यो एवं भयो ं की ं नववेचना कीजजए।) 2018 Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy is the sine qua non to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Comment on the progress made in India in this regard. ("वहनीय (ऐफोडदेबल), नवश्सनीय, धारणीय तथिा आधुननक ऊजा्भ तक पहंच संधारणीय (स्टेनबल) नवकास लक्ो (एस. डी. जी ं ०) को प्ाप्त करने के ललए अननवाय्भ है।" भारत में इस संबंध में हई प्गनत पर हिप्पणी कीजजए।) 2018 Examine the developments of Airports in India through Joint Ventures under Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model. What are the challenges faced by the authorities in this regard. (साव्भजननक-ननजी भागीदारी (पीपीपी) माडल के अधीन सं युति उपरिमो के मा ं ध्म से भारत में नवमानपत्नो के ं नवकास का परीक्ण कीजजए। इस सं बं धमें प्ासधकरणो के सम ं क् कौन सी चुनौनतयां हैं?) 2017 What are 'Smart Cities? Examine their relevance for urban development in India. Will it increase rural-urban differences? Give arguments for Smart Villages' in the light of PURA and RURBAN Mission. ('स्ाि्भ िहरो' से क् ं ा तात्य्भ है? भारत के िहरी नवकास में इनकी प्ासं गगकता का परीक्ण कीजजए। क्ा इससे ग्रामीण तथिा िहरी भेदभाव में बढ़ोतरी होगी? पी. यू. आर. ए. एवं आर. यू. आर. बी. ए. एन. गमिन के सन्भ्भ में 'स्ाि्भ गाँवो के ल ं लए तक्भ प्स्तुत कीजजए।) 2016 Justify the need for FDI for the development of the Indian economy. Why there is gap between MOUs signed and actual FDIs? Suggest remedial steps to be taken for increasing actual FDIs in India. (भारतीय अथि्भव्यवस्ा के नवकास में एफ. डी. आइ. की आवश्यकता की पुनटि कीजजए। हस्ताक्ररत समझौता-ज्ापनो त ं थिा वास्तनवक एफ. डी. आइ. के बीच अन्र क्ो है? भारत में वास्त ं नवक एफ. डी. आइ. को बढ़ाने के ललए सुधारात्मक कदम सुझाइए।) 2016 There is a clear acknowledgement that Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are a tool of industrial development, manufacturing and exports. Recognizing this potential, the whole instrumentality of SEZs requires augmentation. Discuss the issues plaguing the success of SEZs with respect to taxation, governing laws and administration. (इसकी स्पटि स्ीकृ नत है हक नविेष आर्थिक जोन (एस.इ.जैड.) औद्योगगक नवकास, नवननमा्भण और ननया्भतो के एक साधन हैं। इस सं भाव्यता को मा ं न्ता देते हए, एस.इ.जैड. के सं पूण्भ करणत्व एस.ई.जैडो. की सफलता को परे ं िान करने वाले मुद्ो पर च ं चा्भ कीजजए।) 2015 The right to fair compensation and transparency land acquisition, rehabilitation and resettlement act, 2013 has come into effect from 1 January 2014. What implication would it have on industrialisation and agriculture in India? (भूगम अज्भन, पुनरूद्ार और पुनवा्भसान में उचचत प्नतकर और पारदर्िता का असधकार असधननयम, 2013 पहली जनवरी, 2014 से प्भावी हो गया है। इस असधननयम के लागू होने से कौन-से महत्वपूण्भ मुद्ो का समाधान ं ननकलेगा? भारत में उद्योगीकरण और कृ नष पर इसके क्ा पररणाम होगे?) ं 2014 National urban transport policy emphasizes on moving people instead of moving vehicles. Discuss critically the success of various strategies of the government in this regard. (राटिट्ीय नगरीय पररवहन नीनत ‘वाहनो की आवाजाही’ के बजाय लोगो ं की आवाजाही पर बल देती है? इस सं बं ध में सरकार की ं नवनवध रणनीनतयो की सफलता की ं आलोचनात्मक चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2014 Explain how private public partnership agreements, in longer gestation infrastructure projects, can transfer unsuitable liabilities to the future. What arrangements need to be put in place to ensure that successive generations’ capacities are not compromised? (समझाइए हक दीघ्भकाललक पक्नावसध आधाररक संरचना पररयोजनाओ में न ं नजी लोक भागीदारी हकस प्कार अधारणीय देयताओ को भ ं नवष्य पर अन्ररत कर सकती है। यह सुननजचित करने के ललए हक उत्रोतर पीहढ़यो की स ं क्मताओ के सा ं थि कोई समझौता न हो, क्ा व्यवस्ाएं स्ानपत की जानी चाहहए?) 2014 Adaptation of PPP model for infrastructure development of the country has not been free from criticism. Critically discuss the pros and cons of the model. ( देि में आधारभूत संरचना के नवकास में गैर-सरकारी भागीदारी योजना (PPP) मॉडल अंगीकरण आलोचना मुति नही है। इस मॉडल के प ं क्-नवपक् की समालोचनात्मक नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013 Liberalisation How would the recent phenomena of protectionism and currency manipulations in world trade affect macroeconomic stability of India? (नवश् व्यापार में सरक्णवाद और मुद्रा चालबाजजयो की हाल की पर ं रघिनाएँ भारत की समनटि-आर्थिक स्स्रता को हकस प्कार से प्भानवत करेंगी?) 2018 “Industrial growth rate has lagged behind in the overall growth of Gross-Domestic-Product (GDP) in the post-reform period” Give reasons. How far the recent changes in Industrial Policy are capable of increasing the industrial growth rate? ("सुधारोत्र अवसध में सकल-घरेलू-उत्ाद (जी.डी.पी.) की समग्र सं वृगधि में औद्योगगक सं वृगधि दर नपछडती गई है ।” कारण बताइए । औद्योगगक-नीनत में हाल में हकए गए पररवत्भन औद्योगगक सं वृगधि दर को बढ़ाने में कहां तक सक्म हैं ?) 2017 How globalization has led to the reduction of employment in the formal sector of the Indian economy? Is increased informalization detrimental to the development of the country? (भारतीय अथि्भव्यवस्ा में वैश्ीकरण के पररणामस्रूप औपचाररक क्त्र में रोज़गार कै से कम हए? क् े ा बढ़ती हई अनौपचाररकता देि के नवकास के ललए हाननकारक है?) 2016 Normally countries shift from agriculture to industry and then later to services, but India shifted directly from agriculture to services. What are the reasons for the huge growth of services vis-a-vis industry in the country? Can India become a developed country without a strong industrial base? (सामान्तः देि कृ नष से उद्योग और बाद में सेवाओ को अ ं न्ररत होते है पर भारत सीधे ही कृ नष से सेवाओ को ं अन्ररत हो गया है। देि में उद्योग के मुकाबले सेवाओ की ं नविाल सं वृगधि के क्ा कारण है? क्ा भारत सिति औद्योगगक आधार के नबना एक नवकससत देि बन सकता है?) 2014 Foreign direct investment in the defence sector is now said to be liberalised. What influence this is expected to have on Indian defence and economy in the short and long run? (रक्ा क्ेत्रक में नवदेिी प्त्यक् ननवेि को अब उदारीकृ त करने की तैयारी है। भारत की रक्ा और अथि्भव्यवस्ा पर अपिकाल और दीघ्भकाल में इसके क्ा प्भाव अपेशक्त हैं?) 2014 Examine the impact of liberalization on companies owned by Indian. Are the competing with the MNCs satisfactorily? (भारतीय स्ागमत्व वाली कम्पननयो पर उदारीकरण के ं प्भाव का परीक्ण कीजजए। क्ा वे बहराटिट्ीय कम्पननयो से ं सं तोषजनक ढंग से प्नतस्पधा्भ कर रही है? नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013 Discuss the impact of FDI entry into multi-trade retail sector on supply chain management in commodity trade pattern of the economy. (अथि्भव्यवस्ा के माल व्यापार पधिनत में बहव्यापार खुदरा क्ेत्र में नवदेिी प्त्यक् ननवेि के प्वेि के प्भाव की नववेचना कीजजए। ) 2013 Though India allowed foreign direct investment (FDI) in what is called multi brand retail through joint venture route in September 2012, the FDI even after a year, has not picket up. Discuss the reasons. (यद्यनप भारत ने ससतम्र 2012 में सं युति सं सध माग्भ द्ारा बहमाका्भ खुदरा कहलाने वाले व्यापार में नवदेिी प्त्यक् ननवेि (FDI) को स्ीकृ नत दे दी थिी, पर इस ननवेि में एक वष्भ पचिात् भी कोई उन्ननत नहीं हई है। कारणो की ं नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013 Land Reforms How did land reforms in some parts of the country help to improve the socio-economic conditions of marginal and small farmers? देि के कु छ भागो में भू ं गम सुधारो ने सीमांत और लघु ं हकसानो की सामाज ं जक-आर्थिक स्स्नत हक सुधारने के ललए हकस प्कार सहायता की है? 2021 Discuss the role of land reforms in agricultural development. Identify the factors that were responsible for the success of land reforms in India. (कृ नष नवकास में भूगम सुधारो की भू ं गमका की नववेचना कीजजए। भारत में भूगम सुधारो की सफलता के ल ं लए उत्रदायी कारको को च ं चहह्नत कीजजए।) 2016 Establish the relationship between land reform, agriculture productivity and elimination of poverty in Indian Economy. Discussion the difficulty in designing and implementation of the agriculture friendly land reforms in India. (भारतीय अथि्भव्यवस्ा में सुधार, कृ नष उत्ादकता और गरीबी उन्ूलन के बीच सं बं धस्ानपत कीजजए।। भारत में कृ नष अनुकू ल भूगम सुधारो के रूपांकन व अनुपालन में क ं हठनाइयो की ं नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013 ]]>06-gs-3/1.-economy/1.3-infrastructure,-liberalisation,-land-reforms-in-india.html06 GS-3/1. Economy/1.3 Infrastructure, Liberalisation, Land Reforms in India.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#scheme
MSP for MFP #scheme : Centrally sponsored scheme, for marketing of Minor Forest Produce expanded to all states and UTs under Mo Tribal Affairs, purchasing of produce under state gov.
Atma Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyan allocated Rs 30,000 crores for NABARD. #scheme Direct Seeding of Rice i.e without using nursery helps in saving water up to 25%
Farming Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Ordinance, 2020 : create ecosys where farmers and trader enjoy freedom of choice of sale and purchase, towards one India one Agri market. #Act
Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund (AHIDF) launched : corpus of Rs 15,000 cr, incentivise investment infra in dairy, meat processing, animal feed plants etc, 3% interest subvention #body
Agriculture Infrastructure Fund : central sector scheme, long term debt financing for investment in post-harvest management etc, interest subvention 3% limit of Rs 2 cr on loans, credit guarantee by CGTMSE
State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020 (SOFI 2020) by FAO, UNCF, WHO etc #report problem w/ unaffordability of good diets ### Farmers Ordinance/ Bill #Act Concerns over new farm ordinances, anti-farmer, erodes food security as gov intervention is eliminated, ordinances promote corporate control, encourage hoarding and black marketing, lack assurance about MSP - **Essential Commodities Amendment Ordinance 2020** : - allows for regulating supply stock, - price range fluctuation is narrow, not applicable for value chain participants if stock limit is less than installed capacity, not apply to exporters if they show demand for export - **Farmers Produce Trade and Commerce Ordinance 2020** - to bypass APMC providing freedom to trade in any area - local farmers may not find adequate demand for their produce at MSP, lack of long distance transport, forced to sell them at lower price - **Farmers Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm services ordinance 2020** - creates legal framework for contract farming - negotiating power of farmers lesser than that of big corporates, quality parameters can be mutually decided but this could also help corporates RBI guidelines for PSL 10% of total net bank credit to weaker section, 18% TNBC to agri advances
Food Coalition by FAO : proposed by ITL, to inc resilience of agri food system against COVID, multi stakeholder. #Treaty MSP for Kharif crop based on 1.5 times the production cost or 1.5xA2+Fl, A2 covers all paid out costs directly by the farmer, FL is unpaid family labour. MSP also includes C2 costs -> rentals and interest forgone on owned land and fixed capital assets. Agri food policy of IN : Be able to produce enough food, feed and fibre for large pop; protect the env, seamless movt of food across supply chain, food be safe and nutritious.
Sub Mission on Agroforestry SMAF : under NMSA, encourages farmers to plant multipurpose trees. #scheme PLI for Food Processing Industry to create global food manufacturing hub. In PLI schemes incentives of 4-6% would be given on sales that are over and above previous years sales.
UN Food Systems summit 2021 to bring positive change food system
AIF Lumpy skin disease : causes prolonged morbidity in cattle and buffaloes caused by LSDV virus.
Mission for Integrated Dev of Horticulture MIDH #scheme : CSC under Mo Agriculture provides technical support. Zeolites 3d crystalline made of Aluminium Silicate are used to separate some gas species from mixture of gases. Beed model relates to insurance subsidies given to companies so that they can provide cover to farmers of Beed district. Harit Dhara : anti methanogenic geed supplement to cut down cattle methane emission by 20% also inc higher milk production. Agriculture Investment Fund AIF : debt financing facility for investment in viable projects for post harvest mgt and community farming, gives interest subvention of 3% and credit guarantee. Agri Infra Fund AIF : medium long term debt financing facility for post harvest mgt infra and community farming asset. Gives interest of 3% and credit guarantee for loans upto 2cr.
River Ranching Program : in which fishes are kept captive for the 1st stage of their lives and subsequently released in ocean/river to grow as adults. Under the PM Matsya Sampada yojana. **FAO reports and Programs :** 1. Global Report on Food Crises 2. State of World's Forests. 3. Codex Alimentariys Commission 1961 to dev food standards, guidelines 4. Word Food Summit 1996 which signed Rome Declaration to half the people suffering from hunger by 2015. 5. FAO Goodwill Ambassador Program 6. TeleFood 1997 for public awareness. 7. Right to Food Guidelines. 8. International Plant Protection Conventions 1952. 9. International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculure aka Seed Treaty. 10. Globally Important Agriculture Heritage Systems GIAHS partnership initiative on sustainable dev. There are 3 recognised GIAHS sites in India and 37 in the world. 1. Kuttanad Below sea level Farming system in Kerala 2. Koraput Traditional Agriculture of Odisha 3. Pampore Saffron Heritage Kashmir Landraces are naturally occurring variants of commonly cultivated crops are not commercially grown crops. Still have untapped genetic potential that could provide solution to various problems. 2021-09-09 08:49
MSP - recom by Commission for Agri Crops Cost & Prices (CACP) decided CCEA. If Market price is below MSP farmers can puchase at this price to counter price fluctuartion and distressed sale, MSP decided before sowing. #scheme
PM AASHA (Annadata Aay Sanrakshan Yojana) #scheme low coverage, physical procurement MSP, PDS cereals costly, confined to certain states, cumbersome registration, middleman dominate mandi sales.
Shanta Kumar #Committee streamline FCI Recomm : Reduce FSA beneficiary to 40%, allow private players to procure store grains. stop MSP bonuses adopt DBT, FCI procure only from weak state not from PUN HAR MP AP etc. Abolishing levy on rice (gov buys 25-75% rest sell open market). Deregulate fertilizer sector, outsource food grain stocking.
Beekeeping Develop #Committee Bibek debroy committee - India 8th largest honey produced: Recomm : recog bees as input to agriculture, engage women + SHGs, institutionalise National Bee Board rechristen it integrate w Bee develop centres, recog apiculture as subject for advance research, ease exporting norms, develop infra.
Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) #scheme component of Soil Health Mgt Scheme project organic farming promoted by cluster(50+ farmers) approach
National Dairy Plan by Do Animal Husbandry and dairying assisted by WB, Central scheme focus on 18 milk producing states. Obj : increase productivity, organise milk processing sector. #scheme
Mission Organic Value Chain develop for NE region (MOVCDNER) : link farmers, faster certification, collection aggregation for NER. #scheme
Silk Samagra integrated #scheme for dev of silk, started by Central Silk Board; major components R&D ToT, seed orgs, market dev etc, breed improvement
One Nation One Ration card ONORC : #scheme linking ration card w/ aadhar mandatory, good for migrants, bi lingual format, 10 digit 1st 2 digit is state code, low dependence on shopkeepers, no ghost beneficiaries biometric authentication, 2 portals that are Integrated Management PDS IM-PDS and Annavitran host all related data
PM Kisan Maan Dhan: voluntary b/w 18 to 40 yr, monthly pension of Rs. 3000/- after 60 years age, contribution of Rs.55 to Rs.200/mth, Centre make equal contribution, spouse is also eligible #scheme
Market Intervention Price Scheme(MIPS) #scheme price support mech implemented on request of State gov, procurement of perishable and horticultural products during 10% fall in prices or 10% inc in production
#Report of Internal Working Group (IWG), set up by RBI - impact of loan waivers on state finances. Findings: lead to 12% of states fiscal deficit, lower lending to private business and less job creation. Recom : avoid waivers, holistic review of agri policies,
Participatory Guarantee #Scheme : they certify producers, act as local quality assurance system for organic products not for individual or 5 farmer group
National milk sample safety quality survey by FSSAI through 10% milk has safety issues, raw and processed both were non-compliant. Contamination due to Aflatoxin M1 and fungi. #report
Agricultural and Processed food products export development authority APEDA : 1985 under the Mo - Farmer Connect Portal for Farmer Producer Organisations FPO to interact with exporters. #body
WFP Nobel peace prize for UN's World Food Program #report
Kashtriya Kamdhenu Aayog conservation, genetic upgradation of indigenous breeds, under Mo fisheries part of Gokul mission, permanent apex advisory body part of Rashtriya Gokul mission #body Rural Development Fund : 3 % cess from agri produce goes here to create maintain rural infra 2019-05-02 17:59:50
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Food Policy #Report 2019 : 45.4 % world pop rural 70% poor Rice Wheat staple consumption pattern change. Half of all seeds sold in India are not certified by proper testing agency often of poor quality 'Feed our future' Cinema Ad Campaign by UN World Food Program. 2020-03-07 18:29:12 MSP of Kharif crops and Rabi crops have been increased. CHC Farm machinery help farmers for renting farm machinery. 2020-10-22 07:52:39 Subsidy = Price paid by farmers for key inputs - Actual retail market price It is of 2 types Direct farm subsidies and Indirect farm subsidies. Direct ones are being paid to make their product more competitive in the global market. Indirect are given in form of cheaper credit facilities, farm loan waivers, reduction in irrigation and electricity bills etc. India spends 2% of GDP on it, Fertiliser accounts for 2/3rd of it. 2 ways it is done is by providing MSP like remunerative prices, other is supplying input at lower cost ex electricity, irrigation water, credit, fertiliser Positive Impact stimulate dev, promote risk taking, encourage to use new inputs/ advance tech, keep farmers at par w/ non farming communities, providing food and nutritional security, inc access to poor farmers Negative Impact - fiscal imbalance, wastage of resources, creates trade distortions, leads to environmental degradation, benefits mostly rich farmers, inc in stockpile of grains, changes consumption pattern Fertiliser - by C gov, make fertilizer available to farmers, ensure fair returns on investment, Retention price scheme, Retention price - Maximum Selling price = Fertiliser Subsidy, Nutrient Based Subsidy Scheme, Neem Coated Urea Policy, New Urea Policy Irrigation/ Wateron usage of ground water, by providing canals, dams, low/no prices for their use Seeds - distributing seeds at lower price Power - to draw groundwater, to private parties, diff b/w price paid by farmers for usage of electricity and actual cost of generating electricity Infra - roads, storage, power, info, transport Credit - diff b/w interest charged from farmers and actual cost of providing credit
guaranteed min floor price, support farmer from excess fall in prices, distress sales, on 7 cereals, 5 pulses, 8 oilseeds, Cash crops like raw cotton, Copra, Raw Jute, Virginia flu Done to incentivise farmers to adopt HYV, combat food scarcity, price fluctuations CACP decides prices on factors like Cost of production Input price Market price Demand Supply Cost of Living price level/inflation in India internationals prices and domestic prices area under crop Yield, productivity Issue price Subsidies impact Inter crop price parity terms of trade b/w agriculture and non agriculture min 50% as margin over cost of production Implication of MSP on consumers of that product. MSP is at least 1.5 times the cost of production incurred by the farmers. It is fixed twice a year on recom of CACP. A2 + FL and C2 costs are considered. A2 covers all paid out expense in cash and kind incurred by farmers on seeds, fertilisers, chemicals, hired labour, fuel and irrigation etc. FL includes value of unpaid family Labour C2 costs account for rentals and interest paid on owned land and fixed capital assets. Advantages IN emerged grain surplus country food security achieved at National Level Inc in productoin of grains food prices remained stable inc in farm income economic transformation in well irrigated areas Drawbacks biased towards Wheat Rice; change in consumption pattern more production of Wheat Rice Diversion of resources from crops like pulses, oilseeds etc inc in public stockholding etc Present scenario/Issues no mechanism on ground to ensure farmers are paid MSP implementation of CACP prices change in criteria for calculating prices should include demand side factors distorted MSP - inefficiency in system Other issues fixing MSP for political reasons low level of MSP causes agrarian crisis and farmer distress lack of viability in agri, small land holding size, low productivity, inc production cost, shrinking employment, declining growth rate Solutions Land reforms, Access to irrigation, inc productivity, insurance coverage, public investment in agri, education and skill dev, promotion of rural non-farm sector, setting up of village labour intensive industries, providing institutional credit Alternative Deficiency payment scheme ex PDPS, ensure no resale of product takes place
Recom of Swaminathan #committee changes in irrigation, productivity, credit, insurance, food security, bio resources, public investment in agri human dev, rural no farm 2020-10-30 16:48 :16MSPAnswers and Analysis What is Integrated Farming System? How is it helpful to small and marginal farmers in India? (समेहकत कृ नष प्णाली क्ा है? भारत में छोिे और सीमांत हकसानो के ल ं लए यह कै से लाभदायक हो सकती है?) 2022 How and to what extent would micro-irrigation help in solving India's water crisis? (भारत के जल सं कि के समाधान में, सूक्ष्म-ससचाई कै से और ं हकस सीमा तक सहायक होगी?) 2021 What is the present challenges before crop diversification? How do emerging technologies provide an opportunity for crop diversification? (फसल नवनवधता है के समक् मौजूदा चुनौनतयाँ क्ा हैं? उभरती प्ौद्योगगकीयाँ फसल नवनवधता के ललए हकस प्कार अवसर प्दान करती है ?) 2021 What are the major factors responsible for making rice-wheat system a success? In spite of this success how has this system become bane in India? (धान-गेहं प्णाली को सफल बनाने के ललए कौन-से प्मुख कारक उत्रदायी हैं? इस सफलता के बावजूद यह प्णाली भारत में अशभिाप कै से बन गई है?) 2020 Suggest measures to improve water storage and irrigation system to make its judicious use under depleting scenario. (ररतिीकरण पररदृश्य में नववेकी जल उपयोग के ललए जल भं डाराण और ससचाई ं प्णाली में सुधार के उपायो को ं सुजाइए।) 2020 How can biotechnology improve the living standards of farmers? (हकसानो के जीवन मानको ं को उन्नत करने के ं ललए जैव प्ौद्योगगकी हकस प्कार सहायता कर सकती है?) 2019 How far is the Integrated Farming System (IFS) helpful in sustaining agricultural production? (एकीकृ त कृ नष प्णाली (आइ. एफ. एस) हकस सीमा तक कृ नष उत्ादन को सं धाररत करने में सहायक है ?) 2019 Elaborate on the impact of the National Watershed Project in increasing agricultural production from water-stressed areas. (जल-प्नतबललत क्ेत्रो से कृ ं नष उत्ादन में वृगधि करने में जल-नवभाजक पररयोजना के प्भाव को सनवस्तार स्पटि कीजजए।) 2019 How was India benefited from the contributions of Sir M.Visvesvaraya and Dr. M. S. Swaminathan in the fields of water engineering and agricultural science respectively?(जल इंजीननयरी और कृ नष-नवज्ान के क्ेत्रो में ं रिमि: सर एम. नवश्ेश्रैया और डॉ. एम. एस. स्ामीनाथिन के योगदानो से भारत को ं हकस प्कार लाभ पहंचा थिा ?) 2019 Sikkim is the first 'Organic State' in India. What are the ecological and economical benefits of Organic State? (ससनक्म भारत में प्थिम 'जैनवक राज्य है। जैनवक राज्य के पाररस्स्नतक एवं आर्थिक लाभ क्ा-क्ा होते हैं?) 2018 Assess the role of National Horticulture Mission (NHM) in boosting the production, productivity and income of horticulture farms. How far has it succeeded in increasing the income of farmers? (बागवानी फाममों के उत्ादन, उसकी उत्ादकता एवं आय में वृगधि करने में राटिट्ीय बागवानी गमिन (एन० एच० एम०) की भूगमका का आकलन कीजजए। यह हकसानो की आय ब ं ढ़ाने में कहाँ तक सफल हआ है?) 2018 How has the emphasis on certain crops brought about changes in cropping patterns in recent past? Elaborate the emphasis on millets production and consumption. (गत वषमों में कुछ नविेष फसलो पर ं जोर ने सस्पन पैिनो में ं हकस प्कार पररवत्भन ला हदए हैं? मोिे अनाजो ( ं गमलिो) के उत् ं ादन और उपभोग पर बल को नवस्तारपूव्भक स्पटि कीजजए।) 2018 What are the major reasons for declining rice and wheat yield in the cropping system? How crop diversification is helpful to stabilize the yield of the crop in the system? (सस्न तंत्र में धान और गेहँ की गगरती हई उपज के ललए क्ा-क्ा मुख् कारण हैं ? तंत्र में फसलो की उपज के स् ं स्रीकरण में, सस् नवनवधीकरण हकस प्कार मददगार होता है ?) 2017 What is water-use efficiency? Describe the role of micro-irrigation in increasing the water-use efficiency. (जल-उपयोग दक्ता से आप क्ा समझते हैं? जल-उपयोग दक्ता को बढ़ाने में सूक्ष्म ससचाई की भू ं गमका का वण्भन कीजजए।) 2016 What is allelopathy? Discuss its role in major cropping systems of irrigated agriculture. (ऐलीलोपैथिी क्ा है? ससचं चत कृ नष-क्ेत्रो की ं प्मुख फसल पधिनतयो में इसकी भू ं गमका का वण्भन कीजजए।) 2016 Given the vulnerability of Indian agriculture to vagaries of nature, discuss the need for crop insurance and bring out the salient features of the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY). (भारतीय कृ नष की प्कृ नत की अननजचितताओ पर न ं नभ्भरता के मद्ेनज़र, फसल बीमा की आवश्यकता की नववेचना कीजजए और प्धान मं त्री फसल बीमा योजना (पी० एम० एफ० बी० वाइ०) की मुख् नविेषताओ का उल् ं ेख कीजजए।) 2016 ]]>06-gs-3/2.-agriculture/2.1-food-security,-msp,-farm-subsidies.html06 GS-3/2. Agriculture/2.1 Food Security, MSP, Farm Subsidies.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#scheme Transforming Lives through Farm Ponds: innovative water management measure Cost-effective structures, enhance water control intensification and boost farm incomes. Uber for Tractors app by Gov: hire tractors, rota-vator for affordable access to cutting-edge technology includes a rating system with feedback, also an invaluable database for policy-maker Ban on export of Onion to maintain prices by amending export policy by Mo Industry and Commerce. Sub-optimal measure instead gov should improve storage facilities and augment supply World Cotton day 7-11 Oct in Geneva organised by WTO. Objective : give exposure to all stakeholders in production, transformation etc, strengthen development initiatives, seek new collabs w/ private sectors Polavaram Project : multi-purpose irrigation making a dam across Godavari river for hydro, irrigation and drinking water facilities accorded national status in 2014
Kisan Credit Card (KCC) #Scheme recom of V Gupta Committee, implemented by banks, covers risk against death/ permanent disability BT Brinjal banned but still cultivated, GMO (Mahyco) insert gene cry1Ac pest resilient. BT Cotton resistant to pink bollworm attack, not cleared by GEAC, years to show adverse effect, punishable offence EPA 1986, sale of Seed Act 1966, Cotton Act 1957 cost of weeding, usage of pesticide goes down
Krishi Megh under National Agricultural Higher Education Project NAHEP data to mitigate risk, enhance quality, availability accessibility, use AI latest information regarding agri & research. #body Organic farming : 9th in areas, Sikkim 1st fully organic, Tripura Uttarakhand, NE has been traditionally organic, tribal, island territories ex flax seeds, sesame, soybean, tea, medicinal plants, rice, pulses. Yellow rust : leaves of Wheat crop, drain the Carbohydrate, in Northern and NW parts. FAO named 3 hotspots as 'extremely alarming' locust activity. Horn of Africa, Red Sea and South West Asia. Desert, Migratory, Bombay and Tree - types that are found in IN. FPOs - mem are farmers. SFAC provides support, Help in gives farmers collective strength, better access to tech, input, finance etc KVKs : agri extension center under the jurisdiction of Agri Technology Application Research Institute ATARIs, acts as a link b/w ICAR and farmers Coir : geotextile to be used to make roads, it is made from coconut husk. Geotextiles used to make roads, airfields etc Contract farming : bulk purchasers including agro processing/exporting/trading unit enter into contract with farmers to purchase at pre agreed price, regulated under Contract act 1872.
#Scheme for formalisation of Micro food processing Enterprises (PMFME) : centrally sponsored, credit linked subsidy, cluster approach, focus on perishables. Under Atmanirbhar Bharat to enhance competitiveness of existing individual micro entterprises in unorganised FPI industry. For Unorganised sector on All India Basis with objective to inc access to finance, inc in rev of target enterprises, strengthen capacities, shift to organised sector.
Rajiv Gandhi Nyay yojana - Chhatisgarh, Rs 10,000/acre for farmers #scheme Bt cotton : only GM crop allowed in IN, contains gene from soil bacterium Bacillus Thuringiensis Bt, protect from bollworm. Ht Bt cotton resists herbicide glyphosate Bt Brinjal resist attack of fruit and shoot borer DMH 11 mustard - cross polination in same self-pollinating seeds Jute : humidity required is 60-90%, rain fed, IN worlds largest, 1st mill in Rishra 1855, all foodgrains and 20% Sugar be packed in Jute bags Tea : IN accounts 14% of global tea export, largest consumer, 2nd largest producer, 4 largest exporter. IN biggest producer 24% of world and consumer of Pulses. Alkaloisd used for medical purposes made from poppy straw/ Opium, production of Opium controlled by Revenue Dept under Mo Finance Mettur - R. Sarabanga lift irrigation project is in TN Swamitva yojana extended to all states.
Large Area Certification #scheme under Do Agriculture as part oParamparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana village grouped into clusters and their organic products are certified if they adhere to standard requirement renewal of certification annuallly 2020-10-22 07:56:56 CP is proportion of area under different crops determined by rainfall, climate, temperature, soil types - Natural Factors, Historical Factors, Govt policies, Economic Factors, Social Factors Rainfed agri on 65% of area, Chief Crops and producing States : Wheat - Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Madhya Pradesh Rice -- West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh Issues w/ R,W - stagnation in production and productivity, decline in groundwater table, over mining of nutrients from soil, inc in pest attacks, shortage of labour Gram -- Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu Barley -- Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan Bajra -- Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan Cash Crops Sugarcane - Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra Issues - Late planting, imbalance and inadequate use of nutrients, poor Nitrogen usage, stubble of sugarcane pose tillage problem Poppy -- Uttar Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh Oil Seeds Coconut -- Kerala and Tamil Nadu Linseed -- Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Haryana Groundnut -- Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu Issues are non-availability of quality seeds, water logging, limited expansion of Rabi groundnut Rape seed and mustard -- Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Haryana Sesame -- Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan Sunflower -- Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra Issues - lack of tech advancement, loss due to erratic weather, waterlogging, diseases and pests, low harvest index, flower drop, indeterminate growth habit, very poor response, Nutrient needs of system Fibre Crops Cotton -- Maharashtra and Gujarat Issues - delay planting, stubbles create tillage problem, cotton pest like boll worm white fly, poor N2 use efficiency Jute -- West Bengal and Bihar Silk -- Karnataka and Kerala Hemp -- Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh Plantations Coffee -- Karnataka and Kerala Rubber -- Kerala and Karnataka Tea -- Assam and Kerala Tobacco -- Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh Spices Pepper -- Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu Cashewnuts -- Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh Ginger -- Kerala and Uttar Pradesh Turmeric -- Andhra Pradesh and Odisha Maize-Wheat - UP, RAJ, MP, Bihar Issues - sowing timing, poor weed management, poor plant varieties, poor use of organic inorganic fertilizers India stands first in the production of bananas, papaya, and mangoes. During FY20*, 29.64 million metric tonnes (MMT) of banana, 5.64 MMT of papaya and 21.28 MMT of mango were produced in the country. During FY20*, guavas production amounted to 4.34 MMT. India is the largest milk producer in the world. Milk production in the country is expected to reach 208 million tonnes (MT) in FY21 from 198 MT in FY20, growing at 10 per cent y-o-y. India has the world's largest population of buffalos (108.7 million). India is the largest producer of pulses globally -- it stood at 23.01 MT in FY20**. Among vegetables, India ranks second in the world with 188 MMT production in FY20; it is number one in producing Okras with 6.44 MMT production in FY20 Export of Agri and Processed goods was US$ 38.49 billion. basmati rice (US$ 4.71 billion), buffalo meat (US$ 3.58 billion) and non-basmati rice (US$ 3.00 billion) Indian agricultural/horticultural and processed foods are exported to more than 100 countries/regions, chief among them being the Middle East, Southeast Asia, SAARC countries, the EU and the US. Export Most by value in 2019-2020 are Cereals Animal Products Other Processed Food Processed Fruits and Vegetables Fresh Fruits and Vegetables IN 2nd largest exporter of Rice Agri imports - Palm oil Soya-bean oil Sun/safflower/cotton-seed oil Dried shelled vegetables Miscellaneous nuts Cotton (uncarded, uncombed) Coconuts, Brazil nuts, cashews Synthetic rubber
India is largest Producer of Millets, Dry Beans, Chickpea, Pulses, Ginger, Okra, Banana, Mango, Guava, Lemons and Lime, Milk, Chilli Pepper, Ginger, Jute, Bast Fibre, Wood Fuel
2020-10-22 07:57:28 Irrigation is artificial application of water, assist growth Well and Tube Well I - In UP, Bihar, TN ex shallow wells, deep wells, tube wells, artesian Advantages - cheap, easy to use, independent source, add fertility to soil Demerits - limited areas can be irrigated, depletes ground water, not enough capacity Canal Irrigation In areas of low level relief, deep fertile soils, perennial, extensive command areas in UP, PUN, HAR Inundation C - water mainly in rainy season vs Perennial Merits : perennial, saves crops from droughts Demerits : overflow during rainy, suitable for plains only Tank - Ktaka, MP, Maha, Odisha, Kerala Merits : natural, not costly, longer life span, fishing etc also carried Demerits : drying up, lifting water and carrying to field requires cost Drip : use drippers, low level, most efficient, practiced on large crops M : Fertilizer, Nutrient loss is min, field levelling not necessary, reduced leaching, recycled non potable water can be used, water application efficiency increases, soil erosion, weed growth negligible D : initial cost can be more, clogging, time, harvest, loss if not installed properly Sprinkler : sprayed in air, suitable for uneven land, shallow soils M : suitable for all types of soil, water saving, inc yield, saves land D : Higher initial cost, efficiency dec in high wind high temp Furrow - trenches are dug, difficulty is ensuring uniform dispersion, water loss Surge Irrigation type of furrow, Ditch Irrigation Sub Irrigation - water delivered from below soil, absorbed upwards M : water and nutrient conservation, labour saving D : outfitting cost is relatively high, inc presence of disease in recycle water 2020-10-22 07:57:58 Transport - delivering product from farmers to final consumers, includes pre post harvesting, assembling, grading, storage, transportation and distribution Role - transmit macroeconomic signals, balance demand/ supply, providing incentives to producers to inc production and output, promote efficient use Regulatory measures Mandates sale/purchase in specified markets Prices determined by open auction, conducted in transparent manner Market charges can be made from sale proceeds Farmers - APMC Mandis - Auctioning of produce to establish price - produce sold - commission agent charge Adv - removes malpractices, transparent, ensures fair deal D : encourage private trade, prevents private investment, act has reduced competition Private and cooperatives can set up licensed markets Provides for contract farming, provides for contract farming, direct marketing by private players Problems facing agri marketing sys - Too many intermediaries, inadequate infra, private sector unwilling to invest, non-transparent price setting mechanism, ill equipped untrained staff, market info not easily accessible ECA Agri produce Grading Marketing Act Defines standards of quality, prescribes grade specification for no of products Authorises agri marketing advisor in each state Private and Coop sector in Marketing agri produce Removal of licensing requirements on buying, stocking, transporting in Agri products, Milk and Milk product order Safal - fruits, vegetables auction market, eliminates middle men Mother Dairy food procuring, ITC E-choupal Initiatives to promote link b/w producers and consumers - Shetkari bazaars, Apni Mandis, Rythu Bazaars, Krushak Bazaars, Uzhavar Sandhais Farmer Producer Orgs - informal farmer groups, marketing coops, producer coys Organised Retail Outlets 2020-10-22 07:51:37 Computerised farm machinery, ITC e-Choupal, Kisan Kerala, Aaqua, Rice Knowledge management portal, E-Krishi, Mahindra Kisan Mitra, IFFCO, Agri Portal, Village Knowledge Centre VKCs ICT divided into 3 categories - those which aim at empowerment, enablement and Market expansion Helps farmers have better access to information, in soil management, water, seed, Fertiliser, Pest, Harvest, Post-Harvest Uses Remote sensing, computer simulation, assessment of speed and direction, soil quality assays, Crop yield predictions, Marketing Recent initiatives e-NAM to integrate agri market online, view all info, commodity arrivals and prices IFFO iMandi - social commerce app, for large communities Export Inspection Council EIC promote ease of agri exports Meghdoot app, Kisan Suvidha, Pusa Krishi app Importance - remedies water crisis, desertification, crop pests; develops efficient methods of advancement; make better informed decisions Challenges - lack of infra, right input and advisory, poor reach, Illiteracy, adoption issues/affordability, Need - outreach, monitoring, behavioural reforms, digital literacy Precision agri - use of satellite farming mgt concept, use ICT to manage crop health AI - simulates human intelligence, Learning, Reasoning, Self-correction Block Chain Food Systems are activities that involve producing, processing, transporting and consuming foods 2020-10-30 16:47:02E Technology in the Aid of farmers Explain various types of revolutions, took place in Agriculture after Independence in India. How these revolutions have helped in poverty alleviation and food security in India? (भारत में स्तंत्रता के बाद कृ नष में आई नवशभन्न प्कारो की ं रिांनतयो को स्प ं टि कीजजए । इन रिांनतयो ने भारत में गरीबी उन् ं ूलन और खाद्य सुरक्ा में हकस प्कार सहायता प्दान की है ?) 2017 How can the 'Digital India' programme help farmers to improve farm productivity and income? What steps has the Government taken in this regards? ('‘हडजजिल भारत’ काय्भरिम खेत उत्ादकता और आय को बढ़ाने में हकसानो की ं हकस प्कार सहायता कर सकता है? सरकार ने इस संबंध में क्ा कदम उठाए हैं?) 2015 ]]>06-gs-3/2.-agriculture/2.2-major-crops,-irrigation.html06 GS-3/2. Agriculture/2.2 Major Crops, Irrigation.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#scheme : is indigenous to Andhra, humpback, resistance to mouth and foot mad cow disease.
Rashtriya Gokul Mission #scheme : augment milk production, increase bovine pop, under National Prgrm for Bovine breeding and Dairy development; Gokul grams to develop indigenous breeds
National Animal Disease Control Program (NADCP) for foot and mouth disease and brucellosis, affects hoofed cattle particularly Bovines aims at 500mil vaccinations. #scheme African Swine fever : highly contagious and fatal w/ fatality rate close to 100% was first detected in Africa 1920 and has no approved vaccine.
20th Livestock census : total livestock pop is 535.78 mil inc 4.6%, total bovine pop 302mil, dec of 6% indigenous cattle. #report Special Livestock sector packgage by CCEA to boost sector, make it more remunerative. Revise existing animal husbandry scheme into 3 categories. 1. Dev programs 2. Disease Control 3. Infra Dev fund. True Cost Accounting TCA : does not just looks at financial values but also calculates the impacts on natural and social environment. Export of Sugar has inc 10x in last 4 years due to high demand of IN sugar and centre gives export subsidy of Rs 6000/tonne. Fair and Remunerative Price FRP aka MSP for Sugar : min price at which sugar mills have to purchase sugarcane from farmers. Announced by CCEA on recom of CACP and is governed by the Sugarcane Control Order 1966. Mandates payment within 14 days of date of delivery of the cane.
Based on Ranjarajan #committee report. State Advised Prices SAP slightly higher than FRP for key sugarcane producing states.
Palk Bay fishing #scheme : to encourage deep sea fishing in the Palk bay area. Projects wants to replace trawler boats and introduce deep sea fishing boats. Provides subsidies for buying them. Bottom Trawling : involves dragging weighted nets along seafloor -> catches juvenile fishes, affects marine conservation efforts. Solution to it is deep sea fishing (depth at least 30m) by designing boats that would give access to deeper parts of the Ocean. 2020-08-20 13:05:24 Streptomycin and Tetracycline are TB durgs used in crops as pesticides banned. Surplus rice to make Ethanol for sanitizers. MACS 4028 biofortified high protein wheat. three major types of fertilizers used are Urea, Muriate of Potash and Diammonium Phosphate. Whiteflies are pests that mostly attack cotton, Bt cotton is not immune to it, Tectaria marcrodonta is a fern that repels it. Modified New Pricing Scheme III:- incentive to domestic urea manufacturers, encourage urea production. Banana : 37% of total fruit production in IN, 13% of area. Assam, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Methanotropic bacteria reduce methane emission from rice plants through anaerobic metabolism
Kisan Rail #Scheme : cold supply chain for fish, milk and meat (perishable goods), PPP. AGRO water soluble fertilizers import from CN. Vertical Farming : grown in vertical stacks, uses same amt of water, less raw material, with or without soil, indoors, low carbon foot print Geranium : plant that is anti-inflammatory and anti-septic agent, from South Africa. Seed Treaty : International Treaty of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) w/ CBD, Portable Cold Storage by IIT Madras solar powered, 500kg capacity. Wheat genome decoded 40x larger than rice and 5x human genome. Direct ethanol production from B-molasses, earlier C-molasses. IN has 5th largest crop area under GM crops BT Cotton after US, BRA, ARG, CAN. 2020-10-22 07:59:08
#todo 2020-10-22 08:00:14
#todo 2020-10-22 08:00:23
#todo 2020-06-11 19:13:29 subsidized food grains to approximately 2/3rd of India's population with uniform entitlement of 5 kg/person/month. converts the various existing food security schemes into legal entitlement a change from welfare based approach to rights based approach includes the Midday Meal Scheme, ICDS scheme, the PDS etc. Rs. 3, Rs. 2 , Rs. 1 per kg for rice, wheat and coarse grains respectively price will not exceed MSP. pregnant and lactating mother is entitled to a free meal at the local anganwadi as well as maternity benefits of Rs.6,000 in installments identification of eligible households is left to state governments PSF Scheme for maintaining a strategic buffer to maintain price and discourage hoardings. Encourages purchase from Mandisaims to make Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) more focused and targeted towards the poorest section 35 kg of rice and wheat distributed at rates of Rs 3 and Rs 2 per kg covers 2.50 Cr households: Central Sector Scheme under which CGST and IGST paid by Charitable Religious Institutions on purchase of specific raw food items shall be reimbursed.2020-10-30 16:47:21MSP and PDS What are the major challenges of Public Distribution System (PDS) in India? How can it be made effective and transparent? (भारत में साव्भजननक नवतरण प्णाली (पी.डी.एस.) की प्मुख चुनौनतयाँ क्ा है? इसे हकस प्कार प्भावी तथिा पारदिथी बनाया जा सकता है?) 2022 What are the reformative steps taken by the government to make food grain distribution system more effective? (अनाज नवतरण प्णाली को असधक प्भावी बनाने हेतु सरकार द्ारा कौन-कौन से सुधारात्मक कदम उठाए गए हैं ?) 2019 What do you mean by Minimum Support Price (MSP)? How will MSP rescue the farmers from the low income trap? (न्ूनतम समथि्भन मूल (एम० एस० पी०) से आप क्ा समझते है? न्ूनतम समथि्भन मूल कृ षको का न ं नम्न आय फं दे से हकस प्कार बचाव करेगा?) 2018 How do subsidies affect the cropping pattern, crop diversity and economy of farmers? What is the significance of crop insurance, minimum support price and food processing for small and marginal farmers? (सहाययहकयां सस्न प्नतरूप, सस् नवनवधता और कृ षको की आर्थिक स् ं स्नत को हकस प्कार प्भानवत करती हैं ? लघु और सीमांत कृ षको के ल ं लए, फसल बीमा, न्ूनतम समथि्भन मूल और खाद्य प्सं स्रण का क्ा महत्त्व है ?) 2017 "In the villages itself no form of credit organisation will be suitable except the cooperative society." - All Indian rural credit survey. Discuss this statement in the background of agriculture finance in India. What constrain and challenges do financial institutions supplying agricultural finances? How can technology be used to better reach and serve rural clients? (‘‘गाँवो में सहकारी स ं गमनत को छोडकर, ऋण सं गठन का कोई भी अन् ढांचा उपयुति नही होगा।’’ - अखखल भारतीय ग्रामीण ऋण सवदेक्ण। भारत में कृ नष नवत की पृष्ठभूगम में, इस कथिन पर चचा्भ कीजजए। कृ नष नवत् प्दान करने वाली नवत्ीय सं स्ाओ को ं हकन बाध्ताओ और कसौ ं हियो का सामना करना प ं डता है? ग्रामीण सेवार्थियों तक बेहतर पहंच और सेवा के ललए प्ौद्योगगकी का हकस प्कार इस्तेमाल हकया जा सकता है?) 2014 Food security bill is expected to eliminate hunger and malnutrition in India. Critically discuss various apprehensions in its effective implementation along with the concerns it has generated in WTO? (खाद्य सुरक्ा नबल से भारत में भूख व कु पोषण के नवलोपन की आिा है। उसके प्भावी काया्भन्वयन में नवशभन्न आिं काओ का समालोचनात्मक ं नववेचना कीजजए। साथि ही यह भी बताएं हक नवश् व्यापार सं गठन (WTO) में इससे कौनसी चचताएं उ ं त्न्न हो गई हैं?) 2013 What are the different types of agriculture subsidies given to farmers at the national and state levels? Critically analyze the agriculture subsidy regime with the reference to the distortions created by it. (राटिट्ीय व राजकीय स्तर पर कृ षको को दी जाने वाली ं नवशभन्न प्कार की आर्थिक सहायताएँ कौन-कौन-सी है? कृ नष आर्थिक सहायता व्यवस्ा का उसके द्ारा उत्न्न नवकृ नतयो के सं द ं भ्भ में आलोचनात्मक नवश्ेषण कीजजए।) 2013 ]]>06-gs-3/2.-agriculture/2.3-pds,-animal-rearing-economics.html06 GS-3/2. Agriculture/2.3 PDS, Animal Rearing Economics.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#scheme PDDUUSKY : dev human resource in organic farming, natural farming and cow based economy implemented by ICAR. Issues w/ mandatory Food Fortification : inconclusive studies supporting FF mostly supported by companies. Could harm informal economy of the farmers, processors ex rice/oil mills. Inc nutrients chemically could affect absorption Instead diet diversification and higher protein consumption is needed. Benefits of food fortification : safe method of improving nutrition among people No need to change food habits -> socio-culturally acceptable does not alter characteristics of food, can be implemented quickly Cost effective
National Mission on Edible Oil Oil palm NMEO-OP : achieve self reliance, emphasis on NE states and Andaman Nicobar. Fin assistance based on a viability formula. IN largest consumer of Palm oil. #scheme Mandatory Fortification of rice distributed by Gov by 2024. 2020-10-22 08:00:43 It refers to various techniques and operations by which raw foodstuffs are transformed into food that are suitable for consumptions, cooking or storage. FPI have strong base in India due to abundant production of food articles, aromatic and medicinal plants. Constitutes about 8.83% GVA in Manufacturing and 10.66% GVA in Agriculture sector. Indias share in export of processed food globally is 2.31%. Challenges with Food Processing in India and the world : - Lower urban population of India and does not have urban food habits. - recently there has been enough awareness regarding harmful chemical used in the country - A move to vegan culture has decreased processed food marketImportance of Food processing - FP aims to make food more digestible, nutritious and extend the shelf life. - Covers all the aspect that food items go through farm to the consumers plate ex cleaning, grading and packaging. - Can create sustainable livelihoods and economic development for rural communities. - Farmers, Consumers and Economy all 3 benefit from it. - It increases opportunities in allied sectors such as supply chain management, cold storage, financing etc.Rules and Regulation - most FP enterprises do not require licenses except alcoholic drinks. - 100% FDI through automatic route. - Automatic FDI for reserved items to be manufactured by MSE's upto 24%/ FP is transforming raw ingredients into food long shelf life, conc mostly in coastal areas 2 processes In FPI Raw material - Food (Primary)and Value addition (Jams Squashes) Importance - link b/w agri and industries, absorbs major share of workers from agri, prevents wastage, processed food requires less space/storage, can be exported Adv - Resource advantage, increasing employment, curbing migration, curb food inflation, crop diversification, demand potential, driver of growth Upstream stage - involves searching and extracting RM Requirements - Accessibility to RM, Modern extraction, good linkages w/ farmers, Storage facilities , quality testing facilities, transport facilities, work force Downstream - processing of materials collected Requirements - latest processing techniques, processing machinery, quality testing facility, Org retail stores, Work force
Supply Chain Mgt Challenges : are small, lack good R&D, lack of skilled workforce, lack of right vision and support from Gov, lack of good transportation, lack of organised retail, limitation in supply chain, limitation in quality, lack of modern regulation Various govt institutions that have been established are - Indian Institute of Crop processing Technology IICPT - National Meat and Poultry Processing Board NMPPB - Indian Grape Processing Board - National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management2020-06-11 19:29:16 Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana is a Central Sector Scheme to supplement agriculture, modernize processing and decrease Agricultural waste. - will be implemented in 2016-20 Following schemes will be implemented under it : - Mega Food Parks - Integrated Cold Chain and Value Addition Infrastructure - Infrastructure for Agro-processing Clusters etc Operation Greens : objective of the project is to reduce price volatility in Tomato, Potato and Onion and to ensure their availability round the year. - Rs 500 crores to promote FPOs, Agri logistics, processing facilities etc. - NAFED is the nodal agency Mega Food Parks based on "Cluster" approach envisages a well-defined processing zone containing state-of-the art processing facilities. In General areas - One-time capital grant of 50% of the project cost upto a max of 50cr In Hilly & Difficult terrain - Capital grant of 75% of the project max 50 cr.
2020-10-30 16:48:49Answers and Analysis Elaborate the scope and significance of the food processing industry in India. (भारत में खाद्य प्सं स्रण उद्योग के काय्भक्त्र और महत्व का स े नवस्तार वण्भन कीजजए।) 2022 The food processing industry in India is one of the most important sectors of the economy, contributing significantly to the country's GDP. It is estimated that the food processing sector accounts for around 13% of India's manufacturing GDP and 8% of the total GDP. The sector is also the second largest employer after agriculture and provides employment to millions of people. The food processing industry in India plays an important role in improving the nutritional value of food, increasing its shelf life, and making it more accessible to consumers. It also helps to reduce wastage of food by preserving it in the form of processed foods. The industry also helps to reduce the dependence on imports and increase the availability of domestic food products. The government of India has taken various initiatives to promote the growth of the food processing industry in the country. These include the setting up of the National Mission on Food Processing, the setting up of the Ministry of Food Processing Industries, and the introduction of various schemes such as the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana. These initiatives have helped to create a conducive environment for the growth of the food processing industry in India. What are the main bottlenecks in upstream and downstream process of marketing of agricultural products in India? ('भारत में कृ नष उत्ादो के ं नवपणन की ऊर््भमुखी और अधोमुखी प्हरिया में मुख् बाधाएँ क्ा हैं?) 2022 Upstream Process: Upstream processes are activities that occur before the product or service reaches the customer. Examples of upstream processes include product design, research, marketing, and advertising. Downstream Process: Downstream processes are activities that occur after the product or service reaches the customer. Examples of downstream processes include customer service, customer feedback, product returns, warranty services, and customer loyalty programs. Upstream Process Bottlenecks: • Inadequate storage facilities and post-harvest management • Lack of access to credit and capital • Poor quality of inputs and infrastructure • Low levels of technology and mechanization • Low levels of market information and market access • Poor quality of extension services Downstream Process Bottlenecks: • Poor infrastructure for post sales services, examples return support etc. • Lack of access to formal markets • Limited capacity of farmers to participate in value chain activities. • Low levels of processing and packaging. • Limited access to market information. • Unorganized nature of markets and lack of regulation. What are the main constraints in transport and marketing of agricultural produce in India? (भारत में कृ नष उत्ादो के पर ं रवहन एवं नवपणन में मुख्ा बाधाएँ क्ा हैं?) 2020 What are the challenges and opportunities of food processing sector in the country? How can income of the farmers be substantially increased by encouraging food processing? (देि में खाद्य प्सं स्रण क्त्र की चुनौ े नतयां एवं अवसर क्ा है? खाद्य प्सं स्रण को प्ोत्ाहहत कर कृ षको की आय में प ं या्भप्त वृगधि कै से की जा सकती है?) 2020 Elaborate on the policy taken by the government of India to meet the challenges of the food processing sector. (खाद्य प्सं स्रण क्त्रक की चुनौ े नतयो के समाधान हेतु भारत सरकार द् ं ारा अपनाई गई नीनत को सनवस्तार स्पटि कीजजए।) 2019 Examine the role of supermarkets in supply chain management of fruits, vegetables and food items. How do they eliminate number of intermediaries? (फलो, स ं क्जियो और खाद्य पदा ं थिमों के आपूर्त रिृंखला प्बंधन में सुपरबाजारो की भू ं गमका की जाँच कीजजए। वे नबचौललयो की संख् ं ा को हकस प्कार खत्म कर देते है?) 2018 What are the reasons for poor acceptance of cost effective small processing unit? How the food processing unit will be helpful to uplift the socio-economic status of poor farmers? (लागत प्भावी छोिी प्रिमण इकाई की अपि स्ीकाररता के क्ा कारण हैं ? खाद्य प्रिमण इकाई गरीब हकसानो की सामाज ं जक-आर्थिक स्स्नत को ऊपर उठाने में हकस प्कार सहायक होगी ?) 2017 Livestock rearing has a big potential for providing non-farm employment and income in rural areas. Discuss suggesting suitable measures to promote this sectors in India. (ग्रामीण क्ेत्रो में कृ षीतर ं रोजगार और आय का प्बंधन करने में पिुधन पालन की बडी संभाव्यता है। भारत में इस क्ेत्रक की प्ोन्ननत करने के उपयुति उपाय सुझाते हए चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2015 In view of the declining average size of land holdings in India which has made agriculture non-viable for a majority of farmers, should contract farming and land leasing be promoted in agriculture? Critically evaluate the pros and cons. (भारत में कृ नष-भूगम धारणो के पतानोन् ं ुखी औसत आकार को देखते हए, जजसके कारण असधकांि हकसानो के ल ं लए कृ नष अलाभकारी बन गई है, क्ा सं नवदा कृ नष को और भूगम को पट्े पर देने को बढ़ावा हदया जाना चाहहए? इसके पक्-नवपक् का समालोचनात्मक मूलांकन कीजजए।) 2015 What are the impediments in marketing and supply chain management in industry in India? Can e-commerce help in overcoming these ottlenecks? (भारत में खाद्य प्सं स्रण उद्योग का नवकास करने की राह में नवपणन और पूर्त शं खला प्बंधन में क्ा बाधाएँ हैं? क्ा इन बाधाओ पर काबू पाने में ई-वा ं शणज्य सहायक हो सकता है?) 2015 There is also a point of view that agriculture produce market committees (APMCs) set up under the state acts have not only impeded the development of agriculture but also have been the cause of food inflation in India. Critically examine. (एक दृनटिकोण यह भी है हक असधननयमो के अधीन स् ं ानपत कृ नष उत्ादन सगमनतयो ने भारत में न के वल कृ ं नष के नवकास को बासधत हकया है, बल्कि खाद्यवस्तु महंगाई का कारण भी रही हैं। समालोचनात्मक परीक्ण कीजजए।) 2014 India needs to strengthen measures to promote the pink revolution in food industry for better nutrition and health. Critically elucidate the statement. (भारत में बेहतर पोषण व स्ास्थ्य सुननजचित करने के ललए खाद्य उद्योग में गुलाबी रिांनत प्ोन्ननत हेतु उपायो को सुदृढ़ करने की आवश्यकता है। इस क ं थिन पर आलोचनात्मक प्काि डाललए। ) 2013 ![[20230207_164515 1.jpg]] ]]>06-gs-3/2.-agriculture/2.4-food-processing.html06 GS-3/2. Agriculture/2.4 Food Processing.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#report As per UN Ad Hoc Interagency Coordinating Group on Antimicrobial Resistance warned that Drug-resistant diseases cause 10 million deaths each year by 2050 can push 24 million to extreme poverty. Need : Prioritize national action plan, scale up financing + capacity building, strong regulatory mechanism + support awareness program
AWaRe online tool to guide policy makers safer use antibiotics curb resistance, 3 types : Access - treat common+serous infection, Watch - available at all times, Reserve : used sparingly last resort. #scheme NITI proposal Dental Council of IN to bridge courses to address shortage of doctors in country. 3 yrs course through entrance examination, similar MBBS. IMA opposed this citing low absorption rates MBBS grads in system + lower rate of post creation.
WHO #report low density of health professionals India, 8/10000 doctor patient need 1/1000, Bihar Jharkhand Rajasthan worst stark diff b/w rural and urban (Delhi Kerela etc). Challenges : Doctor density ration, Medical personnel shortage, Low finance from gov., high out of pocket expenditure - makes people poor, low insurance rate, lack of commercial motive, poor global ranking. Need : design courses for non physician care providers, regulatory reform esp in innovations Gov extends ban import milk + products from CN presence Chemical Melamine recomm by FSSAI 1st since 2008. Melamine Nitrogen crystals in plastics adhesives etc, not approved by FAO, causes bladder/kidney stones carinogenic. WHO + International Food and Beverage Alliance(IFBA) eliminate produced trans fat by 2023, create healthy alternative, most harmful, long chain hydrocarbon, mostly artificial, increases shelf life, eg vanaspati, heart diseases - stroke - obesity, current recommend 1% by WHO.
Eat right India Mass media campaign by FSSAI cut down sugar/salt consumption by 30% in 3 yrs. #scheme Food Safety Mitra (FSM) app supplement Eat Right Movt; facilitate licensing, registration, hygiene rating of MSMEs New WHO guideline children 5yrs sedentary sleep behaviours. Address affect inadequate sleep, sitting watching screens or restrained in chairs and prams also review . Benefits of increased activity levels. Recomm : include sleep timings, physical activities, sedentary timings, etc. Will improve the cognitive and motor development of the child. 23%+ of adults & 80% adolescents are not sufficiently physically active, inculcate healthy habits early life help future World Immunization Week celebrated last Week April, aims : promote vaccines use, 'Protected Together: Vaccines Work!' also celebrate vaccine heroes. 1st part Vaccine antigen(piece of disease) 2nd adjuvant sends danger signal to immune system respond.
ICMR launches 'Malaria Elimination Research Alliance (MERA) India' finish by 2030. Caused : Plasmodium parasite reaches liver releases merozoites, leads to anaemia loss RBC. Children Pregnant women susceptible. #scheme Algeria(2nd in Africa after Mauritius) Argentina(2nd after paraguay) malaria free worse Africa Nigeria Congo (92% report 93% death of world total). IN pledge eliminate 2030 5yr plan eg Durgama Anchalare Malaria Nirakaran(DAMAN) Orissa inaccessible places, ICMR+NIMR(Nat Inst. Malaria Research) etc.
E-2020 initiative(2016 21mem) : malaria elimination 2020, CN IR MAL Timor Leste EL SAL zero malaria cases 2020, report 0 indigenous cases 2020 endorsed World Health Assembly. #scheme
WHO World Malaria #Report - decline of 17.6% in malaria, has started High Burden to High Impact initiative in 4 states JH, WB, CTG, MP
72nd World Health Assembly (WHOs forum 194 mem policy making) Geneva ensure universal health coverage(UHC) SDG, resolution : implement Astana declaration 2018 also 40th anniversary Alma-ata declaration, support supervise health worker/work, push UHC poor vulnerable involve gov. UHC access quality health service no fin. Burden 2030 SDG. #Treaty #important #PrelimsPYQ WHO strategy cut death/injury snakebite (3mil cases 81-100k death) neglected tropical disease. Aim: death by half, boost productn quality anitvenom, more regulatory control, integrate treatment response. Challenges: few countries quality produce antivenom, lack regulatory capacity accessibility affected, poor data snakebite estimatn price. Snakebite: No mechanism for mgt and staff are ill trained. Need : Establish dialysis centre attached to Primary health care centres, Region specific treatement protocol, make snake bites a Notified disease, localised survey to under stand snake diversity in areas.
CDSCO (drugs standard control org) #body sub committee prove efficacy safety FDCs. Fixed Dose Combination (FDC) cocktail drugs in fixed ratio : efficient, reduced cost, logistics easy, better compliance, better against infectious/multiple diseases. CDSCO lax gives more approval compared USFDA short staffed, ill infra, lack skill etc. CDSCO is national regulatory body for cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Under this the DCGI regulates pharmaceutical and medical devices. National Program for Prevention and Control of cancer, diabetes, Cardiovascular & strokes(NPCDCS) 2010 against Non Communicable Diseases since it causes 70% of all deaths. NCD causes 61.8% total death in 2016 ICMR report, NCD causes ageing, genetics, cardiovascular diseases. Socio economic impacts NCDs : poverty closely linked poor are at greater risk, health care cost drain household resources lengthy expensive treatment JNU+DRDO develop more potent Anthrax vaccine, bacillus anthracis zoonotic, spread by spores flu like symptoms gastrointestinal infection vomiting blood skin lesions etc. Exposure from dead infected, 60 day anti biotic course used in bio-terrorism. Monkey B virus : alphaherpesvirus has severe pathogenicity in humans. AES (Acute Encephalitis syndrome) Bihar caused low blood sugar level (hypoglycaemia), affects neurological condition meningitis + confusion, disorientation, requires 10% dextrose infusion within 4 hours symptom onset. in undernourished children lack glucose reserve, unripe Litchi contains MCPG toxin.
NITI Aayog Health index 'Healthy states progressive IN' w/ World Bank MoHFW understand IN performance in Health. Kereal AP Maha 1, 2, 3 and UP last. Chandigarh 1st UT Daman last. #report #important
Nipah Virus : zoonotic present in fruit bats pigs etc; transmitted through contaminated food or person to person; fatal 70%, resurface Kerela, no vaccine ribavirin helps, symptomatic+asymptomatic(more dangerous) #important WHO guideline self care intervention for health, shortage of 13 mil workers 400mil people lack access. Guidelines : focus sexual and reproductive health+ rights, self sampling HIV kits contraceptives etc, look at scientific evidence for health benefits, not replace high quality health services achieve universal health coverage
National Medical Commission (NMC) #Act : sets up N M Commission - frame policies regulating medical insti, ensure compliance, assess requirement of healthcare and infra, makes 4 autonomous boards for education, assessment, accreditation and registration of practitioners to dictate guidelines for fees up to 50% of seats, common entrance and exit exams; decr regulators power. Concerns : bill mentions bridging gap b/w alternate and modern medicine, takes away voting rights of Dr to elect council mem, no standards laid down for nursing courses, priv college can charge more. National Policy on Safety, Health and Environment at the Workplace (NPSHEW), legislation on safety health etc at workplace, only few sectors under it, agriculture, service, transport not under legislation, issues: Factories Act and other similar acts not enforced, Limited research on occupational safety, No legislation in MSME and other sectors, no policy formation National Digital Health Blueprint(NDHB) : creation of National Health Stock(NHS) by using AI, link multiple database to be leveraged by public and private sectors. Objective : estd regional and national registries, create sys of personal health record, promote open standards and data analytics; Concerns : ensuring data privacy w/o data protection laws, clean plan on funds is req, ensure interoperability. National Pop Register NPR : record biometric and family tree details under Citizenship act 2003, mandatory, resident ID cards to be issued
Pre-conception Pre-natal Diagnostic techniques Act PCPNDT #Act 1994 : criminalizes non maintenance of medical records, to prevent female foeticide. Maha 1st state to ban sex determination. Regulate diagnostic techniques, penalisation, no test in lab clinics, compulsory registration et al.
National Nutrition Survey #report by Mo Health and UNICEF. Findings : 10% of children from 5-19 are pre diabetic, co-existence of obesity and undernutrition, 20% children b/w 5-9 stunted, TN Goa had highest adolescents obese.
State of the World's Children #report by UNICEF: based on deaths of children 5. IN specific : 35% stunted, 17% wasted, 33% underweight, 2% overweight, every 2nd woman in anaemic so are 41% children, 10% pre diabetic. UNICEF recoms : empower families, incentivize food producers, easy to understand labelling, scale up nutrition
72nd WHO SE regional committee in Delhi to eliminate Measles, Rubella in kids by 2023 .
Burden of mental disorders across states of IN #report by ICMR. Findings : South IN particularly at risk due to modernisation and urbanisation, 1/7 IN affected by it of varying severity. Havana syndrome caused due to targeted microwave radiation are mental health in nature ex hearing loss, headache, loss of memory. H9N2 is an influenza virus that causes Influenza and Bird Flu also by H5N1, H7N9, H5N8, H5N1; H5N1 is only zoonotic no human to human infection, has 131 diff subtypes Has segmented genome and 8 separate stand which makes it prone to mutations, and mixing/reassortment of RNA is common - this leads to many diff variation It is a Type A virus that is found naturally in wild birds worldwide. It has 2 protein bases Hemagglutinin HA and Neuraminidase NA. National Essential Diagnostics List (NEDL) by the ICMR advice gov on tests to be done in village areas. Oxytocin is a naturally-occurring hormone misused to increase milk productivity in milch animals and inc size of vegetables
Fit India Movement on 29 August Major Dhyan Chand #scheme
Hepatitis A is short term, B and C are long term; Hep C does not have a vaccine & spreads through blood, semen, other bodily fluids. #important #PrelimsPYQ
India Iodine survey #report, TN least consumption of iodised salt. GUJ highest producer Food and Land use Coalition (FOLU) : report on 'hidden' environmental, health and poverty costs is $12 trillion/ year
India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative #Report by Mo Health malnutrition is still the leading risk factor for death in children under five years; Disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rate highest in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Assam; low birth weight is the biggest contributor to disease burden.
MMID (Unique Methods of Management and treatment of Inherited Disorders) initiative decrease genetic disorders in children #scheme September is POSHAN Maah(National Nutrition Month) : stunting, low birth weight, anaemia Under MoWCD and NITI Aayog Gov planning to use penicillin against Rheumatoid heart disease Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY Provides cover of 5 lakh per year per family for secondary and tertiary care hospitalisation
Youth CO:LAB by NITI Aayog, UNDP, AIM to accelerate youth based social engineering and innovation #scheme
New #report that large health warnings on tobacco packets highly effective in conveying ill effects of tobacco to people.
WHOs 1st #report on Vision. 2.2 bil people have vision problem 1 bil was preventable, greater in rural areas and poor people
WHO India Country Cooperation Strategy(CCS) 2019--2023: provides w/ strategic work map for country - WHO co-operation, IDs current health challenges and needs.
Food Nutritional Security Analysis 2019. #report
AIIMS #report diabetes dec by 12% in last 4 yrs more in males and above 50yr
World Lead prevention week #report by UNEP on Lead in paints, permissible limit is 90ppm, only 13 countries have laws regulating it
Intensified Mission Indradhanush 2.0 for vaccinating each and every child, Mission Indradhanush 3.0 was launched #scheme
New guidelines under PM National Dialysis Program #scheme to provide training to community health worker, gives free dialysis. Program for International Students Assessment PISA by OECD : int education survey to measure knowledge and skills of 15 yr olds Lymphatic Filariasis/ Elephant foot caused by parasitic worms new 3 drug treatment is recom by WHO. IN has over 40% of worldwide cases.
National Health Profile 2019 released by Central Bureau of Health Intelligence(CBHI) Findings : Life expectancy inc to 68.7, Diabetes and hypertension rates are high among IN, highest pop density in NCT. #report CN announced new drug Oligomannate a seaweed based orally induced drug to potentially treat Alzheimers. Nov 12 World Pneumonia day; WHO recognises it as largest cause of death in children.
RAJ free medicine #scheme ranked best by National Health Mission's Free drug service Initiative called Rajasthan Mukhayanti Nishulk Dava Yojana for free drugs and tests. Social Awareness and Action to Neutralise Pneumonia Successfully (SAANS) by Mo HFW in Gujarat. Plague by Yersinia Pestis bacteria. Bubonic plague 2 types Pneumonic plague most virulent +fatal transmitted b/w humans to human. Septicemic plague is when bacteria enters blood stream skin turns black Smart Safety Surveillance 3S program by WHO to optimize post marketing surveillance of priority drugs and vaccines ensure universal immunization program. Extent of drug and substance abuse in IN Survey by Mo of Social Justice : 6 cr alcohol addicts, 3.1 cr have used cannabis its prevalence in PUN and SIK most. Recommended Dietary allowance RDA used to understand how much nutrient should be consumed from diff meals it depends on age, sex, weight, physiological states etc
Swachh Survekshan League 2020 Indore is the Cleanest city and Kolkata worst. #report
National Policy for the treatment of Rare disease : will start a registry under ICMR, identify beneficiaries and give benefits, 3 categories of Rare disease, financial assistance of 15 lakh #scheme WHO has released a list of 13 urgent global health challenges includes Climate Crisis, Dangerous products, Keeping teens safe, earning public trust among others. Jan 30 was 1st ever World Neglected Tropical Diseases NTDs day, most affected are poorest pop, living in remote/rural/slum areas; lack political voice, statistics not there, clustered pop, low income. Measles is a viral disease transmitted via droplets from the nose, mouth or throat Global Vaccine Action Plan, measles and rubella to be eliminated in five WHO Regions by 2020. Rubella aka German Measles.
School Health Ambassador Initiative under Ayushman Bharat : 2 teachers will be selected as ambassadors will disseminate info w/ help of school monitors to children, jointly run by Mo Health and HRD. #scheme Kangaroo Mother Care KMC : WHO recom skin to skin contact, breastfeeding etc with infants.
#Scheme for promotion of Bulk Drugs Parks and Production Linked Incentive PLI to inc production of medical devices.
WHO state of worlds nursing #report - global shortage of 5.7 million 37 nurses/ 10,000 people Chagas disease is caused by parasite present in kissing bugs. Vaccine of Classical Swine Flu virus produced from spleen of rabbits. Kawasaki disease is acute inflammatory disease of the blood vessels occurs in children below age of 5 Hypoxia : not enough oxygen available to blood, silent hypoxia does not show symptoms.
Global Nutrition #Report by World Health Assembly, IN miss target by 2025, highest rate of domestic inequality in malnutrition, 38% stunted and 20.8% wasted for under 5 Endemic - presence in population is constant International Health Relations - agreement b/w 196 mem countries. Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus (KFDV) spreads from infected hosts like mokeys etc to humans most commonly through tick bites. Spread from larger animals like cows, goats etc is limited and from their is milk has not been scientifically proven. OneHealth concept is a global collaborative effort to combat one disease problem. 3 stages of transmission of a disease to become a pandemic is : import of the disease -> local transmission -> community transmission which is when it is unable to trace the source of transmission -> disease becomes endemic like malaria or dengue. G4 virus : H1N1/Swine Flu strain
Drug Discovery Hackathon 2020 joint initiative of MHRD, AICTE, CSIR etc - drug design #scheme SL, MAL now measles and rubella free - WHO Vitamin D from sunlight : fat soluble can be stored for long time, help bones, protect cell mem from damage def leads to osteoporosis Serological survey : seels to assess prevalence of disease in pop by detecting antibodies. IgG (is antiobody) ELISA test done to detect past episode of infection. Tick borne virus SFSTV Bunyavirus family, zoonotic Fluorosis - affects teeth, skeletal muscles 1.5mg/l
National Digital Health Mission #scheme - 6 building block HealthID, DigiDoctor, Health Facility Registry, Personal Health Record, E-Pharmacy and Telemedicine, Private participation, HealthID to every IN, ease of finding Dr, appt, fee payment Glanders zoonotic disease from horses, mules, donkeys Food service sector worst affected. Need : subsidise meals, cap of discount per person, no min spend limit or limit on no of offers. Africa wild polio free.
NSS Health in India #Report : 60% of Children 5yr are fully immunized
Electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network (eVIN) #scheme it digitizes vaccine stocks and monitors temp in cold storage implemented by the UNDP, strengthen supply chain ecosys encourages data driven decision making, consumption based planning, maintain optimum stock of vaccine, availability, time taken to replenish stock dec COWIN is an extension of eVIN that collects real time feedback of vaccination program.
Pneumonia and Diarrhoea progress #report by International Vaccine Access Centre - 90% coverage of 3/5 vaccines Chapare Virus causes haemorrhagic fever found in Bolivia, spreads through direct contact with bodily fluids, common in tropics regions.
Lancet Study on BMI of IN teensRanked 196 among the most lowest in the world #report Emergency use cannot be granted solely on Phase 1 & 2 trial
Vision 2035 Public Health Surveillance in IN by NITI Recom : mainstream surveillance, plans a 3 tier surv. System #report Pneumococcal Polysaccharide(long chain of sugar molecule) Conjugate Vaccine : 1st vaccine against pneumonia, Conjugate - vaccine that joins protein to antigen to inc protection. PCV 13 is a type of Pneumoccocal vaccine under the Universal immunisation program Types of Vaccine : Inactivated, Non-replicating viral vector, protein subunit, RNA, DNA Anaemia cause due to Iron and B12 deficiency FSSAI limited permissible limit of industrial Trans Fatty Acid in food to 2% from 2022 El Salavador : 1st Central American country to be Malaria free by WHO, High Burden to High Impact Initiative for 11 countries including IN Rare Disease aka Orphan Disease that affects small percentage of population, mostly genetic. Challenges : Difficult to collect data on it, mostly affects Children PM Swasthya Suraksha Nidhi PMSSN : single no lapsable reserve fund from Health and Education Cess, will fund prgrm like PM JAY, NHM and the PM Swasthya Suraksha Yojana
Vaccine Wastage : occurs due to expiry, exposed to heat, breakage when frozen, theft, discarding leftover doses, vials submerged in water, suspected contamination. During stages such as cold chain points, stores, Rare Disease Policy provide one time treatment under Ayushman Bharat. Rare Disease
#Report on Long Working hours by WHO and ILO. Working for more than 55hrs/ week cause more stroke and heart related mortality.
Sutra Model : uses 3 parameters Beta is infections per day, Reach is level of exposure and Epislon ratio of detected and undected Problems : incorrect prediction, too many parameters, omitted behaviour of virus, no accounting for social/ geographic heterogeneity etc. Coronavirus causes MERS CoV, SARs CoV among other diseases, they are zoonotic. single stranded RNA virus Casirivimad and imdevimab are monoclonal antibodies of Coronavirus
COVID 19 performance index by Lowy Institute IN ranked 86 th NZ, VTE, TAI topped #report Kasargod model for COVID 19 - aggressive testing, tracking using GPS, home delivery of food etc, social distancing campaigns. COVID 19 is a Pandemic. Hierarchy is Outbreak -> Epidemic -> Pandemic. Pandemic is a global/worldwide phenomena and there is no specific countries that a disease must touch to call it a pandemic. One Health consortium by DBT to surveil zoonotic bacterial, viral and parasitic infections and their transboundary movt. One Health - health of humans connected to animals and environment Norovirus : similar to diarrhoea inducing rotavirus that causes gastrointestinal illness.
National Testing Agency for conducting entrance examination in Higher Educational Institutions, autonomous self-sustaining, Rs25 crore initial grant, under MHRD, members appointed by Gov. Eminent educationists #body Worlds Best Univ, MIT top, IIT Bombay IIT D total 21 in top 1000.
Worldwide Educating for the Future Index (WEFFI) 2019 by EIU to assess the effectiveness of education system. India ranked 35th Finland Topped - Sweden. #report
QS Indian Univ ranking IIT Bombay top - IISC; based on academic and employer reputation faculty student ration etc. #report QS World University Rankings 2021 - IIT M 30th for Petroleum Engineering, ranking given for 5 subjects ex Arts, Engineering etc
Education Quality Upgradation and Inclusion Program(EQUIP) #scheme 5yr vision plan, bridge gap b/w policy and implementation in higher ed. Goals : double Gross enrolment Ratio(GER), IN as global ed destination, upgrade quality ed, 50 IN insiti world top 1000, governance reforms, accreditation all insit, harness tech improve pedagogy, inc investment.
MEITY launch National Mission on Natural Language translation key mission id PM-STIAC(Science Tech innovation advisory council), facilitate access material bilingually in English +1 native language, can help guarantee employment educated youth #scheme
UNESCO #report on education status disable children discusses their challenges +achievements, 1.7% total children disabled enrolling drops with time, low girl participation most enrolled in NIOS. Challenges : Low participation rate, gap in gov schemes, dropping out of children. Recomm : Align RTE act w RPWD act, coordinating mechanism under MoHRD bring together disable children, adequate financial allocation, strengthening data system, use IT, better teaching practice, overcome stereotypes,
All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) #report by MoHRD. Findings: Gender gap is narrowing, in UP Karnataka more girls enrolling in Higher ed, gross enrolment increased, faculty also increased, Humanities most preferred in UG, Science in PG
PM Research Fellow #Scheme for IITs, NITs, IISERs, IISc, NITs/Central univ, attract talent pool to Ph.D
#Scheme for Trans disciplinary research for IN's developing Economy (STRIDE) : support research projects of national int importance. Obj : identify young talent, strengthen research culture etc, fund high impact projects.
AICTEs #scheme Margdarshak for notable institutes and Margdarshan by superannuated teachers making visits
For School Heads and Teachers Holistic Advancement (NISHTHA) : world's largest teachers' training programm under National Mission to imp learning outcome on Elemental level under Samagra Shiksha #scheme
Central Educational Institution (Reservation of Teachers) #Act 2019 for SC ST SEBC EWS, reserve direct recruitment of teachers excludes research insti and inst of national or strategic importance.
UN #report on impact of education 1.6 bil affected, disparities inc, girls most affected, dropouts inc.
Study on Online education #report woes by Azim Premji univ60% gov school students cannot access online ed, non availability of smartphone, children w/ disability most affected. PRAGYATA : advisory guidelines for digital education for parents, teachers etc. K12 Education transformation framework by Microsoft for digital transformation of schools
National Educational Alliance for Technology (NEAT) #Scheme under MoHRD use AI to make learning more personalised and customised
E9 Inititative : meeting of Education Ministers to advance SDG 4 through supporting teaches, investment in skills, narrowing digital divide. IN, BAN, BR, CN, EGY, INDO, MEX, NGR, PAK. #Treaty
Performance Grading Index by Mo Education to grade all states and UTs on school education. Punjab, Chandigrah, TN etc highest grade; Bihar, Meghalaya lowest. #report
NIPUN Bharat #scheme for proficience in reading and understanding numeracy by Mo Education.
School Education and Quality Index released by NITI Aayog. Kerala emerged as best in terms of quality then RAJ KTAKA. #report
Nadu-Nedu Program #scheme in AP to transform gov schools into vibrant and competitive institutions through up-gradation of skills infrastructure etc.
Samagra Shiksha #Scheme : from pre school to 12 to give children equal opportunities and equitable learning outcome. Subsumes Sarva Shiksha abhiyan SSA, Rashtra Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan and Teacher Education. More Focuses on administrative reforms, inc quality of ed by focusing of Teacher and Technology 2 T's, Digital education, Girl education, Inclusion, Skill dev etc. Samagra Shiksha 2.0 : use DBT for child centric interventions. Will have nipun bharat initiative for foundational numeracy and literacy.
Annual Status of Education #Report ASER 2019 by Pratham Only 16 % could read text at prescribed level, parents chose gov schools for girls and private for boys, 90% of the children are enrolled
Parliamentary Standing Committee on HRD report on school education #important #report half schools do not have electricity or playgrounds budgetary cuts and spending on schemes, teacher vacancies slow progress in building classrooms, labs etc
A Future for the Worlds Children #Report by WHO, UNICEF and Lancet. India Ranked 77th in sustainability and 131st on flourishing/survival chance. Academic Talent from abroad, behind CN BRZ tertiary enrolment rate, education not directly linked jobs - brain drain, IITs lack international faculties/foreign teachers(1% should be 20% contract basis 5yr term no job security), US CN pays more. Private univs better off, gov initiatives Global Initiative of Academic Networks (GIAN), Visiting Advanced Joint Research Faculty Scheme (VAJRA), and Scheme for Promotion of Academic and Research Collaboration (SPARC). Need : Structural overhaul higher ed improve funding cultural revolution, remove hiring infra bottlenecks, give monetary benefit attract academic talent. National Education Policy NEP #scheme #important - 3 language formula, 1st formulated IG rule 1968. - 4 pillars learning to {know, do, live, and be}. - double gross enrolment ratio, universal foundational literacy. - community participation, modular board exams + vocational education. - Recom NEP : - Raise public spending to ==6% GDP on education== current is 4.6% - MoHRD renamed to Mo Education - **National Education and Tech** Forum to exchange ideas, separate unit for dev digital education courses - 100% GER by 2030, universalise pre primary education, open schooling system. - 5+3+3+4 structure, Board exams made easier. - **Multidisciplinary Education and Research Univs** MERUs. - **National research Foundation** as apex body - National Assessment Centre **PARAKH** autonomous under Mo Education - Foreign Univ can set up campuses
Public Liability Insurance #Act 1991 : subscribe to an insurance cover for victims, file claim to collector. Same Language Subtitling SLS project mass literacy program by subtitling TV content 2019-05-15 19:28:52
Global Talent Competitive Index (GTCI) for 2019 INSEAD business school, 68 variable eg. Ease of hiring, gender earning gap, concentrate on entrepreneurial talent nurturing effect economy etc. India 80/125. SWZ 1st followed 2nd SIN and 3rd US. IN scope for improvement in Retain talent (96th) and Ability to Attract (95th) does good in Business and labour landscapes (38th) and Employability (34th). Last is Yemen, below Congo and Burundi. #report SC upholds granting consequential seniority to reserved (SC/ST) gov employees promoted on reservation basis, not at odds with meritocracy it means more ensuring diverse representation in administration. Basis Article 335 - special measure for social upliftment of SC ST, centuries discrimination barrier to access opportunity, judgement protects rights of state and union to improve SC ST condition. Indra Sawhney vs Union of India and M Nagraj case: Article 16 (4) reservation only during entry, creamy layer excluded, in 1195 77th constitutional amendment enable reservation in promotion subject to quantifiable data on backwardness of class, representation, efficiency of service.
Skills Acquisition and knowledge awareness for Livelihood promotion (SANKALP) #scheme outcome focused scheme to implement outcome of National Skill Dev scheme, provide market relevant training for 3.5 crore youth.
India Skills #Report : 46.21% of students found employable, Female employability at 47% most employable were MBA students
Jan Shikshan Sansthan MoSkill dev to improve occupational skills and technical knowledge. Fee waiver for SC/ST, vocational training non/neo literate dropouts. Earlier known as Shramik Vidyapeeth to make self reliant entrepreneurs employees. #scheme Recognition of Prior learning Certificate by Mo Skill Dev under PM Kaushal Vikas Yojana; will enhance competency, chances of employment. Give youth industry relevant skills, prior learning experience be assessed under Recognition of Prior Learning RPL 3.0 focus on COVID related skills, 2.0 was integrated w/ make in India
Swadesh Darshan #Scheme under Mo Tourism, leverage tourism to revamp rural economy domestic and international circuit. Obj : develop theme based tourist circuits. Features : 100% centrally funded, leverage CSRs , funding vary state-state, National Steering Committee be constituted.
UDAN/ Regional Connectivity #Scheme : to stimulate air connectivity through concessions, viability gap funding. Challenges: high VAT on Turbine fuel, acquisition of land. Required : relief on ATF, revenue loss, PPP model to develop infrastructure, No frills airport, encourage small aircrafts, creation of conducive business env.
HDI 2019 #report by UNDP : IN ranks 129 up from 130 out of 189 countries focuses on 'Inequality in Human Dev'. IN related findings : b/w 1990 to 2019 IN HDI inc 50% to 0.647 life expectancy inc by 11.6 yrs to 69.4 yr, per capita PPP inc 250 times to 6,829. IN is marginally better than South Asian avg on Gender Dev Index 0.829 vs 0.828 ranks low at 122/162 on Gender Inequality Index. Globally : NORSWZIRE.
Parliamentary Standing #Committee report on HRD #report on grant for state gov school education : Half of the schools do not have electricity or playgrounds. 27% cut was seen in the budgetary allocation slow progress of building classrooms, labs etc. teacher vacancies are to the tune of 60-70
UNDP HDI 2020 #report #important : - introduced Planetary Pressures adusted HDI ie CO2 emissions per person and material footprint per capita. - India ranked 131 major challenges were Covid, climate change, planetary and societal imbalance
SDG India Index #report by NITI Aayog evaluates progress of states and UT on social, eco and env parameters takes into acc 16/17 SDGs. Findings : KER HP AP=TN=TEL; BRJHArP were worst performing. improved most in water and sanitation, industry and innovation lacks in nutrition and gender equality
2020 #report : Overall 6 point inc in SDG score, Kerala top state. Bihar, Jharkhand, Assam worst state Madras HC 'bride' term includes trans, Arunkumar + Sreeja vs IG Registration others, validates trans marriage under Hindu marriage act 1955 can be registered, extends civil rights (inheritance succession marriage). Hindu Marriage Act codify marriage brought divorce under ambit under Sastrik Law, Section 377: introduced by Britishers struck down by SC in 2018 as unconstitutional it stands however on minors and non-consensual homosexual conduct, Need : launch awareness campaigns against social ostracization intersex child Transgender Person (Protection of Rights) Act 2019, aims to stop discrimination, will be recognised as trans on basis of certificate id issued, right to be identified as a trans, to go through district screening committee for ID. Challenges : No reservation, not mentions punishments for sexual assaults, prescribes punishment for organised begging, need to go beyond biological identity, no enforceability for discrimination. Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission : with focus on critical care services by filling infra gaps in it. Hospitals to have exclusive critical care blocks. Challenges in healthcare infra : 70% locations have public HC infra but only 65% in rural areas. 43% location needs transport to reach. Critical care services to be available in all districts of country w/ more than 5 lakh pop. Integrated public health labs be set up in all districts connected through Integrated Informatino Portal. Monkeypox similar to Small pox in Singapore, endemic Central West Africa, no cure isolation treatment, from animal to human.
MANAV Human atlas, map all tissues in humans, by Depart of Biotechnology, improve science outreach, gain better biological insights can prevent disease studying effect on tissues, final yr grad students participants, understand human physiology disease causes pathways etc. #scheme
Global Drug Survey online survey anonymous, trends in drug use, done for behaviour health outcomes, digital applications, awareness, IN threat between opium producing country between drug trade. #report
Global Talent Competitive Index launched by INSEAD ranked among 70 variables India is ranked at 72. Switzerland topped. #report UN guide for PwD not denied, equal access to justice, accommodation, right to access, procedural safeguards, affordable legal assistance. UN Convention on Rights of PwD.
UN HDI #report 2019 released - IN score inc to 0.645 and rank dec to 131.
Human Freedom index by Cato and Fraser institutes , IN ranked 111 #report
Van dhan Yojana #scheme : MFP centric dev of tribals and artisans, promote value add, under MoTribal Affairs, nodal district officials + local Kendras managed by SHGs to play imp role
Protection of Human Rights amendment #Act - accelerate appt of NHRC(1993) members/commissioners National Youth Award b/w 15-29 yrs for excellence in the field of national development and social service
Global Competitiveness Index released by WEC base on pillars like institutions, infrastructure, macroeconomic stability, health, skills etc. IN moved down 10 places to 68. #report
Chhattisgarh Protection of Mediapersons #Act constitute a committee to deal w/ complaints of harassment, intimidation etc Financial Creditors to get primacy over Operational Creditors during IBC proceeding as per SC.
National Small Industries Corporation (NSIC is implementer) MoU with Mo MSME setting National SC/ST hub assist SC/ST entrepreneurs by outreach activity increase public procurement, professional support obliged under Central gov public procurement policy for MSE 2012 #body
National Defence Fund(NDF) PM scholarship #scheme children of martyr inc 2250-3000 girls 2000-2500 boys extended Naxal state police official martyrs. Estd 1962 voluntary donation adm Executive committee head PM encourage tech education Post grad widows
Piped water 100% household current 18% 2024 163mil wout per capita availability low and decreasing. National Rural Drinking water prgrm(NRDWP) poor execution + weak contract mgt failed provide adequate safe drinking water in "sustainable manner". Ahead : holistic approach #scheme
Common Service Centres (CSCs) : cornerstone Digital IN program, access point for delivery electronic services. Multiple service single point model. CSC 2.0 Scheme : expand outreach to all gram panchayat 2.5 lkh across. #scheme Viral Vector is a virus that carries the target antigen gene into human cells. Ex adenovirus vectors Peter Pan Syndrone PPS mental condition where people do not want to grow up, feel adulthood challenging Vaccine derived polio virus is making a comeback happens due to low vaccination coverage. India has introduced injectable polio vaccine to counter this threat Notifiable Disease : to be notified to govt on appearance -> early monitoring and control. UN Food Summit to achieve SDG's. Wants to raise awareness, align stakeholders around a common narrative focusing on concerted action; Recognise need for inclusivity and innovation. Defeat Meningitis 2030 : 1 st Global strategy by WHO. It is caused by bacteria and virus that causes inflammation of membranes surrounding Brain and Spinal Cord. 10% fatality rate . Measles outbreak US. Reason : tourism other country, vaccination rate, IN risk spreading, Tackle : surveillance, org. - individual fund campaign. Contagious viral droplet infectn, children Vit A deficiency blindness encephalitis diarrhoea WHO Global vaccine actn plan eradicate 2020. International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 1948 burn-out : chronic workplace stress, leads energy depletion cynicism reduced efficacy. ICD list causes death new ICD 11 data 55000 codes for injuries causes etc help other hospitals, storage retrieval easy, monitor disease/death rate, used 70% health resource allocatn Created : 2021-09-16 08:32
#scheme2020-06-11 19:30:43
to achieve the vision of Universal Health Coverage. Comprises of 2 components. #scheme National Health Authority is the apex implementing agency, Chaired by Mo Health and Family Welfare Establishment of Health and Wellness Centre - 1.5 lakh centers will be opened will provide free essential drugs and diagnostics, contribution through CSR etc
aims to reduce out of pocket expenditure for secondary and tertiary care will integrate two ongoing centrally sponsored schemes of Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) and Senior Citizen Health Insurance #Scheme (SCHIS) 5 lkh per family per year Aims to cover 10 crore families based of SECC Eligibility : No cap on family size and age or gender. Covers all pre existing conditions, covers 3 days of pre hospitalisation and 15 days post. Benefits are portable across the country cover pre and post hospitalisation expenses Funding is 60:40 in states and UT with legislature and 90:10 in NE states and 100% in UT w/o legislature. States will be responsible of health service delivery, they can expand it horizontally and vertically. Vairous models like Trust model, Insurance model will be adopted for payment.
#scheme is creating a cadre of certified frontline health service professionals called Pradhan Mantri Aarogya Mitras (PMAMs) 24 new Government Medical Colleges and Hospitals will be set up ensure 1 medical college for every 3 parliamentary constituency.
Sehat #Scheme Under PM-JAY - Social Endeavor for Health and Telemedicine, scheme for UT and JK, free insurance, 5lkh per fam cover etc
#scheme Its Broad Objectives Are : Reduce MMR to 1/1000 live births Reduce IMR to 25/1000 live births Reduce TFR to 2.1 Prevention and reduction of anaemia in women aged 15--49 years Prevent and reduce mortality & morbidity from communicable, noncommunicable; injuries and emerging diseases Reduce household out-of-pocket expenditure Reduce annual incidence and mortality from Tuberculosis by half Reduce prevalence of Leprosy to less than 1/10000 population and incidence to zero in all districts Annual Malaria Incidence to be 1/1000 Less than 1% microfilaria prevalence in all districts Kala-azar Elimination by 2015, 1 case per 10000 population in all blocks two sub missions such as National Rural Health Mission and National Urban Health Mission to provide Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child and Health and Adolescent
(RMNCH+A) services to the rural deprived people through its network of ASHA, ANMs and AWWs. #scheme Its various initiatives include : Accredited social health activists Janani Suraksha Yojana Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK) Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK) to meet health care need of urban population with the focus on urban poor, slum dwellers. cover all State capitals, district headquarters and cities/towns with a population of more than 50000 funding pattern will be 75:25 for all the states and 90:10 for Special Category s States Umbrella scheme for "Family Welfare and Other Health Interventions" under this 5 Central Sector Schemes with 100% funding from Central Government have been approved. They are : Swastha Nagrik Abhiyan (SNA) an awareness program Population Research Centres (PRCs) for 3rd party evaluation other schemes are Free supply of contraceptives, Health Surveys and Health Research and Social Marketing of Contraceptives provide assured, comprehensive and quality antenatal care, free of cost, universally to all pregnant women guarantees a minimum package of antenatal care services in in their 2nd/3rd trimesters at government health facilities Engagement of private sector provision is also there central sector scheme aims to correct regional imbalances in tertiary healthcare services has two components : Setting up of AIIMS like institutions and Upgradation of Government medical college to provide financial assistance to BPL patients, who are suffering from major life threatening diseases at listed super-speciality hospitals provided in the form of one-time grant States would create a state illness assistance funds where Central gov will contribute 50% Universal Immunization Programme UIP vaccines for 10 diseases : BCG for TB, OPV for poliomyelitis monovalent measles vaccine for measles Rota Virus vaccine for Diarrhoea JEV for Japanese Encephalitis Pentavalent Vaccine for DPT (diphtheria, pertussis i.e whooping cough &tetanus) Vaccine for Hepatitis B & Pneumonia due to Hib Measles-rubella vaccine (MR) Set the target fo eliminating measles and controlling congenital rubella syndrome. LaQshya or Labour Room Quality Improvement Initiative to reduce to reduce preventable maternal and new born mortality through QA certification aimed at eradicating HIV/AIDS by 2030 Mission SAMPARK was also launched to trace those who are Left to Follow Up and are to be brought under Antiretroviral therapy (ART) services to achieve the target of 90:90:90 strategy of UNAIDS. to cover all those children by 2020 who are either unvaccinated under the age of 2, or are partially vaccinated in 1st phase implemented in 201 high focus qdistricts part of UIP program Now covers 12 diseases including 5 new ones Intensified Mission Indradhanush launched from Vadnagar in 2017 to reach pregnant women also. block level implementation in UP and Bihar consists of 4 rounds Mission Indradhanush 3.0 to reach children and pregnant women who missed out in the previous programs
#scheme 2020-06-11 19:34:03objective is to provide cost effective and equitable AYUSH health care. resources allocation to states on the basis of population, backwardness and performance. Dedicated MIS monitoring and evaluation cell Grant-in Aid will be transferred through treasury route to State Governments develop the culture of documenting adverse effects and undertake safety monitoring of AYUSH drugs. Will establish a 3 tier system will facilitate detection of potentially unsafe AYUSH medicine Traditional Knowledge Digital Library is a collaborative Project of CSIR and Ministry of AYUSH to prevent exploitation and protect Indian traditional knowledge from wrongful patents. It saves information in digitized format in 5 diff languages2020-06-11 19:38:44Scheme for Higher Education Youth in Apprenticeship and Skills(SHREYAS). It is a program basket comprising the initiatives of 3 central ministries including National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS), National Career Service (NCS). - Implemented by Sector Skills Council National Educational Alliance for Technology(NEAT) use AI to make learning more personalised. It is a PPP scheme where start-ups must offer 25% free coupons for disadvantaged students NEAT 3.0 launched NISHTHA - teachers training program for their holistic advancement UDISE+ Unified District Information System for Education Plus scheme aims to ensure quality and availability of information from school LEAP - Leadership for Academicians Programme to train academic heads who are likely to assume leadership roles in future for institutes that are expected to make into top 500 world rankings in a decade. 10 gov and 10 private ones have been chosen will be extended to 30. Will have complete control over curricula. Rs 1000 crore grant. Requirement is either Global 500 or NIRF top 50 Could recruit upto 30% of Foreign students and have upto 25% foreign faculty, not more than 20% courses to be online. Co-ordination with other countries, no UGC mandated curriculum or inspection. Samgra Shiksha Scheme : aka National Education Mission is a centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) subsumes 3 erstwhile CSS schemes such as Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA),Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) and Teacher Education (TE). It is for vocationalisation of school education. Centrally Sponsored Scheme to increase enrolment in higher education by 30% by 2020 Educationally Backward Districts are those districts where Gross Enrolment Ratio in higher education was less than the national average of 12.4% Aspirational Districts are identified by NITI Aayog BHUVAM portal is developed by ISRO as a mobile app for uploading geo tagged photograph. Unnat Bharat Abhiyan aims to link Higher education institutions with Villages IIT Delhi is the coordinating institute. UBA 2.0 2018 expanded to all educational institutes selected on the basis of fixed criteria. Saksham Scholarship Scheme : encourages EWS differently abled students by giving them scholarship of Rs 30,000 Swachh Vidyalaya to provide funding to build functional toilets in every school JIGYASA : Studentscientist connect programme is association with Mo Skills and Training to conduct entrance examinations for higher educational institutions will be registered as a society will act an autonomous and self-sustained premier testing organization Exams will be conducted online at least twice a year for orgs like CBSE,AICTE etc. will be given one time grant of 25 crore all students in govt and govt aided schools including Madrasas under Samagra Shiksha Students upto Class VIII guaranteed 200 days of meal
under Mo Education also covered by NFSA MDM rules 2015 place of serving meal to be school only If not provided in school State Gov to pay food security allowance Calorie intake is min 450 cal w/ 12 grams of protein for primary and 700 cal 20gm protein for upper primary as per MDM guidelines. 2020-10-22 07:27:24 85.7 physician per 100,000 population 53 beds/ 100,000 population 172.7 Nurses and Midwives 62% of total health expenditure is out of pocket Low public health expenditure 1.3% in 2017-18 States do not have bodies like NCDC, ICMR which the state has High variation in states per capita health0care expenditure Coordinated national plan central gov should handle responsibilities like procurment of vaccines equitable distribution of vaccines
Monoclonal Antibody created by exposing WBCs to particular antigen -> production of antibodies WBCs are then cloned 2020-10-22 07:34:24
#todo
https://simplifiedupsc.in/issues-relating-to-poverty-and-hunger/2020-10-30 16:28:51Poverty How far do you agree with the view that the focus on lack or availability of food as the main cause of hunger takes the attention away from ineffective human development policies in India? (आप इस मत से कहाँ तक सहमत है हक भूख के मुख् कारण के रूप में खाद्य की उपलधिता में कमी पर फोकस, भारत में अप्भावी मानव नवकास नीनतयो से ध् ं ान हिा देता है?) 2018 Hunger and Poverty are the biggest challenges for good governance in India still today. Evaluate how far successive governments have progressed in dealing with these humongous problems. Suggest measures for improvement. (अब तक भी भूख और गरीबी भारत में सुिासन के समक् सबसे बडी चुनौनतयाँ हैं। मूलांकन कीजजए हक इन भारी समस्ाओ से न ं नपिने में रिगमक सरकारो ने ं हकस सीमा तक प्गनत की है। सुधार के ललए उपाय सुझाइए।) 2017 ‘Poverty Alleviation Programmes in India remain mere show pieces until and unless they are backed by political will’. Discuss with reference to the performance of the major poverty alleviation programmes in India. ('भारत में ननध्भनता न्ूनीकरण काय्भरिम तब तक के वल दि्भनीय वस्तु बने रहेंगे जब तक हक उन्ेंराजनैनतक इच्ािक्ति का सहारा नहीं गमलता है।" भारत में प्मुख ननध्भनता न्ूनीकरण काय्भरिमो के न ं नष्पादन के सं दभ्भ में चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2017 Though there have been several different estimates of poverty in India, all indicate reduction in poverty levels over time. Do you agree? Critically examine with reference to urban and rural poverty indicators. (यद्यनप भारत में ननध्भनता के अनेक नवशभन्न प्ाक्लन हकए गए हैं, तथिानप सभी समय गुजरने के साथि ननध्भनता स्तरो में कमी ंआने का संके त देते हैं। क्ा आप सहमत हैं? िहरी और ग्रामीण ननध्भनता संके तको का उल् ं ेख के साथि समालोचनात्मक परीक्ण कीजजए।) 2015 The Central Government frequently complains on the poor performance of the State Governments in eradicating suffering of the vulnerable sections of the society. Restructuring of Centrally sponsored schemes across the sectors for ameliorating the cause of vulnerable sections of population aims at providing flexibility to the States in better implementation. Critically evaluate. (के न्द्र सरकार प्ायः राज्य सरकारो के समाज के अ ं नतसंवेदनिील वगमों के कटि ननवारण में ख़राब प्दि्भन की शिकायत करती है। जनसंख्ा के अनतसंवेदनिील वगमों के सुधार हेतु सभी क्ेत्रो में के ं न्द्रीय प्वर्तत योजनाओ की पुनर ं ्भचना का उद्ेश्य राज्यो को उनके बेहतर का ं या्भन्वयन में लचीलापन प्दान करना है। समालोचनात्मक मूलांकन कीजजए।) 2013 Health, Education and Human Resource Development The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 remains inadequate in promoting incentive-based system for children's education without generating awareness about the importance of schooling. Analyse. (स्ू ली शिक्ा के महत्त्व के बारे में जागरूकता उत्न्न हकए नबना, बच्चो की शिक् ं ा में प्रणा-आधार े रत पधिनत के सं वध्भन में ननःिुकि और अननवाय्भ बाल शिक्ा का असधकार असधननयम, 2009 अपया्भप्त है। नवश्ेषण कीजजए। ) 2022 “‘Earn while you learn’ scheme needs to be strengthened to make vocational education and skill training meaningful.” Comment. "व्यावसाययक शिक्ा और कौिल पररक्ण को साथि्भक बनाने के ललए 'सीखते हए कमाना (अन्भ व्ाइल यू लन्भ)' की योजना को सिति करने की आवश्यकता है।" हिप्पणी कीजजए। 2021 In order to enhance the prospects of social development, sound and adequate health care policies are needed particularly in the fields of geriatric and maternal health care. Discuss. (सामजजक नवकास की सं भावनाओ को ब ं ढ़ने के रिम में, नविेषकर जराचचहकत्ा एवं मातृ स्ास्थ्य देखभाल के क्ेत्र में सुदृढ़ और पया्भप्त स्ास्थ्य देखभाल सम्नी नीनतयो की आवश्यकता है। ं नववेचन कीजजए।) 2020 National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement. (राटिट्ीय शिक्ा नननत 2020 धारणीय नवकास लक्-4 (२०3०) के साथि अनुरूपता में है। उसका ध्ेय भारत में शिक्ा प्णाली की पुनःसं रचना और पुनःस्ापना है। इस कथिन का समालोचनात्मक ननररक्ण कीजजए।) 2020 Despite Consistent experience of High growth, India still goes with the lowest indicators of human development. Examine the issues that make balanced and inclusive development elusive. (उच्च सं वृगधि के लगातार अनुभव के बावजूद, भारत के मानव नवकास के ननम्नतम सं के तक चल रहे हैं । उन मुद्ो का पर ं रक्ण कीजजए, जो सं तुललत और समावेिी नवकास को पकड में आने नही दे रहे हैं।) ं 2019 Appropriate local community-level healthcare intervention is a prerequisite to achieve 'Health for All ' in India. Explain. (भारत में सभी के ललए स्ास्थ्य को प्ाप्त करने के ललए समुचचत स्ानीय सामुदाययक स्तरीय स्ास्थ्य देखभाल का मध्क्प एक पू े वा्भपेक्ा है। व्याख्ा कीजजए।) 2018 ‘To ensure effective implementation of policies addressing water, sanitation and hygiene needs, the identification of beneficiary segments is to be synchronized with the anticipated outcomes’ Examine the statement in the context of the WASH scheme. ("जल, सफाई एवं स्च्ता की आवश्यकता को लशक्त करने वाली नीनतयो के ं प्भावी हरियान्वयन को सुननजचित करने के ललए लाभाथिथी वगमों की पहचान को प्त्याशित पररणामो के सा ं थि जोडना होगा।" 'वाि' योजना के सं दभ्भ में इस कथिन का परीक्ण कीजजए।) 2017 Examine the main provisions of the National Child Policy and throw light on the status of its implementation. (राटिट्ीय बाल नीनत के मुख् प्ावधानो का परी ं क्ण कीजजए तथिा इसके हरियान्वयन की प्स्स्नत पर प्काि डाललए।) 2016 "Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpower becomes more educated, aware, skilled and creative." What measures have been taken by the government to enhance the capacity of our population to be more productive and employable? (“भारत में जनांहककीय लाभांि तब तक सैधिांनतक ही बना रहेगा जब तक हक हमारी जनिक्ति असधक शिशक्त, जागरूक, कु िल और सृजनिील नही हो जाती ।” सरकार ने हमारी ं जनसं ख्ा को असधक उत्ादनिील और रोज़गार-योग्य बनने की क्मता में वृगधि के ललए कौन-से उपाय हकए हैं ?) 2016 Professor Amartya Sen has advocated important reforms in the realms of primary education and primary health care. What are your suggestions to improve their status and performance? (प्ोफे सर अमत्य्भ सेन ने प्ाथिगमक शिक्ा तथिा प्ाथिगमक स्ास्थ्य देखभाल के क्ेत्रो में महत्त्वपू ं ण्भ सुधारो की वकालत की है । उनकी स् ं स्नत और काय्भ-ननष्पादन में सुधार हेतु आपके क्ा सुझाव हैं ?) 2016 The quality of higher education in India requires major improvements to make it internationally competitive. Do you think that the entry of foreign educational institutions would help improve the quality of higher and technical education in the country? Discuss. (भारत में उच्च शिक्ा की गुणता को अंतरा्भटि ीट् य स्तर पर प्नतयोगी बनाने के ललए उसमें भारी सुधारो की आवश्यकता है। क् ं ा आपके नवचार में नवदेिी िैशक्क सं स्ाओ का ं प्वेि देि में उच्च और तकनीकी शिक्ा की गुणता की प्ोन्ननत में सहायक होगा? चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2015 Public health system has limitations in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that the private sector could help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives would you suggest? (सार्वक स्ास्थ्य सं रक्ण प्दान करने में साव्भजननक स्ास्थ्य प्णाली की अपनी पररसीमाएँ हैं। क्ा आपके नवचार में खाई को पािने में ननजी क्त्रक सहायक हो सकता है? आप अ े न् कौन-से व्यवहाय्भ नवकपि सुझाएँगे?) 2015 An athlete participates in Olympics for personal triumph and nation's glory; victors are showered with cash incentives by various agencies, on their return. Discuss the merit of state sponsored talent hunt and its cultivation as against the rationale of a reward mechanism as encouragement. (खखलाडी औलंनपसि में व्यक्तिगत नवजय और देि के गौरव के ललए भाग लेता हैः वापसी घर, नवजेताओ पर ं नवशभन्न सं स्ाओं द्ारा नकद प्ोत्ाहनो की बौछार की जाती है। प् ं ोत्ाहन के तौर पर पुरस्ार काय्भनवसध के तका्भधार के मुकाबले, राज्य प्ायोजजत प्नतभा खोज और उसके पोषण के गुणावगुण पर चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2014 Should the premier institutes like IITs/IIMs be allowed to retain premier status, allowed more academic independence in designing courses and also decide mode/criteria of selection of students. Discuss in light of the growing challenges. (क्ा आई.आई.िी./आई.आई.एम. जैसे प्मुख सं स्ानो को अपनी ं प्मुख स्स्नत को बनाए रखने की, पाठ्यरिमो को ं हडजाइन करने में असधक िैशक्क स्तंत्रता की और साथि ही छात्रो को चयन की ं नवधाओ/कसौ ं हियो के बारे ं में स्यं ननण्भय लेने की अनुमनत दी जानी चाहहए? बढ़ती हई चुनौनतयो के ं प्काि में चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2014 The concept of Mid Day Meal (MDM) scheme is almost a century old in India with early beginnings in Madras Presidency in pre-independent India. The scheme has again been given impetus in most states in the last two decades. Critically examine its twin objectives, latest mandates and success. (मध्ाह्न भोजन योजना की संकपिना भारत में लगभग एक िताबी पुरानी है जजसका आरभि स्तंत्रता-पूव्भ भारत के मद्रास महाप्ान् (प्सीडेंसी) में े हकया गया थिा। नपछले दो दिको से अ ं सधकांि राज्यो में इस योजना को पुनः प् ं ोत्ाहहत हकया जा रहा है। इसके दोहरे उद्ेश्यो, नवीनतम ं आदेिो और सफलता का समालोचनात्मक परी ं क्ण कीजजए।) 2013 Identify the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that are related to health. Discuss the success of the actions taken by the Government for achieving the same. (उन सहस्ाबी नवकास लक्ो को ं पहचाननए जो स्ास्थ्य से संबं सधत है। इनहें पूरा करने के ललए सरकार द्ारा की गई कार्भवाई की सफलता की नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013 ]]>05-gs-2/3.-social-justice/3.2-issues-relating-to-development-and-management-of-social-sector-relating-to-health,-education,-hr;-issues-relating-to-poverty-and-hunger.html05 GS-2/3. Social Justice/3.2 Issues Relating to development and management of Social Sector relating to Health, Education, HR; Issues Relating to Poverty and Hunger.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT05-gs-2/3.-social-justice/prelims-pyq.html05 GS-2/3. Social Justice/Prelims PYQ.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#important India has decreased import duty on Crude Petroleum Oil CPO making it easier for its import rather than importing Refined Petroleum Oil which is produced by Malaysia Social Security Agreement SSA : bilateral agreeement to protect interest of cross border workers from double coverage and ensure equality of treatment. East Asia Summit EAS being held in Bangkok initiative of ASEAN areas of co-operation are Env, Energy, Finance, Global Health etc considered 3rd pole of the world. For IN : acts as an alternative to APEC, in sync w/ Act East policy, counter CN assertiveness, can find complementary partners, can play in cultural cooperation in the region. IN will host in 2020 in Chennai IN-MAL : air connectivity bubble for travel, direct ferry service, submarine cable, Greater Male connectivity project. Mission Sagar : to help five island nations in IN ocean Maldives, Mauritius, Seychelles, Madagascar and Comoros with food, COVID vaccines etc. Tax inspectors without Borders Program TIWB by Bhutan, India, OECD, UNDP to share tax audit knowledge and skills. India launched TIWB program with Seychelles. Collective Security Treaty Organisation CSTO : Intergov Security/military org estd 2002 consists of post soviet states in Eurasia. Started as Collective Security Treaty 1992/ Tashkent Treaty. HQ in Moscow, Objectives to strengthen peace, international and regional security. Mem are ARM, BEL, KAZ, KYR, RUS, TAJ. Aggression against 1 country is aggression against all. SCO counter terrorism exercise Peaceful Mission. Central Asia meet : marked 30yrs of diplomatic relations b/w IN and Central Asian countries outcome was Delhi Declaration. Planned to build Central Asia Centre in New Delhi. TAPI gas pipeline project that runs from Turkmenistan. IN - CN Overview of Issues : issued Visa to JK residents, opposed IN permanent membership in UN, block PAK blacklisting in FATF UN, CPEC, Pangong Tso clashes 'One China policy' : diplomatic acknowledgement of China's position that there is only one Chinese govt. Many states have formal ties with China rather than Taiwan. Rezang La mountain pass on Line of Actual Control in Ladakh located b/w Chushul and Spanggur lake. China building dams on Mekong river will lead to droughts into downstream SE Asian countries. Dams on Brahmaputra will not affect India much due to 35% of its basin being in India. China's expanded influence in UN Bodies Dominant position in non-UN bodies, increased funding of UN bodies, focus on bodies that set international standards to aid projects live BRI Need for India : more proactive role as rule-maker, set up more instis like ISA, CDRI, inc voluntary contribution, sponsor Indian nationals to influence UN policy
Russia, India, China - RIC aim to end subservient foreign policy of US #Treaty Coordinated Disengagement at Pangong Tso AgreementCN will keep troop east of Finger 8, IN at Finger 3, Any structure since April 2020 be removed, temporary moratorium on mil activities. Tibetan Parliament in Exile - TPIE HQ in Dharamsala. CN dams on Brahmaputra river - no bilateral treaties, help assert its claim on Arunachal P, reduce river flow, political weapon Sep 2 is Tibetan Democracy day - Democratic system of Tibetan refugees was estd when 14th Dalai Lama gov in exile
IN CN informal summit at Mahabalipuram, 1st was at Wuhan: to celebrate 70yr of diplomatic relationship, economic and trade dialogue mechanism will be estd, TN and Fujian will be sister states Naku La om Sikkim. Muguthan or Cho Lhamu is source of Teesta river IN CN - Pangong Tso - salt water lake imp coz' - close to Chusul valley, IN occupation/infra threatens Aksai Chin POK CPEC. Happymon Jacob (Professor at JNU) criticsm to India's stand on Chinese aggression can be mentioned. Indo Lanka Accord signed in 1987 sought to manage India's strategic interests, interest of people of Indian origin and Tamil minorities in SL. IPKF was placed to resolve civil war. Bashan Char island in Bangladesh where Rohingya refugees have been accomodated. Teesta river dispute : 2011 deal gave IN 42.5% and BAN 37.5
1996 Water #Treaty share surface water at Farakka Barrage important for North Bengal but WB does not endorse deal International North South Transport Corridor INSTC to transport freight through ship, rail and road.
PAKAFUZ rail like connecting PAK, AFG and UZB will make INSTC redundant. Need to reconsider Israel led Tans Arabian Corridor TAC, Indo Japanese Asia-Africa Growth Corridor AAGC, Vladivostok Chennai Maritime Corridor VCMC. Gilgit-Baltistan : autonomous region status, CPEC passes through it, PAK planning to give provincial status to it Sir Creek pack divides Kutch and Sindh disputed by both IN and PAK, rich in fishing resources and possible oil and gas IN PAK cross LOC trade suspended, informally it continues. Estd under 4 pt proposal : free Kashmiri movt, self-governance, gradual demilitarisation, joint supervision mechanism IN+PAK+ Kashmir
Shimla Agreement #treaty b/w PM Indira Gandhi and Paki Prez Zulfikar Ali Bhutto on 2 July 1972 to reverse the consequences of the 1971 war, withdrawal of troops and exchange PoWs; [Agreement on Prohibition of Attacks against Nuclear Installations] and Facilities between IN PAK done every yr Provide each other on data of nuclear installation and facilities.
Bureau of Research on Industry and Economic Fundamentals (BRIEF) released #report on trade shutdown b/w India and Pak called Unilateral Decisions, Bilateral Losses.
#Treaty of Sugauli made Kali river as IN-NEP boundary Kalapani in Uttarakhand included in IN map contentious w/ Nepal located near Kailash mansarovar lake, IN controls varying interpretation on origin of river and its tributaries ? Image India - Myanmar relations : Military coup in Feb 2021 Ang San Suu Kyi gov was removed by mil. IN has good relation w/ MYA military they helped secure NE frontier from insurgents. IN has infra projects viz IN-MYATHAI highway and Kaladan transport network. Some Rohingyas have come to India too. IN supports ASEANs 5 point resolution ie Immediate Cessation of Violence, dialogue among stakeholder, appt special Asean envoy for mediation, Aid and envoy visit in the country. 5 point Consensus deals with ASEAN and Myanmar Karen (minority) rebels in Myanmar aimed at self determination. Military Coup in MYA - IN has close relations w/ MYA military, Ang San Suu Kyi failed to push back military, IN already invested sees MYA as gateway to the East.
Refugee Convention 1951 : UN #treaty , defines who is a refugee, asylum rules, rights to people fleeing persecution, visa free travel, IN not a mem, war criminals not refugees, compliments Art 14 of UN Declaration of Human Rights, 1967 Protocol includes refugees from all countries. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICCPR : even though refugees are foreigners in country of asylum they enjoy the same rights as national viz RTE before law and equal protection of law and Non-discrimination 2020-10-22 07:30:46 Foreign Policy determined by historical, domestic factors Objectives Promote national interest, security, safeguard sovereignty, growth, prosperity International peace and security, eliminate want of disease and illiteracy Maintain friendly relations avoid all military alliances, follow non alignment, peaceful settlement of international disputes Principles Non Alignment, Panchseel - mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty, peaceful coexistence mutual non-aggression, non-interference in internal matters Anti-imperialism, Opposition to racial discrimination, Gujral Doctrine - 1996 extension of unilateral concessions to neighbours in sub-continent - IN concluded sharing of Ganga water, concessions to Pakistan tourists Nuclear weapons scenario IN Pakistan Indus Water Treaty - Eastern river Beas, Sutlej and Ravi went to IN, Western Jhelum, Chenab and Indus to pak Bagliahar Dam dispute, Kishenganga Dispute - neelam water dispute, Tulbul Project, Siachin, Sir Creek dispute - Atlantique was shot down here, Kashmir dispute, IN PAK Wars Talks revolve around Allocation, Delimitation, Demarcation, Administration Gujral Doctrine and Pak - IN US - US aims for IN to become a net security provider and aims to solidify a lasting strategic partnership w/ IN, support its Act East polity to counterbalance CN, enhance defence coop IN-Taiwan - do not have formal diplomatic ties, IN refused One CN policy Potential areas of cooperation is FTA for setting up semiconductor mfg facility. Indian postion is based on trade, investment, tourism, culture etc. 2020-10-30 16:39:49Answers and Analysis India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.' Discuss India's role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka the light of the preceding statement. (भारत रिीलंका का बरसो पुराना ं गमत्र है।' पूव्भवतथी कथिन के आलोक में रिीलंका के वत्भमान सं कि में भारत की भूगमका की नववेचना कीजजए।) 2022 “The USA is facing an existential threat in the form of a China, that is much more challenging than the erstwhile Soviet Union.” Explain. ("सं युति राज्य अमेररका, चीन के रूप में एक ऐसे अस्स्तत्व के खतरे का सामना कर रहा है जो तत्ालीन सोनवयत सं घ की तुलना में असधक चुनौतीपूण्भ है।" नववेचना कीजजए।) 2021 ‘China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia’, In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbor. ("चीन अपने आर्थिक सं बं धो एवं सकारात्मक ं व्यापार असधिेष को, एशिया में सं भाव्य सैननक िक्ति हैससयत को नवकससत करने के ललए, उपकरणो के रूप में इ ं स्तेमाल कर रहा है।" इस कथिन के प्काि में, उसके पडोसी के रूप में भारत पर इसके प्भाव पर चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2017 "Increasing cross-border terrorist attacks in India and growing interference in the internal affairs of several member-states by Pakistan are not conducive for the future of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation)." Explain with suitable examples. (“भारत में बढ़ते हए सीमापारीय आतंकी हमले और अनेक सदस्-राज्यो के आंतर ं रक मामलो में पा ं हकस्तान द्ारा बढ़ता हआ हस्तक्ेप साक्भ (दशक्ण एशियाई क्ेत्रीय सहयोग सं गठन) के भनवष्य के ललए सहायक नही हैं।" उपयु ं ति उदाहरणो के सा ं थि स्पटि कीजजए।) 2016 Project Mausam' is considered a unique foreign policy initiative of the Indian Government to improve relationship with its neighbors. Does the project have a strategic dimension? Discuss. (पररयोजना ‘मौसम’ को भारत सरकार की अपने पडोससयो के सा ं थि सं बं धो को सुदृढ़ करने की एक अ ं हद्तीय नवदेि नीनत पहल माना जाता है। क्ा इस पररयोजना का एक रणनीनतक आयाम है। चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2015 Terrorist activities and mutual distrust have clouded India-Pakistan relations. To what extent the use of soft power like sports and cultural exchanges could help generate goodwill between the two countries? Discuss with suitable examples. (आतंकवादी गनतनवसधयो और परस्पर अ ं नवश्ास ने भारत-पाहकस्तान सं बं धो को धू ं गमल बना हदया है। खेलो और सांस् ं ृ नतक आदान-प्दानो जैसी मृद ं ु िक्ति हकस सीमा तक दोनो दे ं िो के बीच स ं द्भाव उत्न्न करने में सहायक हो सकती है? उपयुति उदाहरणो के सा ं थि चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2015 With respect to the South China sea, maritime territorial disputes and rising tension affirm the need for safeguarding maritime security to ensure freedom of navigation and over flight throughout the region. In this context, discuss the bilateral issues between India and China. (दशक्ण चीन सागर के मामले में, समुद्री भूभागीय नववाद और बढ़ता हआ तनाव समस्त क्ेत्र में नौपररवहन की और उपरी उडान की स्तंत्रता को सुननजचित करने के ललए समुद्री सुरक्ा की आवश्यकता की अशभपुनटि करते है। इस सं दभ्भ में भारत और चीन के बीच हद्पक्ीय मुद्ो पर च ं चा्भ कीजजए।) 2014 The proposed withdrawal of International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) from Afghanistan in 2014 is fraught with major security implications for the countries of the region. Examine in light of the fact that India is faced with a plethora of challenges and needs to safeguard its own strategic interests. (वष्भ 2014 में अंतरा्भटिट्ीय सुरक्ा सहायक बल (ISAF) की अफगाननस्तान से प्स्तानवत वापसी क्ेत्र के देिो के ल ं लए बडे खतरो (सुरक् ं ा उलझनो) भरा है। इस त ं थ्य के आलोक में परीक्ण कीजजए हक भारत के सामने भरपूर चुनौनतयाँ हैं तथिा उस अपने सामररक महत्त्व के हहतों की रक्ा करने की आवश्यकता है।) 2013 What do you understand by ‘The String of Pearls’? How does it impact India? Briefly outline the steps taken by India to counter this. ( ‘मोनतयो के हार’ (द स्ट ं ंग ऑफ प ट् र््भ) से आप क्ा समझते हैं? यह भारत को हकस प्कार प्भानवत करता है? इसका सामना करने के ललए भारत द्ारा उठाए गए कदमो की सं ं शक्प्त रूपरेखा दीजजए।) 2013 The protests in Shahbag Square in Dhaka in Bangladesh reveal a fundamental split in society between the nationalists and Islamic forces. What is its significance for India? (बंगलादेि के ढाका में िाहबाग स्कायर में हए नवरोध प्दि्भनो ने समाज में रा ं टिट्वादी व इस्लामी िक्तियो के बीच मौल ं लक मतभेद उजागर हकया है। भारत के ललए इसका क्ा महत्त्व है?) 2013 Discuss the political developments in Maldives in the last two years. Should they be of any cause of concern to India? (मालदीव में नपछले दो वषमों में हई राजनैनतक घिनाओ की ं नववेचना कीजजए। यह बताइए हक क्ा ये भारत के ललए चचता का ं नवषय है।) 2013 In respect of India—Sri Lanka relations, discuss how domestic factors influence foreign policy. (भारत-रिीलंका संबंधो के सं द ं भ्भ में, नववेचना कीजजए हक हकस प्कार आंतररक (देिीय) कारक नवदेि नीनत को प्भानवत करते है।) 2013 What is meant by Gujral doctrine? Does it have any relevance today? Discuss. (गुजरात ससधिान् से क्ा अशभप्ाय है? क्ा आज इसकी कोई प्ासं गगकता है? नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013 ]]>05-gs-2/4.-international-relations/4.1-india-and-its-neighbourhood-relations.html05 GS-2/4. International Relations/4.1 India and its neighbourhood - relations.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure> 3 3 New Development Bank NDB BRICS bank" data-href="008 International Economic Organisation and India#3 3 New Development Bank NDB BRICS bank" href="01-subject-wise-notes/💶-economy/008-international-economic-organisation-and-india.html#3 3 New Development Bank NDB BRICS bank" class="internal-link" target="_self" rel="noopener nofollow">NDB. India and UAE signed a CEPA 90% of India's exports to UAE will have duty free access to the Emirates. UAE is 3rd biggest partner of India. South-South and Triangular Cooperation held in New Delhi, collaboration among countries of the South in the political, economic, social, cultural, environmental and technical domains UN Office for South-South Cooperation - Estd 1974 by UNGA, emerging, middle income and least developed. Free trade agreement (FTA) w/ EU. Need - risks of being left behind in collapsing global trade, rising protectionism, only major power lacking an FTA with any of its top trade partners, struggle to keep exports competitive, counter China Automatic Exchange of Information (AEOI) b/w IN and SWZ; IN will receive fin info on all Swiss accounts held by Indians it. AEOI is periodic transmission of Bulk taxpayer information
Male Declaration : passed by 4th South Asian Speakers Summit held in Maldives; unanimously declared Kashmir to be an internal matter of IN #important #Treaty IN Ocean Conference 2019 held in Maldives, started by IN has SIN, BAN, SL as members. Theme was 'securing IOR: traditional and non-traditional challenges. MNRE awards grant to 4 projects under PACE setter program; constituted by IN and USA corpus of Rs.50 cr to provide early stage grant to accelerate commercialisation of innovative green products business etc. Agreement on Reciprocal Logistics Support ARLS : b/w IN and RUS simplify mil interoperability and enable mil platforms to receive support and supplies across. IN BAN sign MoU on withdrawal of water form Feni river. Originates in south Tripura. Joint Rivers commission meeting was held to collect data on water sharing International Treaty of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) adopted in 2001 by FAO aka Seed Treaty ensure int agreement, conservation, exchange and sustainable use of Plant Genetic Resources and to protect traditional knowledge of farmers. ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting ADMM-plus ASEAN mem + 8 dialogue partners to strengthen security, defence cooperation etc held in Bangkok
Recycling of Ships #Act and ratification of Honk Kong Recycling of Ships convention - prohibits the use/installation of hazardous material immediately for new ships, not apply to warships and non-commercial.
HK Recycling resolution 2009 aims at ensuring that retired ships do not pose threat to humans and env, convention is yet to come to force was adopted by the Int Maritime Org IMO in 2009. #Treaty Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective CapabilitiesRC principle within UNFCCC acknowledges diff countries and differing responsibilities of countries in addressing climate change divides them in Annex 1 (more role) and non-Annex 1. Chabahar Port : IN IR AFG, bypass PAK to supply AFG, boost IN access to IR, Counter CN presence in Gwadar,
US MEX CAN Agreement USMCA replaces NAFTA which was FTA concerns were that such an FTA w/ 2 developed countries and 1 developing country would allow US to move its operation to Mexico. #Treaty
Bilateral Investment Protection Agreement (BIPA) with EU would be different from the FTA that is in discussion. #Treaty Orders passed by certain designated courts from a 'reciprocating territory' can be implemented in India, by filing a copy of the decree concerned in a District Court here scope is restricted to decress for money payment, cannot be based on an arbitration award. US Taliban peace agreement - US and allies to withdraw all troops and civilian non diplomatic personnel, Taliban not to threaten security of US and allies, release of prisoners. India not US ally Sidelines Indian support to election process Releasing prisoners include Haqqani Network Foreigners can be deported back for 'anti-government activities' not defined by MHA Article 19b right to peacefully protest is not available to aliens Art 21 is. Int Monetary Fin Comm part of IMF has 24 mem drawn from 187 governors
Open Skies #Treaty : allows 34 countries to conduct unarmed surveillance of military installation etc over one anothers territories; data be shared to all countries. USA withdrew, RUS withdrew Global Vaccine Summit hosted by UK. GAVI : global vaccine alliance for children in poor countries, Public Private global health partnership founded 2000, HQ in Geneva Track 1 diplomacy : formal diplomatic engagement Track 2 : engagement through govt affiliated insti. Track 3 : civil society and people to people engagement. LAC disengagement plan - 5 point action plan, ensure comprehensive disengagement Not allow differences to become disputes disengage quickly to ease tension abide by existing IN CN border protocol avoid escalation continued dialogue b/w special reps Confidence building measure CBMs 1993-1996 agreements b/w IN CN to reduce troop levels, inspect troops, check use of tanks etc. Singapore convention on Mediation apply to international commercial settlement agreements non applicability in judicial/ arbitrary proceedings, personal, family or household Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement BECA for Geo Spatial Coop BECA Previous agreements b/w IN-US Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agree LEMOA, Communications Compatibility Security Ag COMCASA, General Security of Mil Info Agreement GSOMIA. IN and LUX meet 1st in 20 yrs, is 3rd largest foreign investor in IN, agmnt on Stock exchange, SBI etc. One Health Global Leaders Group on Antimicrobial resistance by FAO, World Org of Animal health and WHO - to preserve anti-microbial medicines. South Asian Association for Regional Coop : estd 2005, HQ at Kathmandu, BAN, BHU, IN, SL, PAK, SL MAL, AFG, NEP. 3% Area, 3.8% Economy, 21% Pop, common tradition culture, similar problems Natural Capital Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services (NCAVES) under UN Statistics division- improve env and ecosys accounting in 5 countries B,I,C,SA and MEX; implemented by MoSPI also CBD. Supply Chain Resilience Initiative SCRI : to counter CN dominance in supply chain; resilience through sharing best practices, investment promotion, more use of digital tech, build upon existing bilateral mechanism. By IN, JP, AUS.
Turkey quit Istanbul Convention on violence against women. Luzon strait connects China to Phillipines through the South China Sea. Motor Vehicle Agreement (MVA) was signed. BBIN MVA provides for regulation of passenger, personal and cargo vehicular traffic and each nation will bear its own cost of implementation. Could inc regional trade by 60%. Promote sub-regional cooperation, Improve logistics performance. Improves Investment and Coop, Counter BRI and debt trap diplomacy of China. Better response to natural disasters in region and bolster Act East policy. 2019-04-28 06:27 :36 IN observer status + access International Monitoring System (IMS) data, ratified 180 countries , bans nuke tests, negotiated Conference of disarmament Geneva adopted UNGA in 1996, curbs development nukes, legally binding. IN has principles, procedural, political and security concerns with it, entry into force (EIF) clause violation of voluntary withhold participation. Need : required Nuclear disarmament and no proliferation, full implementation required 2019-05-21 11:00:22 Connects Sittwe port Rakhine province MYA, promote eco development NE states Mizoram earlier only through Chickens Neck corridor reduce dist Kolkata 1300km transit through BAN denied. OP sunrise against militant org NSCN(K), ULFA, NDFB, KLO joint op IN MYA 2019-05-01 18:22:06 Trump reject UN 2013 Arms Trade treaty, IN too 'coz effective national control their military grade hardware. Aim : regulate int conventional arms trade, do not fall into wrong hands terrorist orgs. International trade of conventional weapons be tied to the human rights records of the buyers, evaluate arms deals, China decides to join, USA pulled out in 2019 UN Trust Facility Supporting Cooperation on Arms Regulation (UNSCAR) voluntary, flexible multi-donor trust fund started to implement UN ATT IN has not signed the treaty and neither ratified it others are China, DPRK. 2019-05-10 16:19 :36 2nd mini ministerial meet in Delhi, prep for Astana, Kazakh Ministerial meet, 25 countries, interest of developing and least developed in global trade. 11th Ministerial Buenos Aires failure, US refused reduction of agri subsidies, Developed countries pushed e commerce, investment facilitation Target : discuss protectionist measures, issues relating to developed least dev. Countries, pluri lateral approach,
Agreement Agriculture (AoA): limit to subsidies to farmers esp developed ones, India demand permanent solution to implement National Food Security Act. Stringent Non-Tariff measures increases trading cost difficult for poor countriesunable to compete.
Marks to end of western domination in WTO and trade, multilateralism key for World, possibly end of WTO 2019-05-23 12:01 :30 IN-Brazil-South Africa, Brasilia declaration 2003, BRIC overshowed, solidarity developing countries from Bandung conference 1955 UNCTAD G77 BAPA 40+ declaration, South-South cooperation. Need: special resp. Not discharged BRICS, balanced approach, greater dynamism IBSA. 2019-05-24 09:32:08
Shangri La dialogue 2018 put 10 ASEAN countries at centre, stretches eastern coast Africa - Oceania, security seamless trade dispute settlement dialogue imp. How integrate? IOR security in IN hands Navy-Other maritime ex., look east policy, separate Indo-pacific office MoEA coherent architecture thrust - related policy making (Bureaucratic Realignment), BIMSTEC Mekong Ganga eco. Corridor encourage, interaction w pacific island count., IN Africa forum summit, Promote : sovereignty, territorial integrity, transparency, good governance in region. Challenges : Chinese presence diplomacy BRI, IN-US views different, Quadrilateral initiative (IN US AU JA) revived integrate w policy, Inclusive open stability, ASEAN unity free trade imp, engage China Indo Pacific Regional dialogue : organised IN Navy, theme ' review IN opportunity + challenges' 2019-05-29 10:22 :06 Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation(BIMSTEC) countries PM, Kyrgyz and Mauritius Prez will come to PMs swearing.
MBBS NIT BIMSTEC estd 1997 originally had BD IN SL TH + later MYA NEP BHU joined. Has secretariat in Dhaka. It wants to create an env for economic develop and social growth. Provide assistance to each other in from of training, coop in international and legal matters. Bay Bengal region is $3tril economy, 22% world pop growth rate 3.5-7.5% huge untapped nat resources, in sync w/ INs Neighbourhood 1st 'Act East policy', connectivity will help AP Orissa WB TN, check China influence in Mallaca strait. BIMSTEC ports conclave held in Vizag BIMSTEC Disaster Mgt Exercise was held in Bhubaneshwar w/ emphasis on Heritage structure protection. 17th meet charied by Sri Lanka 5th Summit was held in 2022 which adopted the BIMSTEC Charter -> grouping views itself as a regional inter-governmental organisation. Reduced the sectors of cooperation to 7 from 15. Master Plan for Transport connectivity was adopted Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal matters agmt MoU on Diplomatic Training Memorandum on Technology Transfer facility was signed. $ For singnificance think under Economic, Regional Cooperation, Security head. ! Challenges : close economic cooperation missiong due to domestic politics playing more imp role than multilateral engagements. Poor infra, Poltical assymetry and non convergence. Comprehensive FTA mission and IN seen as regional hegemon.
2019-06-14 15:53 : 16 Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Aimed to prevent base erosion and profit shifting India ratified the treaty Outcome of OECD/G20 BEPS Allows for taxation where substantive economic activities take place MLI will be applied alongside existing treaties, will amend existing DTAA provides consistency (in implementation) + flexibility (exclude certain treaties, opt out certain provision) Benefit IN : modification existing tax treat swiftly, ensure IN interest through anti abuse outcomes clauses, curb revenue loss 2019-11-01 13:01 :09NAM found 1961 in Belgrade Founding Mem : IN, YUG, EGY, GHA, INDO ministerial meet held in Venezuela 2019 promotion of peace by following international law suggestion made by IN were to revise its strategy and embark in a new journey NAM based on 5 principles of Panchasheel eg respect for territorial integrity, sovereignty, non-aggression etc, was IN's new foreign policy furthering our goals e.g end decolonisation, cold war, apartheid etc, avoid neo colonialism, soft power leadership, balanced friendship. Challenges : NAM eroding due to end of cold war, multi polar world , new reforms were not pushed like UN WTO etc, mem are economically weak Theme Upholding the Bandung Principle and responding to challenges of contemporary world. Non Aligned Movement meeting - 2019-2022 Prez is Azerbaijan, against COVID 19, 120 mem 2nd largest platform after UN, 2019-06-20 12:47:23Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia (ReCaap), inter gov agreement 20 mem countries IN Coast Guard(ICG) focal pt 3 pillars : Info sharing -capacity building -mutual legal assistance Information Sharing Centre (ISC) in Singapore
2019-11-08 17:10:01
10 ASEAN+ 5 existing FTAs nation group (AUS, SKR, JAP, NZ, CN) for FTA will come into effect on Jan 1, 2022 as worlds largest free trade zone in terms of volume. For eliminating most tariff and non-tariff barriers; world's biggest such venture. IN opposes coz RCEP wants greater market access in an already trade deficit country. Need: if IN does not join its export becomes uncompetitive in RCEP countries, will get greater market access, spill over effect to services and investments. RCEP negotiations formally launched in 2012 Cambodia. cheap CN goods will flood IN market making local producers un-competitive and IN is already trade deficit, CAD may inc, IN is a services based economy and ASEAN countries mfd based exporting will hamper mfd in IN etc IN does not sign the RCEP deal in THA. Concerns : lowering and elimination of tariffs, reservations of domestic dairy farmers, IN trade deficit w/ CN is $60bil its goods will flood IN markets also detrimental to Make in India initiative and on keeping 2014 as base year for tariff reduction. Conference of Indian Industry CII wanted the deal : IN can leverage its IT, ICT, Services, Healthcare and education industry, opp to tap large and vibrant economies, could become export hub. Farmers opposed : dumping of agri products, aggravate agrarian crisis, IPR rules against farmers will inc dependence on foreign seeds. It is worlds largest free trade zone in terms of trade volume.

Observer status in Arctic Council IN first signed Svalbard treaty in Paris recognised the sovereignty of Norway over Svalbard IN deployed multi sensor observatory called IndARC in Kongsfjorden Research is carried under National Center for Polar and Ocean research (NCPOR), Goa under Mo Earth Sciences. NISER : NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar satellite mission is underway Contributes to Sustained Arctic Observational Network SAON Arctic Science Ministerial platform for discussing research and cooperation. MoES released India's Arctic Policy. It aims to Harmonise polar research, Deeped coop b/w IN and the Arctic countries, Better analysis, prediction and coordinated policy making to counter melting ice. Need for Arctic Policy : Rising Sea Level -> arctic snow cover has dec 21% Will help study ice melting in Himalayas and impact on Monsoon. Hydrocarbons and mineral resources could be addressed. Way Ahead : Need an official Arctic ambassador/ representative on arctic affairs. Collaborative effort to mine resources. Global orientation towards scientific research.
PACER (Polar Science and Cryosphere Research) #scheme by MoES for both Arctic and Antarctic. 2020-10-30 16:41:41Bilateral, Regional, Global Grouping; International Bodies StructureAnswers and Analysis Do you think that BIMSTEC is a parallel organisation like the SAARC? What are the similarities and dissimilarities between the two? How are Indian foreign policy objectives realized by forming this new organisation? (आपके नवचार में क्ा नबम्टेक (BIMSTEC ) साक्भ (SAARC) की तरह एक समानांतर संगठन है ? इन दोनो के बीच क् ं ा समानताएँ और असमानताएँ हैं ? इस नए संगठन के बनाए जाने से भारतीय नवदेि नीनत के उद्ेश्य कै से प्ाप्त हए हैं ?) 2022 How will I2U2 (India, Israel, UAE and USA) grouping transform India's position in global politics ? (भारत, इजरायल, संयुति अरब अमीरात और संयुति राज्य अमेररका) समूहन वैजश्क राजनीनत में भारत की स्स्नत को हकस प्कार रूपांतररत करेगा?) 2022 Clean energy is the order of the day. Describe briefly India's changing policy towards climate change in various international fora in the context of geopolitics. (स्च् ऊजा्भ आज की ज़रूरत है।' भू-राजनीनत के सन्भ्भ में, नवशभन्न अन्रा्भटिट्ीय मं चो में जलवायु पर ं रवत्भन की हदिा में भारत की बदलती नीनत का सं शक्प्त वण्भन कीजजए।) 2022 Critically examine the aims and objectives of SCO. What importance does it hold for India? (एस. सी. ओ. के लक्ो और उद् ं ेश्यो का ं नवश्ेषणात्मक पररक्ण कीजजए। भारत के ललए इसका क्ा महत्व है ?) 2021 The newly tri-nation partnership AUKUS is aimed at countering China’s ambitions in the IndoPacific region. Is it going to supersede the existing partnerships in the region? Discuss the strength and impact of AUKUS in the present scenario.(भारत-प्िांत महासागर क्ेत्र में चीन की महत्वाकांक्ाओ का ं मुकाबला करना नई गत्र-राटिट् AUKUS का उद्ेश्य है। क्ा यह इस क्त्र में मौजूदा साझेदारी का स् े ान लेने जा रहा है ? वत्भमान पररदृश्य में, AUKUS की िक्ति और प्भाव की नववेचना कीजजए।) 2021 ‘Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad)’ is transforming itself into a trade bloc from a military alliance, in present times - Discuss. ('चतुभु्भजीय सुरक्ा सं वाद (क्ाड)' वत्भमान समय में स्यं को सैननक गठबं धन से एक व्यापाररक गि में रूपात्नररत कर रहा है - नववेचना कीजजए। ) 2020 Critically examine the role of WHO in providing global health security during the Covid-19 pandemic. (कोनवड-19 महामारी के दौरान स्ास्थ्य सुरक्ा प्दान करने में नवश् स्ास्थ्य सं गठन (डलिू.एच.औ) की भूगमका का समलोचनात्मक पररक्ण कीजजए।) 2020 ‘Too little cash, too much politics, leaves UNESCO fighting for life.’ Discuss the statement in the light of US’ withdrawal and its accusation of the cultural body as being ‘anti-Israel bias’. ('आवश्यकता से कम नगदी, अत्यसधक राजनीनत ने यूनेस्ो को जीवन-रक्ण की स्स्नत में पहंचा हदया है ।' अमेररका द्ारा सदस्ता पररत्याग करने और सांस्ृ नतक सं स्ा पर 'इजराइल नवरोधी पूवा्भग्रह' होने का दोषारोपण करने के प्काि में इस कथिन की नववेचना कीजजए।) 2019 A number or outside powers have entrenched themselves in Central Asia, which is a zone to interest to India. Discuss the implications, in this context, of India's joining the Ashgabat Agreement, 2018. (मध् एशिया, जो भारत के ललए एक हहत क्त्र है, में अनेक बाह्य े िक्तियो ने अपने-आप को सं स् ं ानपत कर ललया है। इस सं दभ्भ में, भारत द्ारा अशगाबात करार, 2018 में िागमल होने के ननहहताथिमों पर चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2018 What are the key areas of reform if the WTO has to survive in the present context of 'Trade War', especially keeping in mind the interest of India? (यहद 'व्यापार युधि के वत्भमान पररदृश्य में नवश् व्यापार सं गठन (डब्लूिी० ओ०) को जजन्ा बने रहना है, तो उसके सुधार के कौन-कौन से प्मुख क्त्र हैं, े नविेष रूप से भारत के हहत को ध्ान में रखते हए।) 2018 What are the main functions of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)? Explain different functional commissions attached to it.(सं युति राटिट् आर्थिक व सामाजजक पररषद (इकोसॉक) के ् प्मुख प्काय्भ क्ा हैं? इसके साथि सं लग्न नवशभन्न प्काया्भत्मक आयोगो को स्प ं टि कीजजए।) 2017 "The broader aims and objectives of WTO are to manage and promote international trade in the era of globalization. But the Doha round of negotiations seem doomed due to differences between the developed and the developing countries." Discuss in the Indian perspective. (“नवश् व्यापार सं गठन (डब्लू.िी.ओ.) के असधक व्यापक लक् और उद्ेश्य वैश्ीकरण के युग में अंतरा्भटिट्ीय व्यापार का प्बंधन और प्ोन्ननत करना है । परन्ु (सं सध) वाता्भओ की दोहा पर ं रसध मृतोन्खी ु प्तीत होती है, जजसका कारण नवकससत और नवकासिील देिो के बीच मतभेद है ।” भारतीय पर ं रप्ेक् में, इस पर चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2016 What are the aims and objectives of the McBride Commission of the UNESCO? What is India's position on these? यूनेस्ो (संयुति राटिट् िैशक्क, वैज्ाननक तथिा सांस्ृ नतक संगठन) के मैक्ब्राइड आयोग के लक् और उद्ेश्य क्ा-क्ा हैं ? इनमें भारत की क्ा स्स्नत है ? 2016 Discuss the impediments India is facing in its pursuit of a permanent seat in UN Security Council. (संयुति राटिट् सुरक्ा पररषद में स् ् ायी सीि की खोज में भारत के समक् आने वाली बाधाओ पर च ं चा्भ कीजजए।) 2015 The aim of Information Technology Agreements (ITAs) is to lower all taxes and tariffs on information technology products by signatories to zero. What impact should such agreements have on India's interests? (सूचना प्ौद्योगगकी समझौतो का उद् ं ेश्य हस्ताक्रकता्भओ द् ं ारा सूचना प्ौद्योगगकी उत्ादो पर सभी करो ं और ं प्िुकिो को कम करके ं िून् पर लाना है। ऐसे समझौतो पर भारत के ह ं हतो पर क् ं ा प्भाव होगा?) 2014 Some of the International funding agencies have special terms for economic participation stipulating a substantial component of the aid to be used for sourcing equipment from the leading countries. Discuss on merits of such terms and if, there exists a strong case not to accept such conditions in the Indian context. (अंतररा्भटिट्ीय ननधीयन संस्ाओ में से कुछ की आर्थिक भागीदारी के ल ं लये नविेष ितदे होती है, जो ित्भ लगाती है हक उपस्र के स्ोतन के ललए इस्तेमाल हकया जाने वाला सहायता का एक बडा भाग, अग्रणी देिो से उप ं स्र स्ोतन के ललए इस्तेमाल हकया जाएगा। ऐसी ितमों के गुणो-अवगुणो ं पर च ं चा्भ कीजजए और क्ा भारतीय सं दभ्भ में ऐसी ितदे को स्ीकार न करने की एक मजबूत स्स्नत नवद्यमान है।) 2014 India has recently signed to become founding a New Development Bank (NDB) and also the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) .How will the role of the two Banks be different? Discuss the significance of these two Banks for India. (भारत ने हाल ही में ‘‘नव नवकास बैंक’’ और साथि ही ‘‘एशियाई आधाररक संरचना ननवेि बैंक’’ के संस्ापक सदस् बनने के ललए हस्ताक्र हकये हैं। इन दो बैंको की भू ं गमकाएं एक दूसरे से हकस प्कार शभन्न होगी? भारत के ललये इन दो बैंको के रणनी ं नतक महत्व पर चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2014 WTO is an important international institution where decisions taken affect countries in profound manner. What is the mandate of WTO and how binding are their decisions? Critically analyse India's stand on the latest round of talks on Food security. ( नवश् व्यापार संगठन एक महत्वपूण्भ अंतरा्भटिट्ीय संस्ा है, जहां ललए गए ननण्भय देिो के गहराई से ं प्भानवत करते हैं। डब्लू.िी.ओ. का क्ा असधदेि है और उसके ननण्भय हकस प्कार बंधनकारी है? खाद्य सुरक्ा पर नवचार-नवमि्भ के नपछले चरि पर भारत के दृढ़-मत का समालोचनापूव्भक नवश्ेषण कीजजए।) 2014 The World Bank and the IMF, collectively known as the Bretton Woods Institutions, are the two inter-governmental pillars supporting the structure of the world's economic and financial order. Superficially, the World Bank and the IMF exhibit many common characteristics, yet their role, functions and mandate are distinctly different. Elucidate. (नवश् बैंक व अंतरा्भटिट्ीय मुद्रा कोष, संयुति रूप से ब्रेिन वुड्स नाम से जानी जाने वाली संस्ाएँ, नवश् की आर्थिक व नवत्ीय व्यवस्ा की संरचना का संभरण करने वाले दो अन् सरकारी स्तभि हैं। पृष्ठीय रूप में, नवश् बैंक व अंतरा्भटि ीट् य मुद्रा कोष दोनो की अनेक समान ं नवशिटिताएँ है, तथिानप उनकी भूगमका, काय्भ तथिा असधदेि स्पटि रूप से शभन्न है। व्याख्ा कीजजए।) 2013 ]]>05-gs-2/4.-international-relations/4.2-bilateral,-regional,-global-grouping.html05 GS-2/4. International Relations/4.2 Bilateral, Regional, Global Grouping.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>World energy Councils flagship event to explore new energy futures, innovation, new strategies; held every 3 yrs Drone Innovators Network (DIN) Summit-2019 in New Delhi held by WEF : hasten and contribute to drone policies legislation. Freedom of Navigation Operation FONOP : conducted by US Navy in EEZ of other countries to assert its navigational rights
RCEP
Boao Forum for Asia BFA : 2021 released #report on Asian Economy; NPO estd in 2001 by 25 Asian countries; modelled on WEF for political, business and academic meeting of leaders in Asia.
Prohibition of Chemical Weapons OPCW : international org estd under Chemical Weapons Conventions to enforce the terms of non-proliferation treaty, can conduct inspections reports to UN about inspection results. 2013 Nobel Peace Prize; IN selected as mem of excec council Human Rights Watch : Founded 1978 as international NGO. HQ in NY obj to create pressure on gov, policy makers companies etc to respect HR. Diplomatic Immunity: exemption from certain laws and taxes. Granted on basis of Vienna Convention 1961 and Convention of Consular Relations 1963. Home country can waive immunity if serious crime is committed. 17+1 initiative : CN led founded in Budapest and Central and Eastern European CEE countries to promote business b/w China and other 17. Trends in World Military Expenditure by SIPRI - US, CN, IN top 3 mil spenders. IN spent $71.1 bil 2.4% of GDP Petersberg climate dialogue - GER host, informal high level political discussion. ECJ European Court of Justice : Supreme in matters of EU laws, estd 1952 after treaty of Paris. HQ in Luxembourg. Eurasian Group on Combating Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism (EAG) associate of FATF comprises of IND, RUS, KAZ, KYR, TAJ, TKM, UZB, BRS. IN has open sky agreement with Greece, Jamaica, Guyana, Czech, Fin, Spain and SL. Freedom of air is the degree of sky openness a/c 1944 Convention on International Civil Aviation.
Bilateral Trade and Investment Agreement BTIA - broad-based trade agreement aka EU India FTA. #PrelimsPYQ Drosophila is a genus of flied often called small fruit flies Henley Passport Index : India ranked 84th has 58 visa free access to destinations. JP topped followed by SIN and GER. Non Proliferation Treaty NPT aims at Non-proliferation, Disarmament and peaceful use of nuke energy came into force in 1970. Treaty does not affect nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, Iran pulled out. Democracy Index by Economist Intelligence Unit EIU based on 5 parameters Political participation and culture, Civil liberties, Electoral process and functioning of the gov. India slipped 10 place to 51. NRC, CAA and J&K Reorganisation were major concerns. NOR was ranked 1st. Principles of international Human rights law rights of all migrants be equal before the law, entitled to protection without discrimination cannot be forced to return IN 6th largest in no. of heritage sites in world with 38. Commodity Market Outlook by World Bank includes energy, metals, agriculture, precious metals and fertilizers. Chemical Weapons Convention : weaponisation of any chemicals is banned, destruction within specified time, DPRK EGT South SUD has not signed or ratified Association of World Election Bodies A-WEB largest Election Management Body EMB worldwide. Colombo Security Conclave : founded by IN, SL, Maldives where NSA level meetings take place on maritime security.
Bucharest Nine B9 : 9 Eastern European NATO countries Vienna Convention on Consular Relations defines consular relations b/w independent states. Art 36 states that those who are arrested in host country should be notified of their right. World Economic Forum WEF : 2022 had annual meeting in Davos adopted Davos Agenda. Is a swiss non profit foundation estd in 1971 based in Geneva, Switzerland. IN joined WEF's G20 Global Smart Cities alliance help accelerating global best practices, fostering greater openness and public trust. Estd in 2019 in conjunction w/ G20 summit in Osaka. Global Social Mobility Report by WEF : India ranked 76 out of 82 countries; areas of improvement was social protection 76th and fair wage distribution 79th. First was Denmark. SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication) used by financial institutions to securely transmit information and instruction through a standardised system of codes. Does not facilitate funds transfer but sends payments orders. It is secure financial message carrier. HQ is in Belgium, it is regulated by G-10 central banks from BEL, CAN, GER, ITL, JP, NEL, UK, US, SWZ, SWE and EU. According to the IMF's Annual Observance Report India failed to comply with multiple requirements prescribed in the Special Data Dissemination Standard (SDDS) viz GDP, GNI, production indices, employment global benchmark for disseminating macroeconomic statistics to the public.
IMF postponed changes to its voting structure which is based on GDP, its economic openness, economic variability and international reserves. It is reviewed every 5 yrs; US has resisted change but it will allow extension of non-permanent suppl sources of fund eg New Arrangement to Borrow. International Monetary and Financial Committee is part of IMF having 24 members meets 2 times a year.
2019 G7 Summit in France. will focus on fighting inequality. not legally binding, but exert strong political influence. Criticisms : attract thousands of protester, no representative from any African, Russian or Middle East. Need : implementing tax models for the rich individuals and corporations to pay their fair share fight poverty and inequality through taxes, Invest in healthcare and education, greenhouse gas emissions down to zero G8 is G7+RUS G7 meet against China: US pledged robust cooperation for Uighur Crisis, Britain wants CN to hold commitment made on Hong Kong. IN gives $22mil to Global funds for AIDS, TB and Malaria (GFTAM) for attainment of SDGs . Founded in 2002 HQ in Geneva, Switzerland in an independent non-profit hosted by WHO seeks partnership b/w gov, civil society, private sector etc, is a financing mechanism not implementing agency which is done by in country partners.
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 63rd general conference held in Vienna (HQ); set up in 1957 reports to UNGA and UNSC promote peaceful use of Nuclear energy General Assembly has 173 mem states and Board of Gov has 22 mem, under UN. Nuclear Supplier Group(NSG): Brought in 1974 after IN test is a multilateral export control regime, guidelines not binding has 48 members. Multilateral Export Control Regime include NSG, Wassenar Agreement, MTCR and Australia Group IN signs $150mil loan from ADB to develop transport in RAJ.
HQ - Manila, PHI est din 1966 it is a regional dev. bank. Admits members from UNESCAP UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific and non-regional developed countries. Has 68 members, 49 from Asia 19 from outside Japan = USA > China > India > Australia are largest holder of shares. India voting share is 6.331% with a voting power of 5.363%. Oridnary Capital Resources OCR that is part of the ADB which grants loans to countires. India holds the positions of Executive Director on the Board of Directors of the Bank. Finance Minister is India's governor on the Board of governors of the ADB and Secy is Alternate Governor. Eurozone - 19 of the 27 EU members make a monetary union 19th Council of Ministers meet of Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) in Abu Dhabi theme is promote shared destiny and pat to prosperity in IO. Set up in 1997 consists 22 mem objective of strengthening regional cooperation and sustainable dev. Priority areas are maritime security, trade and investment, fisheries dept, disaster risk reduction, academic and scientific cooperation. International Solar Alliance(ISA) : IN hosting 2nd assembly ISA is dedicated to promotion of solar energy; is the highest decision making body a gives directions on financial and administrative issues. Initiated by IN has 120 mem objective is to deploy 1000GW of solar energy and mobilise $1tr inves. HQ in Gurugram. India Togo agreement to built Solar projects in Dapaong and Mango regions. North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NATO : US contri to its operating budget cut down, is an intergov mil alliance estd by Washington treaty signed in 1949 HQ in Brussels. Obj is to promote democratic values, enhance coop on security related issues.
ICC NATO UKR wants to join on the backdrop of conflict in Easters region viz Donbas and Crimea backed by RUS. World Sustainable Development Summit is the annual flagship event of the TERI Energy and Resources Institute. It was formed in 1974 as information centre on energy issues if is continues the leagacy of the Delhi Sustainable Development Summit DSDS. Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) - under WHO to share genome sequences. IN 5th country to sequence genome of COVID 19 GER 1st host WHO funding : has 4 kinds of contributions Assessed - dues in order to be a mem relative to countries wealth, Voluntary contri, Core voluntary for less funded activities, Pandemic Influenza Peparedness PIP. Has 2 decision making bodies. Executive board - 34 mem from health field, 3 yr term and The World Health Assembly Emergency Use List EUL by WHO : risk based procedure for assessing and listing unlicensed vaccines to expedite its production and access. Pandemic Treaty proposed : to strengthen national, regional and global capacities and resilience to future pandemics.
Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI) report on slavery. IN has no national coordination body or Nat action plan, not ratified ILO Domestic workers convention, 1/3rd of worlds child brides. CHRI is ngo, HQ New Delhi. Maldives re-joined the Commonwealth as 54th member G4 support each-others bid for Permanent seat ie BRA, GER, IN and JP. Demands inc in Per seats, need for enhanced role of developing countries, Africa needs to be rep, text based negotiation in fixed time frame JP. Coffee Club let by ITL are countries that oppose G4's bids.
World Gold Council : aim to stimulate and sustain demand, comprises of leading gold mining coys, HQ - UK. Works in all dimensions including gold mining, investment. Members comprise gold mining companies. India imports most of its gold from Switzerland and UAE. Gold can be used as world reserve currency, as hedge against inflation, access to gold reserves strengthens currency. OECDG20 profit sharing framework on BEPS. Provides a 2 pillar solution to address tax challenges arising from digitalisation. Pillar 1 ensures that large multinational coys pay more taxes regardless of their base of operation. Mandates Global minimum tax of 15% to eliminate concept of 'race to the bottom' in tax competition. Implication for IN : will have to let go equalisation levy, OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework tax deal to reform international tax rules and esnure multinational coys pay their taxes. 2 pillars of it are 1. Dealing w/ transnational and digital companies. 2. Dealting w/ low tax jurisdcitions to address cross border profit shifting and treaty shopping. Singapore International Arbitration Centre SIAC : not for profit, independent arbitration organisation. It has its own rules and UNCITRAL rules. No mechanism to enforces, parties have to voluntarily comply. If parties have option to move to HC if not happy. Indian international arbitration centre is located in Mumbai. 2019-05-21 10:50:06 Founded 1945, 193 mem. Not a state IN const Art.12 not amenable Art.226 legal action cannot taken also immunity UN Act, 1947 UNHRC Geneva based, violation in J&K IN says no comm with HRC special rapporteurs, estd 2006 protect HR and investigate, 47 members selected by UNGA 3 yr term, meet 3 times/ yr, non-binding resolution, Venezuela elected to UNHRC council, not eligible for re-election after consecutive 2 terms IN VP calls UNSC permanent membership. UNSC : int. Peace and security, peacekeeping operations sanctions military action, resolutions binding, 15 mem 5 permanent(CN RU US UK FR) veto power 10 temporary 2 yr term their presidency rotates monthly. Reforms proposed : categories of membership, veto power, regional rep., enlarged council more permanent mem, UNGA-UNSC relationship.IN wants GR BR JN perm mem. IN coz : founding mem, 2nd contributor forces 8500, 7 consecutive temporary term G77 G$ member. Only IN executive board mem UN Habitat assembly, UN Human Settlement Prgrm (UN Habitat) also sustainable urban develop, estd 1978 Vancouver Conference, Canada '76, mandate from Habitat Agenda Istanbul 96 twin goals : shelter all & sus. human settlement in urban world, intergovernmental policy making promote comprehensive approach, assist countries in human settlement probs, under UNGA. UN Women : Gender equality & empowerment Anita Bhatia deputy exec director, estd 2010 Roles : support intergov body, help mem implement standards tech fin support, hold UN responsible for W upliftment IN candidature accepted unanimously in Asia Pacific Group(55 country group) no contestant 'clean slate' candidature seat UNSC. Non-Permanent Mem 10 elected 2yr term, 2 asia 3 africa (even numbered yr) 1 east EU, 2 Latin + carribbean + 2 west EU other(odd numbered yr), 1 each from other in even and odd, 2/3 majority present and voting(129/193). UNSC responsible peacekeeping maintain sanctions military action resolutions are binding. 5 perm+10 Non. 5 key reform issues : categories of mem countries, veto power, regional rep, council working methods, UNSC x UNGA relationship. G 4 bloc asking permanent seats IN BR JN GER, Coffee club opposed to G 4 bloc favour expanding non permanent ITL SPN ARG MEX CAN PK SKR UN Palestine refugee agency estd 1949 health education social relief in Jordan Syria Lebanon West Bank Gaza, agency going through fin crisis shortfall $200 mil, may impact agency's ability provide essential services. IN increases its contribution from $1.25mil to $5mil Coffee Table book commemorating IN UN Food Welfare Program launched shows milestones achieved by IN. World Food Program : eradicate hunger and malnutrition, part of exec committee of UNDP estd 1961, funded by voluntary donation from gov corporations private individuals, Part of UNDGroup and its executive comm. Alibaba Cloud work w WFP develop digital World Hunger Map monitor hunger boost efficiency
Multi Dimensional Poverty Index Report 2019 by UNDP, MPI is not only dependent on income also include threat of violence, quality of work, health etc. IN specific findings: MDP halved since 2016 to 15, fastest progress among the poorest, decrease was seen across religions and caste groups, poorest district is Alirajpur MP. IN signs UN Convention on International Agreements(UNISA) aka Singapore Convention on Mediation : enforcement of int. settlement agreements, will boost investor confidence; further IN is establishing New Delhi Int Arbitration centre as a stat body, various commercial acts being amended eg Commercial Courts act 2015, Binding and enforceable. UNIDO : UN industrial development org, 170 mem mission defined under Lima Declaration, mandate recognized under SDG9 ie to build resilient infra, promote industrial and sust industrialization and foster innovation ; Mission: shared prosperity, economic competitiveness, safeguarding the env, strengthen knowledge+ institution. Nat Institute of Solar energy + UNIDO to start skill development also to support capacity building IN calls for reform in peacekeeping at UNSC debate not enough cooperation between Troop Contributing Countries (TCCs). Need : incentivise women peacekeepers, innovate like co-deployment of peacekeepers and institutionalise eg expansion in online initiative to develop capacities etc. Peacekeeping created in 1948 1st mission in Arab-Israeli war, create conditions for lasting peace. Has 3 basic principles consent of parties, impartiality, non-use of force except in self defence 74th session of UNGA was held in NYC aka parliament of the world w/ 193 members it is the primary policy making representative body; discussed peace and security, global issues, budgetary matters, admission of new member, elect non-permanent security mem, all taken through voting; resolutions adopted are non-binding
World Tourism day each year on 27 Sept by UN World Tourism Organisation(UNWTO) raise awareness and promote social, cultural, political, economic value. Host was IN and theme 'Tourism and Jobs' INSierra Leone seek to expand bilateral ties and UNSC reforms on categories of membership, veto held by permanent members, regional representation.
Green Climate Fund GCF : $43 mil project to boost climate resilience in 3 coastal states AP MH OR w/ UNDP funded by GCF will work w/ communities in restoring ecosystems, climate resilient livelihood options etc. GCF Asian Elephants Specialist Group AsESG meeting under IUCN's meeting was held in MAL : is a global network of specialist to study, monitor, mgt and conservation of Asian Elephants aim is to promote long term conservation of Asian Elephants part of Special Survival Commission SSC of IUCN. UNESCO recognise Nuad Thai massage as part of list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. List made up of heritage elements that help demonstrate diversity and raise awareness about its importance. It was started in 2008. The program has 2 lists the Representative list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humaniy and List of list of Intangible cultural heritage in need of Urgent safeguarding. International Geological Conference 36th IN will host only Asian country to host it twice. Global Refugee Forum 1st ever held in Geneva hosted by UNHCR. UN medal of IN peacekeepers in South Sudan. UN Women - UNCTAD - perm intergov body estd by UNGA in 1964, part of UN Secretariat, reports to UNGA and UNECOSOC, had own membership, leadership and budget UNICEF - Lost at home report 33 mil new displaced, 12 mil children, 5 mil IN most in world most due to natural disasters, than conflict and violence Advisory Comm on Administrative and Budgetary Questions ACABQ - examines report by Secy-Gen UN Commission on Narcotics Drugs CND UNFPA - estd 1967 obj to create a world where every pregnancy is wanted, childbirth is safe, every young ones potential is fulfilled UNCLOS : signed in 1982 effective from 1994 replaced Geneva Conventions of 1958. Deals w/ territorial sea, contiguous zones, continental shelf, high seas, fishing and conservation of living resources. Gives a legal framework, divides marine areas into Internal Waters, Territorial sea, Contiguous zone, EEZ and High Seas. 3 institutions under it are : International Tribunal for Law of Sea, International Seabed Authority, Commission on limits of Continental Shelf. UNCLOS divided marine areas into 5 main zones on basis on nations marine area they are Internal Waters, Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone, EEZ and High Seas. Convention has created 3 new institutions International Tribunal for Law of the Sea ITLOS, International Seabed Authority ISA and Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf CLCS. UN Special Purpose Trust Fund for the Resident Coordinator System within the UN Secretariat. Aims to bring together the different UN agencies to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of operational activities at country level.
WTO reforms. Problems facing #todo . Needs : All WTO members will have to accept the operative assumption of a rules-based order steered by a market economy Launch negotiations to address the intertwined issues. New rules are required to keep pace with changes in the market and technology. UN Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) responsible for facilitation of international trade and investment. It is a sub body under UNGA, HQ is in Vienna. Provides legislative framework that can be adopted by countries w/ modifications to suit domestic context of enacting jurisdiction. Adopted by 49 countries. Allows foreign professionals and creditors direct access to domestic courts and enables themm to participate in and commence insolvency proceedings. Allows its recognition as well.
India Energy Outlook #report 2021 by IEA - IN to have 25% of growth in energy demand, consumption will double, more reliant on fossil fuel import. Trade and Development Report by UNCTAD - outlines 3 steps to revive trade automatic temporary standstills, Debt relief and restructure program, International dev country debt authority UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) one of 6 main organs of UN, for policy review, policy dialogue and recom on economic, social and env issues. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) multilateral treaty adopted by UNGA, monitored by UNHRC, commits parties to respect HRs. UNSC resolution 2532 - general order for cessation of hostilities for 90 days by all countries due to COVID pandemic. Global Youth Mobilisation and Local Solution Campaign by UN for those impacted by COVID 19 UNSC consists of 15 mem whose presidency rotates every month. 10 non permanent mem have 2 yr terms. UNAMA : UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan signed in 2002 for sustainable peace and dev. Manadate was to support implementation of Bonn Agreement -> dealt w/ political and administrative road map to est Loya Jirga/ Grand council, new constitution and elections.
International Fund for Agricultural Dev. IFAD : UN agency to provide grants/loans at low interest. Outcome of World Food Conference 1974. HQ in Rome, brings out the Rural Development #Report every year. Pak stopped sharing of postal mail w/ IN sharing based on Exchange of Value Payable Article, 1948; Exchange of Postal Article, 1974; and International Speed Post Agreement, 1987. UN UPU regulates sharing. UPU co-ordinates postal policies estd in 1874 2nd oldest int org after Int Telecom Union; HQ in Berne, SWZ 192 mem; IN joined in 1876. UNDP Accelarator Labs partnered w/ Atal Innovation Mission to find 21st century solution to today's complex challenges. Approach : locally based solution, rapid testing and iteration, combine ideas etc to generate collective knowledge etc. Arria formula is the informal meeting of the mem of UNSC that allows mem to directly engage with UNSC members. It allows individuals, organisations, non state actors and high delegations to engage in direct dialogue with UNSC mem in legitimate and confidential setting. 2019-05-28 09:15:46 UNESCO(UN Educational Scientific Cultural org.) heritage prgrm 21 mem states, sites w cultural physical significance. Legally protect Geneva convention + Hague convention in armed conflict Orchha, MP listed in tentative world heritage sites located near banks of Betwa river dist. Niwari in the Bundelkhand region, has Chaturbhuj temple, Raja Mahal, Jahangir Palace, Rai Praveen mahal , Sheesh Mahal, Sri Ram Raja mandir. Jaipur is India's 38th World Heritage site. Heritage site: geographically and historically identifiable having special cultural/physical significance may signify a remarkable achievement of humanity; these monuments are legally protected in times of War under Geneva convention. Concerns : wars and armed conflicts, pollution, poaching, natural disasters, urbanisation etc UNESCO World Heritage Week to inc awareness among people about safety and preservation of cultural heritage and monument Conference on Disarmament CD was 1st estd in 1979. Its agenda is called Decalogue and deals with Nuclear weapons, WMDs, Conventional weapons etc. Independent of UN but DG of UN Geneva acts as Secy General. Has 65 formal members including India. UNESCO Creative Cities Network created in 2004 for development of creativity in Urban areas eg Crafts and Folk arts, Media arts etc. Hanoi recently joined it. Indian Cities in UCCN are Jaipur, Varanasi, Chennai, Mumbai and Hyderabad. 2019-06-19 10:43:10 Estd 1994 legally binding int agreement stemmed from recom by Rio Conference's Agenda 21 World day to combat desertification and drought on 17th June, Theme : 'Lets grow future together' in sync w/ SDG Goal 15 - combat land degradation. Desertification and degradation of land common in arid, semi-arid sub-humid areas due to human activities or climatic variation. Reasons : Water erosion, Wind erosion, Human made settlements, Vegetation degradation, salinity. Concern IN: Desertification inc 26/29 states, 21 drought prone dist. 80%+ degraded land in 9 states, Jaisalmer 92% area degraded. 14th CoP meet was held in New Delhi recently Framework for the Assessment of Benefits of Action/Cost of Inaction for Drought Preparedness report enacted 10-point framework : Appoint a national drought management policy commission, define its goals and objectives, Seek stakeholder participation, define and resolve conflicts, Prepare the key tenets of the national drought management policy, Identify research needs and fill institutional gaps etc. Challenges : lack of a holistic approach, weak incentives to adopt a risk-management approach. 2019-07-08 11:47:33 Principle Judicial Body of UN estd 1946, replaces Permanent Court of International Justice. functions : settle legal disputes, advisory body international org, 15 judges elected 9 yr term by UNGA and UNSC by an absolute majority in both houses, 1/3rd of court elected every 3 years, re-election is possible. Qualification : high moral character, fit for qualification of appointment highest judicial officer in their state, should be of recognized competence. Jury : 3 - Africa, 2 - Latin America + Caribbean, 3 - Asia, 2 - Eastern Europe, 5 - Western Europe +elsewhere India made a declaration in 1974 where it has reserved from jurisdiction of ICJ on 2 instances - cases involving 2 memb of the Commonwealth (Article 2of the declaration) and multilateral treaty reservation (Article 7 of the Declaration) 2019-07-11 11:59:22 Estd 1997 relied on voluntary contribution. 3 pillars : enhance capacity of mem states, inc knowledge and understanding of drugs, help state implement international and domestic treaties and laws. Publishes Global Study on Homicide 2019, Asia lowest rate of homicide America highest global rate declined. Need : targeted policies to tackle threat from criminal network, rehab for young men caught in gangs. HQ in Rome, Objective is to achieve food security, defeat hunger
#important #report published are State of Worlds Forest, Global report on Food Crises
#important Codex Alimentarius Commission, World Food Summit -> Rome Declaration, Telefood campaign, International Plant Protection Convention IPPC, International Treay onf Plant Genetic Resource aka Seed Treaty are programs undertaken by FAO Estd as an Agency of League of Nations in 1919 under the Treaty of Versailles First specialised agency of UN Nobel in 1969 Only agency that brings Govt, employers and workers HQ in Geneva 2020-07-07 13:28:332019-05-26 11:43:16 SCO aka Shanghai pact is Eurasian Eco-military pact formed in 2001, aim : trust, cooperation, peace, a fair political order and trade economy, improve research & tech, counter terrorism and env protection. 8 Mem : IN, CN, KHZ, KYR, RUS, TRM, UZB, PAKI. 4 Obs : AFG, BEL, IR, MON and other 6 dialogue partner - AZE, ARM, NEP, SL, CAM and TUR. It was preceded by the Shanghai Five Mechanism, signed in St Petersberg, off language are Russian and Chinese Current Affairs Bodies under it are Head of State Council meets once every year and is the most imp body, Head of Gov Council - decides budget, agenda, etc. 2 permanent bodies SCO secretariat and executive committee of Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure RATS 2nd SCO mass media conference Bishkek, Kyrgyz strengthen coop in mass media. Objective: vison +ve img, related minister participate 1st SCO Media summit 2018 Beijing 'Dev Shanghai spirit new era'. 19th SCO summit Bishkek stress terrorism/extremism asked cooperation. Benefit to IN : Terrorism counter, intelligence info Regional Anti-terror Structure(RATS) in Tashkent, Uzbek, stable AFG, connectivity Central Asia, counter China BRI, bolster IN position in SE Asia. Geopolitics: US reserved S400 sale to IN, IN strained relation w/ CN, JEM listing Masood Azhar, Need: tactfully avoid aligning governance issues, need all option open w/o taking sides. Alternative SAARC : IN PAK talks informally, bring issues mutual interest, joint counter terrorism exercises First Conference on Military Medicine for Shanghai Co-operation Organisation (SCO) will be held in New Delhi; Obj : is to share best practices in field of Military medicine Eurasian Economic Forum : IN skipped the meeting of Eurasian Economic Union(EAEU) org by SCO because of the Belt and Road Initiative SCOJTEX 2019 : SCO Joint Exercise on Urban Earthquake Search and Rescue hosted by NDRF to rehearse disaster response mechanism, share knowledge, experience, tech. Statue of Unity was placed as the 8th Wonder of the SCO. Estd 22 March 1945 Cairo, has 22 mem, SYR suspended. Aim : close relation b/w mem countries safeguard interest sovereignty, countries Middle East + Horn of Africa. Arab League pledge USD100mil/month Palestine for those lost breadwinners family. APBU : HQ Kuala Lumpur MAL, est 1977 UNESCO + UNDP + Int Telecomm. Union(ITU), 26 full mem(48total) countries, vibrant cohesive electronic media env in region by policy resource devel 5th Asia Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU) Media Summit on Climate Action and Disaster Preparedness Kathmandu NEP. Theme "Media Solutions for Sustainable Future: Saving Lives, Building Resilient Communities" plan accepted. 11th Arctic Council Rovaniemi Finland, India re-elected observer. Council was form by Ottawa declaration 1996, no enforceable decisions and recommendation. It is not a treaty based international legal entity like UN. Chairman rotated every 2 yrs same with Secretariat, Senior Arctic Official (SAO) Gov official from members. Fin., Den., Ice., US, Canada, Russia, Norway. 6 Org of indigenous arctic people, observers are non arctic states. Work : reduce emissions, monitor and asses region, conserve flora fauna, preparedness response disaster, SDG, protect marine environment
14th CoP meet of Basel Convention is being held in Geneva : limits movt of hazardous waste b/w countries but not radioactive materials, 187 parties, synergies process. "clean planet healthy people mgt waste". Basel Convention : movement waste disposal effect global treaty - Tech guidelines + plastic included Rotterdam Convention : prior consent procedure pesticide etc willingness country import waste - Phorate+HBCD added persistent organic pollutant POPs restrict monitor hazard people - Dicofol + PFOA added, adding pollutants in the list enables IN to access GEF fin resources POPs are lipophilic - accumulates in fatty tissues 1995 Basel Ban Amendment, a global waste dumping prohibition, has become an international law after Croatia ratified it, against the adverse effects of hazardous wastes prohibits all export of hazardous wastes, including electronic wastes and obsolete ships from 29 wealthiest countries OECD to non-OECD countries. Eliminate or restrict the production and use of persistent organic pollutants(POPs) Was also called as UN Conference on Human Environment; UN Treaty US is not a party to this treaty Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS) and the International Programme for Chemical Safety (IPCS) prepared a list, known as the Dirty Dozen. Its major reports are Emission Gap Report, Global Environment Outlook, Frontiers, Invest into Healthy Planet Major Campaigns are : Beat pollution, UN75, World Environment Day, Wild for Life. MARPOL was signed under it in 1973. CITES was signed in 1984. It is administered by UNEP Regional Seas Program established 1974 1976 Convention for the protection of Mediterranean Sea against pollution Barcelona Convention 1979 States adopted Convention on Migratory Species aka Bonn Convention. UNEP hosts secretariats of various bodies including CBD Convention on international Trade and Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Minamata convention Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Convention Vienna Convention and Montreal Protocol Convention on Migratory Species Carpathian Convention Bamako Convention Tehran Convention
Article 16 of the convention makes it legally binding. Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs, regional headasia pacific meeting Kochi, India Vice Chair region, Estd 1952 independent intergov body divided in 6 regions headed by a Vice Chair to WCO council. Dialogue forum, exchange experience, tech assistance, training, stimulate trade growth, combat fraudulent activity, administer WTOs custom regulations 1st National Time release study (TRS) to enable faster movement of cargo, TRS identifies bottlenecks and suggest measure to improve arrival time of cargo. Need: will meet the concerns of traders, helps customs to respond in time, effectiveness increases, customs use this for internal review, helps EODB Justice KS Radhakrishnan appointed member Commonwealth Secretariat Arbitral Tribunal, HQ : London 4 year term renewable only once, resolves disputes among members, international intergov org, 8 members 7+1 Prez, cases where person/org surrender to its jurisdiction in contract with secretariat. Dispute redressal mechanism crisis -> no new members are being appointed to the appellate body, could become defunct. It is a 7 mem, judgement is binding for trade disputes mem have 4yr term, for smooth trade. US blocking appointment and reappointment of members a min 3 members req for its functioning. US says the body is unfair. Backlog cases, no appeal implement, unfair rulings. Situation not good in IN agri. Way : majority vote but US repercussion problem. SK no longer wants special treatment reserved for developing countries, developing status ensures special and differential treatment (S&DT) allow them more time to implement agreements and commitments, including measures to inc trading opprotunities, safeguard their trade interests. S&DT is for Developing countries. Dispute regarding developing and under developing status. Bangladesh has more per capita than IN but still has under developed status. China has developing status. 2nd U20 Mayors Summit Tokyo, Theme : Climate, circular economy, social inclusion, sustainable growth, Gender equality. Initiated Mayor Buenos Aires+Paris since 2017 'one planet summit paris' tackle challenges unite G20 members, No Indian city in it. 6 species threat extinction RU (Saiga antelope, gyrfalcon, Persian Leopard, Sakhalin & Kaluga Sturgeons spoon billed sandpiper), NGO 1961 HQ: Gland (SWZ) wild preservation reduce human impact, worlds largest Obj : biodiversity save, use renewable, reduce pollution. Reports : Living Planet Report (biannual ecological footprint), Earth hour, Debt for nature swap(), Marine stewardship council, Healthy grown potato 14th OIC meet Mecca, KSA address current Muslim issues that mem stated. Estd in 1969 has 57 mem 2nd largest inter gov body (UN 1st) to safeguard rights, permanent delegation in EU UN. HQ in Jeddah, KSA. OIC -IN energy interdependence IN large Muslim pop. OIC raised concerns on the CAA suggesting further inc in tensions if rights of Muslim minorities are not protected. Annual meeting of leaders of largest and fastest growing economies. Meetings are formally called as Summit on Financial Markets and World Economy. Ministerial meet Tsukuba, JN. Inter gov+ central bank governors. 85% G.World Product 80% world trade; no permanent staff; has 75% pop, chairmanship rotates annually. Objective: study review promote fin stability, pre-empt BoP crisis. aka 'Summit on Financial Markets and World Economy' attendees Finance ministers and Central Bank governors 1st meeting 1999 Berlin, recent meets also considers global issues climate change energy crisis - healthcounter terrorism. Sherpa personal rep of leader of mem countries. 11th G20 Summit 2016 Hangzhou, China: discussions on trade energy climate change, IN pledged social sector top priority, IN PM highlighted deficiency of resources $1.3 tril investment, IN-JN Ahmedabad-Kobe sister city partnership, IN refused to attend digital economy summit, IN had plurilateral meetings US RUS JN CN etc, 2 parallel trilateral meets b/w RUS IN CN(RIC), JN US IN(JAI) and informal BRICS meet discuss terrorism stop its medium of support. RIC meet: Xi Jinping asked expand coop 5g network high tech connectivity energy etc, reform WTO perils of unilateralism+ protectionism discussed.
G20 2021 summit was held in Rome, Italy. Objective was to reduce emission while helping poor countries deal w/ impact of rising temp. Outcomes : Leaders committed to key Paris Agreement goal to limit temp to 1.5deg Pledges to reach net zero carbon emission by mid century. No fixed date. Stop funding new dirty coal plants abroad by 2021 end. Mobilise $100bil for developing countries for climate adaptation cost. Approved agreement to put 15% tax on multinational coys. Give recognition to more vaccines under One health approach. Anti Corruption Working Group ACWG : Estd by G20 at Toronto summit 2010. 37 mem Inter gov policy making body estd 1989 on the initiative of G7 HQ : Paris Objective: promote legal, regulatory reform measures against money laundering, terror fin etc. Function : monitor progress of mem, implement necessary measures, review suspicious activities collaborate w int stakeholders. Black List 2 : IR DPRK not do enough to counter money laundering and terror financing. Grey List 7: PK SL SY YE. PK placed grey list will hurt FDI, int coys will avoid doing business, extra scrutiny from int regulators. KSA 1st Arab country become full mem on 30th anniversary, 2015 observer status. PK placed in black list of FATF Asia Pacific group 'Dark grey' list b/w black and grey a strong warning is issued and last chance to improve FATF added Turkey, Jordan, Mali into FATF grey list. Botswana and Mauritius was taken out of grey list. Was set up in 2018 to Strengthen maritime security in region estd at Navy's Information mgt analysis centre (IMAC) Gurugram. Set up after 26/11 Mumbai attacks. It is the nodal agency for maritime data fusion and nodal centre of Naitonal Command Control Communication and Intelligence Centre NC3I. generates seamless real time picture of 7500km coastline thorough radars, info on white shipping(commercial shipping) to be shared, counter piracy through mutual collab. IOR : crossroad global trade, rich in natural resource, 40% offshore oil productn, 15% of world fishing, Mineral resources + rare earth elements zirconium titanium tin etc found. Capabilities are being enhanced under National Maritime Domain Awareness(NMDA) in accordance w SAGAR(Security and Growth in all Region) Intersessional Meeting in Mumbai IN (chair). KP is an int certification scheme that regulates trade in rough diamonds, prevent conflict-diamond flow, no permanent office/staff, principle of burden sharing, it is implemented through national legislation. Mem (54+EU) 88 countries. KP Certification Scheme KPCS mem need to certify rough diamonds 'conflict free' estd 1924 intergov org to improve animal Health world wide One health concept : human animal environment health interdependent, Hippocrates 400BC all aspects patient life considered. Pop increasing contact w animals too climate change etc impact env, 60% human infection zoonotic -2bil cases per year 20% death in poor countries. Need : strengthen vets, control zoonotic pathogen, inter gov regional local coop, strict health surveillance, reinvent animal husbandry sector, early detection at animal source, robust animal health sys. Challenges IN : uncomfortably close proximity animal humans, human animal pop almost same(1.21 bil and 1.255 bil), very less veterinary system, no private sector presence in vets. 55mem, estd 26May 2001 replaces Org African Unity (1963) based Adis Ababa, Semi annual meeting head states. Obj : greater unity solidarity b/w African countries, defend sovereignty, accelerate political economic integration. IN extended $15mil loan Niger hold AU summit. Mali, Niger Burkina Faso have been suspended from AU. ICANN+NASSCOM develop standards manage IoT devices infra, non profit org set up 1998 oversee adm domain names. Functions : approval of coys that can become accredited registrars, decision to add Top Level Domain in root system, coordinate technical parameters maintain universal connectivity, uniform dispute redressal policy. Estd 1991 Manila PHI Report 'Defending in Numbers' biennial, 688 violation cases forms: judicial harassment, arbitrary arrest detention, Violence. Findings : Asia dangerous for Human Rights Defenders (HRDs), most violation against pro democracy defenders then land env rights activists (tribals farmers etc), Police armed forces other state actors No 1 perpetrators also businesses corporations. Need : SDG 16 protect fundamental rights must, create safer enabling env for HRDs, Corporations follow UN guidelines 'Protect, Respect Remedy', gov ensure laws comply w int Human rights guidelines transparent & just. UN specialized agency estd 1944 US to manage administer Convention on Int Civil Aviation aka Chicago Convention, 193 mem, reach consensus Standards recommendary practices(SARPs), ensure conformation to regulation global norms, coordination + capacity building to promote civil aviation among states. Chicago Convention : 7 Dec 1944, specialized UN agency 1947 under UN Economic Social Council, establishes rules of airspace, aircraft registration + safety also exempts air fuel from double taxation. International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) : UN specialised agency estd 1944 after the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation; it makes standards and recommended practice (SARPS) and ensures its conformity, coordinates assistance. Founded 1924, develop publish standard procedure seed testing, it is association of labs check marketability of seeds, define methods to germinate vigour of seeds +content of GMOs. 32nd congress in Hyderabad MoAgriculture + Telangana gov host Set up under International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW), 59 mem countries 1986 ban commercial whaling still continues. 2 Whale sanctuaries Southern Ocean Whale sanctuary and Indian Ocean whale sanctuary. Obj : provide proper conservation of whale stocks, orderly development of whaling industry. HQ at Hague, estd under Rome statute estd 2002 Court of last resort for prosecution of genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity Founded through Rome statute Each party has 1 votes intended to compliment existing judicial system does not have capacity to arrest suspects insufficient checks and balance to oversee politically motivated decisions ISR not mem intergovernmental org led by France, HQ Madagascar formed in 1984 by Victoria Agreement 5 countries are Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion(France) and Seychelles India was accepted as observer has started various campaigns ReCoMAP for sustainable development of coastal zones of the region Regional Maritime Information Fusion Centre (RMIFC) share info Alliance of crude producers, undertaking supply since 2017 Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Brunei, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico, Oman, Russia, South Sudan and Sudan Formed in 2016 in Algiers Permanent intergov org w/ objective to coordinate and unify petroleum policies among member countries to secure oil prices. formed in 1960 by 5 countries Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela HQ in Vienna, Austria nut founded in Baghdad, Iraq. Membership open to all substantial oil producing countries has 194 mem; HQ at Lyon, FR estd in 1923; IN joined in 1949. Gen Assembly is the supreme governing body meets annually. Each country is represented by 1 or more delegates in the assembly. It elects the members of Interpol Executive Committee. Red notice issued worldwide to arrest a person pending extradition, surrender etc. Blue Corner notice : collect additional information about a person. Notices are international requests for cooperation and range from Red, Yellow, Blue, Black, Green, Orange and Purple. Interpol Executive Committee : has 13 mem from different countries comprising President, 2 VP and 9 Delegates. It supervises Interpol General Assembly's decisions and meets 3 times a year to set policy and direction. CBI will host the 91st General Assembly of Interpol in New Delhi to mark 75 yrs of Indep. 1967 HQ in Jakarta, Indonesia. set up by Bangkok declaration Mem : MYA, LAO, CAM, VTE, THA, PHI, BRU, SIN, INDO, MAL. 3rd largest market, FTA with CN, AUS, IN, JP, SKR, AUS, NZ. estd 1974 per framework of OECD, an autonomous intergov org. HQ Paris. Objective is Energy security, eco dev, env awareness, worldwide engagement, 30mem must be mem of OECD to be part, Crude reserves of 90 days,
Electricity Market Report by IEA it is biannual. IEA International Energy Agency : global prices fallen due to price war b/w KSA and RUS Estd in 1974 under OECD only members of OECD can be part of it . There are a total of 30 full time members.
Membership conditions : https://www.iea.org/about/membership
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation estd 1989, IN not a member Aim is to estd by promoting balanced, inclusive, sustainable growth. regional political and economic union of 15 West African Countries. Estd 1975 under Treaty of Lagos to acheive collective self sufficiency Also serves as peacekeeping force Includes 2 sub regional blocks West African Economic and Monetary Union for french speaking countries and West African Monetary Zone WAMZ for English speaking ones. ]]>05-gs-2/4.-international-relations/4.3-international-bodies,-their-structure,-mandate-etc.html05 GS-2/4. International Relations/4.3 International Bodies, their structure, mandate etc.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#treaty ) b/w US-RUS for nuke disarmament (to last 10yr + 5 renew) Prague 2010 to replace earlier SORT. START : Within 7yr decrease no of launchers (deployed+ non deployed) to 1/2 including SLBM ICBM, new verification and inspection regime, limit deployed warheads US senate bill IN at part w NATO ally par w ISR SKR aka National Defence Authorisation Act NDAA, increased US IN defence coop counter piracy counter terror. Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPoA) Iran + US, UK, GER, RUS, FR, CN aka P5+1 cut its stores of centrifuges, enriched uranium and heavy-water, established the Joint Commission monitor, not address Iran's support for groups the U.S. considers terrorists, doesn't curb Iran's development of ballistic missiles and that the deal phases out by 2030 US has launched Space Command ensure that America's dominance US Space Force to compound the organisational challenges facing the U.S. armed service undercut ongoing missions and increase budgetary allocation US officially labels China a currency manipulator, has put IN in this list will harm global fin reputation, IN has $20bil surplus 2% GDP. CAATSA - Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act can put sanctions for S400 purchase. IR US tension implication on IN : rising oil prices; affect Chabahar Port and Int North South Transport Corridor, Induction of IR into SCO could make it an anti-American block IN is also a mem of it. Int North South Corridor - is ship, rail and road route connects IN, IR, AFG, AZB, Central Asia, RUS, Europe; in sync w/ Ashgabat agreement, will cut down transit costs US to exit Paris agreement; each country pledged a targeted action plan, rich and dev ones will provide fin and tech support. US does not think ISR settlements in West Bank violates int law was captured by Jordan 1st in 1948 Arab-Israeli war got back in Six Day War of 1967. Settlements violate 4th Geneva Convention of transferring citizen into occupied territory. US senate brought in a resolution to end communication restriction in J&K it does not have the force of law but will attract attention from other countries. US National Defence Authorisatoin Act 2020 estd the Space Force becomes 6th branch to Armed Forces aim to sercure and extend US dominance Significance of US withdrawal from AFG - access to oil mineral rich Central Asia, inc influence through more foreign aid.
United States Trade Representative (USTR) has removed India from developing country list easy for US to impose countervailing duties CVDs on goods. #report
Crude oil West Texas Intermediate price below zero due to too much supply and low demand. WTI, Brent Crude and Dubai crude are benchmarks for crude oil. #PrelimsPYQ
United States Trade Representative (USTR) : Annual Special 301 #report identify countries to put trade barriers to US coys. IN under Priority watch list lack of adequate IPRs. Concerns : inadequate copyright laws, outdated trade secrets framework, transparency on sharing of info, high customs on medical devices
Annual #Report 2020 : trade restrictive policy hampered relations, Make in IN worsened it, mini trade deals instead of GSP. US withdrawal from WHO : loss $450 mil in funding, will lose voting rights and access to its services US order to bar federal agencies hiring H1B visa holders. Shortage of STEM skills in US. US policy towards the INDO Pacific : maintain its strategic primacy, promote liberal economic order, stop CN illiberal influence Visiting Force Agreement - Phillipines and USA. Great Depression Oct 24 1929 day is called Black Thursday. U.S has withdrawn from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty. 1987 arms control agreement eliminate within three years all ground-launched-missiles of 500-5, 500 km range. Only tactical nuclear weapons (TNW) or short-range missiles would remain. Russia also withdrew. US accused India and China to engage in unfair trade practice issue with the" developing country" status. IN-US relations Negatives - No blanket cover on CAATSA sanctions, revoked GSP for IN Positive - mil info sharing through GSOMIA, LEMOA, COMCASA, BECA; STA 1 strategic trade authorisation for quick procurement, QUAD arrangement
Selective Multilateralism : by US it is building small groups and setting up military and security mechanisms aka Group is Council of EU renewed focus on Indo-Pacific strategy : have long term focus to uphold democracy, human rights, rule of law, promote rules based multilateralism, mitigate Covid effects. - US ends extension exception Iranian oil import IN, IN 3rd biggest oil consumer, IR 3rd largest exporter IN, domestic oil natural gas production decreasing demand inc, acceding to US policy inc fin burden IN, Impact : Current Account Deficit 0.4% 0.5% GDP other options costly + oil cost increase, Rupee weaken, Inflation inc, revenue decrease expenditure increase fiscal prudence suffer. - IR close strait Hormuz affect oil trade 30% int oil moves from here, huge increases in energy costs & world energy prices, Choke points tankers are most vulnerable to pirates, terrorist attacks, political unrest, war, and shipping accident.  - US Secy of Commerce Wilbur Ross in IN says trade overly restrictive unfair, US revoked tariff on steel Aluminium, zero Iran oil no extension, trade preference revoked, high tariff liquor motorcycles, medical devices Concerns : Localisation of data, treatment of Walmart Flipkart deal, labelling of Non Veg food, IN 3rd largest export market for US vice versa US IN's 1st, avg tariff 13.8% similar to South Korea, Brazil. IN to increase oil import from US. Broad based multifaceted strategic partnership required - South Asia Cooperation 3.5% land area 25% population. Challenges: least integrated regions, low intra regional trade, 30% worlds poor, no economic cooperation, orgs like SAARCs etc become moribund. Need : regional strategic approach tackle common development challenges, deeper regional coop, increase intra regional FDI flow. Away from SDGs need remove inequalities,
Russia Ukraine War #important #mains : India's Reponse : based on independent response, national interest not on bloc politics. Abstained from voting on all resolutions. Sent humanitarian assistance to Ukraine. IN had good relations with both countries. Ex Military Coop w/ Russia and US. Helped evacuate IN nationals/ Op Ganga -> Diplomatic Activisim Impact of War on India : Inc cost of oil, natural gas, Fertilisers (Urea) -> rise in global inflation coupled with inflation control stance of US Federal reserve. IN pharma exports will be hit. INSTEX payment mechanism being setup by RU to secure trade w/ IR and skirt US sanctions without relying on direct financial transactions. IN-RUS Reciprocal Exchange of Logistics Agreement RELOS be signed. Bilateral Logistics agreement w/ RUS RELOS.
Sri Lanka Crisis #important #mains : SL defaulted on all its external debt repayments. Causes : Forex reserves dropped due to economic mismanagement + high dependency on imports for essenetial items + tax cuts/ populist measure. CN debt trap diplomacy. Easter Bombing dec tourism revenue. Overnight ban on chemical fertilisers to make agri 100% organic. War induced inflation. Repercussion to IN : Cause refugee crisis, Chinese threat in IOR inc, Tamil rebels could rise again, threat to IN investment in SL. Need : Focus on fundamental and macro variables (inflation, growth rate etc). Low Debt to GDP ratio. High Forex Reserves. Address structural issues, BoP issue etc. India Japan Relation :
! Try to think in Political, Economic, Security & Cybersecurity, Tech and Defence dimension.
CECA b/w India and Australia. IN exports $4 bil and imports $8 bil. Investment and Infra fund created.
AUS points based visa policy : points are given on diff categories ranging from age to proficiency in English and work Ex. workers w/ skilled independent visa can work permanently anywhere in AUS. Criticism : relies of gov perception of what skills are valuable and what are not rather than views of the employers; eligibility criteria can be unpredictable.
Mutual Logistics Support Agreement (MLSA) #Treaty b/w India and Australia - 1st ever virtual bilateral summit Quad countries IN AU JN US revived Nov 2017 made for unhindered marine trade & security proposed by Shinzo Abe in 2007 but AU pulled out, counter CN, common ground - democratic countries, open and free Indo-pacific trade, RUS also expressed its concern. 17th largest trading partner of IN. IN - AUS Grains partnership for post harvest mgt. Both joined Supply Chain Resilience Initiative along w/ Japan. Challenges : Geographical location is far. IN not being part of NPT. IN wants dairy and agriculture from AUS out of FTA. Lack of joint/similar vision towards the Indo-Pacific. Golden Card UAE permanent residence long visa wealthy/ talented investors entrepreneurs students teachers doctors, bring FDI, UN non-binding resolution leave Chagos (Mauritius) : UK, leased Diego Garcia islandUS till 2036, partitioned Mauritius 3yr before independence 1968 forced, British overseas territory Colonial declaration 1960 right to self-decl for colonial people prevent absorbing territory India - UAE CEPA ( Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement) will reduce import duty subjected to IN products.

Windrush #scheme : commonwealth citizen their children settled UK before Jan1 1973 any national settled UK before 31dec 1988, named after ship brought Jamaican workers after WW2, denied British Citizenship services losing jobs deportation.
Stockholm Int Peace Research Insti (SIPRI) 2019 year book, nuclear stockpile decreased thanks US +RUS (90% all nukes) 9 nuke armed countries, counts deployed + other warheads. SIPRI estd 1966 independent int insti research conflict arms control disarmament. #report UNGA examine option to End trade in goods used for capital punishment and torture. IN opposes as death penalty by law there for rarest rare cases follow requisite procedural safeguard -may be attempt to place it on par with torture.
Against Capital punishment #mains : Error ridden 25%, undue influence of public opinion, unfairly targets poor and marginalised. For : not arbitrary as comes out judicial process, implemented rarest of rare cases, constitutionally upheld, protect life by punishing those who take it. UN aks UK to give back Chagos Archipelago to Mauritius, was detached from Mauritius 3 yrs before giving it independence. Diego Garcia hosts US mil base which also opposes UN decision. The ICJ hearings are not binding. UK-IN Education +Research initiative : allow UK students to higher studies in IN, provides grants BoBBLE - Bay of Bengal Boundary layer Experiment IN-UK joint project, examine impact of monsoon in BoB QAT abolish Kafala system, migrant permission employers move out country Reasons : leads exploitation migrant worker modern day slavery forced labour, leads human trafficking condition, employer cancelling visa - deportation, again int laws, restricts labour mobility. IN gets 90% of its natural gas from QAT. QAT and KSA signed solidarity and stability deal taking it away from IR's influence. Protests in Hong Kong - ruled under One Country Two Systems : HK Macau Special Administrative Regions can have different economic and political systems from that of mainland China. While being part of the PRC 1984, the Sino-British Joint Declaration in Beijing. 1987 China and Portugal signed the Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau defence and diplomacy would be decided by Beijing. CN puts Uighurs, Khazakhs and other muslims in intermittent camps claiming them to be educational centres. Han chinese have flooded the area, beijing says Uighurs have separatist tendencies in XinXiang. Uighurs are ethnically Trukic. Culturally closer to Central Asian countries. ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITGA) to review the FTA b/w them make it more user friendly, simple and facilitative for business : free trade area among ASEAN and IN came into force on 2010; setting timelines for eliminating duties on maximum number of goods traded. Need for review : trade deficit for IN widening, doubled to $10bil by 2017 from 2011, IN traders not exporting to ASEAN through FTA.
#Report released - Findings : IN failed to take benefit, IN trade deficit increased since FTA was signed. Need : IN to improve manufacturing sector to benefit from FTA #Treaty Nine Dash line is in South China.
South China Sea dispute : are contesting claims among various countries concerning Paracel, Spartly and Scarborough Shoal islands. #MainsPYQ Paracel claimed by : CN, TAI, VTE Spratly by : CN, TAI, VTE, BRU, PHI Scarborough Shoal : PHI, CN, TAI
Uyghurs are Turkic speaking Central and East Asian tribe. Review of the policy of no first use : will not be the first to initiate a nuclear first strike enables New Delhi to keep the nuclear threshold high could give Beijing a chance to adopt a first strike policy damage India's reputation as a responsible nuclear weapon state **Belt and Road Initiative** - 2nd Belt and Road Forum was held in Beijing. Prez Xi highlighted innovation, green investment, transparency, Slammed protectionism, reforms in IPR, Policy coordination, increase trade, access to foreign investment etc. - BRI will improve regional cooperation and connectivity, strengthening infrastructure, trade, investment. Will change infra, decrease travel time, promote policy reforms, increasing trade volume - more growth. why IN join? : demographic dividend over CN, become part new economic order end G7 domination, ADB finances BRI project no debt trap issue, robust infra energy transmission more manufacturing, hailed by int institutions eg IMF, transparency issue solved, Marshall Plan US too had strategic objective less strategic US 800 bases world - IN skip BRI sovereignty concerns + exclusion BCIM economic corridor project, other projects CPEC, CMEC etc. BCIM opens eastern market IN, tourism boost, pivotal Act East policy, improve infra, efficient movement good. Concerns : CN position on POK + Arunachal, terrorism, human trafficking, drugs trade, arms smuggling. Need : upgrade infra roads railways etc NE states, work IN-MYA-THA trilateral highway, BBIN project fast track, emphasize Act east policy, focus Kaladan project. - CPEC connects Gwadar in PAK to XinXiang in North Western CN passes through POK, will inc CN mil presence undermine IN influence. US warns that this will only benefit CN. Houthis attack Saudi oil wells. Oil prices will go up -- weakening of rupee, Saudi Arabia is 2nd largest exporter. Saudi forces have attacked Yemen against Zaidi Shia Muslims/ Houthis to end Iranian influence in the region. Houthis seized power in 2015 from President Hada who came to power during the Arab spring of 2011 replacing Abdullah Saleh. G20 meeting recently held in Saudi Arabia 1st Arab country to host it
Oslo Accords 1993 - limited self-governance in parts of West Bank and Gaza strip and Abraham accord is between Israel and Palestine #Treaty . Oslo II Accrods exanded I added provisions for withdrawal of troops from certain west bank cities and time for Palestinian elections. West Asia Peace Plan proposed by US give Israel Jerusalem and security control over Palestine. Envisages Palestine as an independent state. Israel Palestine crisis background. Jews started gathering in Palestine b/w 1882 and 1948 movt was called Aliyahs. 1917 Ottoman Empire fell and region came under Britain. Balfour declaration was passed to estd Jewish homeland there despite their being Arab majority. Holocaust during WW2 strengthened Jews demand for separate state. 1947 UN voted to split Palestine into Jewish and Arab state w/ Jerusalem becoming an international city. 1948 Britain moved out and Jews declaraed independence. Arab states invaded Israel but were defeated -> many Palestinians moving out aka Al Nakba or Catastrophe. Jordan captured West Bank and Egypt Gaza. UN has called West Bank being violative of 4th Geneval convention. UN adopted the Resolution 2334 to reaffirm the 2 state solution for Palestine. Israel UAE diplomatic relations resumed. Israel's disputes - West Bank : captured by JOR in 1948 Arab-ISR war, recaptured in 67 during Six day war, Palestine situated West of this, UNGA has called settlements here as violation of 4th Geneva convention Sinai Peninsula Golan Heights

Singapore #Treaty on the Law of Trademarks : entered into force in 2009, to mem of WIPO has 50 parties as mem 4th Geneva Convention : occupying power will not transfer its civilians to occupied land - under Rome Statute it constitute war crimes. Travel Bubble : restarting trade etc with countries that have shown good level of containing coronavirus pandemic by Baltic countries - Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. Kenya Somalia maritime dispute under UNCLOS 38th parallel separates DPRK and SKR, Korean armistice agreement 1953 not signed by SKR Italian marines case : Permanent court of Arbitration verdict the marines enjoyed diplomatic immunity under UNCLOS Ethiopia's Tigray region - armed clashes prelude to Civil war. Nagorno Karabakh clash - recog as part of AZB but home to ethnic Armenians controlled by Armenia India does not recognise Taliban, supports Northern Alliance and elected Gov, wants Afghan led process. Will inc. Green Pass is EU Digital Covid Certificate to restore freedom of travel. Delegation of Members of European Parliament (MEPs) visited Kashmir Observed: 370 an internal issue, Terrorism not finished, tourism -infra should be promoted.
India and Belgium extradition #treaty for offences punishable in both countries, min punishment to be served 6 months, nationality defined at the time of offence. IN-POR agreement to work will set up a Joint committee that would help sending IN migrant workers. Diplomatic relations were restored after Op Vijay in 1974 POR recognised Indian sovereignty over Goa, Daman and Diu, DNH.
World Happiness #Report by UNSDSN 2020 Finland Happiest India 144th Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Ltd ISPRL has constructed 3 underground stores at Vizag, Mangaluru and Padur. ISPRL is owned by Oil Industry Dev Board OIDB under Mo Petroleum and Natural Gas. 2 other planned storages are Chandikhol in Odisha and Udupi in Ktaka.
Trends in Global Military expenditure #report by SIPRI. IN 3rd highest Social Bubble : exclusive social group that is allowed to meet with each other amid the pandemic Digital Tax in IN Equalisation Levy : EL1.0 was introduced in 2016 aka Google tax. It covered only services as part of Finance tax. 6% tax rate was charged on any specified service received by a resident from a non resident. Significant Economic Presence SEP, No digital tax of 2% if they have permanent establishment in India. Permanent Court of Arbitration : estd 1899 HQ in Hague is an intergovernmental organisation, to resolve disputes that arise out of international agreements b/w states, international orgs or private parties. Decisions are binding, also has a Financial Assistance Fund. Not a UN agency but an official UN observer.
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India Energy Modeling Forum : NITI will coordinate the forum, aims to examine imp energy and env related issues, exchange ideas etc was launched in the Meeting of Sustainable growth pillar. Jointly Launched with USAID. #body Resolution 47 of the UNSC - JK states for a "free and impartial plebiscite" Both countries rejected it BASIC : 28th Ministerial meet on Climate Change in Sao Paulo; estd in 2000 BRA, SA, IN, CN to fight climate change and carry out negotiations within the UNFCCC. PCC Special Report on Global Warming says that impacts at 2°C-are catastrophic compared to those of 1.5°C, national efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. 29th BASIC Ministerial Meeting on Climate Change was held recently in Beijing. Outcomes : support developing countries, promote climate justice, encourage peoples participation etc. Third party mediation in Kashmir IN refuses. Previous 3rd party mediations : Indus Water Treaty by WB, Rann of Kutch Accord by British PM Harold Wilson persuaded combatants to end hostilities and estd tribunal, 1965 War by USSR followed Tashkent declaration, Special Drawing Rights SDR : value of it is based on basket of 5 currencies USD, EU, CN REN, YEN, British Pound can be exchanged for these currencies. Immunity Passport : indicated if someone has immunity to COVID 19.
Global Terrorism Index #report 2019 by Australian Inst Institute for Economics for Peace IEPIndia 7th worst affected. A Protecting Power per Vienna Convention means that in the case of severing of diplomatic ties b/w 2 countries a third country could be entrusted with the protection of its interest Eg US IR does not have an embassy on eachothers soil and Switzerland and Pak are protecting powers respectively for them.
Bougainville voted for Independence from Papua New Guinea in referendum. For country to be independent UN needs to recognise it per Montevideo Convention so 1933 must have defined territory, people, gov and ability to form relationships w/ other countries. #Treaty #important
WB #report on effect of coronavirus on migration & remittances. IN got 83 bil $ as remittance IN remit. decline by 23%
Henley Passport Index ranks India __------ travel freedom for their citizens data from the International Air Transport Association (IATA ) based on how many other territories can be reached 'visa-free' point towards the strength of diplomatic relations between countries #report
Global Migration #Report 2020 released by Int Org for Migration IOM, IN accounts for highest share with 17.5mil of migrants living outside the country, highest recipient of remittances and it has constantly inc. Global migrants are 272 mil top destination is US. Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas celebrated on 9th Jan by MEA, MG returned on this day from South Africa 2020-10-22 07:32:00
#todo ⏫ 2020-10-22 07:32:39
#todo ⏫ 2020-10-30 16:40:38Answers and Analysis “If the last few decades were of Asia’s growth story, the next few are expected to be of Africa’s.” In the light of this statement, examine India’s influence in Africa in recent years. "यहद नवगत कुछ दिक एशिया के नवकास की कहानी के रहे, तो परवतथी कुछ दिक अफीका के हो सकते हैं।" इस कथिन के आलोक में , हाल के वषमों में अफीका में भारत के प्भाव का पररक्ण कीजजए। 2021 ‘Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European Countries’. Comment with examples. ('अमेररका एवं यूरोपीय देिो की राजनी ं नत और अथि्भव्यवस्ा में भारतीय प्वाससयो को एक ं ननणा्भयक भूगमका ननभानी है। उदाहरणो सह ं हत हिप्पणी कीजजए।) 2020 What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (भारत-रूस रक्ा समझौतो की तुलना में भारत-अमेर ं रका रक्ा समझौतोकी क् ं ा महत्ा है ? हहन्-प्िान् महासागरीय क्त्र में स् े ाययत्व के सं दभ्भ में नववेचना कीजजए।) 2020 ‘The time has come for India and Japan to build a strong contemporary relationship, one involving global and strategic partnership that will have a great significance for Asia and the world as a whole.’ Comment. ('भारत और जापान के ललए समय आ गया है की एक ऐसे मजबूत समसामययक सं बं ध का ननमा्भण करें, जजसका वैजश्क एवं रणनीनतक साझेदारी को आवेनटित करते हए एशिया एवं सम्पूण्भ नवश् के ललए बडा महत्व होगा ।' हिपण्ी कीजजए।) 2019 “The long-sustained image of India as a leader of the oppressed and marginalised Nations has disappeared on account of its new found role in the emerging global order”. Elaborate. ('उभरती हई वैजश्क व्यवस्ा में, भारत द्ारा प्ाप्त नव-भूगमका कारण, उत्ीहडत एवं उपेशक्त राटिट्ो के मुख ं खया के रूप में दीघ्भ काल से सं पोनषत भारत की पहचान लुप्त हो गई है ।' नवस्तार से समझाइये।) 2019 “What introduces friction into the ties between India and the United States is that Washington is still unable to find for India a position in its global strategy, which would satisfy India’s National selfesteem and ambitions” Explain with suitable examples. ('भारत और यूनाइिेड ्टेि्स के बीच सं बं धो में खिास के प्वेि का कारण वाशिगं िन का अपनी वैजश्क रणनीनत में अभी तक भी भारत के ललए हकसी ऐसे स्ान की खोज करने में नवफलता है, जो भारत के आत्म-समादर और महत्वाकांक्ा को सं तुटि कर सके ।' उपयुति उदाहरणो के सा ं थि स्पटि कीजजए।) 2019 In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to this situation? (इस समय जारी अमरीका-ईरान नाशभकीय समझौता नबबाद भारत के राटि ीट् य हहतो को ं हकस प्कार प्भानवत करेगा? भारता को इस स्स्नत के प्नत क्ा रवैया अपनाना चाहहए?) 2018 'India's relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back." Discuss. ('भारत के इज़राइल के साथि सं बं धो ने हाल में एक ऐसी गहराई एवं ं नवनवधता प्ाप्त कर ली है, जजसकी पुनवा्भपसी नही की जा ं सकती है।" नववेचना कीजजए।) 2018 The question of India’s Energy Security constitutes the most important part of India’s economic progress. Analyze India’s energy policy cooperation with West Asian Countries. (भारत की ऊजा्भ सुरक्ा का प्श्न भारत की आर्थिक प्गनत का सवा्भसधक महत्त्वपूण्भ भाग है। पजचिम एशियाई देिो के सा ं थि भारत के ऊजा्भ नीनत सहयोग का नवश्ेषण कीजजए।) 2017 Indian Diaspora has an important role to play in South-East Asian countries’ economy and society. Appraise the role of Indian Diaspora in SouthEast Asia in this context. (दशक्ण-पूव्भ एशियाई देिो की अ ं थि्भव्यवस्ा एवं समाज में भारतीय प्वाससयो को एक महत्त्वपू ं ण्भ भूगमका ननभानी है। इस सं दभ्भ में, दशक्ण-पूव्भ एशिया में भारतीय प्वाससयो की ं भूगमका का मूलननरूपण कीजजए।) 2017 Evaluate the economic and strategic dimensions of India's Look East Policy in the context of the post-Cold War international scenario. (िीतयुधिोत्र अंतरा्भटिट्ीय पररदृश्य के सं दभ्भ में, भारत की पूववोन्ुखी नीनत के आर्थिक और सामररक आयामो का मूल ं ांकन कीजजए।) 2016 Increasing interest of India in Africa has its pros and cons. Critically examine. (अफीका में भारत की बढ़ती हई रुचच के सकारात्मक और नकारात्मक पक् हैं। समालोचनापूव्भक परीक्ण कीजजए।) 2015 Economic ties between India and Japan while growing in the recent years are still far below their potential. Elucidate the policy constraints which are inhibiting this growth. (हाल के कु छ वषमों में भारत व जापान के मध् आर्थिक सं बं धो में ं नवकास हआ है पर अब भी वह उनकी सं भानवता से बहत कम है। उन नीनतगत दबावो (व्यवरोधो ं ) को स्प ं टि कीजजए जजनके कारण यह नवकास अवरुधि है।) 2013 ]]>05-gs-2/4.-international-relations/4.4-effects-of-foreign-countries-policies.html05 GS-2/4. International Relations/4.4 Effects of Foreign Countries Policies.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#scheme under Mo Rural Dev : 14 digit identification number will be issued to every plot of land in the country that would be based on geo-coordinates. AKA 'aadhar for land' would prevent land fraud.
Unique Land Parcel Identification Number #Scheme - under Digital India Land Record Modernisation Program DILRMP, 14 digit ID issued to every plot, aka Aadhar for land, prevent land fraud, based on Latitude and longitude of the land
PESA 1996 came after Bhuria #committee recom. Conferred absolute power to Gram Sabha whose power cannot be curtailed by a higher level.
Dam Safety #Act : Provides for surveillance, inspection, operation and maintenance of all specified dams across country. Constitutes National Committee on Dam Safety NCDS for evolving policies, regulations etc and National Dam Safety Authority for implementing policies of NCDS. Also makes a State Committee on Dam Safety and State Dam Safety Organisation Has been challenged as encroaching upon sovereignty of States to manage their dams.
PLI #Scheme for textiles to promote Man Made Fibre (MMF) fabrics, garments and technical textiles. Companies with over 300 crore investment in plant, machinery etc will get incentive of 15%. Those with investment b/w 100-300 crore will get less than 15%. Cable TV network rules 1994 provided a statutory mechanism for complaints raised by citizens. Electronic media monitoring cell was estd that tracks channels for violations which could lead to cancelling license. Provided for a 3 tier grievance redressal system - self regulation by broadcasters -> self regulation by regulating bodies of broadcasters -> then oversight by inter departmental committee at Union govt level. Skills Acquisition and Knowledge Awareness for Livelihood Promotion (SANKALP) centrally sponsored by (MSDE) WB assisted. Outcome focused vocational education and training.
Market relevant training to 3.5 crore youth for developing a globally competitive workforce. #scheme MG National Fellowship Programme under Mo SDE : 2 yr fellowship program to boost district level skill dev. Eligibility b/w 21-30 yr of age graduation degree and proficiency in language.
50,000 stipend for 1 st yr designated under the Skills Acquisition and Knowledge Awareness for Livelihood Promotion (SANKALP) #scheme
Skills Build Platform by Mo SDE : 2 yr advanced diploma in IT, networking and cloud computing will be offered at ITIs and NSTIs. Also train faculties on AI was made by IBM launched by Directorate of General Training. Imp : will provide personal assessment, learn foundational knowledge about digital tech, will receive job recom. #scheme National Population Register (NPR) : Register of usual residents (living in ar 6months) Under the Citizenship Act 1955. Mandatory for all usual residents, will contain demographic + biometric data, provide Resident ID card (RIC) chip embedded smart card w/ UID. Concerns : CAA+ NPR will single out Muslims, cost to exchequer, no protection on data collected, Aadhar Voter ID already there make it redundant. Public Premises (Eviction of Unauthorised Occupants) Amendment Act, 2019 : speedy eviction, specifying procedure for it from residential accommodation, may also use such force as necessary.
District Mineral Foundation (DMF) : Chhattisgarh made amendments to make it more inclusive, people centric. 1st state to amend.
DMF instituted under MMDR #Act amend 2015 as non-profit org to work for those affected by mining, under State Gov. RAJ to create pneumoconiosis (lung disease) fund from DMF money.
National Water Mission under NAPCC ensure basin level mgt, deal w/ variability in rainfall etc.
create comprehensive water data base, attention on vulnerable areas. #scheme Do Drinking water and Sanitation has launched 10 year national rural sanitation strategy to sustain 100% ODF.
Repair retrofit toilets, construct soak pits for septic tanks; district level training Mgt Unit ensure maintenance of infrastructure. #scheme
Atal Bhujal Yojana : central scheme under Mo Jal Shakti sharing b/w gov and WB 50:50. Priority areas are GUJ HAR KTA MP MH RAJ UP; funds will be provided for strengthening institutions, encouraging community, facilitate convergence of ongoing gov schemes. Central Ground Water Authority is the regulating agency. #scheme Maharatna status to HPCL and Power Grid Corporation : Status gives greater op and fin autonomy make equity investments for fin joint ventures, wholly owned subsidiaries can make mergers and acquisitions limited to Rs 5,000cr can also float fresh equity, transfer assets, divest shareholding in subsidiaries. Steel Scrap recycling policy aims to reduce imports conserve resources and save energy. Gov Nat Steel Policy 2017 aims 300 mt/yr production by 2030, promote circular economy in steel sector facilitate metal scrapping centres decongest cities from scrap and treat hazardous wastes based on 6R principle. Automotive Mission Plan b/w 2006-16 was successful. Achievements : attracted significant investment in sector, created 25 mil jobs. India emerged as design and dev hub. New Automotive Mission Plan 2016-2026
Objective : contributor to skill India and Make in IN, promote safe efficient and comfortable mobility, inc net exports, stable policy dispensation. make it 12% IN GDP, 65 mil jobs, top 3 in world. #scheme
Transplant of Human Organs and Tissues #act 1994 based on PGIMER #committee report : Create National Registry of Donors biometric based authentication database of surgeons and medical experts mandatory informed consent can withdraw anytime lumpsum monetary reimbursement for donor NGO and Religious bodies to create positive awareness. Financial Service Providers FSPs are now under IBC. FSPs are Financial Institutions that provide services to consumer. Per new rules: only regulator will be allowed to refer non-bank / housing financier to bankruptcy tribunal adm will be nominated by the regulator reg of FSP will not be suspended tribunal will listen to views of regulator before liquidation.
Cooperative Banks (customers are its owners) will come under Banking regulation #act Divided into Urban - Scheduled or Non-scheduled and Rural - Short term or long term.
States Cooperatives societies #act oversees as well as RBI under Banking Regulations act 1949 and Banking Laws (Coop societies act) 1955. Co-op banks are now under RBI regulation applies to all Urban and Multi state co-op banks. They will be audited a/c RBI norms, RBI can supersede board in consultation with state gov, appt of chief executives will require permission.
Mizoram revoked Forest Rights #Act 2006. Art 371 G makes it mandatory of Parliament legislations regarding land ownership to be passed by the state legs seen as misuse of 371. FRA gives legal recognition to the rights of traditional forest dwelling people over land, MFP, rehab in case of eviction, forest mgt etc. Only for STs living in forest for 75yrs.
Minor Forest Produce (total 73) included in the MSP list recently are Van Tulsi seeds, Van Jeera, Mushroom, Black Rice and Johar Rice etc. Bamboo and cane are MFPs not trees per IFA 1927 #scheme 14 New MFPs included are Tasar Cocoon, elephant apple dry, bamboo shoot, malkangani seed, wild dry mushroom etc.
TRIFED body to institutionalize trade of MFP and Surplus agri produce, estd 1987 its initiatives are : Van Dhan, TRIFOOD, MFP, Tech for Tribals etc #body
Labour Code on Industrial Relation combines Industrial disputes #act , Trade unions #act , Industrial employment #act . Features : to allow coys to hire workers on fixed term contract of any duration, min 100 workers for prior gov approval, 2 mem tribunal for disposal of cases, gov officers to adjudicate disputes involving penalty. #Act
PM MUDRA Yojana has growing NPAs. Need : focus on repayment capacity monitor loans closely, early recognition of risks, broaden client outreach to reduce concentration risk. e MUDRA objective is to refinance collateral free loans to small borrowers for non agri activities has corpus of 20,000 crore. 3 types are Shishu 50,000, Kishore 50k-5lk, Tarun 5lk-10lk. #scheme Risks online Medicine : fake/illegal, forged prescriptions, unhealthy competition, abuse of critical health data, mishandling during transport. Need : compulsorily be reg w/ CDSCO, psychotropic substances/ habit forming schedule x drugs not be sold, obtain license, details of person needs to be confidential, state and central drug authorities to monitor sale, inspection of place of operation every 2 years. Fugitive Economic Offender: for involvement in eco offences = 100 crore and has fled IN in such case properties of offender is attached by an order from Special Court under Prevention of Money Laundering Act, person can challenge the declaration within 30 days a/c Fugitive Economic Offenders Act 2018. General Financial Rules GFR : to ensure that goods and services valued less than 200 cr being procured from domestic firms, prohibit public procurement of bidders that share border with IN - national security concerns. GFR since 1947 deals with public finances.
Prevention of Damage to Public Property #Act 1984 : jail upto 5 yrs or/and fine can be coupled w/ IPC. K T Thomas #committee and Fali Nariman #committee was formed to suggest changes in the law.
Thomas #committee recom : reverse burden of proof against protester, prosecution should prove that damage to property was caused due to direct action called by org.
Nariman #committee recom : rioters be made liable to damage, HC should set up suo motu action and set up machinery to investigate damage. Loan waivers by states worsen the fiscal prudence, erodes credit culture, covers only a tiny fraction of farmers, farmers with multiple account loans get undue benefit, it excludes agri labourers landless tenants who are most vulnerable, prone to inclusion and exclusion error, severely erodes credit culture. Dividend Distribution Tax : is taxable at source and is deducted at time of distributing dividends to shareholder. Will now be charged on individuals receiving 10lkh/yr in dividends.
Vivad se Vishwas #scheme to settle pending direct tax cases by March 31. Penalty of 10% over the time limit, defaulter to pay only disputed tax amt. **Juvenile Justice #Act 2000**. - Setting up of Juvenile Justice Boards and Child Welfare Committee; - Central Adoption Resource Authority CARA as a statutory body, Child Care institutions to be registered within 6 months within commencement of act. - Juvenile Justice Amendment Act 2015 - - DM can issue adoption orders, - District Child protection Units under DM, - mandates setting up Juvenile Justice Board in every dist w/ at least 1 woman mem, - new offences included - Original Act prohibits disclosure of identity of Children up for adoption
Datta Homan : Hindu adoption ceremony. The adoption of children by Muslims, Christians, Parsis and Jews are governed by Guardians and Wards Act 1890 and Hindus by Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act HAMA. Difference b/w HAMA and CARA Indian imports 2/3rd of chemical ingredients used to manufacture generic medicines from China.
Essential Commodities #Act 1955 - Gov can change production, supply and distribution of the commodity and impose a stock limit. gov can fix MRP on products like drugs, petroleum, fertilisers, pulses etc and limit amount of hoarding. Does not differentiate b/w hoarding and storage which leads to a price volatility in market. Central govt has the power to add or remove items if it is necessary to do so in public interest. Mo Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distributions implements the act. It has currently 7 items such as drugs, fertilisers, pulses, edible oils, petroleum and petroleum products. Defence Procurement Procedure : 49% FDI, import embargo list, no offset clause if deal done through inter govt agmnt Indigenous content inc to 10%, 50% indigenisation of overall contract value Leasing has been added acquisition, Price variation clause has been introduced Schedule H1 drugs sale is limited and the record of sale etc are maintained by the sellers etc
Companies Fresh Start #Scheme 2020 gives a one-time exception for filing related to defaults
Epidemic Diseases #Act 1897 states/UTs can take special measures to regulate inspection of persons, penalties for disobeying legal protection to implementing officers Ordinance passed to make offence against healthcare workers as non-bailable and cognizable offence
Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) #Act, 1979 envisages a system of registration, license for contractors for coys that employ 5 migrants or more Principle of absolute liability in cases of gas leak against owners is part of Article 21
Shekatkar #committee military engineering service posts abolished. Economic Stimulus to tackle covid - Aatma Nirbhar Bharat - Changed definition of MSMEs : ==Micro - investment upto 1 cr, Small - 5 - 10 cr, Medium upto 20 cr== - To be called Udyam, registration online, export of goods/services be excluded for calculating turnover ^010cfa - remove diff b/w manufacturing and service based MSMEs, collateral free loans, liquidity injection for DISCOMs, - private sector can use ISRO facilities, enhance quantum of VGF, restriction on air space eased, ease FDI to 74% in defence sector, Corporatisation of OFBs. - Public Sector Enterprise policy : entry of private coys in every sector, also in strategic sector, Decriminalisation of Companies Act, State gov can borrow upto 5% of GSDP. - Defence testing and Infrastructure Scheme DTIS -
3 incentives #scheme : Production linked incentive - 4%-6% on incremental sales for 5 yrs on goods mfd IN SPECS Electronic components and Semiconductors : 25% on capital expenditure Modified Electronics Manufacturing Clusters EMC : for setting infra
Modified Electronics Manufacturing Clusters (EMC 2.0) #Scheme to attract investment in electronics sector by MeiTY.
Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Rules of 2020 Mo Civil Aviation - regulate drones #Act authorised entities can sell drones, DGCA approval to operate, age limit 18+ nano drones 250gm no licenses needed cannot drop objects from it
Code on Social Security, 2019 #report by Parliamentary Standing Comm gratuity payment reduced from 5yr to 1yr be extended to all kinds of employees welfare fund for workers not covered under other funds interstate migrant workers be mentioned as sep category in the code online portal and database, registration be made mandatory for all establishments
New Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020 : reservation for indigenous firms, domestic production of at least 50% of overall contract value, import embargo, no offset clause if deal done through inter gov agreement IGA #Act
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals #Act 1960 : Magistrate can forfeit cattle if owner facing trail - sent to gaushalas, PoCA rule 2017 allowed seizure even before being found guilty Anti-Conversion laws in MP, UP, HP : prior intention to convert is required, burden of proof w/ the person who converted. SC on Marriage and Conversion : courts have no jurisdiction over adults absolute right to choose life partner Lily Thomas, Sarla Mudgal case religious conversion only for legal benefit would be anulled. Salamat Ansari and Priyanka Kharwar case right to chose partner under Art 21. Geo spatial data : data of a location on earth ex roads, rail, water bodies. Governed by Mo ST has been deregulated -> help boost innovation, make available high quality maps, generate employment, lesser scrutiny.
Sudarshan Sen #committee by RBI to review working of ARC in the financial sector. Its suggestions include : #important #committee Create online platform for sale of stressed assets. Allow ARCs to act as resolution applicants during IBC process. Scope of Section 5 SARFAESI act be expanded to let ARCs acquire financial assets from all regulated entitites including AIFs, FPIs, AMCs etc
Startup India Seed Fund SISFS #scheme : fin assistance to startups under DPIIT will secure seed funding, Inspire innovation etc.
World Press Freedom #report 2021 IN at 142 position ranked among Bad category Norway toppedby Reportes Without Borde2020 Report
#Scheme for Financial Assistance to state for Capital Expenditure. Interest free loans be given to state for 50 yrs. 3 parts to deal with NE state, All other states and 3rd part for recycling infra and disinvestment of SPSEs. Further stimulus against COVID related economic slowdown : extension of Emergency CLGS, new scheme for loans up 1.25lk, new loan facilities for healthcare sectors. indirect support for export, free 1 month visa for tourist, new seed variety for farmers. Center has no role in creation or alteration of districts but comes into foray when names of district of railway station has to be changed. Negative import list aka positive indigenisation list for items only be purchased from indigenous sources by Mo Defence. Armed forces can still import equipments even if it is there in the list. 209 items are there in it.
Model Tenancy #Act States and UTs can adopt it through fresh legislation or can amend existing rental law not affect existing tenancies, written agreement for new tenants must roles and resp of landlords, they cannot withhold essential supply
Plastic Waste Mgt Amendment Rules 2021 #important bans mfg, import, stocking, distribution, sale and use of single use plastic. Does not apply to compostable plastic, CPCB to monitor bans. permitted thickness to be increased steadily. IN generates 26,000 tons of plastic waste, per capital consumption is 11kg global avg is 28
RoDTEP #scheme to replace MEIS : refund exporters centra, state and local duties or taxes. Drone Rules 2021 : No flight permission, Digital sky single window platform, No pilot license for micro drones but restrictions to flyzone is there, Wt limit upto 500kg, penalty reduced. 3rd party can provide registration etc services, supplementary services providers will also be permitted. No restriciton of drone operations by foreign owned companies registered in India. Done promotion council. Max penalty of 1 lakh.
Corporatisation of OFB : Will come under Companies Act -> improve efficiency, quality and price through inc competition. Restructuring was suggested by 3 #committee Nair, Kelkar and Puri. Bill also empowers Gov to declares services as Essential Defence Services and prohibits strike and lockouts in such services There is no separate definition of lynching under IPC must be dealth under Section 300 and 302. SC guidelines : Separate offence w/ max sentence, designate senior polic officer in each state, id places where such instances are common, Mob dispersal etc. Rationale behind anti conversion laws : threat of forceful conversion; problem of allurement; Religious Conversion is not a fundamental right. NRI candidates preparing for NEET no longer enjoy reservation benefits. National Trust is a statutory body of Mo Social Justice and Empowerment set up to empower persons w/ disability to live independently. Ubharte Sitaare Fund Alternative Investment Fund for export oriented MSMEs set up by Exim bank and SIDBI. Anti-Dumping Duty on Purified Terephthalic Acid was removed. It is used in the production of synthetic fibers.
National Security #Act 1980 allows preventive detention w/o charge up-to 12 months and detention up-to 10 days w/o telling the charges. Can be done to regulate the presence of foreigners in India as well. Kalasa Banduri Nala project is located in Mahadayi river. Indemnity clause is when a 3rd party aborbs the loss of a company. IN gave it to vaccine manufacutrers against legal suits Regulatory authority for vaccines is Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation CDSCO.
PM Jan Vikas Karyakram PMJVK by Mo Minority Affairs to provide better socio economic facilities to minority communities. #scheme 75,000 children have been orphaned due to COVID will be supported by PMCARES fund.
Factoring : selling receivables/debt to factor/financial institution Pre packing : done for resolution of distressed company where agreement is secured b/w creditor and investors w/o need for public bidding process.
One Rank One pension based on recom of Koshiyari #committee .
Places of Worship #Act 1991 : freezes the status of any place of worship as existed on August 15 1947, act does not apply to Ancient Remains and archaeological sites act 1958, Babri Masjid and Ram Janm bhoomi case. Consumer Protection E-Commerce Rules 2020 : all info on return, refund, Exchange, warranty etc be provided on platform under Consumer Protection Act 2019.
Iconic Tourist Destination #Scheme - under Mo Tourism, Khajuraho to be developed.
Places of Worship Act 1991 prohibits inquiry into religious places viz Kashi and Mathura
RIIN
Vehicle Scrappage Policy : old vehicles -> 15-20 yrs to pass fitness test, inc re-registration fee, offer tax rebate of 25% for new personal and 15% for new commercial vehicles to incentivise owners to scrap old vehicles. #scheme
Essential Services Maintenance #Act ESMA - to maintain delivery of services such as public transport, bus etc
Arbitration and Conciliation Amendment Ordinance 2020 : parties can seek unconditional stay or arbitral awards, does away with schedule 8 that contained necessary qualification to accredit arbitrators #Act
Roshni #act 2001 in JK to legalise occupation of people on state land Vertical reservation is among SC, ST, OBCs; Horizontal reservation is for Women, Transgenders, veterans etc is applied separately to Vertical categories. NSCN - IM for Greater Nagaland more ar from Assam, Manipur, Arunachal
Jaya Jaitley #committee for min marriage age for women Quality Control Order for toys regulation of toys for children 14yrs issued by DPIIT, ISI mark and BIS authorization given
Special Marriage #act 1954 to address inter religious marriage asks to publish private details for public scrutiny violates Right to privacy, RT Equality; marriage solemnized if no one raises objection within 30 days.
Business Reform Action Plan BRAP by DPIIT, AP ranked 1 st, to attract investment and inc EoDB #scheme
Mid Day Meal #Scheme provision or allowance if food not available prep of meals under C guidelines, AGMARK quality items, State steering comm to oversee implementation of scheme
5 star villages #scheme by Do Post to ensure universal postal coverage launched on pilot basis. Alcohol is prohibited in states of Gujarat, Mizoram, Nagaland, Lakshadweep and Bihar. Labour falls under concurrent list.
TRAI - statutory #body All FDI from countries sharing border with India now have to come through the government route. Ethanol bio-fuel is produced from Sugar (molasses), Rice etc. Chakma's (Buddhists) and Hajongs (Hindus) came from Chittagong hills in Bang, reside mostly in Arunachal P. EPA Amendment : coal washing not mandatory for supply to thermal power plants Payments Infrastructure Development Fund PIDF - deploy Point of Sale PoS infra, 500 crore corpus, managed & adm by RBI in NE, Tier3Tier 6 cities IBC amend not be initiated for 6 months from March 25, Thresh hold for invoking IBC not at Rs 1cr previously Rs 1lk All urban and multi-State cooperative banks under the direct supervision of RBI United Nations Convention Against Torture (UNCAT) - 1984, IN signed not ratified, forbids transport of people where there is possibility of torture. Optional Protocol to CAT by UNGA allows for regular visits by independent int orgs
Legal Metrology #Act 2009 -estd standard of weights and measures, regulate trade of weights, under Mo Consumer Affairs, Food and PD. Vedic pathshalas, madrasas and institutions imparting religious education are outside the ambit of Right to Education Act. 2020-10-22 07:23:29 Public Policy - proposed course of action, agenda setting - formulation - Adoption - Implementation - Evaluation Nature - Goal oriented, Collective action, Decision, Positive/Negative Characteristics - Complex, Dynamic, has various components, has guidelines, results in action, futuristic, public interest, wide consultation Types - Substantive, Regulatory, Distributive, Redistributive, Capitalisation Achievement of Planned economy - Higher growth rate esp post LPG, inc in national income per capital income, dev of economic infra, social infra, savings and interest Failures - economic inequality, social injustice, unemployment, slow growth in production sector, inefficient adm, no mechanism of feedback, standard of living is low Issues w/ IN policy making - fragmentation in thinking and action, overlap b/w policy making and implementation, over centralisation, lack of non-governmental inputs, lack of systematic analysis and integration prior to policy making, lack of evidence based research, politically motivated policies, lack of imagination Suggestions - reduce fragmentation, separate policy making from implementation, decentralise implementation authority, integrated knowledge hub for policy makers. Role of Civil Society in Policy formulation implementation after LPG, to decentralise, more inclusive, ex 73CAA, MNREGA Monitoring Evaluation - PMES, National Productivity council, Outcome budgeting, Mgt Info Sys MIS, Programme evaluation Org, NITI Rural Dev - Suggestions - GIS to track assets, State Insitutes of Rural Dev to converge schemes, update data regularly, HR challenge, improve monitoring in NREGA, Drinking Water Sanitation, Energy, Road, Digital Connectivity, Ex MGNERGA, National Rurban Mission NRM, PM Gramodaya Yojana, PM Ujjwala Y, DDU Gram Jyoti Yojana - rural electrification, NRLM, Mission Antyodaya Urban Dev - Issues : Housing prices, empty lands, ownership titles, dormitory housing, rental voucher scheme, Municipal Solid Waste disposal, waste to energy, urban transport, Skill Dev, Smart Cities Mission, AMRUT, PMAY - U, SDG 9 - safe, affordable housing, public transport, participatory, disaster resilient, safeguard cultural heritage, green and public spaces Procedural Democracy - participation and competition based assessment criteria, top down, Substantive Demo - demo situated in society, due to rise in identity politics, bottom up approach Role of Demo in Dev - more demo less dev, democratic dilemma - those who can afford resources less likely to help society, greater accountability, transparency, more privatisation, reform land ownership, remove restriction on FDI/FII. 2020-10-30 16:32:23 The Gati-Shakti Yojana needs meticulous coordination between the government and the private sector to achieve the goal of connectivity. Discuss. (गनत-िक्ति योजना को संयोजकता के लक् को प्ाप्त करने के ललए सरकार और ननजी क्त्र के म े ध् सतक्भ समन्वय की आवश्यकता है। नववेचना कीजजए।) 2022 "Policy contradictions among various competing sectors and stakeholders have resulted in inadequate 'protection and prevention of degradation' to environment." " Comment with relevant illustration. ("नबशभन्न प्नतयोगी क्ेत्रो और साझेदारो ं के म ं ध् नीनतगत नवरोधाभासो के पर ं रणामस्रूप पया्भवरण के संरक्ण तथिा उसके ननम्नीकरण की रोकथिाम' अपया्भप्त रही है।" सुसंगत उदाहरणो सह ं हत हिप्पणी कीजजए।) 2018 Explain the salient features of the constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016. Do you think it is efficacious enough ‘to remove cascading effect of taxes and provide for common national market for goods and services’? (सं नवधान (एक सौ एक सं िोधन) असधननयम, 2016 के प्मुख अशभलक्णो को समझाइए। क् ं ा आप समझते हैं हक यह "करो के सोपान ं नक प्भाव को समाप्त करने में और माल तथिा सेवाओ के ल ं लए साझा राटिट्ीय बाजार उपलधि कराने में" काफी प्भावकारी है?) 2017 Has the Indian governmental system responded adequately to the demands of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization started in 1991? What can the government do to be responsive to this important change? (क्ा भारतीय सरकारी तंत्र ने 1991 में िुरू हए उदारीकरण, ननजीकरण और वैश्ीकरण की माँगो के ं प्नत पया्भप्त रूप से अनुहरिया की है ? इस महत्त्वपूण्भ पररवत्भन के प्नत अनुहरियािील होने के ललए सरकार क्ा कर सकती है ?) 2016 Though 100 percent FDI is already allowed in non-news media like a trade publication and general entertainment channel, the Government is mulling over the proposal for increased FDI in news media for quite some time. What difference would an increase in FDI make? Critically evaluate the pros and cons. (यद्यनप 100 प्नतित नवदेिी प्त्यक् ननवेि पहले से व्यापर प्कािन और सामान् मनोरंजन चौनल जैसे समाचार-इतर मीहडया में अनुमत है, तथिानप सरकार काफी कु छ समय से समाचार मीहडया में वर्धत एफ-डी-आई- के प्स्ताव पर नवचार कर रही है। एफ.डी.आई. में बढ़ोतरी क्ा अंतर पैदा करेगी? समालोचनापूव्भक इसके पक्-नवपक् का मूलांकन कीजजए।) 2014 ]]>05-gs-2/2.-governance/2.1-govt-policies-and-intervention-in-sectors.html05 GS-2/2. Governance/2.1 Govt Policies and Intervention in sectors.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/factoring.jpg"></figure>#scheme all students in govt and govt aided schools including Madrasas under Samagra Shiksha Students upto Class VIII guaranteed 200 days of meal
under Mo Education also covered by NFSA MDM rules 2015 place of serving meal to be school only If not provided in school State Gov to pay food security allowance Calorie intake is min 450 cal w/ 12 grams of protein for primary and 700 cal 20gm protein for upper primary as per MDM guidelines. regulates foreign funding of NGOs, prohibits acceptance of funds by politicians journalist etc. mechanism to accept use and report amount, includes currency articles and securities etc. only cultural economic religious and social programs can take money. Registration : 3 yrs existence spent Rs 1lkh on reasonable activities for every year, reg valid for 5 yrs, allowed for specific purposes. Use of Fund : only for purpose NGO received fund for, not transferred to unregistered entity, asset purchased in name of NGO and any change in mgt of NGO must be filed on annual report. Implemented by Mo Home Affairs. Prior reference category under the Act -> that to donate to an NGO a foreing donor has to take prior clearance from Mo Home Affairs. all mem of NGO must on written affidavit say they are not involved in swindling funds. members should not have been prosecuted/convicted for creating communal tension. Relaxed rules for students, farmers etc not involved in active politics. Prohibits foreign funding to certain people viz public servants Dec funding to NGOs for administrative purpose Aadhar Card mandatory to recieve, summary inquiry. Registered NGOs to mandatorily open an account in main branch of SBI in the capital of the place where contribution is to be landed. 2020-10-22 07:24:27 Dev Process - political freedom, Human dev, sustainable dev, economic dev, social dev Civil Societies - could be NGOs, Community Groups, labour unions, indigenous people, charitable orgs, Farmers cooperatives, Chambers of Commerce etc aka 3rd sector(after Govt and Commerce) ex Amnesty, WWF, Greenpeace etc Acts as Watchdog, Advocate, Agitator, Educator, Service Provider, Mobiliser NGOs - org of private individuals believing in basic social principles, dev of community, social dev Types - Traditional Dev NGOs, Activist NGOs, Research Role in Dev Work where state not willing to, where state resources are not adequate ex Kerala Shastra Sahitya Parishad Fight Social Evils, Right to Shelter ex YUVA, SPARC etc RTI, Tribal Rights, Community Dev, Rehab, Implement welfare schemes Role to protect env Research, against climate change, protect pristine forest, against whaling, against GMOs, prevent Nuclear threat, Eliminate chemical biological waste, encourage sustainable trade Data driven support to Govt ex Birdlife International, TERI, Bombat Natural History Society Challenges - Lack of funds, Inadequately trained personnel, misuse of funds, Inequality in rural areas, lack of volunteerism State vs NGO - accountability deficit w/ NGOs, no transparency in mechanism, inadequate regulatory mech, suspicious foreign funding Suggestions - liberalise grants in aids, commission to check misuse of funds, Young graduated from college should volunteer, NGO should ensure high quality of service, govt should revise pay scale for NGO personnel. SHGs - peer group of similar socio economic background have same puropose 5-20 people, educated people help in mobilising, facilitator, take loans to run small business 7th FYP role of SHG realised, Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana SGSY emphasis on SHG formation, NRLM Adv - self independence, women mobilisation, capacity building among BPL, Social Mobi, reduces maternal mortality, neonatal mortality Issues - Agri activities, Lack of Tech, Access of Market, Poor Infra, lack of training/capacity building, politicization, low credit mobilisation, livelihood promotion Socio Cultural Hurdles - uneven spread, less in Bihar Jhar UP, traditional society - entrepreneurship discouraged, women, lack of support from family, exploitation Measures taken - SHG-Bank Linkage program by NABARD, PSL, Priyadarshani scheme NABARD, Deendatal Antodaya Yojana NRLM, Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana Suggestion - integrated approach, provide credit, training, simplify loan process Development Aid - Development paradox, Corruption, Identification of Projects, debt servicing, Foreign aid to IN - from WB, JP, GER, ADB, UK, FR, US, EU Foreign aid from IN - Why? permanent membership to UNSC, Neighbourhood 1st policy, Solve Ethnic tensions ex SL Tamils, Soft Power Foreign Funding and NGOs - FCRA Microfinance Insit MFIs - uplift needy, underprivileged, ex Joint Liability groups, SHGs, Grameen Banks, Rural Coops Role - Women empowerment, Rural Dev, Financing unfinanced groups, more stability in family and society Issues - Higher rate of interest, over dependence on banking sector, lack of financial awareness, Regulatory issues, application models not scientific Suggestions - on field supervision, incentive to open in unbanked villages, transparent pricing, capital infusion, user ICT Societies 7+ persons for promotion of for a common purpose, under Societies Registration act 1860, Religious endowment act 1863, Charitable and Religious Act 1920, Waqf act 1995 etc Issues : states power of enquiry and investigation, cancellation of registration, supersession by Gov body, appt of administrator, dissolution, deletion of defunct orgs Trusts, Religious Endowments Waqfs under various public trusts act, Trusts - transfer ownership of a property, So is democratic entity all mem have equal say, Govt intervention min in T Religious Endowments - provide support fn to deities, religion among H and M, use property for religious purpose, Art 26 Waqf - Amendment 2013, non-Muslims can also make Trade Unions - TU act 1926, provide legal existence protection, 2020-11-07 18:22:48 Balance b/w purpose of legislation and smooth function of voluntary sector Be time limit for procedures seeking prior permission Facilitate speedy disposal of registration, effective monitoring of their activities, proper scrutiny of returns filed by them Role of Gov be of facilitator and promoter Thrust in backward areas, SHG movt needs be extended to urban and peri-urban areas NABARD Act be amended suitably to bring semi urban/ urban areas into it Re-establish RRBs in districts which do not have Training capacity building of Gov functionaries Rural credit not be seen as potential NPAs Tech may be leveraged to reduce cost of reaching out poorest of poor Corpus of Rashtriya Mahila Kosh be enhanced 2020-10-30 16:35:53Answers and Analysis Do you agree with the view that increasing dependence on donor agencies for development reduces the importance of community participation in the development process ? Justify your answer.(क्ा आप इस मत से सहमत हैं हक नवकास हेतु दाता अशभकरणो पर बढ़ती न ं नभ्भरता नवकास प्हरिया में सामुदाययक भागीदारी के महत्व को घिाती है ? अपने उत्र के औचचत्य को ससधि कीजजए । ) 2022 Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty and malnutrition be broken through micro financing of women SHGs? Explain with examples. (क्ा लैंगगक असमानता, गरीबी और कु पोषण के दषु चरि को महहलाओं को स्यं सहायता समूहो को सू ं क्ष्म नवत् (माइरिोफाइनेन्स) प्दान करके तोडा जा सकता है ? सोदाहरण स्पटि कीजजए।) 2021 Can Civil Society and Non-Governmental Organizations present an alternative model of public service delivery to benefit the common citizen? Discuss the challenges of this alternative model. (क्ा नागररक समाज और गैर-सरकारी संगठन, आम नागररक को लाभ प्दान करने के ललए लोक सेवा प्दायगी का वैकल्पिक प्नतमान प्स्तुत कर सकते हैं ? इस वैकल्पिक प्नतमान की चुनौनतयां की नववेचना कीजजए।) 2021 “Pressure groups play a vital role in influencing public policy making in India.” Explain how the business associations contribute to public policies. ("भारत में साव्भजननक नननत बनाने में दबाव समूह महत्वपूण्भ भूगमका ननभाते हैं।" समझाइए की व्यवसाय संघ, साव्भजननक नीनतयो में ं हकस प्कार योगदान करते हैं।) 2021 “Institutional quality is a crucial driver of economic performance”. In this context suggest reforms in Civil Service for strengthening democracy. ("आर्थिक प्दि्भन के ललए संस्ागत गुणवत्ा एक ननणा्भयक चालक है" । इस सं दभ्भ में लोकतंत्र को सुदृढ़ करने के ललए ससनवल सेवा में सुधारो के सुझाव दीज ं जए।) 2020 What are the methods used by the Farmers organizations to influence the policymakers in India and how effective are these methods? (भारत में नननत ननमा्भताओ को ं प्भानवत करने के ललए हकसान संगठनो द् ं ारा क्ा- क्ा तरीके अपनाए जाते हैं और वे तरीके हकतने प्भावी हैं?) 2019 Initially Civil Services in India were designed to achieve the goals of neutrality and effectiveness, which seems to be lacking in the present context. Do you agree with the view that drastic reforms are required in Civil Services. Comment. (प्ारंशभक तौर पर भारत में लोक सेवाएँ तिस्ता और प्भाविीलता के लक्ो को प् ं ाप्त करने के ललए अशभकल्पित की गई थिी, ज ं जनका वत्भमान सं दभ्भ में अभाव हदखाई देता है। क्ा आप इस मत से सहमत हैं हक लोक सेवाओं में कडे सुधारो की आवश्यकता है? ं हिप्पणी कीजजए।) 2017 ‘The emergence of Self Help Groups(SHGs) in contemporary times points to the slow but steady withdrawal of the state from developmental activities’. Examine the role of the SHGs in developmental activities and the measures taken by the Government of India to promote the SHGs. (“वत्भमान समय में स्यं-सहायता समूहो का उद्भव राज्य के ं नवकासात्मक गनतनवसधयो से धीरे परंतु न ं नरंतर पीछे हिने का सं के त है।” नवकासात्मक गनतनवसधयो में ं स्यं-सहायता समूहो की भू ं गमका का एवं भारत सरकार द्ारा स्यं-सहायता समूहो को प् ं ोत्ाहहत करने के ललए हकए गए उपायो का परी ं क्ण कीजजए।) 2017 How do pressure groups influence Indian political process? Do you agree with this view that informal pressure groups have emerged as powerful than formal pressure groups in recent years? (भारतीय राजनीनतक प्रिम को दबाव समूह हकस प्कार प्भानवत करते हैं? क्ा आप इस मत से सहमत हैं हक हाल के वषमों में अनौपचाररक दबाव समूह, औपचाररक दबाव समूहो की तुलना में ं ज्यादा िक्तििाली रूप में उभरे हैं?) 2017 Examine critically the recent changes in the rules governing foreign funding of NGOs under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 1976. (नवदेिी अशभदाय (नवननयमन) असधननयम (एफ.सी.आर.ए.), 1976 के अधीन गैर-सरकारी सं गठनो के ं नवदेिी नवत्ीयन के ननयंत्रक ननयमो में हाल के पर ं रवत्भनो का समालोचनात्मक परी ं क्ण कीजजए।) 2015 The Self-Help Group (SHG) Bank Linkage Programme (SBLP), which is India's own innovation, has proved to be one of the most effective poverty alleviation and women empowerment programmes. Elucidate.(आत्मननभ्भर समूह (एस-एच-जी-) बैंक अनुबं धन काय्भरिम (एस-बी-एल-पी-), जो हक भारत का स्यं का नवाचार है, ननध्भनता न्ूनीकरण और महहला सिक्तिकरण काय्भरिमो में एक स ं वा्भसधक प्भावी काय्भरिम सानबत हआ है। सनवस्तार स्पटि कीजजए।) 2015 How can the role of NGOs be strengthened in India for development works relating to protection of the environment? Discuss throwing light on the major constraints. (पया्भवरण की सुरक्ा से सं बं सधत नवकास कायमों के ललए भारत में गैर-सरकारी सं गठनो की भू ं गमका को हकस प्कार मजबूत बनाया जा सकता है? मुख् बाध्ताओ पर ं प्काि डालते हए चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2015 The penetration of Self Help Groups (SHGs) in rural areas in promoting participation in development programmes is facing socio-cultural hurdles. Examine. (ग्रामीण क्ेत्रें में नवकास काय्भरिमो में ं भागीदारी का प्ोन्ननत करने में स्ावलंबन समूहो के ं प्वेि को सामाजजक-सांस्ृ नतक बाधाओ का सामना करना प ं ड रहा है। परीक्ण कीजजए।) 2014 The legitimacy and accountability of Self Help Groups (SHGs) and their patrons, the microfinance outfits, need systematic assessment and scrutiny for the sustained success of the concept. Discuss. (स्यं सहायता समूहो की वैधता एव जवाबदेही और उनके सं र ं क्क, सूक्ष्म-नवत् पोषक इकाइयो का, इस अवधारणा की सतत ं सफलता के ललए योजनाबधि आकलन व संवीक्ण आवश्यक है। नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013 Pressure group politics is sometimes seen as the informal face of politics. With regards to the above, assess the structure and functioning of pressure groups in India. (प्भावक-समूह राजनीनत को कभी- कभी राजनीनत का अनौपचाररक मुखपृष्ठ माना जाता है। उपयु्भति के संबंध में, भारत में प्भावक-समूहो की संरचना व का ं य्भप्णाली का आकलन कीजजए।) 2013 "In the Indian governance system, the role of non-state actors has been only marginal." Critically examine this statement. (“भारतीय िासकीय तंत्र में, गैर-राजकीय कता्भओ की भू ं गमका सीगमत ही रही है ।” इस कथिन का समालोचनात्मक परीक्ण कीजजए।) 2016 Has the Cadre based Civil Services Organisation been the cause of slow change in India? Critically examine. (क्ा संवग्भ आधाररत ससनवल सेवा संगठन भारत में धीमे पररवत्भन का कारण रहा है? समालोचनापूव्भक परीक्ण कीजजए।) 2014 "Traditional bureaucratic structure and culture have hampered the process of socio-economic development in India." Comment. (“पारम्पररक असधकारीतंत्रीय सं रचना और सं स्ृ नत ने भारत में सामाजजक-आर्थिक नवकास की प्हरिया में बाधा डाली है।” हिप्पणी कीजजए।) 2016 ]]>05-gs-2/2.-governance/2.2-development-process-and-development-industries-role-of-ngo,-shg,-various-groups-etc..html05 GS-2/2. Governance/2.2 Development Process and Development Industries - role of NGO, SHG, various groups etc..mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#Scheme for NBFCs 2018 to eligible Non Deposit Taking NBFCs (NBFC-NDs) having asset size 100 crore. Other NBFCs like Infra Finance Companies, Core Investment Company etc have been excluded.
SAROD-Ports : dispute redressal mechanism in maritime sector #scheme
Centralised Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System CPGRAMS : receive redress and monitor grievance by DARPG dev by National Informatics Centre #scheme
Complaint Management System (CMS) by RBI software for grievance redressal against any regulated entity done to sustain confidence, prompt effective redressal, maintain trust in banking system. #scheme
Dispute Redressal #Committee for solar wind sector 3 member committee eminent person. Mandate: appeal against decision SECI extension to time, all request extension time not in contract, developer not satisfied decision SECI/NTPC. Will settle disputes b/w solar wind developers that are beyond the purview of SECI/NTPC contractual agreement. Fillip smooth implementatn of projects, settle unforseen disputes.
New Delhi International Arbitration Centre(NDIAC) #act : quality expertise cost incurred decrease + IN hub int arbitration. Feature : transfer undertakings Int Centre Alternative Dispute Redressal(ICADR) to NDIAC. 2 full time/part time mem appointed Gov consul CJI, mem Supreme/High/Eminent judge/person 1 rep eminent person commerce and industry
RTI amendment #Act 2019 : disclosure by gov institutions on functions, expenditure, structure 3 tier system once RTI is raised 1st goes to Central/State Public Information Officer -> Appellate Authority -> Information Commission tenure, salary, pension etc of Chief Infor Commissioner + other Info Coms will come under Centre
Amendment of Companies #Act 2013 : ensure accountability, enforceability and strengthen corporate governance. transfer unused CSR funds to separate account, reduces burden on special courts. Registrar of Coys can remove coy name, transfer some functions from NCLT to Central Gov. strict action against shell coy.
Annual Performance Appraisal #report will be given in SPARROW (Smart Performance Appraisal Report Recording Online Window) for CBIT and Customs. Will digitise reports decrease paper use, enhance efficiency. ESI proposes central welfare database for citizens : merge different data maintained by diff ministries include birth, death, marriage, tax, census, NSSO records etc
PRAGATI (Pro Active governance and timely implementation) #scheme
Government E Marketplace (GeM) : platform for online procurement of goods by various gov departments/orgs/PSUs, mandatory to have Country of origin, indicate % of local content under Mo Commerce and Industry #scheme
22nd National Conference on e-Governance adopts 'Shillong Declaration' with focus on policy implementation, bridge improve the citizens' experience, promote India Enterprise Architecture (IndEA)
MoHRD launched National Digital Library of India under developed by IIT Kgp #scheme
Build for Digital India program under MeitY and Google develop tech based solution to social problems #scheme
Atal Ranking of Institutions on Innovation Achievements (ARIIA) 2020 under MoHRD #scheme
118 Community Radio Station(CRS) to be set up disseminate agriculture related info, gov schemes, weather forecasts etc #scheme
Public Finance Mgt System (PFMS) : track funds provided to the implementing agencies and states gov for various schemes under Mo Finance. #scheme
National e-Assessment Scheme (NeAC) : eliminates physical interface between an assessing officer and an assesse. It was renamed as National Faceless Assessment Scheme. #scheme
TechSagar repository of IN cyber tech capabilities info about research, academia, industry by Data Security Council of India. #scheme
Indian Justice #Report by TATA, ranking of states basis of justice delivery. MAH KER TN. Issues : vacancy in police and judiciary, women under represented, prisons over occupied.
Separate Harmonised System HS code to Khadi is a 6 digit ID code dev by WCO to monitor and control the export and import #scheme SC rules CJI is a public authority and under RTI also said that RTI cannot be used as a tool of surveillance.
Independent Directors Databank by Mo Corporate Affairs : e-learning courses on various topics. Companies Act 2013 mandated all listed public coys to have 1/3rd of total directors to be independent. #scheme Section 144 CrPC power to magistrates on behalf of sate gov can prohibit certain act; basis of orders would be reasonableness and proportionality. Max of 6 months with State gov authorisation. Good governance index GGI launched on Good Gov day 25th Dec by Mo Personnel to assess status of gov and impact of steps taken by the state. List prepared by DARPG Dept of Administrative reforms and public grievance.
Findings : top performers TN, MH, KTK, AP worst was JH. #report
NetSCoFAN : network of 8 research & academic institutions working in the area of food & nutrition to identify research gaps and have inventory of all research work #scheme
Top Risks 2020 #report ranks world's top geopolitical risks of 2020 India is ranked 5th highest at risk by Eurasia Group.
Integrated Road Accident Database (IRAD) mobile app implemented by National Informatics Centre supported by WB will be launched in 6 states with most fatalities. #scheme
Corruption Perception Index by Transparency International. India has a score of 41 and is ranked 80th. Topped by NZ and DEN #report
Bhuvan Panchayat V 3.0 web portal for better planning and monitoring of gov project is part of ISROs Space-based Information Support for Decentralised Planning Update project. Other geospatial portals are VEDAS and MOSDAC. #scheme Census app launched, 2021 census will be digital census, Janganana Bhawan was laid down it will be conducted in 16 languages. Emergency Response Support System (ERSSDial 112) computer aided dispatch of field resources to location of distress. Step towards building SMART police force, funding under the Nirbhaya Fund.
Justice Roy #committee 2018 for Prison Reform. Recom 1 free phone call a day to talk to family, modern cooking facilities, speedy trials, 1 lawyer/ 30 prisoners, fast track courts for petty offences.
SPICe+ web form by Mo Corporate Affairs for incorporation of companies to improve EoDB. #scheme
Freedom in the World 2020 #report by Freedom House. India ranked 83rd among bottom 5 democracies
Invest India under DPIIT to promote investment, empower investors #scheme
National Teleconsultation Centre CoNTeC : consultation from expert doctors by AIIMS by Mo HFW #scheme
iGOT Integrated Government Online Training for doctors, nurses, paramedics other health care workers #scheme
World Press Freedom Index 2020 by Reporters without Borders India ranked 142 from 180. NOR 1st #report
Bharatmarket -> by retailers, integrate capabilities of various tech companies #scheme
Stringency Index by Oxford university -> at what stage countries introduced strict measures. #report
Umang : Unified app for new age Governance by MeiTY #scheme
TULIP : Urban Learning Internship Program by MoHUA and AICTE #scheme
SWADES : Skill Mapping Exercise for Returning Citizens part of Vande Bharat -> creates a database of qualified citizens, Info will be shared with companies by Mo SDE #scheme
Transparent Taxation : Honoring the honest -> simplify tax sys by faceless assessment, faceless appeal and taxpayers charter. 1.5 crore tax payers, other reforms are Vivaad se vishwas, limit for appeal in HC at 1cr 2 cr in SC, slabs rationalised #scheme
Index Monitoring Cell : set up by Mo Information and Broadcasting to improve IN ranking in World Press Freedom Index, will bring mechanism to rank states on Press freedom #body 2020-10-21 17:12:16 Exercise of power to manage PESTLE aspects 3 stakeholders are State, Market, society Good governance is +ve aspect per UNDP 8 core aspects of it are - Participation, Consensus, Transparent, Accountable, Responsive, Effective/ Efficient, Equitable/ Inclusive, Follows RoL How to achieve - investment, social safety nets, strengthen state institutions, reforms, imp civil services capacity, new alliance w/ civil society P - Exercise of Franchise, Political parties, Functioning of Legislature, Political decentralisation; E - Fiscal, Business env, Primary sector support; S - role of civil society T - L - E - Env mgt are its dimensions Issues in IN - Criminalisation of Politics, misuse political power, practicality of decentralisation etc Initiatives - 73 74 CAA, Fin Mgt, Citizens Charter, Sevottam model, Redress Citizens Grievance, E Gov, use ICT, RTI, Social Audits Min Govt Max Governance - simplify procedure ex Digital India, EoDB 2020-06-09 19:08:37 Article 243 G and 243 W should be amended to give the local governance of rural and urban areas to enable them to function as institutions of self-government wrt to matters listed in the 11th schedule - in accordance with the Principle of Subsidiarity Election of State Election Commission on the recommendation of a collegium consisting of CM, Opposition leader and the speaker Professional and skill buildings of individuals associated with these bodies especially women Outsource specific functions to public or private agencies also monitor them Constitute a District Council in all districts with representation from rural and urban areas Audit committees may be constituted for auditing financial information, adequacy of internal controls, compliance with applicable law and ethical conduct. Local Ombudsman should be created to look into complaints of corruption and maladministration Information and Communication Technology should be utilised by local governments to simplify process, enhance transparency and accountability. Space Technology should be harness to create information base and for providing services Panchayat should have power to recruit personnel and to regulate their service conditions Parastatals should not be allowed to undermine authority of PRIs. District Rural Development Agency should be merged with District Panchayats Take steps to broaden revenue base, states may reward better performing PRIs through special grants, similar innovative schemes should be made Except for specific major Centrally Sponsored Schemes and special purpose programs all other allocation to the PRIs should be made in the form of united funds Panchayats should be urged to borrow from Banks/financial institutions Funds for all public development schemes in rural areas should be routed through Panchayats. Local Area Development Authorities, Regional Development Boards and other organisations having similar function should be immediately wound up and their function given to panchayats Mayor/Chairperson should be directly elected by popular mandate through city wide election, he should have executive function, be able to appoint his cabinet Municipal bodies should have periodically updated database of its properties, database should be in public domain, Land banks of municipalities should be used to generate resources to finance infrastructure and capital expenditure Water Supply - Urban local bodies should be given responsibility of water supply, meter all water connection, use IT for payment of supply. Advance action for laying down adequate sanitation and hygiene infrastructure should be taken to avoid insufficiency of services Cities and Towns with population of more than 1 lakh PPP method be used to collect garbage Urban Transport Authorities to be set up in cities with population more than 1 million within 1 year Legislation to regulate Real estate sector PPP projects for redevelopment of inner city areas need to be encourage, through regulation. Redevelop 25-30 cities with international level amenities and services as modern megacities of future Mission mode project should be undertaken to alleviate urban poverty with thrust on upgradation of skills and training Total redevelopment of slum areas 2020-06-27 19:15:20 Recommendations on Official Secrets Act Repeal it and substitute a chapter in the National Security Act Shourie committee recommended making penal provisions only for violation affecting national security Oath of transparency along w/ oath of secrecy Safeguard against disclosure of info against national information provided through written undertaking Armed forces should be exempted, but periodically reviewed, all exempted orgs should appoint Public Information Officers Reform Central Civil Services Conduct Rules so that dissemination of info becomes the rule Selection committee for appt of CIC and SIC should have CJI and CJ of HC All ministries w/ 1 PIOs should have assistant PIOs, PIOs in Central secretariat should be of sufficiently higher rank Suo-moto disclosures should be possible, Public Records Offices should be established as independent body Land Records Modernisation Fund be created to update all land records All Govt functionaries be given at least 1 day training on RTI CIC and SICs may issue guidelines for benefit of public authorities etc about key concepts of Act On Monitoring CIC, SIC to monitor effective implementation of RTI Nodal officer be identified to monitor implementation Public authority should be responsible for its compliance National Coordination Comm under CIC to serve as platform for effective implementation, disseminate best practices, monitor creation of national portal, review rules exec orders, carry out impact evaluation, perform other relevant functions On issue of Implementation Payment could also be from postal orders States frame rule regarding application rules, issue stamps as mode of payment, Fees also in cash at post offices - function as PIOs DoPT is nodal dept for implementation of RTI have list of all public authorities Single window agency at all district levels, create cell in each located in office of DC Definition of Public Authorities should extend to Panchayats, Village Patwaris NGOs that perform functions of PA should be brought under , substantial funding of 1 cr by gov be also under RTI To reduce the record taking period concurrence of PRO would be needed States should set up independent public grievance redressal authorities System of indexing and cataloguing of records of legislatures, tracking mechanism so that reports is available to legislatures and public, working of legislative comm be open to public System of storing in scientific way, adm processess in district and subordinate courts should be computerised Bring annual confidential reports under RTI Information can be denied if processing request would require diverting inordinate amount of resources Performance of report Gov officials not punished, deny legitimate info, huge pending cases 2020-11-06 13:05:01To increase reach Awareness generation prgm to be undertaken by State gov, publicity and guidance be available in local lang, measure effectiveness through independent sample survey Use of AIR, Doordarshan in local language Independent monitors in areas where vulnerable section in not adequate to ensure weaker section participate Special norms for schemes for difficult areas Households should mean nuclear family Job Cards to physically challenged Ensure Convergence Baseline performance indicators for imp services like health, education Rural dev programs be managed at local levels, only one program for an area Fin Management Sys Funds from GOI be transferred directly to districts, max funds be fixed for panchayats, district should release funds District should in turn release funds to prescribed target levels, fund release based on utilisation certificates, uniform fin information flow system Role of Banks Use post office network also used for flow of funds, simplify its procedure Opening Zero balance accounts for individual/ institutions Panchayats should get to manage dev schemes locally, District Rural Dev Agencies be subsumed in District Panchayat Relaxed qualification for local candidates, NGOs w/ proven records used to supplement staff deficit State Gov to provide complementary staff when P is understaffed; incentives for officials working in difficult areas and be linked to their performance Non Govt engineers be employed, Educated youth be identified and trained, limit of adm expenses be raised Selection of shelves of work at Gram P be in harmony w/ District Dev plan Block should ensure work of P does not interfere w/ other; consensus in inter Gram P works Block Resource centre be set up to augment technical resources of P Entrepreneurship Institutes for the Rural Poor for imparting skills Independent monitoring, auditing agencies, reports should be validated by these agencies Impact of programs be assessed through independent evaluation, NGO should be tasked to create awareness All documents be prepared in local language All Block level info be digital Data from blocks be aggregated in central repositories, Union Gov should maintain its own data centre Direct transfer of money from origin of funds to implementers account, login based system to facilitate replenishment of funds SMART cards should store info about ID of person Viable business models needs be developed in long run for private sector to participate 2020-10-22 07:21:52World Bank : use of IT by govt agencies Better governance delivery, better interaction w/ business and industry, citizen empowerment, efficient govt mgt, less corruption, inc transparency, greater convenience, revenue growth, cost reduction, expanded reach Models G2C Govt to Citizen - ex payment of online bills, online registration, online filing of complaints Bhoomi project Ktaka, Gyandoot MP, Lokvani UP, FRIENDS Kerala G2G - Document exchange, finance and budget works Khajane project - computerisation of treasury G2B - collection of tax, patent approvals, payment of bills etc SWIFT by CBEC G2Employees - data submission, filing complaint, sharing rules and regulation and info for employees Other Initiatives - National e-Governance Action Plan NeGP now under Digital India, E Kranti Limitation- Env and S - Non local language like English, Low IT literacy, lack of user friendliness, Digital Divide, Resistance to Change Economic - Cost, transferability of application across platform, maintenance of e-devices T - interoperability, multi-modal interaction, Privacy and security, connectivity in backward areas, local language, lack of HR Recom of 2nd ARC Building Congenial Platform - creating, displaying a will to change within govt, provide political support, incentivising e Governance, creating awareness in public Redesign forms, processes, structures to make them adaptable Capacity building and creating awareness Dev technological solutions Monitoring evaluating e gov projects PPP Protect Critical information infra assets Common support infra - State Data Centres Mission mode projects on Computerisation of Land records Legal framework for e gov Knowledge mgt Mission E-Kranti : Ensure govt wide transformation by delivering all govt services electronically. Key components of program management strucutre are Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs CCEA for programme level policy decisions. Monitoring Comm on Digital India under Chairmanship of PM. Digital india Advisory Group headed by Mo Communications and IT to provide inputs to Monitoring comm on Digital India and E-Kranti. 2020-11-07 18:45:03 By providing political support at highest level, incentivising e-Gov overcoming resistance to change, create awareness Step by step analysis of each process to ensure its rationality and simplicity - analysing viewpoints of all stakeholders, maintain citizen centricity of exercise Capacity building, skill upgradation of individuals, organisation of roadmap, network of training institutions Develop national e-Governance enterprise architecture Periodic independent evaluation citizen centric, time bound plans to provide info on their websites Updating websites at regular intervals, complex projects be planned implemented like any major project having several parts PPP should be preferred in all projects, private partners be selected through transparent process For protecting Critical Information Infra Common Support Infra - be maintained by agencies like NIC Mission Mode Project - state gov to provide clear mandate for governance reforms Mission Mode Project on Computerisation of Land record - utilise modern tech, arrive at correct picture of land holdings 2020-10-22 07:22:21
https://darpg.gov.in/citizens-charters-historical-background Citizens Charter - gives commitment of public body towards people 6 principles are - Quality, Choice, Standards, Value, Accountability, Transparency (VACS TQ) Adv - transparent/ accountable, imp service delivery, more responsive, public participation Issues w/ CC in IN - no legal backing, poor design/content, lack of consultation, no groundwork, lack public awareness, Resistance to change, Lack of review, need of senior citizen, Recom of 2nd ARC One size does not fit all CC for each independent unit or org Wider consultation w/ civil society Firm commitments, internal process and structure be reformed, redress mechanism, periodic evaluation, user feedback related bench mark, hold officers accountable Sevottam Model - 3 inter related modules of CC, Delivery Capacity, Public Grievance Define, Set, Develop, Perform, Monitor, Evaluate, Continuous Adv - better quality mgt, better implementation, guides them through systematic initiatives, Social Audit - details of resources used by public agency shared w/ people through public platform, social accountability Multi Perspective, Comprehensive, Participatory, Multi directional, Regular, Comparative, Verified, Disclosed Enhances reputation, Alerts policymakers, affects positive organisational change, Inc accountability, Assists in re focusing priorities, inc confidence in social areas, Limitation - localised scope, ad hoc nature, informal, diff audits for diff programs, cannot be generalised for whole pop, lack of trained auditors, lack of action on reports Way Ahead - invest in education and awareness, build institutional capacity, support NGOs, media should be development focusedqq 2020-10-30 16:34:34 Has digital illiteracy, particularly in rural areas, coupled with lack of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) accessibility hindered socio-economic development? Examine with justification. (क्ा ग्रामीण क्ेत्रो में ं नविेष रूप से, हडजजिल ननरक्रता ने सुचना एवं सं चार प्ौद्योगगकी (आइ. सी. िी.) की अपि-उपलधिता के साथि गमलकर सामाजजक-आर्थिक नवकास में बाधा उत्न्न हकया है ? औचचत्य सहहत पररक्ण कीजजए) 2021 “Recent amendments to the Right to Information Act will have profound impact on the autonomy and independence of the Information Commission”. Discuss. ("सुचना का असधकार असधननयम में हकये गए हाललया सं िोधन सुचना आयोग की स्ायतता और स्तंत्रता पर गंभीर प्भाव डालेंगे" । नववेचना कीजजए।) 2020 “The emergence of Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) has initiated e-Governance as an integral part of government”. Discuss. ("चौथिी औद्योगगक रिांनत (हडजजिल रिांनत) के प्ादभा्भ ु व ने ई-गवन्भन्स को सरकार का अनवभाज्य अंग बनाने में पहल की है" । नववेचन कीजजए।) 2020 Implementation of information and Communication Technology (ICT) based Projects / Programmes usually suffers in terms of certain vital factors. Identify these factors, and suggest measures for their effective implementation. (सुचना और सं प्षण प् े ौद्योगगकी (आई.सी.िी.) आधाररत पररयोजनाओ / ं काय्भरिमो का का ं या्भन्वयन आम तौर पर नविेष महत्वपूण्भ कारको की दृ ं टिी से ठीक नही रहता है । इन कारको ं की पहचान कीज ं जए और उनके प्भावी काया्भन्वयन के उपाय सुझाइए।) 2019 E-Governance is not only about utilization of the power of new technology, but also much about critical importance of the 'use value' of information Explain. (ई-िासन के वल नवीन प्ौद्योगगकी की िक्ति के उपयोग के बारे में नही है, अ ं नपतु इससे असधक सूचना के उपयोग मुल के रिांनतक महत्व के बारे में है। स्पटि कीजजए।) 2018 Citizens' Charter is an ideal instrument of organizational transparency and accountability, but. it has its own limitations. Identify the limitations and suggest measures for greater effectiveness or the Citizens Charter. (नागररक चाि्भर सं गठनात्मक पारदर्िता एवं उत्रदाययत्व का एक आदि्भ उपकरण है, परन्ु इसकी अपनी पररसीमाएँ हैं। पररसीमाओ की पहचान कीज ं जए तथिा नागररक चाि्भर की असधक प्भानवता के ललए उपायो का सुझाव दीज ं जए।) 2018 Discuss the role of Public Accounts Committee in establishing accountability of the government to the people. (जनता के प्नत सरकार की जवाबदेही स्ानपत करने में लोक लेखा सगमनत की भूगमका की नववेचना कीजजए।) 2017 "Effectiveness of the government system at various levels and people's participation in the governance system are inter-dependent." Discuss their relationship with each other in context of India. (“नवशभन्न स्तरो पर सरकारी तंत्र की ं प्भानवता तथिा िासकीय तंत्र में जन-सहभागगता न्ोन्ाशरित होती हैं।" भारत के सं दभ्भ में इनके बीच सम्न पर चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2016 In the integrity index of Transparency International, India stands very low. Discuss briefly the legal, political, economic, social and cultural factors that have caused the decline of public morality in India. ('िट्ान्पेरेन्सी इन्टरनेिनल' के ईमानदारी सूचकांक में, भारत काफी नीचे के पायदान पर है । संक्ेप में उन नवसधक, राजनीनतक, आर्थिक, सामाजजक तथिा सांस्ृ नतक कारको पर च ं चा्भ कीजजए, जजनके कारण भारत में साव्भजननक नैनतकता का ह्ास हआ है।) 2016 In the light of the Satyam Scandal (2009), discuss the changes brought in corporate governance to ensure transparency, accountability. (सत्यम् कलंकपूण्भ काय्भ (2009) के प्काि में कॉपवोररेि िासन में पारदर्िता, जवाबदेही को सुननजचित करने के ललए लाए गए पररवत्भनो पर च ं चा्भ कीजजए।) 2015 "If amendment bill to the Whistleblowers Act, 2011 tabled in the Parliament is passed, there may be no one left to protect." Critically evaluate. (""यहद सं सद में पिल पर रखे गए स्व्सललिोअस्भ असधननयम, 2011 के सं िोधन नबल को पाररत कर हदया जाता है, तो हो सकता है हक सुरक्ा प्दान करने के ललए कोई बचे ही नही।" समालोचनापू ं व्भक मूलांकन कीजजए।) 2015 Though Citizen’s charters have been formulated by many public service delivery organizations, there is no corresponding improvement in the level of citizens' satisfaction and quality of services being provided. Analyze. (यद्यनप अनेक लोक सेवा प्दान करने वाले सं गठनो ने नागर ं रको के घोषणा-पत्र (चा ं ि्भर) बनाए है, पर दी जाने वाली सेवाओ की गुणवत् ं ा और नागररको के सं तु ं नटि स्तर में अनुकू ल सुधार नहीं हआ है। नवश्ेषण कीजजए।) 2013 ‘A national Lokpal, however strong it may be, cannot resolve the problems of immorality in public affairs’. Discuss. (‘राटिट्ीय लोकपाल हकतना भी प्बल क्ो न हो, सा ं व्भजननक मामलो में अनै ं नतकता की समस्ाओ का समाधान नही ं ं कर सकता।’ नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013 ]]>05-gs-2/2.-governance/2.3-governance,-transparency,-e-governance.html05 GS-2/2. Governance/2.3 Governance, Transparency, E-Governance.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#committee recommends privatisation of rolling stocks wagons and coaches. Pros : improve infrastructure, better quality services w High fare, lesser accidents. Cons : limited to lucrative sectors disadvantaged/rural sectors may be neglected, unaffordable for lower income group, lesser accountability.
The 6th National Police Commission #Report released in 1983 recommended Commissionerate System in cities w/ pop more than 5 lakh.
Civil Services Board : SC in 2013 directed Centre and States to set up CSB to end frequent transfers and insulate political interference. #body
National Program for Civil Services Capacity Building NPCSCB #scheme PM headed Public HR council to approve plans, Capacity Building commission to harmonize training standards, SPV to own operate online learning platform Transition from Rules based to Roles based, on site and off site learning, undertake data analytics etc Integrated Gov Online Training iGOT Karmayogi platform Task force constituted to draw clear road map for guidance and operationalisation of Karmayogi bharat.
Annual Democracy #report by V-Dem Institute of Sweden. IN position downgraded to Electoral Autocracy due to frequent use of UAPA etc Freedom House downgraded IN to Partly free in Freedom in World Report. Reporters w/o Borders included in IN worst digital predators list. Fraser Institute ranked IN 105th in Global economic freedom index. Global State of Democracy report 2021 by International Institute of Democracy and Electoral Assistance says that authoritarainism is on the rise. Atrocities committed by Bureaucracy. Challenges : Custodial violence has not been criminalised Independent Complaint authority as suggested by SC in SC Prakash Singh case has not been constituted Inquiry and registration of case required prior govt approval. Amend CrPC 197. Personnel are underfunded, under trained and understaffed. Need to implement Law commissions 273rd report -> criminally prosecute them, Mandate medical tests, Judicial magistrates must prevent police overeach.
Corruption perception Index 2020 by Transparency International IN 86th topped by NZ and DEN #report Lateral Entry for the Post of Joint Secy by UPSC, no reservation. 2020-10-22 07:26:27 Art 309 - 323 deals w/ civil services, Substantive Role of Civil Servants Forms Basis of Govt to implement policies Instrument for implementing laws and policies Participation in policy formulation Provides continuity - do not change w/ change in Govt Role in socio economic dev, develop agri, facilitate industrial dev, infra facilities, setting right dev goals and priorities for agri, mobilisation of natural, human fin resource, dev of HR Dev sense of nationhood Facilitates democracy Facilitates during Calamities and crisis Administrative Adjudication - assist ministers, handle fin operations of state, reform and improve administration through Organisation and methods Issues - Politicisation of Bureaucracy, Politician - Bureaucrat - Businessman Nexus, Attitude of bureaucracy Cadre sys Need - Quality, impartiality, integrity, All India outlook Issues - permanency of cadres, provincialization - reduces adoption of best practices, collusion w/ local politicians, specialised positions, Large variation, Central Deputation, Reluctance to De cadre Way Ahead - New Cadre Policy, Lateral Entry, Reduction in size of cadres Issues w/ Civil Services in India Absence of accountability, out dated laws, rules and procedures, high degree of centralisation, poor work culture, politicization of services and interference, abuse of authority and corruption All India Service - Significance - promote unity, solidarity, less susceptible to local and regional influences, can be rotated b/w C and S, high remuneration status and prestige, hold key posts in states, in case of emergency Union acts through AIS Issues w/ AIS Against federalism, all imp posts held by them, authority responsibility gap, cadre allocation policy, outsiders in diff states, under union list, consent of state for central deputation removed Sarkaria Commission Recom AIS is necessary, disbanding would be harmful, needs further strenghening Greater specialisation in one or more areas instead of generalising, direct recruitment only, regular consultations, advisory council for Personnel Administration Reforms Required Bringing Accountability - 2nd ARC recoms 2 intensive reviews after finishing 14 yrs and 20 yrs of services 1st review to intimate public shortcomings and strengths, 2nd to assess fitness for further continuation discontinue unfit 20 yrs period of employment, further continuance of depending on reviews Emphasize performance - Merit base promotion, performance based incentive. 2nd ARC recoms are : Making appraisals more consultative, transparent, year round performance appraisal mid-year review for all services Guidelines for numerical rating, expand scope of present sys of appraisal Performance Mgt Sys PMS designed w/ appropriate strategic framework Specialist Knowledge for Senior Level Appt - 2nd ARC recom 12 domains officers need to specialise ex administration, urban dev, security, rural dev etc Domain assigned only after matching competence Intro of competition for senior position Constitution of statutory Central Civil services authority Effective Disciplinary Regime - 2nd ARC recoms Legal protection - incompetence and wrong doing Dismissal and disciplinary procedures basis of natural justice Removal or dismissal by authority 3 level higher, no penalty w/o inquiry, mandatory consultation w/ UPSC 2 stage consultation w/ CVC should be done away, Transforming Work Culture - modernise to make env conducive, multi-level hierarchical structure, give officers more responsibility decision making authority Streamline rules and procedures wrt to citizens day to day interface w/ govt Privatisation - of public owned hotels, tourism, engineering etc Adoption of IT and e Governance Stability of tenure Hota Committee recoms Fixed tenure of 3 yrs and annual performance target Civil Services Act to make Civil Service Board as statutory Record CMs dissent w/ CSB in writing Premature transfers referred to Ombudsman Depoliticization of civil services - 2nd ARC recom Be included in code of Ethics for Ministers and Public Servants Abuse of authority and obstruction of justice be classified as offence under Corruption Act Well Defined procedure for recruitment to all gov jobs, wide publicity and competition, minimisation of discretion in process etc TSR Subramania case - SC said that officers of AIS not bound to follow oral directives, estd CSB by Cabinet Secy at national level, Parl to enact CSA, min fixed tenure, no interference Lateral Entry : attempt to bring senior and mid level positions in various mnistries. Need : Shortage of officers, Specialists and experts, Checks Burden to exchequer, bring in innovation, Competition Issues : Bypasses UPSC, not a panacea, not lucrative, privatisation would make govt lose its socialist character, transparency in recruitment, no recruitment procedure questions meritocracy in them. Way - 2nd ARC recom Transparent, institutionalised process for lateral entry Recom by NIT Aayog 3 year agenda, induction in middle and senior mgt, part of Central secretariat, Other Recoms of 2nd ARC - Bachelors degree courses in Public Adm, Restrict age of entry and limited attempts for candidates National awards to recognise works of civil servants Selection of foreign assignment based on recom of Civil Services authority 2020-10-30 16:39:01]]>05-gs-2/2.-governance/2.4-role-of-civil-services.html05 GS-2/2. Governance/2.4 Role of Civil Services.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT

]]>05-gs-2/2.-governance/prelims-pyq.html05 GS-2/2. Governance/Prelims PYQ.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#scheme
Institutes of Eminence #scheme MoHRD : complete academic adm control to institutes, 10 gov insiti get 1000cr funding, selectn through challenge mode by committee.
Req : global 500 or NIRF 50. N Goapalaswami #committee recom. Other benefits : could recruit up to 25% foreign faculty, academic co-ordination w/ other countries, up to 30% of foreign students can charge as much fees from them, no UGC mandated curriculum structure, not more than 20% of course should be online, no UGC inspection, can open foreign branches after NOC from MEA.
Strengthening Teaching-Learning and Results for States Program (STARS) : by World Bank quality and governance of school education in 6 IN states, CSS w/ focus on delivery of education, equipping teachers. Under Mo Education. #scheme CERC Contingency Emergency Response Component is unique component of the project it will help govt respond to situations that causes loss of learning and would help facilitate financing.
NEP and PARAKH : PARAKH (Performance Assessment, Review and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development) is an imp component will set norms for student assessment and evaluation for all school boards and guide standardized testing to monitor outcomes at state and national level.
Social Labour Convergence program #scheme : for Textile sector to eliminate repetitive audits, improve working condition by diverting resource used for compliance audit to social labour conditions voluntary adoptn textile clothing makers, reduce social audits help employment practices, collaboratn b/w supply chain partners PM Kisan : 6000 total 2000x3 installments all small farmers w/ land 2hectares = 14.5cr. Benefit DBT : reduce poverty etc, overcome credit restraints, activate bank account for loans, inc invstment in agri inputs, support farming on small scale. Challenges : landless labour not in it, leakages possible, not solve current agri crisis, not adequate amt.
Performance of of PM Kisan #scheme : massive bogus beneficiaries detected already availed benefit; 51 lkh beneficiaries, dairy farmers not included, includes LIC of 2 lkh and accident coverage, crop loans upto Rs50, 000 free of interest, area specific scheme. A portal has been opened for self-registration of farmers
PM Ujjawala Yojana #scheme LPG connection BPL households Rs 1600 assitance +deposit-free connection; id through SECC in name of eldest woman of household. Per WHO 13% all death IN is due to solid fuel use.
Pratyaksh Hanstantrit Labh PAHAL eliminate duplicate/bogus LPG connection, DBT #scheme
PM Ujjwala Yojana #scheme to rectify the harm caused by Household Air Pollution (HAP) report from the MoHFW. Obj: protect women health, reduce cooking fuel hazards and deaths. Dposit-free LPG connection assistance of Rs 1,600 under Mo Pet. & Natural Gas.
Ujjwala 2 #scheme easy for Migrant workers to get connection.
National Food Security #Act(NFSA) 2013, Feature : Coverage 75% rural 50% urban pop subsidised food grain through PDS, 5kg grain/ person. Antyodaya Ann Yojana 35kgs/household, meal +maternity Rs6k lactating pregnant mothers, meal children 14yr, provision food security allowance, grievance redressal mechanism, ensure transparency and accountability.
PM Awas Yojana-Urban #scheme , UP has max sanctioned houses 13lkhs/ 83.62lkh under MoHUPA. Challenges : Unavailability land, low private participation, bidding mechanism and brand dilution, stringent cost lack new tech lead to dec productivity and quality. Credit Linked subsidy services Awas Portal(CLAP) for construction of LightHouse project under Global Housing Technology Challenge GHTC made to fast track construction of houses. These 4 codes will replace 29 labour laws. Govt wants to ensure that all unorganised sector workers enjoy benefits of labour laws. Codes will be implemented if all states agree. **Code on Wages** #Act 2019 - Subsumes 4 laws Payment of wages, Minimum wages act, Payment of Bonus act, Equal remuneration act. - applies to all employees in organised and unorganised sector. - wages linked to geolocation and skill; - Centre to ==fix floor wages (new concept), diff wages for diff areas according to standard of work==. This is to be fixed taking into account min living standards. - min floor wage to be fixed by state cannot be lower than floor wage, revised every 5yr; payment method, deduction( 50%) towards PF etc also fixed. - determination of bonus fixed by Centre/ State; prohibits gender discrimination; - Advisory boards to be constituted will have diverse mem **Code on Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions 2020** - to regulate health and safety conditions - susumes 13 existing labour laws and applies to factories having at least 20 workers if mfg is carried with aid of power and 40 without power. - Employers are required to ensure workplace is free from hazards that cause injury or occupational disease, free annual health examination. - Travelling allowance annually to inter state migrant worker. - Providing appointment letters to workers has been made mandatory. **Code on Social Security 2020** - Code envisages extension of benefits to the employees working in establishment with less than 10 employees on a voluntary basis. Mandatory through notification by Central govt for employees working in hazardous industries. - Coverage of ESIC has been extended to pan India to all establishments having 10 or more employees. Benefits include medical, sickness, maternity, pension for dependents and for diablement etc. - Subsumes 9 laws and empowers centre to notify various social security schemes like EPF, EPS and ESI for benefit of workers in all sectors. - Center can make other schemes for self-employed, unorganised workers etc. - Firms having more than 20 workers have to mandatorily report vacancies online. - Creates social security fund for workers in unorganised sector. **Code on Industrial Relations 2020** - Expands definition of worker to include persons employed in skilled or unskilled, manual, technical, operational and clerical capacity. Person working in a Supervisory capacity for salary less than Rs 18,000 pm. - New provision of Fixed term employement -> employers can engage workers on basis of written contracts. To get same benefit as permanent employees. - Improve EoDB since worker upto 200 could be layed off w/o govt permission. Presently 100 can be done. PM Shram Yogi Maan Dhan : under Mo Labour Centres voluntary contribution towards pension of unorganised sector labours earning < 15000 & should not pay income taxes & not under New Pension Scheme. Min assured pension of 3000.
Need: improve social security scenario, provide wage protection, promote overall economic growth. #scheme All India Survey on Domestic Workers done by Labour Bureau. Concerns w/ generic drugs : sometimes IN made drugs contain less than required amount of Active drug ingredient, lack of data integrity IN generic firms, hygiene standard of manufacturing plants
Aspirational District Program #scheme : quickly develop and effectively transform least developed districts through convergence(state + central schemes) collaboration(gov officers) and competition among districts. Focus on utilizing potential fin inclusion skill development etc. Can improve internal security esp NE areas, ensure rapid dev.
Banning of Unregulated Deposit(money) schemes #Act 2019, substantive banning clause w/ provisions of punishment. creating 3 different types of offences, attachment of properties and assets, online central database. bans promoting, operating, advertising etc for unregulated deposits, creation of various types of offences, time line for attachment of properties, online central database.
PM Gram Sadak Yojana PMGSY #scheme : phase 3 launched, provide all weather road connectivity 60/40 or 90/10 share. Proposed 1.25 lakh km of roads to states under PMGSY total of 5.99 lkh km of road has been constructed was launched in 2000; Road Connectivity Project for Left Wing Extremism Area is one of its vertical.
Non Lapsable Central Pool of Resources #scheme under Mo NER for speedy development of North East of physical and social infra needs eg water sanitation, irrigation, flood control etc meant to supplement other plans.
LaQshya(Labour Room Quality Improvement initiative) : aim to reduce preventable maternity and newborn mortality in Gov medical colleges district hospitals etc #scheme.
Motor Vehicles Amendment #Act 2019 : compensation/cashless treatment to road accident victims. motor vehicle accident fund -> give compulsory 3rd party insurance, Good Samaritan helping victims not liable for persecution, award of 5 lakh for helping during golden hour recalling defective vehicles. National Transportation policy to develop framework for road transport. National Road safety boards to assist central and state gov. HELP (Hydrocarbon Exploration Licensing Policy) #important - replaces NELP (New Exploration Licensing Policy). - to accelerate exploration through ==single licensing contracts, revenue sharing contracts== etc. - **uniform licence** provided to company for exploring all types of Hydrocarbons through competitive bidding. - Open Acreage Licensing policy (OALP) : this is a part of HELP provides for coy to ==select exploration block througout year w/o formal bid==. - Revenue sharing model : no profit sharing. Gross revenue from sale of oil, gas etc will be received through bidding.
Van Dhan Vikas Kendras : aims to promote MFP among tribal gatherers, value addition of MFPs. 100mil forest dwellers depend on it, supplements their income, links to women's financial empowerment. #scheme
National Investigation Agency NIA Amendment #Act : Special courts for trial of scheduled offences under UAPA 1967 or Atomic Energy Act 1962, now have power to investigate human trafficking cyber terrorismetc, power to investigate scheduled offences outside IN. State gov could too designate special courts.
Seva Bhoj Yojana #scheme : to reimburse centres share of CGST and IGST on food prashad langar etc to lessen financial burden on religious orgs.
Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual Augmentation Drive(PRASAD) : identify and dev pilgrim sites MoTourism 100% centrally funded; promote local art culture, employment generation, dev infra, involve CSRs and PPP model. #scheme Started cruise Boat from Assi ghat to Raj Ghat.
DDUGrameen Kaushalya Yojana #scheme : for rural poor youth age 15-35 years part of National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) skilling with PPP model with assured placement under Mo Rural Dev with real time assessment now available.
PM Laghu Vyapari Maan dhan : Pension #scheme for small traders intro on trial basis; min pension Rs3000 after 60yrs b/w 18-40 yrs of age and turnover 1.5cr; should not be under NPS, PF or other such state/centre scheme. Matching contribution by Centre, based on selfdeclaration, GSTIN required for turnover > 40 lkh. Need Aadhar and Jan Dhan acct, not be an income tax payer. Total 3 crore beneficiaries.
PM Svanidhi : by HUPA aka Street Vendors Atmanirbhar Nidhi #scheme - implement SIDBI, special micro credit upto Rs 10,000, till 2022. interest subsidy of 7% pa on timely payment.
PMFBY #scheme : premium of 2% Kharif, 1.5% for Rabi, 5% for Horticulture/ commercial crops, compulsory for farmers w/ institutional credit. Obj : Fin support, stabilize income, adopt innovative+ modern agri practices, ensure flow of credit
National Creche #Scheme : Centrally sponsored by MoWCD, leave their children b/w 1/2 - 6 yrs when at work, encourage women to take up employment; Features : provides day care, vaccination, nutrition, teaching etc. Fund sharing b/w Centre State and NGO. **PMFBY** performance - NE states utilized 8cr/1400cr corpus (Arun, Nag, Manipur, Mizoram not covered), - states withdrawn favor of own schemes Punjab not part Delhi Chandigarh urban; - Challenges : Insurance coys not interested, state not paying premium on time lapses, previous yr data N/A, gap in Assessment of crops no use to modern tech, less notified crops, high premium rate, poor capacity to deliver. #scheme
Amedkar Hastshilp Vikas Yojana #scheme : mobilise artisans into SHGs; generate awareness about handicrafts, provide training, education and teach market techniques.
Consumer Protection #Act 2019: total 6 consumer right : against hazardous goods, informed about quality etc. Central Consumer Protection Authority : to conduct inquiry or investigation. 1st time penalty up to 10 lakh imprisonment 2 yrs; consumer redressal commissions in district states etc on the basis of complaint value; currently only have single point of access

Consumer Protection #Act 1986 provides for a 3 tier quasi judicial disputes resolution system. CPA Act 2019 provides for increasing pecuniary jurisdiction of the District from 20lkh to 1 crore, State to 10 cr and National above 10cr.
Mobile application "Janaushadhi Sugam" under Mo Chemicals and Fertilizers. Searches generic medicines stores and does product comparison. #scheme Ayushman Bharat digital mission with Arogya setu app to create 14 digit Ayushman Bharat Health Account number. Mission has 6 building blocks - HealthID, Digidoctor, Health Facility Registry -> these 3 to be maintianed by GOI and other 3 Personal Health Records, e-Pharmacy and Telemedicine. National Health Authority is to implement the mission. GEM Global Education Monitoring report UNESCO - progress towards SDG4 education Kala Azar aka Leishmaniasis : only drug available in miltefosine losing effectiveness caused by Leishmania Donovani a protozoan parasite caused by sandfly bites.
UNODC World Drug #Report: 275 mil people use globally, rise during pandemic. Gov steps #scheme: Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan, National Action Paln for Drug Demand Reduction NAPDDR, Narco-Coordination Centre NCORD, National Fund for Control of Drug Abuse. 4th highest drugs seized from IN
North East Rural Livelihood Project (NERLP) : improves livelihoods of 300,000 households in 11 districts of Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura and Sikkim. Skills development and placement World Bank aided under DoNER. #scheme
National Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM) : for Skill dev of urban poor under MoHUA. SKOCH Governance Gold Award for its Portal for Affordable Credit and Interest Subvention Access (PAiSA) by Allahabad Bank (Nodal bank) end to end online solution for processing, payment. #scheme
SMILE (Support for Marginalised Individuals for Livelihood and Enterprise) #scheme by MoSJE for marginalised individuals ex beggars for their rehab. 4 lakh beggars are there in India. Focus on rehabilitation, provision for medical facilities, education, skill dev etc. Accessible IN campaign by MoSJE; make barrier free and conducive env for PwD. Accessibility audits for most imp gov buildings in 50 cities, making 50% of all gov buildings in UT and States fully accessible.
In line w/ article 9 of UNCRPD (UN Convention on Rights of PD) was extended till March 2020. India is a signatory that signed in 2007. #scheme
Assistance to Disabled persons ADIP #scheme for purchasing aids/appliances etc by Mo SJE. For Indian citizens having 40% disability, monthly income 20,000. PM Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY) #scheme - for pregnant women and lactating mothers now has 1 crore beneficiaries. Erstwhile Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana. - ==Conditional cash transfer scheme, cash benefit of Rs 5000 in 3 instalments on early reg. - ante-natal check-up - registration of the birth and completion of 1st cycle of vaccination==. - Also receives benefit under **Janani Suraksha Yojana** and partial wage compensation as. - Not for State/Central Gov employees; 60:40 - 90:10 Centre State share. - Need: under-nutrition in perpetuity, economic and social distress, resuming working soon after child birth. - Criticism : Reached only 1/3rd of eligible beneficiaries, very long 23 pages application form, requirement for husbands Aadhar Card excludes single mothers, Address of their Marital Home required in Aadhar.
Surakshit Matritva Aashwasan (Suman) #scheme : provide quality healthcare at zero cost to pregnant women, new mothers and new-borns visiting a public facility. Will also get 4 ante natal check-ups, Iron folic acid supplementation, tetanus injection etc upto 6 months of delivery. To bring down MMR and IMR.
Arundhati Swarna Yojana #scheme : by Assam Gov 10gm of gold to every adult bride. Breast Milk banks aka comprehensive lactation mgt centres SLMC and lactating mgt unit LMU under Mo Health and Family welfare. IN initiatives eg Mothers Absolute Affection for promoting breastfeeding, Vatsalya - Maatri Amrit Kosh estd w/ Norweigian gov. National Girl Child day on Jan 24 since 2008 by MoWCD.
PM Vaya Vandana Yojana PMVVY : pension #scheme for senior citizens 60yr, scheme can be purchased offline or w/ LIC. Provides assured return of 8% for 10yr, pension is payable at end of each period as chosen by pensioner, exempted from service tax, allows premature exit for medical treatment 98% of price will be refunded. #important
Emergency Credit Line Guarantee ECLGS #Scheme : to MSMEs and MUDRA borrowers. Tenor to be 4 yrs, rate 9.25% for banks and FIs and 14% for NBFCs. Special Scheme in view of pandemic. Provides 100% guaranteed coverage to banks, NBFCs, other lenders to extend emergency credit to business.
ECLGS 2.0 for health sector as per Kamath #committee. Applicable to all Loans that have been sanctioned undre GECL(Guaranteed Emergency Credit Line) facility upto Rs 3 lakh crore. 100% guarantee provided to Member Lending Institutions MLIs by govt. SBI Research report on ECLGS Gujarat is biggest beneficiary.
PM Matsya Sampada Yojana PMMSY : to bring Blue Revolution, central sector #scheme CS. NEVF (North East Venture Fund) has capital commitment of Rs 100cr under Mo DoNER made to improve entrepreneurship.
PM Garib Kalyan Yojana #scheme : to provide assistance to poor people fighting COVID 19. In includes Insurance scheme for health care workers. PM Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana : will provide extra 5kg of rice or wheat and 1 kg of pulse of their choice of 3 months. PM Kisan 1st installment will be given in advance Jan Dhan women account holders get Rs 500, gas cylinders, help to low wage workers and divyangs. Collateral free lending to SHGs upto 20lkh. RBI's MPC measures to deal with COVID 19 : inc liquidity transmission of lower policy rates 3month window to payback term loans. reduce volatility and provide stability
Annual TB #report 2020 - 20lkh TB patients, reduction in missing cases,Nikshay - info mgt system.National TB Elimination Program NTEP Centrally Sponsored Scheme under NHM
Nikshay Poshan Yojana for TB patients : DBT scheme, under National Health Mission NHM under Mo WCD, Rs 500 per month during treatment time. #scheme
Global TB #report by WHO : incidence rate in IN have decreased, drug resistant TB has inc.
TB Harega Desh Jeetega Campaign remove TB by 2025; UN has marked 2030 as global target to eradicate TB. #scheme
Dhebar #committee created PVTG as a separate category 18 states highest in Odisha 13 then Andhra 12 Chhattisgarh habitat rights Abujh Mariasarh PVTG left wing extremism Bastar own governance structure, PVTG total 75 ( 52 in 1975 + 23 in 1993) in 18 states and 1 UT, Odisha has 13 AP 12 Mo Tribal Affairs of the total of 705 SC. Defined : pre agri level tech, stagnant/declining pop, extremely low literacy, subsistence level economy. Mo TA runs a 'scheme for dev of PVTG' where conservation cum dev plans are prep.
Tech for Tribals program will train 5 tribal entrepreneurs is supported by MSME. #scheme
Longitudinal Ageing Study in India ALSI : 5% of elderly experienced ill treatment, highest in Bihar, Abuse in elderly growing #report
Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens #Act 2007 : legal obligation for adult children to provide montly allowance to parents. Provides a speedy procedure for this; parents could mean biological, adoptive, step-parents.
Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana #scheme : for BPL Senior citizens with disability/infirmity assisted-living with devices, centrally sponsored funded by 'Senior Citizen Welfare Fund', free device distribution, 30% all beneficiaries women. Total rural pop of elderly is 104 mil will reach 300 mil by 2050.
Parliamentary Standing Comm #report on Rural Development - Recom : Inc pension for poor senior citizens, assistance under National Social Assistance Program NSAP has been very low, Payment of wages under MGNREGA very low
Building And Other Construction Workers BOCW #Act 1996 : to regulate employment, service condition of these workers, State Gov is mandated to implement welfare schemes for them, Cess of 1% is charged on Construction costs.
PM CARES for children : #Scheme for those < 18 who lost both their parents to get Rs 10 lakh as FD, school education in KV and Navodaya. POCSO (Protection of Children from Sexual Offences) Court to be estd : special courts for district with more than 100 pending such cases; fund and appointments made by Centre, MoWCD to carry awareness, child helpline number to be displayed;
Recent Changes to POCSO #Act 2012 : more stringent punishment incl death penalty, fines +imprisonment, protect children during natural calamity. Human Trafficking report in parliament : conviction rate in such cases have been decreasing, number of Anti Human Trafficking Units AHTUs have increased, HT is prohibited under Art 23, Immoral Traffic Prevention Act 1956 ITPA, Section 370A of IPC deals with it. Trafficking in Persons report by US State Dept said that Covid has led to inc in Trafficking. Indian govt was making significant efforts to curb it.
Bill has proposed stringent punishment and fines, victims now include transgendes etc, exploitation has been defined and its prospect widened. Register of Indigenous inhabitants of Nagaland (RIIN) similar to NRC Assam. Features : list of all indigenous inhabitants of state, based on extensive survey, official records of residents under district admins published in all villages wards. ^4342 b7
'One District One Product' #Scheme under PMFME. NAFED was to develop 10 brands under this with Food Processing Ministry. Academic Bank Credit by UGC to allow students to pursue 50% of course from institutions other than one which they are enrolled. Proposed under NEP 2020. Lassa Fever caused by virus primarily found in West Africa causes deafness spreads from rats. NAAC National Assessment and Accredition Council accredits Higher Educational Institutions, autonomous body founded by UGC and HQ at Bangalore. Caste category for MGNREGA pay : could complicate payment system, lead to reduction in scheme funding, cause delay in payment, restrict MGNREGA to districts w/ high SC/ST pop.
Tele-Law program through CSC to address cases at pre litigation by Mo Law and Justice and MeiTy. Connects lawyers etc through video conferencing. #scheme PM Mitra scheme : setting up textile parks and attract investment. Will be owned by Central, State and Private in PPP mode. 500cr for greenfield parks and 200 for brownfield to be given. SC : growing digital divide due to online classes defeat fundamental right of education. Smartphone penetration is 30%
ECLGS part of Atmanirbhar Bharat provide credit at low cost, 100% guarantee coverage by NCGC, credit line to be given, no guarantee fee.
Harsh Bhanwala panel #committee on Social Stock Exchanges Community based Inclusive Development CBID program : aims to create a pool of grass root rehabilitation workers at community level like ASHA, Anganwadi workers for Persons with disability.
Special Window for Affordable and Mid Income Housing (SWAMIH) : fund set up as AIF under SEBI, investment manager SBI, sponsor is Mo Fin #scheme
#Scheme for promotion of Bulk Drug Parks : reduce mfd cost and dependency on import, ensure supply of medicines. Delhi - E-Lok Adalat use online dispute resolution portal SAMA States can sub classify SC and ST to provide preferential treatment to the weakest of the weak PFRDA allows OCI holder to enrol in NPS, was opened 2009 for all to contribute for a pension after retirement b/w 18-65 yr. Odisha won the World Habitat Award and the India Geospatial Excellence award for its JAGA Mission that transform slums into liveable habitat w/ all civic infra, leverage and converge various schemes/ programs, provide advisory support to Gov. World Habitat is UK based org. Distressed Assets Fund : Sub-ordinate Debt for MSMEs - promoters be given 15% of their stake or Rs75lk whichever is lower, 10 yr max tenure Ebola virus disease (EVD) - fatality 50%, zoonotic, rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine. Disease can relapse and cause infection even after 5 years. Humans could act as internediate hosts. Amoebiasis : parasitic infection Prioritisation of domestic market known as vaccine nationalism. MoHA removes black listing of Indian origin people, taken asylum, now can get visa, overseas citizenship car, permit to visit restricted areas in country, mainly Sikh. National E-Vidhan Application (NeVA) project Kerala legislative assembly will undertake digitisation records proceedings under it, under Digital India Program.
Back to Village program #scheme in JK, energise panchayat, collect feedback gov schemes, capture economic potential, assess village needs. 1 gazetted officer appoint nodal head each panchayat Halqa, aimed community participation in develop 4. 2021-07-27 11:31
#todo ✅ 2023-03-10 ! Most of the Schemes from ministries are mentioned in respective topics. 2020-06-12 11:42:02 **Pradhan Mantri Jan Vikas Karyakram** #scheme - centrally sponsored scheme, launched to address the development deficits in ==90 minority concentration districts== - identified as one of the Core of the Core Schemes under National Development Agenda. - concentrates in the field of education, health & skill development. - Minority Concentration Areas have been identified on the basis of population data and religion specific socio economic indicators like literact rate, female literacy and basic amenities indicators like houses with pucaa walls, electricity etc.
Nai Manzil #scheme deals with poor Minority Youth to help them get employment by training them
Nai Roshni #scheme deals with leadership dev among minority women by providing them with knowledge tools etc USTAAD Upgrading the Skills in Training in Traditional Arts/Crafts for Development : Aims at training in tradition crafts/arts of minority youths it is 100% centrally funded aimed at capacity building of minority youths. 2020-06-12 13:34:49 aims at helping rural people, BPL in construction of houses. All rural places except Delhi and Chandigarh. Gov will construct 1 crore pucca houses. allowance of Rs.1,20,000 in plain areas and Rs.1,30,000 in hilly areas. DBT method used. aims dev of cluster of villages to increase economic development, basic services etc. follows the cluster based approach. provides for skill training, digital literacy, mobile health units , 24x7 water supply, liquid waste management, street lights etc.
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana #scheme : program aims to achieve 100% rural road connectivity by 2019.
#scheme #important 100 days of guaranteed demand based wage employment 60:40 wage and material ratio. Wages are linked to Consumer Price Index No contractors and machinery allowed central government bears 100% wage cost of unskilled manual labour and 75% of material cost implemented by gram panchayats. unemployment allowance. one-third beneficiaries be women. social audit by Gram sabha every 6 months Problems w/ MGNERGA is mandatory. Gram Sabha is principal forum for wage seekers to raise their voices and make demands. Limits : Multiple trips to banks - travel cost income losses, repeated rejection of payments, biometric errors.
Who are eligible? #todo Greater than 18 years of age at the time of application Part of local gram panchayat must be citizen of India and a volunteer for unskilled labour. Implementation of the scheme Within 15 days of submitting application or from the day work is demanded wage employement will be given. Right to get unemployment allowance within 15 days. Social Audit is mandatory. Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat approves the shelf of work under MGNREGA.
#scheme Central Sector Scheme Lok Sabha MP has to choose a gram panchayat from his constituency. cannot pick villages which belong to themselves or their spouses. goal is to develop 3 Adarsh Grams by March 2019 Gram Panchayat would be the basic unit for development. MP to draft a village development plan, identify gaps in funding and mobilizing MPLAD funds District Collectors will carry ground-level surveys. to provide support to elderly, widows, disabled people etc.
It comprises of 5 #scheme : Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS) Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme (IGNWPS), IG National Disability Pension National Family benefit scheme Annapurna scheme to distribute food grains. 100% central assistance to states.
#scheme sub component of DDU Antyodaya Yojana - NRLM to improve the present status of women in Agriculture Focuses on promotion of sustainable climate resilient agro ecology ex : Community Managed Sustainable Agriculture (CMSA), Non Pesticide Management (NPM), Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF), Pashu-Sakhi model. 2020-06-11 19:36:59
#scheme subsumes Rajiv Awas yojana and Rajiv Rinn Yojana envisions housing for all by 2022. Address housing problem through Slum rehabilitation, Affordable Housing for weaker section through Credit Linked Subsidy,PPP. can avail of benefit of one component only. HUDCO and NHB have been identified as Central Nodal Agencies (CNAs). Interest subsidy of 6.5% for 15 years in PPP method. Credit Linked Subsidy Services Awas Portal CLAP for construction of Light House project LHP to fast track construction of houses. Light House Project of LHPs are model hosuing projects where houses are built with alternate technology suitable for geo climatic and hazardous conditions of the region. LHPs would be constructed under the Global Housing Technology Challenge GHTC at 6 different states
#Scheme under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (URBAN) is an interest subsidy available to a loan amounts upto Rs.6 lakhs at the rate of 6.5 for a max tenure of 20 years. cater Economical Weaker Section (EWS)/Lower Income Group (LIG)/Middle Income Group (MIG). will be allocated preferably in the name of Women.
#scheme is an integration of National Urban Livelihood Mission (NULM) & National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM). aims at universal coverage of the urban poor for skill development and credit facilities Its features are : Universal Social Mobilisation Participatory indentification of poor Community funds as resources Financial Inclusion Livelihoods. National Urban Livelihoods Mission (NULM) is renamed as Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana-(DAY-NULM) and in Hindi as --Rashtriya Shahri Aajeevika Mission reduce poverty and vulnerability of the urban poor households rural component named as DDUGKY new avatar of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) ensures that every household has access to a tap with assured supply of water and a sewerage connection 500 cities will be covered under the Scheme with pop of more than 1 lakh Transfer of funds to local bodies within 7 days central assistance upto 50% Capital Cities and towns are not covered centrally Sponsored Scheme Amrut 2.0 to provide for tap connections in urban local bodies. on principles of circular economy and 3R principle. Data led governance, Pey Jal Survekshan to promote competition. to promote sustainable and inclusive cities that have core facilities like Assured electricity supply, Adequate water supply etc Its components are City Improvement, City renewal, city extension 100 potential cities will be given funding of Rs500 crore for 5 yrs. Impelmentation through SPVs and Urban Local Bodies. Central Sector scheme focuses on 4 themes. Physical, Institutional, Social and Economic infrastructure. It covers 12 cities to improve the responsiveness of local real estate markets, increase resource mobilization in Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), provide rigorous accounting of the management of public funds It will receive funds from IBRD. 2020-06-12 16:02:08Q. Centre for skilling in smart cities under NSDC to provide short term training? Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Kendra Q. Which scheme gives skill training program to enhance employability of unemployed J&K youth? UDAAN
#scheme
Important components under SANKALP #scheme are : National Skill Certification Body Unified National Accreditation board National Skill Research Division Kaushal Mart for exchange of skilling resource. Takshila: National Portal for trainers
Inter Caste Marriage #scheme : Rs 2.5 lakh from the Centre as one time incentive Marriage should be registered and Aadhar card is mandatory.
#Scheme features Aims to provide placement oriented skilling programme and skill upgradation in textile and related sectors Excludes Spinning & Weaving in organized Sector Outlay of 1300crore National Skill Qualification Framework (NSQF) compliant training courses At least 70% of the certified trainees are to be placed Post placement tracking is mandatory
Q. What are the 2 programs implemented under North East Region Textile Promotion #Scheme? Integrated Sericulture Development Project (ISDP) and Intensive Bivoltine Sericulture Development Project (IBSDP).
Mo Tribal Welfare Development of PVTGs #scheme features : demand driven scheme where Conservation-cum-Development (CCD)/Annual Plans are prepared by state for PVTGs by state It provides for housing, land distribution and development, agri dev, animal husbandry etc Q. Residential schools for tribals. Target to make such schools in blocks with more than 50% ST population. Ekalavya Schools Q. Which scheme aims to promote enterprise and marketing skills in tribals.
Van Dhan #Scheme Q. Which s#cheme aims at Holistic development and welfare of tribal population focusing on better standard of living, access to quality education, bridge infrastructure gap etc? Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana flagship programme to enable youth to realise their potential 8 schemes are under this : Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan (NYKS) : Launched in 1972 one of the largest youth organisation enrolled in youth clubs/ Mahila mandals. Presence in 623 districts throug h Nehru Yuva Kendras. Aim is for personality development and engage them in nation building activities. National Youth Corps (NYC) National Programme for Youth & Adolescent Development (NPYAD) : Since 2008, Fin assistance given to Gov and non Gov organisation for taking up youth and adolescent activities. International Cooperation : International perspective among youth in collaboration with other countries. Youth Hostels (YH) : Youth hostels are built to promote youth travel and to enable young people to experience rich cultural heritage of the country. National Discipline Scheme (NDS) etc National Young Leaders Program NYLP to dev leadership qualities among youth to enable them to realise their full potential. Athlete selected under the new scheme will get a scholarship of Rs. 5 lakh p.a for 8 years. Khelo India Q. Launched by Do Science and Tech for building shared, professionally managed strong S&T infrastructure. SATHI Q. Program where students and young professionals of Indian Diaspora, feel a sense of connect with their motherland by MEA. Know India Programme 2020-10-22 07:28 :31 Vulnerable Section - higher risk of poverty, social disabilities, caste discrimination, untouchability, Art 15, 16, 40, 46, 330/332, 338, NCSC, NC Safari Karamcharis, Protection of Civil Rights Act 1995. PVTGs, exploitation, govt monopoly of forest, mineral extraction from ST areas, Art 19 restriction of movt, Art 164 special minister for tribal welfare in MP, Jharkhand, Orissa Art 275 - special grants, 5th 6th Schedule, Tribal Sub Plan, Special Central Assistance for TSP OBCs, Minorities - NCBC, NC for Minorities, NC for Religious and Linguistic Minorities, Central Wakf Council,
PwD, PwD #Act 1995, National Trust for Welfare of Person w/ mental disabilities, Chief Commissioner for PwD, Rehab Council of India. Rights to PwD Act 2016 replaced it. PwD are exempted from combat roles in security forces. Demographic ageing, LGBTQ, Orphaned Street children, NCPCR, National Policy for Children, National Charter for Children, Integrated Child Dev Services Scheme - National Creche scheme, Kishori Shakti Yojana, CARA etc
Mental healthcare #Act 2017 : Central and State Mental HC authority, decriminalised suicide, prohibited elector convulsive therapy, Insurance. all students in govt and govt aided schools including Madrasas under Samagra Shiksha Students upto Class VIII guaranteed 200 days of meal
under Mo Education also covered by NFSA MDM rules 2015 place of serving meal to be school only If not provided in school State Gov to pay food security allowance Calorie intake is min 450 cal w/ 12 grams of protein for primary and 700 cal 20gm protein for upper primary as per MDM guidelines. 2020-11-07 17:21:03 Multi-pronged adm strategy to ensure constitutional, legal and Adm provisions Internal mechanism in HC to resolve discrimination cases Positive duty be placed on PA to promote social and communal harmony Independent agencies carry out field surveys to identify cases of social discrimination District Adm should org independent surveys to ID vulnerable areas Focus on rehab of victims, deployment of police personnel in SC ST areas should be in proportion to pop of each comm System of incentives, local Gov municipalities and panchayats be actively involved in various programs CSR should be involved Awareness campaigns be organised to make tribal pop aware of provision of PESA Overhaul and Systematic reorg of existing land records Need to harmonise various legislations, ex Land Acquisitions act 1894, MMDR 1957, IFA 1927, FCA 1980 Mining laws applicable to ST be in conformity w/ 5th 6th Schedule Govt should select police revenue forest officials who have zeal to work in tribal areas National Plan of Action for comprehensive dev 2021-07-23 10:10
#todo
https://www.clearias.com/mechanisms-laws-institutions-bodies-vulnerable-sections/2020-10-30 16:28:15 Reforming the government delivery system through the Direct Benefit Transfer Scheme is a progressive step, but it has its limitations too. Comment. (प्त्यक् लाभ अंतरण योजना के माध्म से सरकारी प्देय व्यवस्ा में सुधार एक प्गनतिील क़दम है, हकन् इसकी अपनी सीमाएँ भी हैं ु हिप्पणी कीजजए।) 2022 Besides the welfare schemes, India needs deft management of inflation and unemployment to serve the poor and the underprivileged sections of the society. Discuss. (कलाणकारी योजनाओ के ं अनतररति भारत को समाज के वंचचत वगमों और ग़रीबो की सेवा के ल ं लए मुद्रास्ीनत और बेरोज़गारी के कु िल प्बंधन की आवश्यकता है। चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2022 The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 remains only a legal document without intense sensitisation of government functionaries and citizens regarding disability. Comment. (हदव्यांगता के सं दभ्भ में सरकारी पदासधकाररयो और नागर ं रको की गहन संवेदन ं िीलता के नबना हदव्यांगजन असधकार असधननयम, 2016 के वल नवसधक दस्तावेज़ बनकर रह जाता है। हिप्पणी कीजजए।) 2022 “Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.” Analyse. ("एक कलाणकारी राज्य की नैनतक अननवाय्भता के अलावा, प्ाथिगमक स्ास्थ्य संरचना धारणीय नवकास की एक आवश्यक पूव्भ ित्भ है।" नवश्ेषण कीजजए।) 2021 “Though women in post-Independent India have excelled in various fields, the social attitude towards women and feminist movement has been patriarchial.” Apart from women education and women empowerment schemes, what interventions can help change this milieu? ("यद्यनप स्ातंत्रोत्र भारत में महहलाओ ने ं नवशभन्न क्ेत्रो में उत् ं ृ टिता हाससल की है, इसके बावजूद महहलाओ और नारीवादी आन् ं ोलन के प्नत सामाजजक दृनटिकोण नपतृसत्ात्मक रहा है।" महहला शिक्ा और महहला सिक्तिकरण की योजनाओ के अ ं नतररति कौन-से हस्तक्ेप इस पररवेि के पररवत्भन में सहायक हो सकते हैं ?) 2021 “The incidence and intensity of poverty are more important in determining poverty based on income alone”. In this context analyse the latest United Nations Multidimensional Poverty Index Report. ("के वल आय पर आधाररत गरीबी के ननधा्भरण में गरीबी का आपतन और तीव्रता असधक महत्वपूण्भ है" । इस सन्भ्भ में सं युति राटिट् बहआयामी गरीबी सूचकांक की नवीनतम ररपोि्भ का नवश्ेषण कीजजए।) 2020 “Micro-Finance as an anti-poverty vaccine, is aimed at asset creation and income security of the rural poor in India”. Evaluate the role of Self Help Groups in achieving the twin objectives along with empowering women in rural India. ("सूक्ष्म-नवत् एक गरीबी-रोधी हिका है जो भारत में ग्रामीण दररद्र की पररसं पचत् ननमा्भण और आयसुरक्ा के ललए लशक्त है" । स्यं सहायता समूहो की भू ं गमका का मूलांकन ग्रामीण भारत में महहलाओ के स ं िक्तिकरण के साथि साथि उपरोति दोहरे उद्ेश्यो के ल ं लए कीजजए।) 2020 There is a growing divergence in the relationship between poverty and hunger in India. The shrinking of social expenditure by the government is forcing the poor to spend more on NonFood essential items squeezing their food–budget.Elucidate. (भारत में ननध्भनता और भूख के बीच संबंध में एक बढ़ता हआ अंतर है । सरकार द्ारा सामाजजक व्यय को संकु चचत हकए जाना, ननध्भनो को अपने खाद्य बज ं ि को ननचोडते हए खाद्येतर अत्यावश्यक मुद्ो पर ं असधक व्यय करने के ललए मजबूर कर रहा है । स्पटि कीजजए।) 2019 ‘In the context of neo-liberal paradigm of development planning, multi-level planning is expected to make operations cost effective and remove many implementation blockages.’Discuss. ('नवकास योजना के नव-उदारी प्नतमान के सं दभ्भ में, आिा की जाती है की बह-स्तरी योजनाकरण सं हरियाओ को लागत ं प्भावी बना देगा और अनेक हरियान्वयन रुकाविो को ह ं िा देगा ।' चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2019 The need for cooperation among various service sector has been an inherent component of development discourse. Partnership bridges bring the gap among the sectors. It also sets in motion a culture of ‘Collaboration’ and ‘team spirit’. In the light of statements above examine India’s Development process. (नवशभन्न सेवा क्त्रको े के बीच सहयोग की आवश्यकता ं नवकास प्वचन का एक अन्र्नहहनत घिक रहा है । साझेदारी क्त्रको े के बीच पल बनती है । यह 'सहयोग' और ' ं िीम भावना' की संस्ृ नत को भी गनत प्दान कर देती है । उपरोति कथिनो के ं प्काि में भारत के नवकास प्रिम का पररक्ण कीजजए।) 2019 Performance of welfare schemes that are implemented for vulnerable sections is not so effective due to absence of their awareness and active involvement at all stages of policy process–Discuss. (सुभेद्य वगमों के ललए हरियास्न्वत की जाने वाली कलाण योजनाओ का न ं नष्पादन उनके बारे में जागरूकता के न होने और नननत प्रिम की सभी अवस्ाओ पर उनके स ं हरिय तौर पर सस्म्ललत न होने के कारन प्भावी नही होता है । - च ं चा्भ कीजजए।) 2019 Whether National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSCJ) can enforce the implementation of constitutional reservation for the Scheduled Castes in the religious minority institutions? Examine. (क्ा राटिट्ीय अनुसूचचत जानत आयोग (एनाक सी० एस० सी०) धार्मक अपिसं ख्क संस्ानो में अनुसूच ं चत जानतयो के ल ं लए संवैधाननक आरक्ण के हरियान्वयन का प्वत्भन करा सकता है? परीक्ण कीजजए।) 2018 Multiplicity of various commissions for the vulnerable sections or the society leads to problems or overlapping jurisdiction and duplication of functions. Is it better to merge all commissions into an umbrella Human Rights Commission? Argue your case. (समाज के कमजोर वगमों के ललए नवशभन्न आयोगों की बहलता, अनतव्यापी असधकाररता और प्कायमों के दोहोपन की समस्ाओ की ओर ले जाती है। क् ं ा यह अच्ा होगा हक सभी आयोगो को एक ं व्यापक मानव असधकार आयोग के छात्र में नवलय कर हदया जाय? अपने उत्र के पक् में तक्भ दीजजए।) 2018 Does the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 ensure effective mechanism for empowerment and inclusion of the intended beneficiaries in the society? Discuss. (क्ा ननःिति व्यक्तियो के अ ं सधकार असधननयम, 2016 समाज में अभीटि लाभार्थियो के स ं िक्तिकरण और समावेिन की प्भावी हरियानवसध को सुननजचित करता है? चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2017 Two parallel run schemes of the Government viz. the Adhaar Card and NPR, one as voluntary and the other as compulsory, have led to debates at national levels and also litigations. On merits, discuss whether or not both schemes need run concurrently. Analyse the potential ofthe schemes to achieve developmental benefits and equitable growth. (सरकार की दो समांतर चलाई जा रही योजनाओ, य ं थिा ‘आधार काड्भ’ और ‘राटि ीट् य रजज्टर’ एक स्ैल्च्क और दूसरी अननवाय्भ, ने राटिट्ीय स्तरो पर वाद- ं नववादो को मुकदमो ं को ज ं न् हदया है। गुणो-अवगुणो के आधार पर च ं चा्भ कीजजए हक क्ा दोनो योजनाओ ं को सा ं थि-साथि चलाना आवश्यक है या नही है। इन योजनाओ ं की ं नवकासात्मक लाभों और न्ायोचचत सं वृगधि को प्ाप्त करने की सं भाव्यता का नवश्ेषण कीजजए।) 2014 Do government's schemes for up-lifting vulnerable and backward communities by protecting required social resources for them, lead to their exclusion in establishing businesses in urban economics? (क्ा कमजोर और नपछडे समुदायो के ल ं लए आवश्यक सामाजजक सं साधनो को सुर ं शक्त करने के द्ारा, उनकी उन्ननत के ललए सरकारी योजनाएं , िहरी अथि्भव्यवस्ाओ में व्यवसायो ं की स् ं ापना करने में उनको बह ं हष्कृ त कर देती है?) 2014 The basis of providing urban amenities in rural areas (PURA) is rooted in establishing connectivity. Comment. (ग्रामीण क्ेत्रो में ं िहरी सुनवधाओ का प् ं ावधान (पुरा) का आधार सं योजकता (मेल) स्ानपत करने में ननहहत है। हिप्पणी कीजजए।) 2013 Electronic cash transfer system for the welfare schemes is an ambitious project to minimize corruption, eliminate wastage and facilitate reforms. Comment. (भटिाचार को नगर् करने, अपव्यय को समाप्त करने और सुधारो को सुगम बनाने हेतु क ं लाणकारी योजनाओ में इले ं ट्ॉट् नीय नकद हस्तांतरण प्णाली एक महत्वाकांक्ी पररयोजना है। हिप्पणी कीजजए।) 2013 ]]>05-gs-2/3.-social-justice/3.1-welfare-schemes-for-vulnerable-sections-of-the-population-by-the-centre-and-states-and-performance-of-these-schemes,-mechanisms,-laws,-institutions-and-bodies-constituted-for-the-protection-and-betterment-of-vulnerable-sections..html05 GS-2/3. Social Justice/3.1 Welfare Schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the centre and States and performance of these schemes, mechanisms, laws, institutions and bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of vulnerable sections..mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure> "The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good people to do nothing." --- Edmund Burke "The unexamined life is not worth living" -- Socrates "Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent" -- Ludwig Wittgenstein "Entities should not be multiplied unnecessarily" -- William of Ockham "The life of man (in a state of nature) is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" -- Thomas Hobbes "I think therefore I am" ("Cogito, ergo sum") -- René Descartes "He who thinks great thoughts, often makes great errors" -- Martin Heidegger "We live in the best of all possible worlds" -- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz "What is rational is actual and what is actual is rational" -- G. W. F. Hegel "God is dead! He remains dead! And we have killed him." -- Friedrich Nietzsche "There is but one truly serious philosophical problem, and that is suicide" -- Albert Camus "One cannot step twice in the same river" -- Heraclitus "The greatest happiness of the greatest number is the foundation of morals and legislation" -- Jeremy Bentham "To be is to be perceived" ("Esse est percipi")-- Bishop George Berkeley "Happiness is not an ideal of reason but of imagination" -- Immanuel Kant "No man's knowledge here can go beyond his experience" -- John Locke "God is not willing to do everything, and thus take away our free will and that share of glory which belongs to us" -- Niccolo Machiavelli "Liberty consists in doing what one desires" -- John Stuart Mill "It is undesirable to believe a proposition when there is no ground whatever for supposing it true" -- Bertrand Russell "Even while they teach, men learn" -- Seneca the Younger "There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance" -- Socrates "If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent Him" -- Voltaire "This is patently absurd; but whoever wishes to become a philosopher must learn not to be frightened by absurdities" -- Bertrand Russell "One cannot conceive anything so strange and so implausible that it has not already been said by one philosopher or another" -- René Descartes "Leisure is the mother of philosophy" -- Thomas Hobbes "Philosophy is a battle against the bewitchment of our intelligence by means of language" -- Ludwig Wittgenstein "There is only one thing a philosopher can be relied upon to do, and that is to contradict other philosophers" -- William James "We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit" -- Aristotle "Only one man ever understood me, and he didn't understand me" -- G. W. F. Hegel "The mind is furnished with ideas by experience alone" -- John Locke "Life must be understood backward. But it must be lived forward " -- Søren Kierkegaard "Science is what you know. Philosophy is what you don't know" -- Bertrand Russell "Metaphysics is a dark ocean without shores or lighthouse, strewn with many a philosophic wreck" -- Immanuel Kant "Philosophy is at once the most sublime and the most trivial of human pursuits" -- William James "History is Philosophy teaching by examples" -- Thucydides "He who is unable to live in society, or who has no need because he is sufficient for himself, must be either a beast or a god" -- Aristotle "You can discover more about a person in an hour of play than in a year of conversation" -- Plato "Things alter for the worse spontaneously, if they be not altered for the better designedly" -- Francis Bacon "All that is necessary for the triumph of evil is that good men do nothing" -- mistakenly attributed to Edmund Burke "Is man merely a mistake of God's? Or God merely a mistake of man's?" -- Friedrich Nietzsche "I would never die for my beliefs because I might be wrong" -- Bertrand Russell "Religion is the sign of the oppressed … it is the opium of the people" -- Karl Marx "Happiness is the highest good" -- Aristotle "If men were born free, they would, so long as they remained free, form no conception of good and evil" -- Baruch Spinoza "The greater the difficulty, the more glory in surmounting it" -- Epicurus "Whatever is reasonable is true, and whatever is true is reasonable" -- G. W. F. Hegel "Morality is not the doctrine of how we may make ourselves happy, but of how we may make ourselves worthy of happiness" -- Immanuel Kant "Man is condemned to be free" -- Jean-Paul Sartre "It is one thing to show a man that he is in error, and another to put him in possession of truth" -- John Locke "I don't know why we are here, but I'm pretty sure it is not in order to enjoy ourselves" -- Ludwig Wittgenstein "That man is wisest who, like Socrates, realizes that his wisdom is worthless" -- Plato "The only thing I know is that I know nothing" -- Socrates "All is for the best in the best of all possible worlds" -- Voltaire (in parody of Leibniz) "The function of prayer is not to influence God, but rather to change the nature of the one who prays" -- Søren Kierkegaard "Man is born free, but is everywhere in chains" -- Jean-Jacques Rousseau "Man will never be free until the last king is strangled with the entrails of the last priest" -- Denis Diderot "If you would be a real seeker after truth, it is necessary that at least once in your life you doubt, as far as possible, all things" -- René Descartes "Happiness lies in virtuous activity, and perfect happiness lies in the best activity, which is contemplative" -- Aristotle "I can control my passions and emotions if I can understand their nature" -- Spinoza "Philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways; the point, however, is to change it" -- Karl Marx "It is wrong always, everywhere and for everyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence" -- W. K. Clifford "Virtue is nothing else than right reason" -- Seneca the Younger "Freedom is secured not by the fulfilling of one's desires, but by the removal of desire" -- Epictetus "In everything, there is a share of everything" -- Anaxagoras "A little philosophy inclineth man's mind to atheism; but depth in philosophy bringeth men's minds about to religion" -- Sir Francis Bacon "The brave man is he who overcomes not only his enemies but his pleasures" -- Democritus "Good and evil, reward and punishment, are the only motives to a rational creature" -- John Locke "To do as one would be done by, and to love one's neighbor as oneself, constitute the ideal perfection of utilitarian morality" -- John Stuart Mill "Everything that exists is born for no reason, carries on living through weakness, and dies by accident" -- Jean-Paul Sartre "Man is the measure of all things" -- Protagoras "We are too weak to discover the truth by reason alone" -- St. Augustine "The mind is furnished with ideas by experience alone" -- John Locke ]]>03-essay/2.-philosophical-quotes-and-content.html03 Essay/2. Philosophical Quotes and Content.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/quotefancy-353935-3840x2160.jpg"></figure>Dalai Lama
"An individual has not started living until he can rise above the narrow confines of his individualistic concerns to the broader concerns of all humanity." -- Martin Luther King, Jr. "The sole meaning of life is to serve humanity." -- Leo Tolstoy "The greatness of humanity is not in being human, but in being humane." -- Mahatma Gandhi *"Poverty is like a punishment for a crime you didn't commit."* --- ELI KHAMAROV "As long as poverty, injustice and gross inequality exist in the world, none of us can truly exist." -- Nelson Mandela "Extreme poverty anywhere is a threat to human security everywhere." -- Kofi Annan "Poverty is the parent of revolution and crime." -- Aristotle "You can't get rid of poverty by giving people money." -- J. O'Rourke *"It is the health that is real wealth and not pieces of gold and silver"* --- MAHATMA GANDHI "Physical fitness is the first requisite of happiness." -- Joseph Pilates "To keep the body in good health is a duty…otherwise we shall not be able to keep the mind strong and clear." -- Buddha "Divide each difficulty into as many parts as is feasible and necessary to resolve it, and watch the whole transform." -- Rene Descartes "Healthy citizens are the greatest asset any country can have." -- Winston Churchil *"What we are doing to the forests of the world is but a mirror reflection of what we are doing to ourselves and to one another"* --- MAHATMA GANDHI *"Climate change is simply, the greatest collective challenge we face as a human family"* --- BAN KI MOON "I only feel angry when I see waste. When I see people throwing away things we could use." ---Mother Teresa "The Earth is what we all have in common." ---Wendell Berry "Time spent among trees is never time wasted." ---Anonymous "He that plants trees loves others besides himself." ---Thomas Fuller "One of the first conditions of happiness is that the link between man and nature shall not be broken." ---Leo Tolstoy "Nature is painting for us, day after day, pictures of infinite beauty." ---John Ruskin "The best way to predict the future is to create it." ~ Peter Drucker "There are no passengers on spaceship earth. We are all crew." ~ Marshall McLuhan "Sustainability is here to stay or we may not be" ~ Niall FitzGerald "Ownership is a sine qua non of sustainable development." ~ James Wolfensohn We cannot always build the future for our youth, but we can build our youth for the future. - Franklin D. Roosevelt Preventing the conflicts of tomorrow means changing the mindset of youth today. - Graça Mache The foundation of every state is the education of its youth. - Diogenes Youth is a quality, not a matter of circumstances. - Frank Lloyd Wright Youth lives on hope, old age on memories. - Unknown "Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever." Mahatma Gandhi "Children must be taught how to think, not what to think." Margaret Mead "I have never let my schooling interfere with my Education." Mark Twain "Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learnt in school." Einstein "It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it." Aristotle "Education is the manifestation of perfection already in man." Swami Vivekananda *"Happiness is when what you think, what you say, and what you do are in a harmony"* --- MAHATMA GANDHI *"Be truthful, gentle and fearless"* --- MAHATMA GANDHI Children are one third of our population and all of our future. History will judge us by the difference we make in the everyday lives of children. Nelson Mandela Let us sacrifice our today so that our children can have a better tomorrow. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam You can learn many things from how much patience have for instance. franklin p jones wisdom You are the bows from which your children as living arrows are sent forth. Kahlil Gibran "The science of today is the technology of tomorrow." ~ Edward Teller "One machine can do the work of fifty ordinary men. No machine can do the work of one extraordinary man." ~ Elbert Hubbard "It has become appallingly obvious that our technology has exceeded our humanity." ~ Albert Einstein "The saddest aspect of life right now is that science gathers knowledge faster than society gathers wisdom." ~ Isaac Asimov "Science is the great antidote to the poison of enthusiasm and superstition." ~ Adam Smith "Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind." ~ Albert Einstein "Computers are useless. They can only give you answers." ~ Pablo Picasso "We have guided missiles and misguided men." ~ Martin Luther King, Jr. "Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic." ~ Arthur C. Clarke Earth is here so kind, that just tickle her with a hoe and she laughs with a harvest. Douglas Jerrold Agriculture is the foundation of manufactures, since the productions of nature are the materials of art. - Edward Gibbon Agriculture was the first occupation of man, and as it embraces the whole earth, it is the foundation of all other industries. Edward W. Stewart If farm ecology and economics go wrong, nothing else will go right in agriculture. M. S. Swaminathan Agriculture is the process of turning eco-systems into people. Toby Hemenway A sustainable agriculture is one which depletes neither the people nor the land. Wendell Berry "All thinking men are atheists." Ernst Hemingway "The notion that Science and Spirituality are somehow mutually exclusive does a disservice to both." Carl Sagan "Science without Religion is lame and Religion without Science is blind" Einstein "What can be asserted without evidence can be dismissed without evidence." Christopher Hitchens The best argument against democracy is a five-minute conversation with the average voter." Churchill "The tyranny of a prince in an oligarchy is not so much dangerous to the public welfare as the apathy of a citizen in a democracy" Montesquieu "The ballot is stronger than the bullet." Abraham Lincoln "There cannot be daily democracy without daily citizenship." Ralph Nader " I understand democracy as something that gives the weak the same chance as the strong." Mahatma Gandhi "Democracy is not law of the majority but protection of the minority." Albert Camus "In a democracy, the individual enjoys not only the ultimate power, but carries the ultimate responsibility." Norman Cousins "When the power of love overcomes the love of power, the world will know peace." William Gladstone "Peace and Justice are two sides of the same coin." Eisenhower "Poverty is the worst form of violence." Mahatma Gandhi "They who can give up essential liberty to obtain a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety." Benjamin Franklin "If liberty means anything at all, it means the right to tell people what they do not want to hear." George Orwell "Liberty means responsibility. That is why most men dread it." George B. Shaw "When governments fear the people, there is liberty. When the people fear the government, there is tyranny." Thomas Jefferson 2020-11-22 13:08:02 "Happiness is when what you think, what you say, and what you do are in a harmony" "Be truthful, gentle and fearless" "We must become the change we want to see" "To believe in something, and not live it, is dishonest" SEVEN DANGERS/Sins TO HUMAN VIRTUE Wealth without work Pleasure without conscience Knowledge without character Business without ethics Science without humanity Religion without sacrifice Politics without principle "You must not lose faith in humanity. Humanity is an ocean; if a few drops of the ocean area dirty, the ocean does not become dirty" "The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others" "An eye for an eye only ends up making the whole world blind" "Strength does not come from physical capacity. It comes from an indomitable will" "It has always been a mystery to me how men can feel themselves honored by the humiliation of their fellow beings" "Peace is its own reward" "The mind is everything. What you think, you become" ]]>03-essay/3.-quotes-topic-wise.html03 Essay/3. Quotes Topic Wise.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT Stanislav Petrov 1983 Soviet early warning radar false blip incident or Soviet naval officer Vasily Arkhipov aboard K-19 soviet nuke sub not launching a nuclear torpedo during the 1962 cuban missile crisis. Damoclese sword : Court personality in the court of Dionysius of Sicily. Became king for a day and realised that there is constantly a danger It ain't about how hard you hit. It's about how hard you can get hit and keep moving forward - Rocky Balboa. ]]>03-essay/4.-things-to-keep-in-mind.html03 Essay/4. Things to keep in Mind.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>03-essay/5.-pyqs.html03 Essay/5. PYQs.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#Index(NDVI) - ground under Veg to estimate food available to herbivores not accurate RUS extends ban EU goods till 2020 response against sanction 2014 Plastic Parks to manage plastic waste env statutory approval Agri Processed Food products export authority (APEDA) export promotion of scheduled products, monitor import of Sugar UNHCR (High commission Refugees) Ibelong campaign end statelessness '24 Proton beam therapy treat cancer - uses radiation Yamuna Waterway project 16km 5 locations 'Impressed' tortoise found Arunachal Refugees : Bidoon, Faily kurds -Iraq; Thai: Yao, Hmong, Karen, sea gypsies Sister city agree b/w Kobe, JP + Ahmedabad (1st World Heritage city IN) Track Child + Khoya Paya portal MoWCD Centre Inland Coastal Maritime Tech (CICMT) IIT kgp under Sagarmala, ship design cryogenic cargo etc June 29 Statistics day(PC Mahalanobis B'day) ' 'SDG IN commitment' Grievance Against Misleading Advertisement(GAMA) portal by Mo Consumer Affairs, Food. Go Tribal campaign by TRIFED for collab w different org IN RUS deal Strum Ataka anti-tank missile for Mi35 NASA Dragonfly drone robot - Saturn's Titan moon part of New Frontier prgrm Tamil Yeoman endemic Western Ghat National butterfly TN Nat Skill Develop Fund(NSDF) for skilling youth
Rashtriya Avishkar Abhiyan 2015 6-18 yr motivate create curiosity #scheme Shodhganga digital repository research scholars share research/thesis Garuda VI bilateral ex b/w IAF + French AF in France
Henley Passport #Index(HPI) IN rank86(access 58 count) 1st JN+SIN AFG last Aadhar Seva Kendra -UIDAI (statutory under MEITY) MoAgriFW + IBM to start using AI+ weather sol in agriculture Ashadhi Beej fest : UP Guj to predict monsoon - Kutch new year Export Credit Guarantee Corp ECGC to protect non-payment dues from foreign buyers Operation Sudarshan BSF fortify anti infliltration grid IN PAK border PUNJ + JK Mangdecchu Hydro project Bhutan w help IN National Youth Corps volunteer scheme 5k/month Kaushal Yuva Samwad(dialogue) launched Youth Skill by MSDE day 15th July Op Milap rescue trafficked children IN RUS strategic economic dialogue in St Petersberg Plan BEE use humming of bees to keep elephants away from railway tracks Utkarsha 3 yr roadmap by RBI strengthen regulatory and supervision FR imposes green tax on air tickets only outgoing flights July 11 World Population Day Kharchi Puja in Tripura GAFA(Google Apple FB Amazon) tax 3% total revenue by FR Meghalaya 1st state have water policy Botanical survey of IN finds 1256 orchids in IN
Jan Jagrukta Abhiyan against vector borne diseases Malaria Dengue etc #scheme Markandeshwar Temple Maharashtra Nagara style restoration complete aka Khajuraho of Vidharbha, Shaiva Vaishnava Shakti all worshipped 12-13 cent
IN rank 52 in Global Innovation #index by WIPO Limboo + Tamang (Nepal Gurkha) communities seeking reservatn in Sikkim KVIC - Honey mission 30 meter Telescope in Hawaii to observe near Ultraviolet mid infra radiation Red Mud Solid waste generated during Al production process Gharial IUCN red list, East INIrrawaddy area, Chambal + Katerniaghat sanct also in Girwa, Ken, Son, Mahanadi, Ramganga JATAN virtual museum digital collectn and archival tool Chrysomallon squamiferum snail endangered bcoz deep sea mining 1st case National Inst Miner Health merged w ICMR-Nat Inst of Occupational Health Colistin a last resort antibiotic drug in humans banned for animal use American Pocket shark : Mollisquama mississippensis lumionus in Gulf o Mex 1st Dragon Tree species found in Assam CARE4U app IIT-kgp connect old people to caregivers, remind of medicines. 1st private Chinese coy ispace rocket Hyperbola-1 CISF encyclopaedia called Securitypedia :security related practice worldwide Microdots - microscopic paint sprayed on vehicles etc as identifier, help check theft etc Infosys cyber defence centre in Romania National Centre for disease control estd 1963 to contain epidemics etc US federal reserve rate cut to help IN ISRO technical liaison unit in Moscow already there w US,FR capitals Khanij Bidesh IN ltd(KABIL) by 3 PSUs(NALCO, HCL & MECL) mining supply strategic minerals from overseas
Samarth #scheme by Flipkart to help weavers, artisans, handicraft makers Virgin Hyperloop mum-pune in 25min Narrowest part in English Channel is Dover strait it is 6km. Tungabhadra doab aka rice bowl of Karnataka Meghdoot mobile app to assist farmers; provide forecast by Metrological dep Mt Elburz volcanic mt in Georgia, highest in Eu continent National Handloom day August 7 to commemorate Swadeshi Movement
Vikram Sarabhai founder 1st Chairman INCOSPAR, IIM A etc
Nat. Agricultural Co-op Federation Of IN ltd(NAFED) promotes agri marketing, process, storage, distri machines etc Maritime Board in Odisha single window dev org non nationalised inland waterways and non-major ports e-Rozgar Samachar MoInfo and Broadcasting for gov job aspirants is e-version of employment news MoHRD integrated online junctn for-School education 'Shagun'(Shala+Gunvatta) improve school ed sys MoHUA e-course on vulnerability atlas of IN info about natural hazards, ID vulnerable areas etc Know IN program MEA IN origin youth(18-30) grad + English req San-Sadhan Hackathon ease lives of disable for innovative toilets Biometric seafarer identity document(BSID) facial/biometric data; chip embedded w facial data
Bharat Ratna to Nanaji Deshmukh, Bhupen Hazarika, Pranab Mukherjee Van Mahotsav started KM Munshi in 1950 to plant new tree Aadi Mahotsav under MoTribal Affaris+ TRIFED theme 'celebrate tribal craft culture commerce' show primal factors Navroz Parsi new year aka Pateti on August 17 CORAS(Commando for Railway Security) staff RPF/RPSF in Naxal affected areas Falaq mobile radar RUS range 400km protect from Ballistic missiles/drones Recession when output of country is -ve for 2 successive quarters Baltic states are Latvia, Lithuania & Estonia mem UN, NATO, EU Kajin Sara Lake in NEP world's highest Okjokull glacier ICE dead, not thick enough to move Sri Krishna temple in BAH 200 yo 1st and oldest temple in gulf Gogabeel ox bow lake in Bihar its 1st community reserve by river Mahananda and Kankhar Special Tiger Force for Corbett Tiger Reserve act as 2nd layer of protection
IN State of Forest #report, 24.49% forest cover least Haryana 6.79, Pun, Raj most Lakshdweep 97 in states Manipur, AruP; loss in NE due to shift cultiv; mangrove inc, KTK grows most forest New burrowing from species Spahaerotheca Magadha discover in Jharkhand's Koderma New freshwater fishe Glyptothorax gopii - Kaladan river Mizoram Garra simbalbaraensis Simbalbara rive HP
Marmoset Mico munduruku new species of primates discovered in Amazon Adratiklit Boulahfa extinct speices of stegosaurus' oldest known mem found in Morocco Rare tarantula peacock parachute spider, Poecilotheria species endemic to Western Ghats, Pakkamalai reserve(TN) Dindigul lock Kandangi Saree, Palani Panchamitram prasad of Murugan temple all from TN get GI tag Nigeria 1st country approve open cultivation of GM seed Bt Cowpea, pest resistant has gene Cry1Ab toxic to liver Mizoram - Tawlhlopuan coloured leaves, Puanchei shawls, Kerala's Tirur betel leaves get GI tag Sericin - silk protein, protect from skin diseases eg cancer ex from silkworm Curiosity rover, Insight lander experience solar conjunction, Earth Mars opp side of sun/2yrs,causes electrical disturbance Soho House, Statue of Unity in Time's 100 greatest places Jan Soochna Portal by Raj gov mandating public authorities to disclose information under section 4(2)of RTI act Project Replan by KVIC; make plastic w/ 20% processed plastic 80% cotton fibre rags Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE) revived 1935 highest advisory body for State/Centre mem are nominated LS, RS, LA's etc Bal Basera/ Creche for children of construction worker at AIIMS Rishikesh National Waterway-1 (River Ganga) under Jal Marg Vikas Project (JMVP) aided by WB 1st multimodal terminal in Varanasi Jeevan Kaushal - Curriculum for life skills designed by UGC to strengthen knowledge, skills Central Equipment Id register (CEIR) sys under DoT to block, trace, lost/stolen mobile phones prevent theft/counterfeiting Waste mgt Accelerator for aspiring Women Entrepreneurs by AICTE and IIWM promote part of women in waste mgt Mochi Swabhiman Initiative Leather Sector Skill Council (LSSC) a non-profit Survey of India is national mapping and survey org under DST oldest scientific dept set up 1767 Special Expenditure Observers appointed by ECI under article 324 and 20B of RPA 1951 IMD colour codes Green - No warning, Yellow - watch, Orange - Alert, RedWarning
KVIC launched terracotta grinders at Varanasi, reduce cost of production and solve shortage issue Bathukamma festival of flowers Telangana by women(Set-Oct) Galo tribes : Arunachal prefix second syllable of fathers name to son, help trace their origin. Ladakhi Shondol dance enter Guinness world record for largest Ladakhi dance aka royal dance of Ladakh Nuakhai is harvesting festival of Odisha by farmers Time Bank : learn a skill an hour worth of currency is swapped w/ someone who knows the skill Imported inflation : due to inc in price of imported good, in IN Gold and Crude oil Mo Commerce and Industry has launched digital platform to issue electronic certificates of origin
Economic Advisory council to the PM (PMEAC)
Nasscom's Data Security Council of India (DSCI) launched campaign 'Digital Payment Abhiyan' on its benefits, safety and security Teaser Loan - fixed interest rate for few year then changes to floating
'Leadership Group for Industry Transition' Man Portable ATGM developed by DRDO - NAG, Amogha etc Himvijay in Arunachal to test abilities of 17 Mountain Strike Corps and M777, Chinooks Yudh Abhyas IN-US mil ex held in Joint Base Lewis Mc Chord, Washington, USA. Maitree : IN-THAI mil ex held in Meghalaya KAZIND - Kazakhstan IN mil ex held in Pithorgarh Uttarakhand 1st ship of project 17A stealth frigate INS Nilgiri launched INS Khanderi : Kalvari class diesel electric sub was commissioned built by Mazagaon docks ltd (MDL) CORPAT IN-THAI naval mil ex, also for IN-INDO Samudra Lakshmana b/w IN MAL navies SITMEX - SIN, IN, THAI maritime ex held in Andaman sea Malabar Exercise : IN, JP(since 2015), US(1992) maritime ex, AUS being considered ASEAN-US Maritime ex (AUMX) held in THAI TSENTR 2019 mil ex hosted by RUS forces from IN CN PAK KAZ UZB KYR are participating
Saving Snow Leopard lead grassland for its prey base and help combating land degradation per UNCCD, Bishkek Decl. Cryodrakon Boreas 77mil yrs ago one of largest flying animals New species of snakes in Western Maha name Boiga Thackerayi commonly called cat snakes Microhyla Eos new Frog in Arunachal, Namdapha Bamboonomics movt to combat desertification, climate change ensure tribal livelihoods Drought Toolbox launched in 14th CoP of UNCCD has case studies and other resources for stakeholders access ANGAN (Augmenting Nature by Green Affordable New habitat) focus on energy efficiency in Building sector Glyphosphate kills insects which protect ecosystem Nonyphenol bio accumulative toxin found in detergents banned in many countries Paraquat toxic chem used as herbicide banned in 32 countries caused kidney, liver problems in humans Lignin organic compound found in trees rich in polyphenols and antimicrobial qualities by-product of paper mfd Pusa Yashasvi new variety of wheat by IARI high content of protein +gluten, fungi resistant, fast maturity Happy Seeder/Turbo Happy Seeder machine by Punjab Agri Univ direct seed sowing for managing stubble Goldschmidtite new mineral discovered Saggitarius A* a supermassive black hole feeding on nearby stars Mt Kun 2nd highest peak in Zanskar and Kargil region Mt Nun is 1st Hurricane Dorian affected Bahamas Pangong Tso lake salt water formed from Tethys geosyncline INNEP pipeline b/w Motihari and Amalekhgunj transport petroleum fuel Daucha Panchami coal block is Birbhum is World's second largest Gandan Tegchenling Monsatery in Ulaanbatar Mongolia unveiled by PM
Travel and Tourism Competitiveness #report by WEC IN ranked at 34, SPA FR GER top 3 World University Ranking by TIMES IN 5th most represent w/ 56 insti IISC Bang topped 1st World Patient Safety day observed IN 10th largest Gold w/ 618 tonnes reserve US, GER and IMF are top 3 National Crisis Mgt Committee NCMC for implementation of relief measures during national calamity Cabinet Secy is Chair Ancient palaeochannel/ river that joins Yamuna and Ganga was excavated at Prayagraj Military Nursing Service - only all women corps in IN, estd in 1888 HRD min set up National Council for promotion of Urdu and Sindhi D 28 iceberg recently broke off Antarctica Ex Ekuverin mil ex b/w IN and Maldives Nomadic Elephant is IN MON joint mil ex New Vande Bharat b/w Delhi Katra route PRAKASH (Power Rail Koyla Availability through Supply Harmony) portal for transparent and better coordination Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus EEHV killed 5 elephants in Odisha affects young ones 1-12 yrs IN 1st e-waste clinic for segregating, processing in Bhopal Indian Council of World Affairs ICWA for the study of int relations and foreign affairs estd 1943 Ganga Amantran Abhiyan is month long open water rafting and kayaking expedition by the NMCG Jupiter has the most number of moons. Saturn has the 2 nd highest number of moons - 20 new ones discovered earlier Jupiter w/ 79 was top. Meghalaya excluded 'unrepresented tribes' from provision of 6th Schedule. Bodo-Kachari, Hajong, Koch, Mann and Rabba they are indigenous Gagan Enabled Mariners Instrument for Navigation and Information GEMINI device dissemination of emergency info on disaster warning through GAGAN sat Carpet Export Promotion Council CEPC non-profit by Mo Textiles promote its exports in 1982 Phazolicin new antibiotic in soil of tropical forest in Mexico Elastocaloric effect : cooling effect produced when rubber bands are twisted and untwisted can replace refrigerants. Emperor Penguins IUCN Near threatened Dharma Guardian mil ex b/w IN JP Mobile app 'mHariyali' by Mo HUA to encourage planting trees, geo tagging SARAS Aajeevika mela under DAY-NRLM to bring the rural women SHGs under one platform by CAPART NGO Hagibis typhoon in JP LOTUS-HR : Local Treatment of Urban Sewage streams for Healthy Reuse National Blindness and Visual impairment survey India 2015-19 : looks at district wise prevalence, untreated cataract main cause Maritime states development Council MSDC apex advisory body for development major and non-major ports. GOALdigital skill training program for tribal women by MoTA and Facebook Air Quality index dissemination of air quality info to the people, 6 AQI categories from Good to Severe Mount Kilimanjaro Tanzania highest in Africa 4900mts Saharan silver ants - fastest Mt Paektu or Changbai border b/w DPRK and CN also the highest peak in Korean peninsula Acute Flaccid Myelitis AFM is a neurological illness like polio Ex Eastern Bridge V b/w IAF and RAFO (Oman) 1st Graduate level research based AI univ in UAE Merchant Discount Rate MDR business w/ annual turnover of 50cr will have to mandatorily offer electronic mode of payments to their customer DANX 19 Defence of Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2019 held by Army Navy and Air Force Worlds 1st all female spacewalk included Christina Koch and Jessica Meir Shirui Lily festival Manipur 5 day state festival in Ukhrul district it is the state flower Meteor shower - earth passes the trail debris of a meteor Thylacine aka Tasmanian tiger new sightings in AUS Defence Acquisition Council DAC to expedite procurement for Armed forces, headed by Defence Minister Defence Technologies and trade initiative DTTI to expedite co-op b/w partner countries on defence tech. IN's apex oil trade body Solvent Extractors Association of IN SEA US-IN Strategic Partnership Forum USISPF NPO for sharing bilateral and strategic partnership Deepotsav Mela by UP gov given status of state fair Col Chewang Rinchen Setu is IN highest altitude all weather permanent bridge on Shyok river. 1st Nat Protocol to Enumerate Snow Leopard Pop on occasion of Int Snow Leopard day East Antarctic Marine Protected Area by AUS FR to create sanctuary there. CN and Russia opposing Chenani Nashri tunnel aka Shyama Prasad Mookerjee - JK on NH 44 Open General Export License OGELs export of certain parts and components one time export licence to a coy Thotlakonda Monastery, Vizag - Hinayana complex during Satvahana dyansty, Roman coins, Brahmi inscriptions also found Kyarr 1st super cyclone in Arabian Sea in 12 yrs Shakti 2019 biennial joint ex b/w IN FR held in RAJ INS Baaz southernmost air station of IAF in Campbell Islands of Great Nicobar island IN KSA strategic partnership Council SPC 4th country to sign one w/ KSA SEED award by UN for start ups Malware hit Kudankulam Nuclear Power plant by D Track North Korean virus IIIT Hyderabad creates 1st IN brain atlas, 1st digital brain atlas was created by Montreal Neurological Institue MNI National Waterway 2 Brahmaputra river; 1st time river cargo movt took place IN-BAN using Indo Bangladesh Protocol (IBP) routes to develop NW 1,2 and 16 to tackle heavy traffic India International Science Festival IISF in Kolkata Dustlik 2019 b/w IND-UZB mil exercise 1st ever ICEDASH : EoDB monitoring dashboard of IN customs. ATITHI app for hassle free faster clearance Polypedates Bengalensis newly discovered frog from WB Danakil depression, Ethiopia 1 of hottest places active and natural life cannot sustain Mamulanar tamil poet of Sangam era mentions Tiruvalluvar as the greatest Tamil scholar Shaala Darpan portal by Mo HRD an end to end e-governance school automation mgt sys for Navodaya Vidyalaya Samudra Shakti b/w IN and INDO maritime ex Pliosaur largest aquatic carnivorous reptiles to ever live NZ passed Zero Carbon bill to become carbon neutral by 2020 Maternal mortality ratio report - 113 of IN, most in Assam 215 least in Kerala 43, deaths per 100,000 births. NASA unveils 1st experimental electric plane X-57 Maxwell twin-engine propeller. Tiger Triumph IN US tri services Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) maiden ex held in IN Project Zero by Amazon to block selling of counterfeit goods on it. Chile - referendum to replace its constitution Online Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation (OCSAE) prevention/investigation unit by CBI European Investment Bank to stop funding oil, coal projects from 2021 Ultima Thule farthest object in Solar sys renamed to Arrokot Sisseri River bridge under Project Brahmank of BRO at Dibang Valley Arunachal IOCL dev winter grade diesel for Ladakh does not lose fluidity at extremely low temps Za'ir Al Bahr(Roar of the Sea) maritime ex b/w IN and QAT navies New species of Mexican wasps named Idris Elba National Institute of Sowa-Rigpa NISR at Leh under Mo AYUSH; is a traditional system of medicine from Tibet Bacteriophages are viruses that kill bacteria; possible to use them against multi drug resistant strains, McrBC, Phages Malabar Tree toad in Western Ghats very rare and endemic is endangered. Johads in Haryana are community owned rainwater storage wetland for harnessing water. Golden rice GMV contains beta carotene has golden colored grains to fight Vit A deficiency Sumatran Rhino is smallest of all other 5 species only 80 left Daman and Diue and Dadra and Nagar Haveli to be merged Secretagogin SCGN a protein shown to inc insulin in obesity induced diabetes Rohtang tunnel in HP connects Kullu w/ Lahaul and Spiti valley in Pir Panjal range Assam roofed turtle endangered small freshwater under Schedule I of WPA act Chhattisgarh's 4th tiger reserve is Guru Ghasidas National Park Trashishium apteii newly discovered snake species from Arunachal in Tally Valley wildlife sanct mostly live underground HIM VIJAY mil ex in Arunachal will include mobilisation, mountain assault, air assault. YuWaah - Initiative by UNICEF, brings young people together w/ private sector, gov, local org to prep them for fast changing world IN cold wave zone covers PUN, HP, UKD, DEL, HAR Operation Clean Art crackdown on smuggling of mongoose hair, listed in Schedule II of WPA Power of Siberia gas pipeline 3000km to supply CN Hornbill festival in Nagaland to celebrate heritage aka Festival of Festivals. Meteor Air to Air missile BVRAAM Maharaja Duleep Singh last sikh ruler of PUN signed the Treaty of Lahore ceded empire, Koh-i-noor Right to livelihood award aka Alternative Nobel for offering practical solutions to urgent challenges Supaika distributary of Mahanadi is suffering riverbed erosion and hyacinth infection Victoria falls in Zambia in the Zambezi river facing severe drought Green Good deeds launched by MoEFCC for school kids Crystal Award by WEF recog achievements of leading artists StrandHogg Malware makes malware applications pose as genuine software can access all types of data Ex Apharan by IN Navy anti hijacking exercise collab w/ Coast Guard Houbara Bustard IUCN status Vulnerable 2 distinct species in North Africa and Asia. Balimela reservoir in R. Sileru in Maikangiri dist Odisha drains into Sabari a tributary of Godavari Operation twist - sale of short term securities to buy long term securities, to bring down long term interest rate by RBI 8 West African countries changed name of their common currency to Eco Hunar Hatt by Mo Minority Affairs under USTTAD - preserving and promoting rich heritage of traditional arts and crafts of minorities. Oxygen Parlour in Nashik Railway Station to combat air pollution Bar headed goose one of the highest flying bird, migrates crossing the Himalayas IUCN : Least concerned. Tibetan Gazelles IUCN status near threatened their fur lacks an undercoat Typhoon Phanfone aka Ursula in Phillipines Dec 27 1911 National Anthem was 1st sung in Calcutta session of Congress Drake passage b/w Antarctica and Cape Horn of South America shortest crossing to Antarctica named after Francis Drake 1st Englishman to circumnavigate the Globe E-bkry portal under Mo Fin enable online auction by banks of attached assets. 1st elephant colony in Bandhavgarh forest Central Equipment Identity Register CEIRblocking and tracing of stolen/ lost mobile phones in DEL 1st launched in MUM RBI - MANI app to id currency notes by Visually impaired. Senna Spectabilis - invasive species of trees in Nilgiri, Wayanad; deciduous native to tropical America World Health Assembly has designated 2020 the International Year of the Nurse and the Midwife Red brittle Star, Sea Urchins see without eye known as extraocular vision Turtle rehab center - Bhagalpur Chinese Yaddlefish functionally extinct found in Yangtze Mugger IUCN - Vulnerable freshwater species, Gharial IUCN is Cr Endangered and Saltwater Crocodile are Least Concern Great Indian Bustards are found in Desert NP in Rajasthan, Rollapadu WS in Andhra P and Karera WS in MP. National Assessment and Accredition Council NAAC does not include institutes providing technical education Habitable Zone aka Goldilocks Zone is where liquid water can exist. Op Sankalp by India to ensure safe passage through Strait of Hormuz Milan multilateral naval excersise will be held in Vizag Kolkata port only riverine port in the country, Farakka Barrage is built in it Mission Purvodaya to develop eastern region into an integrated steel hub Island development authority head Home Minister Taal Volcano, Phillipines, it is a complex volcano Saksham fuel conservation campaign by Petroleum ministry Yada Yada virus is a novel virus that affects mosquitoes Z morh tunnel is located in JK Sahyog Kaijin is coastal guard ex b/w IN and JP Steppe Eagle was sighted in Vijaywada IUCN status : Endangered Gati portal by Mo Road Transport, highways for contractors to raise project related issues National Data and Analytics platform by NITI to make public access of data easy Archae : single celled eukaryotic micro-organisms found in hot springs, salt lakes and human gut, help in production of anti-bodies Underwater metro has completed construction in Kolkata Op Vanilla is IN Navys HADR operations in Madagascar 6 classical languages Tamil, Sanskrit, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam and Odiya. 100% FDI coal mining activities for sale Shamlat in PUN is land owned by Panchayat Flame throated bulbul state bird of Goa, endemic to South India IUCN status is Least Concern. Ujh tributary of Ravi Origin Bhaderwah hills, Kailash; multipurpose project to utilise IN share of Indus water treaty Burhi Dihing tributary of Brahmaputra originates in Patkai hill, Arunachal and ends in Dihingmukh. Mukti Caravan was flagged in Rajasthan to mobilise people against child trafficking Bhutan Sustainable Development Fee SDF from Indian, Bangladeshi and Maldivian tourists only in popular tourist places. Lucknow Declaration b/w India and Africa for Defence cooperation Mt Aconcagua highest peak of Andes Mountain. Pangolin only scaly mammal in planet. Chinese Pangolin Cr. Endangered Indian Pangolin 'Endangered' both in red list Chindu Yakshaganam : form of theatre in Telangana done by nomadic community Chindus. Talamaddale Yakshaganam - does not have dance, costumes etc has impromptu debate Safer Internet Day is org Insafe/INHOPE of the EU Most Indian living abroad - UAE - KSA - US 2 billion km safety campaign launched by UNHCR acknowledge resilience, strength of refugees Rajasthan, Bihar, Punjab, Delhi, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal and now Maharashtra will follow 5 days a week working. Urban bent toed gecko new species discovered in Assam Wayanad WS has 75-80 tigers part of Nilgiri Biosphere reserve. Punjab largest producer of Kinnow in the country. ERONET : database for all states/ UTs automates electoral roll mgt. Kala Kumbh to promote GI tagging of crafts and heritage of India launched by Mo Textiles. Pakke or Pakhui tiger reserve hosted Hornbill Nest Adoption program bound by Kameng river in west and Pakke in east Olive ridley 2nd smallest most abundant sea turtles. IUCN : Vulnerable, Operation Kacchapa Surajkund Mela is largest crafts fair in the world. Malai Mahadeshwara WS will become a Tiger reserve. Ktaka will now have 6. Yongle Blue Hole YBH is the deepest known marine cavern located in the SCS ICoSDiTAUS was held to improve diagnosis in traditional medicine RAISE 2020 stands for Responsible AI for social empowerment 2020 held in New Delhi MIEWS Market Intelligence and Early Warning System portal - real time monitoring prices of TOP under Op Greens 2020 CD3 asteroid aka mini moon/ second moon, Temporary Captured Object TCO orbits Earth Henneguya salminicola non-oxygen breathing animal it a parasite it relied on anaerobic respiration. India - Uzbekistan signed Security Cooperation Agreement MoU between India-Indonesia and India-KSA on combating illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and its precursors Ind-Myanmar MoU for prevention of Trafficking in persons. MoU between India and USA to access tip line reports on Missing and Exploited Children 5th Kalvari class Diesel electric sub INS Vagir built under Project 75 Prelims Facts 2 March 2020-March 20212020-04-02 23:12:18 Scotland - sanitary products free for women EKAM fest under National Handicapped Finance Dev Corporation NHFDC promote craftsmanship Eurasian Otter a Near Threatened - spotted in Chilka lake Sahyadri Megha - paddy, resistant to blast disease, rich in nutrients. Kishori Shakti Karyakram by young girls in Odisha to empower girls in slums Women Transforming India Awards under NITI-Aayog WISTEMM program is implemented by DST to provide opportunities to Women Scientists
Attukal Pongala - large congregation of women in Bhagavathy temple aka Women's Sabarimala, Trivandrum, Kerala #festival CPCB - statutory org under Water Prevention and Control Act 1974 and also works under Air Prev and Control act of 1981. Shared economy - peer to peer based sharing ie rent or borrow goods rather than buy and own them Gaur largest extant bovine - IUCN Vulnerable . Right to property is both human and constitutional right. Cri MAC or Crime Multi Agency centre to share info b/w police forces on heinous crimes Giraffes IUCN Vulnerable Oculudentavis khaungraae - smallest dinosaur discovered yet A vulture restaurant was opened in PongDam Lake in HP. 1 st Vulture restaurant was at Phansad. Circuit breaker to prevent market from crashing - halts trading of stocks. Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs responsible for the collection of excise duty MoEFCC has designated industries on the basis of Pollution index into Red, Orange, Green and White University for Peace UPEACE is an intergov university estd by under UNGA and HQ Costa Rica Devonian geological period 419 mya aka Number of years of Fishes Rushikulya rookery coast is located in Odisha, Olive Ridleys nest there. Cheti Chand - new year fest of Sindhi's; Sajibu Cheiraoba of the Manipuris. Arr Rinam - lockdown ritual observed in Arunachal by Galo tribes. Motor similar - Adi tribes in East Siang and Lower Dibang valleys Operation Namaste by Army to combat Corona Sodium Hypochlorite - bleaching agent Op Sanjeevani - delivering medicines to Maldives AarogySetu dev in PPP model April 7 is world Health day Gamosa - traditional cloth/cotton towel Assam Samadhan - test ability of students to innovate Bharat Padhe online - MHRD improve online education Technology development Board TDB helps IN coys for adaptation of imported technology YUKTI portal to monitor and record MHRD initiatives against COVID Primordial Black Holes formed due to collapsing radiations during Big Bang phase Virosomes : enveloped virus like particle - lack genetic material to replicate - used in vaccines Kisan Rath app to facilitate foodgrains and perishables during lockdown Blazars - celestial bodies that emit very bright lights Milk Tea Alliance is pro-democracy alliance against Chinese propaganda
West Texas intermediate is a crude oil type #PrelimsPYQ Matterhorn mountain in Alps range borders b/w Italy and Switzerland Education for Justice E4J by UNDOC to promote culture of lawfulness Anthurium - air purifying plant Bank of Schemes, Ideas, Innovation and Research portal by Mo MSME to crowd source ideas etc Kashmir Saffron GI tag - Laccha, Mongra and Gucchi are types KISAN SABHA APP - connect farmers to supply chain and freight transportation mgt sys by CSIR Thikri Pehra - community guarding in PUN, HAR Atulya microwave steriliser for coronavirus Saras Collection on Govt e-Marketplace for SHGs to list their products Bishnu Sendra Parva - hunting festival in Jharkhand, Odisha and WB. Arktika M sat by RUS to monitor Arctic climate GARUD portal for drones operation clearances Samudra Setu by IN Navy repatriate citizens from overseas Vande Bharat to bring back IN citizens stranded abroad Variola major and Variola minor causes Smallpox Elongated tortoise and Sal forest tortoise - Critically Endangered found in SE Asia, NE India ELISA - testing kit for corona Champions portal by MSME - make smaller units big, grievance redressal Sohrai Khova painting - Hazaribagh GI tag Telia Rumal Saree - Telangana Dibang multipurpose project hydro-electric largest ever Quinine Nongladew village in Meghalaya Quinine is extracted from bark of Cinchona, acts as antiarrhythmic agent GOAL Going Online as Leader program by Mo Tribal Affairs w/ Facebook NMIS - National Migrant Info sys by NDMA Troglomyces Twitteri - parasitic fungus Pinanga Andamanensis, critically endangered palm tree of Andaman Cicadas - insects age b/w 17yr or 13 yr
Adenovirus - weak common cold virus #PrelimsPYQ Industry status to sport by Mizoram Shahi Litchi from Muzaffarpur, Zardalu Mango from Bhagalpur GI tag
75 PVTGs - Katkari tribe of Gujarat, 9 are in Jharkhand #PrelimsPYQ Puntius Sanctus new species of small freshwater fish Bug bounty program for arogya setu app - rewards for Indians only Charru Mussel mollusks invasive species native to South and Central America found in Kerala WHO Foundation estd by WHO HQ in Geneva provide funds to WHO is legally separate from it Committee meeting in RS and LS cannot be held on video conference. Rule 266 mandates it be held in Private Band tail scorpionfish - Gulf of Mannar National Career Service Project NCS by Mo Labour National Productivity Council NPC - non-profit under Mo Industry estd 1958, reps from employers, workers, org and Gov.
Global Economic Prospects by World Bank #report Changpa community rear Pashmina goats
Jaya Jaitly #Committee- examine issues related to Women age of motherhood, lower MMR, improve nutrition Gairsain - summer Capital of Uttarakhand 3 mega ecological complexes Congo Basin, Amazon Rainforest and Coral Triangle Karkabhat--Megalithic burial site. Dipadih--Temple Chattisgarh - 7th Century Athirappilly hydro project Kerala - Chalakudy river HeiQ Viroblock - textile technology added in final stage to tackle COVID Lonar lake - meteorological strike created, pink coz salinity inc and bacterial growth(haloarchae)
PK Mohanty panel - review guidelines of ownership of private sector Banks #committee Malathion - pesticide that is carcinogenic, kills insects by attacking nervous system used for locust prevention and is water soluble. Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) - does not regulates production of crude oil and natural gas. Schizothorax sikusirumensis - new species of fish in Arunachal P Dexamethasone - anti-inflammatory helps reduce deaths in certain COVID patients Golden Langur - western Assam and Bhutan Kumhar Sashaktikaran Program - KVIC Gaia hypothesis - living creatures and the physical world are in complex interacting system that maintains equilibrium
MP largest wheat producer in 2019 surpassing Punjab #important Navigating the new normal - NITI AAyog Sankalp Parva - Mo Culture to plant = 5 trees CogX worlds largest event on AI in London GLobba andersonii -plant rediscovered in Teesta river valley in Sikkim and West Bengal
Accelerate Vigyan #Scheme - thrust to high end scientific research by MST Okavango delta, Kalahari desert, African Elephants, Cyanobacteria - Botswana Karan 4 - sugarcane variety Kisanrath - app by Do Agri and NIC identify transport facility for movt of farm produce Atmanirbhar Bharat - innovation challenge, promotion of existing app and dev of new apps. Vaartavali - Sanskrit news magazine by DD News Golden Birdwing - largest butterfly in IN Aatmanirbhar Skilled Employee Employer Mapping ASEEM portal by MSDE Itolizumab (rDNA origin), a monoclonal antibody Ophiocordyceps sinensis - Himalayan viagra/aphrodisiac, fungus world's most costliest Ground Orchid rediscovered in Dudhwa TR - critically Endangered Swarna Sub1 - rice variety water resistant International Rice Institute - Manila Longest sub-sea power cable b/w Britain - Denmark Tangams - tribe of Arunachal APT29 cyber espionage group based in RUS, WellMess and WellMail are their malware names Vertically transmitted infection - mother to child Bathynomus raksasa supergiant isopod Metamaterials - artificially crafted materials w/ unique microstructure, have non-natural properties Indian Bullfrog - largest in Subcontinent INDSAT - scholarship grant and admission to foreign students Mausam app IMD Periyar, Bharathapuzha, Pampa/Pamba are 3 longest rivers of Kerala Connect Central Asia by IN started 2012 political, security, economic and cultural SKOCH is highest civilian honour by an independent org in the country United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) set up by ECOSOC in 1947 promote pan European economic integration, Smart IN Hackathon by MHRD, AICTE every year Dhole - Asiatic Wild Dog IUCN Endangered, KTaka, Maha, MP, CITES Appendix II, Sched II of WPA. Agatti Island situated on coral atoll in Lakshadweep Galapagos part of Ecuador Pokkali rice, Kerala - saltwater resistant GI tag Gandagi Mukt Bharat on 15 Aug Suraksha National portal on Human Elephant Conflict Business Confidence Index by National Council for Applied Economic Research (NCAER), indicates Business sentiment Loya Jigra - assembly of Aghan tribes, non-official decision making body August 12 - 1st world Elephant Day Papum Reserve Forest in Arunachal, hornbill habitat undergoing deforestation SRIJAN MoD portal for indigenous production Swasthya Portal by MoTA Millenium Alliance - to test and scale COVID innovation by DST Hari Path - NHAI to monitor plantation of trees along NH Nuakhai Johar in Odisha - agricultural festival National Council for transgender under 2019 Act, Chair - Mo Social Justice Flavonoids phytonutrients responsbile for colours of fruits and vegetables Bondas are tribal community living in Malkangiri hills of Odisha - PVTG Pulikkali 'play of the tigers' folk art of Kerala 5 PVTGs in Andamans : Great Andamanese, Jarwas, Onges, Shompens and North Sentinelese Channapatna toys GI tag Karnataka Mundra port - Gulf of Kutch Yanomami tribes that live in Brazil, Venezuela threat from Gold Miners Gurupriya bridge Odisha NSO data on literacy 2017-18; IN avg literacy rate is 77.7% Kerala most data on education - 1/5 students take private coaching Real Mango - illegal software for fast booking of railway reservation Shikshak parv initiative by Mo Education Reciprocal provision for supplies and services agreement b/w India - Japan 1619 project to commemorate 1st enslavement of African and their arrival in Virginia Typhoon Haishen - Japan Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden glacier Phosphine flammable gas occurs from breakdwon of organic matter Kharai camels aka Swimming Camels, separate breed Nuclear power gen in IN by NPCIL, BHAVINI. Vaishvik Bharitiya Vaigyanik VAIBHAV- summit of overseas and resident IN scientist Chendamangalam Saree from Kerala GI tag Didayi - PVTGs - Odisha PASSEX exercise b/w IN and US Worlds longest high altitude Shinkun La tunnel in HP Javan, Sumatran and Black Rhinos are Critically End Komodo dragon IUCN status is Vulnerable JIMEX 20 b/w IN and JP Saathi app by Mo Tourism, biodiversity mapping in Mumbai Naturopathy - combination of healthy diet, self help, breathing exercises, promote body's own ability to heal itself Decarbonisation and Energy transition agenda b/w IN Netherlands Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations CEPI multilateral org to accelerate dev of vaccines Adjuvant - immunological agent that improves immune response of vaccine Purchasing Managers Index PMI for manufacturers and services sector, monthly Abortelphusa Namdaphaensis - freshwater crab species IN 2nd largest cotton producer, largest consumer 6 mil ton 23% International Barcode of Life iBOL to unite DNA barcoding Rudram - Anti-Radiation Missile Kyrgyztan - Central Asia's only democracy Goa declared 1st Har Ghar Jal State, tap water connection to every household Aquaponics both fishes and plants grown in integrated manner Karman line - space begins here 100km, New Shepard - rocket to take tourist to space by Blue Origin Red Light on Gadi off campaign - Delhi Gov Rashtriya Ajeevika Mission - organise rural poor women into SHGs, supporting them to take economic activities Israel Bahrain UAE to formalise diplomatic ties Sadhana Pass - J&K SCALE - Skill Certification Assessment for leather Employees India Android app Asafoetida not cultivated in IN, imported from AFG, IR Ind Spring Board to fund start ups INS Kavaratti ASW corvette CPI - Industrial Workers IW revised to 2016 Harpoon Coastal defense sys Meri Saheli security of women by Railways
POWER - Promote Opportunities for Women in Exploratory research #scheme. To remove gender disparity. Launched by Science and Engineering Research Board of DST. DHARMA Dam Health and Rehabilitation Monitoring system, SHAISYS - Seismic hazard info system 16 psyche is an asteroid b/w Mars + Jupiter can be made entirely of metal Nurturing neighborhoods challenge by MoHUA to imp life of young children, families etc Luhri Hydro project on R. Satluj in HP Data Maturity Assessment Framework DMAF by MoHUA India Mobile Congress - by Do Telecom and Cellular Operators Association of IN Silk production starting in NE states viz Sikkim European Mink is Critically End Urban Mobility IN conference by MoHUA Haiderpur wetland in UP b/w Ganga and Solani rivers 26th CAA inserted Art 363A which is abolition of Privy Purse Safaimitra Suraksha challenge by MoHUA for cities to switch to mechanised cleaning of sewers Willow Warbler sighted first time in IN in Kerala. IUCN : LC. PARAM Siddhi is largest mos powerful supercomputer in IN 2020 Booker prize to Douglas Stuart Atal Faculty Dev Program train teachers of higher ed institutions 15th G20 summit in KSA Sahakar Pragya help primary coop to play bigger role in Atmanirbhar bharat training by National Coop Dev Coorp NCDC Ili Lewotolok erupted in Indonesia Avadhanam - literary performance in Telugu, Kannada National Monsoon Mission by Mo Earth Sciences Indian peacock softshell turtle - Vulnerable Green Charcoal Hackathon by NTPC HL 2M Tokamak is CN largest nuclear fusion reactor aka artificial sun Tharu tribes live in Terai lowlands of Himalayas Vadhvan port project to be IN 13th major port, Gujarat Lakshdweep 1st UT to become organic after Sikkim Investment promotion award by UNCTAD to Invest India Partners in Population Development PPD - intergov org for south south coop, Secretariat in Dhaka,in the fields of reproductive health and family planning Pobitora WS aka Mini Kaziranga in Assam Better than cash alliance under UN capital Dev Fund WHO pre qualification to find efficacy of vaccines SEBI required top 1000 listed coys to have woman board mem Dkapay - digital payment instrument by Do Post and Payment Himalayan serow found in cold desert, IUCN Vulnerable also spotted in Assam CMS 01 Com sat Central Electricity Regulatory Commission CERC - statutory body, promote competition, efficiency, imp quality, promote investment etc SolarWinds - Trojan cyberattack Great Conjunction aka Christmas star when Saturn Jupiter appear to meet together Himalayan Trillium - herb IUCN Endangered Leopards : IUCN Vulnerable, total pop is 12,852 (2018) most in MP > Ktaka > Maha in Schedule I of WPA 1972, Appendix I of CITES has 9 sub species of Leopard. 100% FDI in DTH Mandatory physical verification of business premises for obtaining GST regtn Kialuea Volcano - Hawaii Good Governance Day Dec 25 BBX11 gene in plants helps facilitate greening Monpa Handmade paper - Arunachal P My Stamp scheme by India Post for personalised stamp Dibru Saikhowa WS - known for White winged wood ducks and feral horses 8 Core Industries in decreasing order of weightage: Refinery Products > Electricity > Steel > Coal > Crude Oil > Natural Gas > Cement > Fertilizers. Bharati and Maitry are 2 research stations of IN in Antarctica TRIFOOD parks - food processing centre to promote food processing under Van Dhan Yojana MoTA Market infrastructure Institutions MIIs - are stock exchanges, depositories etc. Magnetotelluric survey - uses natural time variation b/w Earths magnetic and electric field to understand geological structure and process, used to design quake proof building Naval Innovation and Indigenisation Org NIIO launched Vanadium largest deposit in CN RUS RSA Dzukou valley - located at Nagaland Manipur border Makaravilakkau fest in Kerala Desert Knight 21 bilateral air exercise b/w IAF and French Air Force Indian Star Tortoise - Vulnerable Risa - customary cloth from Tripura Ex Kavach involving Army, Navy, AF and Coast Guard Shramshakti Digital Data solution by MoTA + Goa Govt Bharat Parv Organised during Republic Day Celebration under Mo Tourism MSP for Copra given approval Kala Utsav by Mo Education to promote arts in education 2.2 % of IN population suffers from some physical/mental disability Global Economic Freedom Index 2020 - IN rank 105 by Fraser Institute IN ranked 5th in global installed renewable energy capacity Orobanche - hidden parasitic weed in mustard KAPILA - program for IPR literacy National Safety Council under Mo Labour Brookesia nana - one of the smallest chameleons/reptiles Sessa Orchid sanctuary in Arunachal P Shatoot Dam build in AFG on Maidan river tributary of Kabul R. Tholapavakkoothu - shadow puppetry Kerala Vigyan Jyoti Program - by DST to encourage girls to take STEM Mandarin Duck spotted in Maguri Motapung beel in Assam Dickinsonia - earliest known living animal's fossil found in Bhimbetka Sandes - instant messaging app by National Informatics Centre Karlapat Sanctuary - Odisha, Barking Deer, MGS, Pangolin etc E-Chhawani portal for all cantonment boards Charminar built by Quli Qutb Shah in 1591
Tree City Status to Hyderabad #PrelimsPYQ Black Footed forest cloned in US Zolgensma - type of gene therapy National Urban Digital Mission NUDM by MoHUA to make urban governance and service delivery as citizen centric International Commission on Large Dams - NGO for exchange knowledge in Dam engineering, HQ in Paris Asia Economic Dialogue AED - flagship of MEA Surcharge is additional tax levied on existing tax, levied on income tax payable, rev solely retained by Centre Waste to Wealth mission under PMSTIAC Marine Spatial Planning agreement b/w IN and NOR Udyog Manthan by DPIIT under Mo Commerce and Industry Desert Flag hosted by UAE, IN participating for the first time Bao Dhaan is red rice grown in Brahmaputra valley in Assam Ramjet - used atmospheric O2, can carry bigger warhead as Oxidiser is not required Pochampally Ikat given GI tag Whale Shark IUCN Endangered Maitri Setu built over Feni river flowing b/w IN and Ban IN biggest floating solar power plant built in Ramagundam in Telangana Atmanirbhar Niveshak Mitra by DPIIT to facilitate info dissemination to domestic investor Project RE HAB - create bee fences to thwart elephant attacks by KVIC
World Energy Transitions Outlook #Report by IRENA Van Dhan Vikas Yojana - Manipur emerged as model state Catch the rain campaign by Mo Jal Shakti Jaapi - Bamboo hat used in Assam Pakal Dul Hydro project located in Marusudar river tributary of Chenab UN Institute of Training and Research to train young diplomats. Central Scrutiny Centre CSC by Mo Corporate Affairs for filings by users. Shigmo - paddy harvest festival in Goa Giga Mesh - wireless product for Low cost internet in rural areas. Corbet has highest number of Tigers - 231 Saharan cheetah : Critically Endangered Global Tiger Forum - only inter-governmental org promoting conservation of tiger Leather back sea turtle worlds biggest sea turtle Koalas become IUCN Endangered after bush fires Asiatic Lions - Endangered Prelims Facts 3 April 2021 onwards2021-06-17 17:11
AIM PRIME #scheme : promote science based deep tech startups and ventures Culex aka common house mosquitoes are carrier of serious diseases
Small Savings #Scheme : are either postal deposits, savings certificates viz Kisan Vikas Patra KVP, Social Security Scheme viz PPF etc; Shyamala Gopinath #committee suggested market linked interest.
Shantir Ogroshena : IN-BAN multinational mil ex #militaryexercise Chenab Bridge : world's highest railway bridge 359mt above river bed
La Perouse : multilateral ex b/w IN-FR #militaryexercise Wolf Rayet stars : highly luminous obj made of a set of stars, previously called W-type. Anamaya initiative to end preventable deaths in tribal communities privately funded Doomsday aka Thwaites Glacier melting causing global sea level rise Brucellosis : zoonotic infection spreads through raw or unpasteurised dairy product Umngot river : in Meghalaya, tourist attraction due to clear water Uruka aka Bhogali or Magh Bihu fest in Assam
Poshan Gyan #scheme by NITI Aayog national repository on health and nutrition.
e-SANTA #scheme by MoCommerce to connect aqua farmers to buyers Monkeydactyl aka pterosaur extinct flying reptile with earliest know evidence of a limb
Raisina Dialogue to hold discussion on state of world and explore areas of coop. Narrow Line Seyfert 1 NLS1 is a galaxy. MANAS App by PM-STIAC augment mental well being of IN citizens EatSmart cities, Transport4All challenge by MoHousing
Gender Samvaad #scheme by DAY-NRLM hear voices from the states and the field Mo Rural Development Cholistan desert in Pakistan Tiki Formation in Madhya Pradesh is where vertebrate fossils are found viz Dinosaurs
Council of European Union FOSS4GOV by MeitY to accelerate adoption of Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) Kowloon Peninsula south Honk Kong Python 5 AAM from ISR Tianhe 1st module of CN space station Tiangong Xylophis Deepaki new species of snake in TN Vorukh exclave of Tajikistan surrounded by Kyrgyztan Kachin minority ethnic group of Myanmar demanding a separate state SUTRA model by IIT Kanpur to predict COVID graph in India. MoU for Global Innovation Partnership GIP b/w UK and India E-Sanjeevani OPD telemedicine platform dev by C-DAC under MoHFW, provides free consultation to In citizens Kolam-Thullal mask dance from Kerala Goa Maritime Symposium GMS 2021 by Indian Navy Red-eared slider : type of turtle kept as pet Winchcombe : type of meteorite
NCMC Sulawesi : island in Indonesia Samvedna : tele counselling service for psychological support to children Gholvad Chikoo GI Tag from Maharashtra Taiwan Strait is part of SCS Corpse flower IUCN : Endangered, native to Indonesia blooms once in 7-10yrs Big 5 project to conserve 5 animals viz Elephant, Gorilla, Bear, Tiger and Lion Mount Nyiragongo : erupted in Congo MCA21 by Mo Corporate Affairs e-governance initiative; gives easy and secure access to services of MoCA Jardalu Mango, Katani Rice, Magahi Pan, Shahi Litchi have GI tag from Bihar BioHub initiative by WHO : pathogen storage, sharing and analysis multilaterally, is currently done bilaterally b/w countries
Currency Swap Agreement Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary is located in Bhitarkarnika NP Vitamin D : fat soluble -> long storage in body
Young, Upcoming and Versatile, Authors YUVA #scheme by Mo Education for 75 authors under 30; will be given 50k stipend for 6 months
Naresh Chandra #committee on Croporate Governance (2002), Defense Mgt (2011)
CBDT : statutory #body under Central Board of Revenue Act 1963 and Do Revenue, MoFinance UN Special Rapporteurs are independent experts working on behalf of UN do not get fin compensation and report on Human rights AmbiTag first indigenous temp data logger for cold chain mgt uses IoT by IIT Ropar Tulsa massacre 100 anniversary was racial hate crime in US Teachers Eligibility Test TET for appt Class I - VIII mandatory for gov schools to meet RT free education SAGE portal under Mo Social Justice to support elderly via care products made by startups. Operation Sagar Aaraksha II by Indian Coast Guard w/ Sri Lanka.
YounTab #scheme in Ladakh for encouraging digital learning among students. I-Familia global databse to identify missing person by Interpol.
Surakshit Hum Surakshit Tum Abhiyaan #scheme for aspirational districts to provide Covid home care support to citizens. Operation Pangea XIV by Interpol against fake online pharmacies. Khirsapati and Lakshmanbho in WB and Zardalu in Bihar are GI certified types of Mangoes. Convergence Energy Services Ltd CESL is wholly owned subsidiary of EESL under Mo Power. Dihing Patkai 7th NP of Assam. MP has most > Andaman Nicobar > Assam. Raimona NP is in Assam. Hornbill Nest Adoption program asso w/ Pakke TR. Umling La in Ladakh is one of the highest motorable road by BRO under Project Himank.
World Giving Index #report by Charities AId Foundation. Indonesia most generous India 14th. Drone survey mandaroty for all NH projects VivaTech : startup event in Europe. Desertification and Land Degradation atlas by Space Application Center, ISRO.
Indian Certification of Medical Devices #scheme by Quality Council of India Gulf of Tadjoura is in Djibouti
Integrated theatre command : 1 command for all 3 services for strategically imp geographic area. Shekatkar #committee recommended it.
Biotech-Kisan #scheme by Mo Science promotes local farm leadership to dev science based farming.
Ajit Mishra #committee on fixation of Minimum Wages and National Floor Wages to the gov. Black Softshell Turtle : found in temples ex Hayagriva Madhava in Assam freshwater species that is IUCN Critically Endangered but no protection under WPA. Project Seabird : largest naval infra project to construct naval base at Karwar, Ktaka. Fukuoka price for Arts and Culture by Japan Indrajaal : IN first drone defence system can cover area of 1000-2000 sq km. NATRAX High Speed Track HST in Indore built under NATRiP
Saral Sanchar portal issues licenses and registration certificates under Do Telecom. #scheme Enforcing contracts portal by Mo Law and Justice.
India Ocean Naval Symposium have littoral countries as full time members except Somalia and Yemen also Madagascar is observer despite being littoral. #PrelimsPYQ #important Aims to inc maritime cooperation among navies in the IOR. Open Network for digital commerce ONDC by DPIIT to use open source White Flag campaign -> Malaysia against fin crunch during Covid Bhalia wheat from Guj given GI SPARSH for automatic disbursement of defence pension dbGENVOC : database of genomic variants of oral cancer Bhumi Panduga by Khoya tribe in AP Yak IUCN : Vulnerable India Industrial Land Bank IILB for investors scouting for land under DPIIT Lemru Elephant reserve in Chattisgarh Bryum Bharatiensis : moss species native to Antarctica Cryptograms are plants or plant like organisms that do not produce seed ex ferns, lichens and fungi. Phanerograms is vice versa. Chemotaxis movement of cell towards a chemical when attracted and away when repelled. Bacteria etc find food this way, Incheon Declaration 2014 for Education for all by 2030 Kisan Sarathi app for farmers to get info in desired language by scientists. GMP : Good Manufacturing Practice is a mandatory certificate for pharma companies to sell medicines, issued by WHO. It is a certification scheme to ensure quality. It also has legal components.
Bhartiya Prakritik Krishi Padhait BPKP sub scheme of PKVY to reduce synthetic chemical use and promote on farm biomass recycling. #scheme ARMED 21 Army skiing expedition Agarwood tree is used to produce essential oils and perfumes is called liquid gold. IUCN status : Critically Endangered. Kandla is first green industrial city in India by Indian Green Building Council formed by Confederation of Indian Industry. Kaveri/Cauveri river originates from Talakaveri in the Brahmagiri range in Kodagu district, Karnataka. North Eastern Space Application Centre NESAC joint initiative of DoSpace and NE Council. Minervarya Pentali : endemic frog from Western Ghats Pensilungpa Glacier in Zanskar separates it from Ladakh. PM Shram Awards to workmen from public and private sectors. SonChiraiya brand and logo to market SHG products in the global market by Mo HUA. Financial Inclusion Index by RBI. Agency Bank status given by RBI allows it to undertake banking business of Central and State govt on behalf of RBI ex revenue receipts and payments. Advance ruling is a written interpretation of tax laws. Tiwa tribes fomr Assam and Meghalaya celebrate Wanchuwa festival/ harvest fest. Acetabularia Jalanyakae single celled Alagae found in Andaman Nicobar. Madur mats GI from West Bengal. IN largest floating solar photo voltaic PV project at Simhadir, Vizag. Yuktdhara portal by Mo Rural Dev and Panchayati Raj serve as repo of geotags. Vinob Bhave was the 1st Magsaysat award winner. Resulution 2594 of the UNSC adopted to find a resolution on Afghanistan. Snow leopar and black necked crane were adopted as state animal and state bird of Ladakh.
#important #PrelimsPYQ Black Necked Crane ZAPAD 21 hosted by Russia mil exercise w/ multiple countries. Presidents Colour is the highest honour to be given on a military unit to recognise its exceptional service. TUrtle Survival Alliance formed in 2001 as an IUCN partnership for sustainable captive mgt of freshwater turtles and tortoises. National Farmers Database will connect their digital land record and the schemes such as DBTs etc. Also facilitate seamlesss credit, seeds, fertilizers etc related info. Manda Buffalo indigenous breed found in Eastern Ghats/ Odisha. GST Appeals can be filed to National Appellate Tribunal. SC has asked for 2nd appellate authority GST App Tribunal. Qeqertaq Avannarleq newly discovered Island near Greenland coast is northernmost piece of land. IN first Dugong conservation reserve in Tamil Nadu, Palk Bay area. Subhansiri is the longest tributary of Brahmaputtra. Samvatsari festival by Shvetambara jains day of forgiveness. Climate Action and Finance Mobilisation Technique CAFMD b/w IN US will give climate fin as grants as envisaged under Paris Agreement.
Baijayant Panda #committee by MoD to review NCC. G-33 : Coalition of Developing countries who favour protection of agriculture at WTO. Humboldt penguin IUCN Vulnerable endemic to Chile and Peru.
Sea Cucumber is Schedule I in WPA it dissolved CaCO3 and is essential for survival of corals. Vishnuonyx Neptuni species of otter that is now extinct. Rakthamichthys mumba new species of Eel.
IPRS Industrial Park Ratings System IPRS #report by DPIIT. Dras : called gateway to Ladakh and the coldest inhabited place in India. Hoplosebastes Armatus aka flower scorpionfish. Allium Negianum is a species of Onion. Georissa mawsmaiensis is a micro snail species found in Cherrapunjee, Meghalaya. Bovine Mastitis infectious disease that affects farm productivity. International Securities Identification Number ISIN : 12 digit alphnumeric that uniquely identifies a security for clearing and settlement. Ambergris is sperm whale vomit used to make perfume. Gorias are ethnic muslims from Assam. Trignopterus Corona new species of Beetles found in Sulawesi of Indonesia. Time for India drive launched by Sweden to promote bilateral trade with India. World Gold Council to stimulate and sustain demand for gold comprise of world's leading gold mining companies. Indus River Dolphin : IUCN Endangered found in Punjab's Harike wildlife sanctuary in lower Beas river and its state animal. Gangetic dolphin IUCN Endangered is national aquatic animal of India can only live in freshwater and is blind. BASIC : Brasil SA Indiia and China committed to act in Copenhagen climate summit for a common goal. Kameng river in Arunachal right bank tributary of Brahmaputra. Global Drug Policy Index by Harm Reduction Consortium. Delhi Declaration on Afghanistan -> territory cannot be used for terrorism. SEBI Investor Charter to protect their interest enable them to understand risks. Dosti : trilateral coast guard exercise involving India, Maldives and Sri Lanka. Tiwa tribes in NE celebrate Wanchuwa festival to mark good harvest. Barbados is newest republic but will continue to be part of commonwealth (54 total). Chocolate Bordered flitter is butterfly discovered in Sikkim.
ACE2 protein #PrelimsPYQ : enzyme molecule that connects inside of cells to outside. The spike of coronavirus binds to ACE2 enzymes to get inside our bodies.
Salaries of Judges #todo NZ banned people < 14 to buy cigarettes for life. Royal Gold Medal 2022 for Architecture to Balkrishna Doshi. Finns weaver bird IUCN Endangered found in Terai grasslands in Uttarakhand and western UP, Assam. Log4Shell is a vulnerability that could grant hackers access to application. Konyak Nagas are largest of the Naga tribes inhabiting the Mon district. Anghs/ Wangs are their traditional chiefs, Facial tattoos earned for taking head of enemy. SGFT S-gene target failure SGTF test kits used for early detection of Omicron detects absence of S-gene. Manohari is a type of tea, very costly. Green Hydrogen micro-grid project in Simhadri, Vizag, AP. Silverline Kerala project for Semi-high speed trains. UNSC Resolution 2615 to sanction Taliban Pralay surfact to surface tactical quasi ballistic missile (low trajectory but can be maneuvered in flight) range 150-500km. Vernacular Innovation program by AIM to overcome linguistic barrier in innovation. 'Rainbow nation' Desmond Tutu called South Africa when Nelson Mandela became president. Jana Gana Mana was sung in Calcutta Session of INC in 1911. EO Wilson was a scientis who studied insects. Zero day vulnerability flaw that has not been publicly disclosed for which software patch of remediation technique is not available. Fimbristylis and Neanotis are flowers found in Kerala, grasslands of Western Ghats. Mud Crab Reovirus MCRV aka as Sleeping disease that affects crabs. Sea dragon Exercise multi lateral anti submarine warfare exercise b/w US, IN, AUS, CAN, JP, SKR. First rock museum of country in Hyderabad. Mission Parvarish to combat malnourishment among children by Assam govt.
SAAR Smart Cities and Academia Towards Action and Research #scheme by Mo HUA launched as part of Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav to document projects made under Smart cities mission. Harmonised Guidelines and Standards for Universal Accessibility in India by CPWD (Central Public Works dept) Extended Producer Responsibility EPR was introduced under Plastic Waste Mgt Rules 2011 and E-waste Mgt Handling rules 2011.
Indu Malhotra #committee to suggest on safeguards and security of PM and other constitutional functionaries. BARC Broadcast Audience Research Council industry body owned by advertisers, ad agencies and broadcasting coys it gives ratings to channels. Siachen glacier is 2nd longest in non-polar areas located in Eastern Karakoram range. Gherkins aka pickling cucumber. IN is largest exporter. Protocol to visit to religious shrines 1974 is a bilateral agreement b/w IN and PAK for each others nationals. NeoCov is new strain of coronavirus related to MERS. Chief Economic Advisor CEA reports to the Finance Minister and is equivalent to Secy of India. Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council HNLC militant NECTAR North East Centre for Technology Application and Reach is taking saffron production in NE India.
River cities alliance RCA #scheme by Mo Jal Shakti and Mo HUA to exchange info on sustainable mgt of urban rivers. SeHAT Services e-health assistance and teleconsultation SeHAT by Mo Defence for all entitled personnel and their families. Pola Vatta new fish species. Operation AAHT to curb human trafficking by RPF 4 horned antelopes found in Wayanad wildlife sanctuary. Koala designated as endangered species. Pacific Inslands Forum estd in 1971 for heads of govt to discuss common issues and problems facing independent and self governing states. Biketawa declaration was adopted for regional stability. One Ocean summit in France to raise marine issues. Medharam Jatara is 2nd largest fare after Kumbh celebrated in Telangana. Doxxing is publishing and analysing others personal information on internet with malicious intent.
Rejuvenating Watersheds for Agricultural Resilience through Innovative development REWARD #scheme to adopt improved watershed mgt practices under Do Land Resources. Cryodactylus exercitus recorded new species of bent toed gecko from Meghalaya. GBBC Great Backyard Bird Count birdwatchers from all around the world are called to count and report details of the birds. Munich Security Conference Minsk Agreement was signed b/w Russian backed separatists and Ukraine for ceasefire. Kuki tribe live in Mizo hills of Mizoram. Kuki rising took place in 1917-1919.
National Means cum merit scholarship #scheme NMMSS. Sea Cucumber is under Schedule I of WPA 1972 found in seafloor of tropical regions. They act as garbage collector for oceans and Calcium carbonate is one of its by products Nord Stream pipeline runs from RUS to GER. Angadias is an old traditional banking system where traders send cash from one state to another through a person called Angadia/courier. Panruti cashews are grown in Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu. Karakattam Dance ancient folk dance of TN dedicated to Mariamman/ rain goddess. Kuno Palpur NP to be 1st Cheetah park of India. ]]>02-prelims/prelims-facts-1-april-2019-feb-2020.html02 Prelims/Prelims Facts 1 April-2019-Feb-2020.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/nps_sequoia-general-sherman-tree-infographic.jpg"></figure>#festival CPCB - statutory org under Water Prevention and Control Act 1974 and also works under Air Prev and Control act of 1981. Shared economy - peer to peer based sharing ie rent or borrow goods rather than buy and own them Gaur largest extant bovine - IUCN Vulnerable . Right to property is both human and constitutional right. Cri MAC or Crime Multi Agency centre to share info b/w police forces on heinous crimes Giraffes IUCN Vulnerable Oculudentavis khaungraae - smallest dinosaur discovered yet A vulture restaurant was opened in PongDam Lake in HP. 1 st Vulture restaurant was at Phansad. Circuit breaker to prevent market from crashing - halts trading of stocks. Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs responsible for the collection of excise duty MoEFCC has designated industries on the basis of Pollution index into Red, Orange, Green and White University for Peace UPEACE is an intergov university estd by under UNGA and HQ Costa Rica Devonian geological period 419 mya aka Number of years of Fishes Rushikulya rookery coast is located in Odisha, Olive Ridleys nest there. Cheti Chand - new year fest of Sindhi's; Sajibu Cheiraoba of the Manipuris. Arr Rinam - lockdown ritual observed in Arunachal by Galo tribes. Motor similar - Adi tribes in East Siang and Lower Dibang valleys Operation Namaste by Army to combat Corona Sodium Hypochlorite - bleaching agent Op Sanjeevani - delivering medicines to Maldives AarogySetu dev in PPP model April 7 is world Health day Gamosa - traditional cloth/cotton towel Assam Samadhan - test ability of students to innovate Bharat Padhe online - MHRD improve online education Technology development Board TDB helps IN coys for adaptation of imported technology YUKTI portal to monitor and record MHRD initiatives against COVID Primordial Black Holes formed due to collapsing radiations during Big Bang phase Virosomes : enveloped virus like particle - lack genetic material to replicate - used in vaccines Kisan Rath app to facilitate foodgrains and perishables during lockdown Blazars - celestial bodies that emit very bright lights Milk Tea Alliance is pro-democracy alliance against Chinese propaganda
West Texas intermediate is a crude oil type #PrelimsPYQ Matterhorn mountain in Alps range borders b/w Italy and Switzerland Education for Justice E4J by UNDOC to promote culture of lawfulness Anthurium - air purifying plant Bank of Schemes, Ideas, Innovation and Research portal by Mo MSME to crowd source ideas etc Kashmir Saffron GI tag - Laccha, Mongra and Gucchi are types KISAN SABHA APP - connect farmers to supply chain and freight transportation mgt sys by CSIR Thikri Pehra - community guarding in PUN, HAR Atulya microwave steriliser for coronavirus Saras Collection on Govt e-Marketplace for SHGs to list their products Bishnu Sendra Parva - hunting festival in Jharkhand, Odisha and WB. Arktika M sat by RUS to monitor Arctic climate GARUD portal for drones operation clearances Samudra Setu by IN Navy repatriate citizens from overseas Vande Bharat to bring back IN citizens stranded abroad Variola major and Variola minor causes Smallpox Elongated tortoise and Sal forest tortoise - Critically Endangered found in SE Asia, NE India ELISA - testing kit for corona Champions portal by MSME - make smaller units big, grievance redressal Sohrai Khova painting - Hazaribagh GI tag Telia Rumal Saree - Telangana Dibang multipurpose project hydro-electric largest ever Quinine Nongladew village in Meghalaya Quinine is extracted from bark of Cinchona, acts as antiarrhythmic agent GOAL Going Online as Leader program by Mo Tribal Affairs w/ Facebook NMIS - National Migrant Info sys by NDMA Troglomyces Twitteri - parasitic fungus Pinanga Andamanensis, critically endangered palm tree of Andaman Cicadas - insects age b/w 17yr or 13 yr
Adenovirus - weak common cold virus #PrelimsPYQ Industry status to sport by Mizoram Shahi Litchi from Muzaffarpur, Zardalu Mango from Bhagalpur GI tag
75 PVTGs - Katkari tribe of Gujarat, 9 are in Jharkhand #PrelimsPYQ Puntius Sanctus new species of small freshwater fish Bug bounty program for arogya setu app - rewards for Indians only Charru Mussel mollusks invasive species native to South and Central America found in Kerala WHO Foundation estd by WHO HQ in Geneva provide funds to WHO is legally separate from it Committee meeting in RS and LS cannot be held on video conference. Rule 266 mandates it be held in Private Band tail scorpionfish - Gulf of Mannar National Career Service Project NCS by Mo Labour National Productivity Council NPC - non-profit under Mo Industry estd 1958, reps from employers, workers, org and Gov.
Global Economic Prospects by World Bank #report Changpa community rear Pashmina goats
Jaya Jaitly #Committee- examine issues related to Women age of motherhood, lower MMR, improve nutrition Gairsain - summer Capital of Uttarakhand 3 mega ecological complexes Congo Basin, Amazon Rainforest and Coral Triangle Karkabhat--Megalithic burial site. Dipadih--Temple Chattisgarh - 7th Century Athirappilly hydro project Kerala - Chalakudy river HeiQ Viroblock - textile technology added in final stage to tackle COVID Lonar lake - meteorological strike created, pink coz salinity inc and bacterial growth(haloarchae)
PK Mohanty panel - review guidelines of ownership of private sector Banks #committee Malathion - pesticide that is carcinogenic, kills insects by attacking nervous system used for locust prevention and is water soluble. Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) - does not regulates production of crude oil and natural gas. Schizothorax sikusirumensis - new species of fish in Arunachal P Dexamethasone - anti-inflammatory helps reduce deaths in certain COVID patients Golden Langur - western Assam and Bhutan Kumhar Sashaktikaran Program - KVIC Gaia hypothesis - living creatures and the physical world are in complex interacting system that maintains equilibrium
MP largest wheat producer in 2019 surpassing Punjab #important Navigating the new normal - NITI AAyog Sankalp Parva - Mo Culture to plant = 5 trees CogX worlds largest event on AI in London GLobba andersonii -plant rediscovered in Teesta river valley in Sikkim and West Bengal
Accelerate Vigyan #Scheme - thrust to high end scientific research by MST Okavango delta, Kalahari desert, African Elephants, Cyanobacteria - Botswana Karan 4 - sugarcane variety Kisanrath - app by Do Agri and NIC identify transport facility for movt of farm produce Atmanirbhar Bharat - innovation challenge, promotion of existing app and dev of new apps. Vaartavali - Sanskrit news magazine by DD News Golden Birdwing - largest butterfly in IN Aatmanirbhar Skilled Employee Employer Mapping ASEEM portal by MSDE Itolizumab (rDNA origin), a monoclonal antibody Ophiocordyceps sinensis - Himalayan viagra/aphrodisiac, fungus world's most costliest Ground Orchid rediscovered in Dudhwa TR - critically Endangered Swarna Sub1 - rice variety water resistant International Rice Institute - Manila Longest sub-sea power cable b/w Britain - Denmark Tangams - tribe of Arunachal APT29 cyber espionage group based in RUS, WellMess and WellMail are their malware names Vertically transmitted infection - mother to child Bathynomus raksasa supergiant isopod Metamaterials - artificially crafted materials w/ unique microstructure, have non-natural properties Indian Bullfrog - largest in Subcontinent INDSAT - scholarship grant and admission to foreign students Mausam app IMD Periyar, Bharathapuzha, Pampa/Pamba are 3 longest rivers of Kerala Connect Central Asia by IN started 2012 political, security, economic and cultural SKOCH is highest civilian honour by an independent org in the country United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) set up by ECOSOC in 1947 promote pan European economic integration, Smart IN Hackathon by MHRD, AICTE every year Dhole - Asiatic Wild Dog IUCN Endangered, KTaka, Maha, MP, CITES Appendix II, Sched II of WPA. Agatti Island situated on coral atoll in Lakshadweep Galapagos part of Ecuador Pokkali rice, Kerala - saltwater resistant GI tag Gandagi Mukt Bharat on 15 Aug Suraksha National portal on Human Elephant Conflict Business Confidence Index by National Council for Applied Economic Research (NCAER), indicates Business sentiment Loya Jigra - assembly of Aghan tribes, non-official decision making body August 12 - 1st world Elephant Day Papum Reserve Forest in Arunachal, hornbill habitat undergoing deforestation SRIJAN MoD portal for indigenous production Swasthya Portal by MoTA Millenium Alliance - to test and scale COVID innovation by DST Hari Path - NHAI to monitor plantation of trees along NH Nuakhai Johar in Odisha - agricultural festival National Council for transgender under 2019 Act, Chair - Mo Social Justice Flavonoids phytonutrients responsbile for colours of fruits and vegetables Bondas are tribal community living in Malkangiri hills of Odisha - PVTG Pulikkali 'play of the tigers' folk art of Kerala 5 PVTGs in Andamans : Great Andamanese, Jarwas, Onges, Shompens and North Sentinelese Channapatna toys GI tag Karnataka Mundra port - Gulf of Kutch Yanomami tribes that live in Brazil, Venezuela threat from Gold Miners Gurupriya bridge Odisha NSO data on literacy 2017-18; IN avg literacy rate is 77.7% Kerala most data on education - 1/5 students take private coaching Real Mango - illegal software for fast booking of railway reservation Shikshak parv initiative by Mo Education Reciprocal provision for supplies and services agreement b/w India - Japan 1619 project to commemorate 1st enslavement of African and their arrival in Virginia Typhoon Haishen - Japan Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden glacier Phosphine flammable gas occurs from breakdwon of organic matter Kharai camels aka Swimming Camels, separate breed Nuclear power gen in IN by NPCIL, BHAVINI. Vaishvik Bharitiya Vaigyanik VAIBHAV- summit of overseas and resident IN scientist Chendamangalam Saree from Kerala GI tag Didayi - PVTGs - Odisha PASSEX exercise b/w IN and US Worlds longest high altitude Shinkun La tunnel in HP Javan, Sumatran and Black Rhinos are Critically End Komodo dragon IUCN status is Vulnerable JIMEX 20 b/w IN and JP Saathi app by Mo Tourism, biodiversity mapping in Mumbai Naturopathy - combination of healthy diet, self help, breathing exercises, promote body's own ability to heal itself Decarbonisation and Energy transition agenda b/w IN Netherlands Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations CEPI multilateral org to accelerate dev of vaccines Adjuvant - immunological agent that improves immune response of vaccine Purchasing Managers Index PMI for manufacturers and services sector, monthly Abortelphusa Namdaphaensis - freshwater crab species IN 2nd largest cotton producer, largest consumer 6 mil ton 23% International Barcode of Life iBOL to unite DNA barcoding Rudram - Anti-Radiation Missile Kyrgyztan - Central Asia's only democracy Goa declared 1st Har Ghar Jal State, tap water connection to every household Aquaponics both fishes and plants grown in integrated manner Karman line - space begins here 100km, New Shepard - rocket to take tourist to space by Blue Origin Red Light on Gadi off campaign - Delhi Gov Rashtriya Ajeevika Mission - organise rural poor women into SHGs, supporting them to take economic activities Israel Bahrain UAE to formalise diplomatic ties Sadhana Pass - J&K SCALE - Skill Certification Assessment for leather Employees India Android app Asafoetida not cultivated in IN, imported from AFG, IR Ind Spring Board to fund start ups INS Kavaratti ASW corvette CPI - Industrial Workers IW revised to 2016 Harpoon Coastal defense sys Meri Saheli security of women by Railways
POWER - Promote Opportunities for Women in Exploratory research #scheme. To remove gender disparity. Launched by Science and Engineering Research Board of DST. DHARMA Dam Health and Rehabilitation Monitoring system, SHAISYS - Seismic hazard info system 16 psyche is an asteroid b/w Mars + Jupiter can be made entirely of metal Nurturing neighborhoods challenge by MoHUA to imp life of young children, families etc Luhri Hydro project on R. Satluj in HP Data Maturity Assessment Framework DMAF by MoHUA India Mobile Congress - by Do Telecom and Cellular Operators Association of IN Silk production starting in NE states viz Sikkim European Mink is Critically End Urban Mobility IN conference by MoHUA Haiderpur wetland in UP b/w Ganga and Solani rivers 26th CAA inserted Art 363A which is abolition of Privy Purse Safaimitra Suraksha challenge by MoHUA for cities to switch to mechanised cleaning of sewers Willow Warbler sighted first time in IN in Kerala. IUCN : LC. PARAM Siddhi is largest mos powerful supercomputer in IN 2020 Booker prize to Douglas Stuart Atal Faculty Dev Program train teachers of higher ed institutions 15th G20 summit in KSA Sahakar Pragya help primary coop to play bigger role in Atmanirbhar bharat training by National Coop Dev Coorp NCDC Ili Lewotolok erupted in Indonesia Avadhanam - literary performance in Telugu, Kannada National Monsoon Mission by Mo Earth Sciences Indian peacock softshell turtle - Vulnerable Green Charcoal Hackathon by NTPC HL 2M Tokamak is CN largest nuclear fusion reactor aka artificial sun Tharu tribes live in Terai lowlands of Himalayas Vadhvan port project to be IN 13th major port, Gujarat Lakshdweep 1st UT to become organic after Sikkim Investment promotion award by UNCTAD to Invest India Partners in Population Development PPD - intergov org for south south coop, Secretariat in Dhaka,in the fields of reproductive health and family planning Pobitora WS aka Mini Kaziranga in Assam Better than cash alliance under UN capital Dev Fund WHO pre qualification to find efficacy of vaccines SEBI required top 1000 listed coys to have woman board mem Dkapay - digital payment instrument by Do Post and Payment Himalayan serow found in cold desert, IUCN Vulnerable also spotted in Assam CMS 01 Com sat Central Electricity Regulatory Commission CERC - statutory body, promote competition, efficiency, imp quality, promote investment etc SolarWinds - Trojan cyberattack Great Conjunction aka Christmas star when Saturn Jupiter appear to meet together Himalayan Trillium - herb IUCN Endangered Leopards : IUCN Vulnerable, total pop is 12,852 (2018) most in MP > Ktaka > Maha in Schedule I of WPA 1972, Appendix I of CITES has 9 sub species of Leopard. 100% FDI in DTH Mandatory physical verification of business premises for obtaining GST regtn Kialuea Volcano - Hawaii Good Governance Day Dec 25 BBX11 gene in plants helps facilitate greening Monpa Handmade paper - Arunachal P My Stamp scheme by India Post for personalised stamp Dibru Saikhowa WS - known for White winged wood ducks and feral horses 8 Core Industries in decreasing order of weightage: Refinery Products > Electricity > Steel > Coal > Crude Oil > Natural Gas > Cement > Fertilizers. Bharati and Maitry are 2 research stations of IN in Antarctica TRIFOOD parks - food processing centre to promote food processing under Van Dhan Yojana MoTA Market infrastructure Institutions MIIs - are stock exchanges, depositories etc. Magnetotelluric survey - uses natural time variation b/w Earths magnetic and electric field to understand geological structure and process, used to design quake proof building Naval Innovation and Indigenisation Org NIIO launched Vanadium largest deposit in CN RUS RSA Dzukou valley - located at Nagaland Manipur border Makaravilakkau fest in Kerala Desert Knight 21 bilateral air exercise b/w IAF and French Air Force Indian Star Tortoise - Vulnerable Risa - customary cloth from Tripura Ex Kavach involving Army, Navy, AF and Coast Guard Shramshakti Digital Data solution by MoTA + Goa Govt Bharat Parv Organised during Republic Day Celebration under Mo Tourism MSP for Copra given approval Kala Utsav by Mo Education to promote arts in education 2.2 % of IN population suffers from some physical/mental disability Global Economic Freedom Index 2020 - IN rank 105 by Fraser Institute IN ranked 5th in global installed renewable energy capacity Orobanche - hidden parasitic weed in mustard KAPILA - program for IPR literacy National Safety Council under Mo Labour Brookesia nana - one of the smallest chameleons/reptiles Sessa Orchid sanctuary in Arunachal P Shatoot Dam build in AFG on Maidan river tributary of Kabul R. Tholapavakkoothu - shadow puppetry Kerala Vigyan Jyoti Program - by DST to encourage girls to take STEM Mandarin Duck spotted in Maguri Motapung beel in Assam Dickinsonia - earliest known living animal's fossil found in Bhimbetka Sandes - instant messaging app by National Informatics Centre Karlapat Sanctuary - Odisha, Barking Deer, MGS, Pangolin etc E-Chhawani portal for all cantonment boards Charminar built by Quli Qutb Shah in 1591
Tree City Status to Hyderabad #PrelimsPYQ Black Footed forest cloned in US Zolgensma - type of gene therapy National Urban Digital Mission NUDM by MoHUA to make urban governance and service delivery as citizen centric International Commission on Large Dams - NGO for exchange knowledge in Dam engineering, HQ in Paris Asia Economic Dialogue AED - flagship of MEA Surcharge is additional tax levied on existing tax, levied on income tax payable, rev solely retained by Centre Waste to Wealth mission under PMSTIAC Marine Spatial Planning agreement b/w IN and NOR Udyog Manthan by DPIIT under Mo Commerce and Industry Desert Flag hosted by UAE, IN participating for the first time Bao Dhaan is red rice grown in Brahmaputra valley in Assam Ramjet - used atmospheric O2, can carry bigger warhead as Oxidiser is not required Pochampally Ikat given GI tag Whale Shark IUCN Endangered Maitri Setu built over Feni river flowing b/w IN and Ban IN biggest floating solar power plant built in Ramagundam in Telangana Atmanirbhar Niveshak Mitra by DPIIT to facilitate info dissemination to domestic investor Project RE HAB - create bee fences to thwart elephant attacks by KVIC
World Energy Transitions Outlook #Report by IRENA Van Dhan Vikas Yojana - Manipur emerged as model state Catch the rain campaign by Mo Jal Shakti Jaapi - Bamboo hat used in Assam Pakal Dul Hydro project located in Marusudar river tributary of Chenab UN Institute of Training and Research to train young diplomats. Central Scrutiny Centre CSC by Mo Corporate Affairs for filings by users. Shigmo - paddy harvest festival in Goa Giga Mesh - wireless product for Low cost internet in rural areas. Corbet has highest number of Tigers - 231 Saharan cheetah : Critically Endangered Global Tiger Forum - only inter-governmental org promoting conservation of tiger Leather back sea turtle worlds biggest sea turtle Koalas become IUCN Endangered after bush fires Asiatic Lions - Endangered ]]>02-prelims/prelims-facts-2-march-2020-march-2021.html02 Prelims/Prelims Facts 2 March 2020-March 2021.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT Atal Innovation Mission AIM scheme" data-href="Static - S&T dev and their applications and effects in everyday life Achievement of Indians in ST#Atal Innovation Mission AIM scheme" href=".html" class="internal-link" target="_self" rel="noopener nofollow">AIM PRIME #scheme : promote science based deep tech startups and ventures Culex aka common house mosquitoes are carrier of serious diseases
Small Savings #Scheme : are either postal deposits, savings certificates viz Kisan Vikas Patra KVP, Social Security Scheme viz PPF etc; Shyamala Gopinath #committee suggested market linked interest.
Shantir Ogroshena : IN-BAN multinational mil ex #militaryexercise Chenab Bridge : world's highest railway bridge 359mt above river bed
La Perouse : multilateral ex b/w IN-FR #militaryexercise Wolf Rayet stars : highly luminous obj made of a set of stars, previously called W-type. Anamaya initiative to end preventable deaths in tribal communities privately funded Doomsday aka Thwaites Glacier melting causing global sea level rise Brucellosis : zoonotic infection spreads through raw or unpasteurised dairy product Umngot river : in Meghalaya, tourist attraction due to clear water Uruka aka Bhogali or Magh Bihu fest in Assam
Poshan Gyan #scheme by NITI Aayog national repository on health and nutrition.
e-SANTA #scheme by MoCommerce to connect aqua farmers to buyers Monkeydactyl aka pterosaur extinct flying reptile with earliest know evidence of a limb
Raisina Dialogue to hold discussion on state of world and explore areas of coop. Narrow Line Seyfert 1 NLS1 is a galaxy. MANAS App by PM-STIAC augment mental well being of IN citizens EatSmart cities, Transport4All challenge by MoHousing
Gender Samvaad #scheme by DAY-NRLM hear voices from the states and the field Mo Rural Development Cholistan desert in Pakistan Tiki Formation in Madhya Pradesh is where vertebrate fossils are found viz Dinosaurs
Council of European Union FOSS4GOV by MeitY to accelerate adoption of Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) Kowloon Peninsula south Honk Kong Python 5 AAM from ISR Tianhe 1st module of CN space station Tiangong Xylophis Deepaki new species of snake in TN Vorukh exclave of Tajikistan surrounded by Kyrgyztan Kachin minority ethnic group of Myanmar demanding a separate state SUTRA model by IIT Kanpur to predict COVID graph in India. MoU for Global Innovation Partnership GIP b/w UK and India E-Sanjeevani OPD telemedicine platform dev by C-DAC under MoHFW, provides free consultation to In citizens Kolam-Thullal mask dance from Kerala Goa Maritime Symposium GMS 2021 by Indian Navy Red-eared slider : type of turtle kept as pet Winchcombe : type of meteorite
NCMC Sulawesi : island in Indonesia Samvedna : tele counselling service for psychological support to children Gholvad Chikoo GI Tag from Maharashtra Taiwan Strait is part of SCS Corpse flower IUCN : Endangered, native to Indonesia blooms once in 7-10yrs Big 5 project to conserve 5 animals viz Elephant, Gorilla, Bear, Tiger and Lion Mount Nyiragongo : erupted in Congo MCA21 by Mo Corporate Affairs e-governance initiative; gives easy and secure access to services of MoCA Jardalu Mango, Katani Rice, Magahi Pan, Shahi Litchi have GI tag from Bihar BioHub initiative by WHO : pathogen storage, sharing and analysis multilaterally, is currently done bilaterally b/w countries
Currency Swap Agreement Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary is located in Bhitarkarnika NP Vitamin D : fat soluble -> long storage in body
Young, Upcoming and Versatile, Authors YUVA #scheme by Mo Education for 75 authors under 30; will be given 50k stipend for 6 months
Naresh Chandra #committee on Croporate Governance (2002), Defense Mgt (2011)
CBDT : statutory #body under Central Board of Revenue Act 1963 and Do Revenue, MoFinance UN Special Rapporteurs are independent experts working on behalf of UN do not get fin compensation and report on Human rights AmbiTag first indigenous temp data logger for cold chain mgt uses IoT by IIT Ropar Tulsa massacre 100 anniversary was racial hate crime in US Teachers Eligibility Test TET for appt Class I - VIII mandatory for gov schools to meet RT free education SAGE portal under Mo Social Justice to support elderly via care products made by startups. Operation Sagar Aaraksha II by Indian Coast Guard w/ Sri Lanka.
YounTab #scheme in Ladakh for encouraging digital learning among students. I-Familia global databse to identify missing person by Interpol.
Surakshit Hum Surakshit Tum Abhiyaan #scheme for aspirational districts to provide Covid home care support to citizens. Operation Pangea XIV by Interpol against fake online pharmacies. Khirsapati and Lakshmanbho in WB and Zardalu in Bihar are GI certified types of Mangoes. Convergence Energy Services Ltd CESL is wholly owned subsidiary of EESL under Mo Power. Dihing Patkai 7th NP of Assam. MP has most > Andaman Nicobar > Assam. Raimona NP is in Assam. Hornbill Nest Adoption program asso w/ Pakke TR. Umling La in Ladakh is one of the highest motorable road by BRO under Project Himank.
World Giving Index #report by Charities AId Foundation. Indonesia most generous India 14th. Drone survey mandaroty for all NH projects VivaTech : startup event in Europe. Desertification and Land Degradation atlas by Space Application Center, ISRO.
Indian Certification of Medical Devices #scheme by Quality Council of India Gulf of Tadjoura is in Djibouti
Integrated theatre command : 1 command for all 3 services for strategically imp geographic area. Shekatkar #committee recommended it.
Biotech-Kisan #scheme by Mo Science promotes local farm leadership to dev science based farming.
Ajit Mishra #committee on fixation of Minimum Wages and National Floor Wages to the gov. Black Softshell Turtle : found in temples ex Hayagriva Madhava in Assam freshwater species that is IUCN Critically Endangered but no protection under WPA. Project Seabird : largest naval infra project to construct naval base at Karwar, Ktaka. Fukuoka price for Arts and Culture by Japan Indrajaal : IN first drone defence system can cover area of 1000-2000 sq km. NATRAX High Speed Track HST in Indore built under NATRiP
Saral Sanchar portal issues licenses and registration certificates under Do Telecom. #scheme Enforcing contracts portal by Mo Law and Justice.
India Ocean Naval Symposium have littoral countries as full time members except Somalia and Yemen also Madagascar is observer despite being littoral. #PrelimsPYQ #important Aims to inc maritime cooperation among navies in the IOR. Open Network for digital commerce ONDC by DPIIT to use open source White Flag campaign -> Malaysia against fin crunch during Covid Bhalia wheat from Guj given GI SPARSH for automatic disbursement of defence pension dbGENVOC : database of genomic variants of oral cancer Bhumi Panduga by Khoya tribe in AP Yak IUCN : Vulnerable India Industrial Land Bank IILB for investors scouting for land under DPIIT Lemru Elephant reserve in Chattisgarh Bryum Bharatiensis : moss species native to Antarctica Cryptograms are plants or plant like organisms that do not produce seed ex ferns, lichens and fungi. Phanerograms is vice versa. Chemotaxis movement of cell towards a chemical when attracted and away when repelled. Bacteria etc find food this way, Incheon Declaration 2014 for Education for all by 2030 Kisan Sarathi app for farmers to get info in desired language by scientists. GMP : Good Manufacturing Practice is a mandatory certificate for pharma companies to sell medicines, issued by WHO. It is a certification scheme to ensure quality. It also has legal components.
Bhartiya Prakritik Krishi Padhait BPKP sub scheme of PKVY to reduce synthetic chemical use and promote on farm biomass recycling. #scheme ARMED 21 Army skiing expedition Agarwood tree is used to produce essential oils and perfumes is called liquid gold. IUCN status : Critically Endangered. Kandla is first green industrial city in India by Indian Green Building Council formed by Confederation of Indian Industry. Kaveri/Cauveri river originates from Talakaveri in the Brahmagiri range in Kodagu district, Karnataka. North Eastern Space Application Centre NESAC joint initiative of DoSpace and NE Council. Minervarya Pentali : endemic frog from Western Ghats Pensilungpa Glacier in Zanskar separates it from Ladakh. PM Shram Awards to workmen from public and private sectors. SonChiraiya brand and logo to market SHG products in the global market by Mo HUA. Financial Inclusion Index by RBI. Agency Bank status given by RBI allows it to undertake banking business of Central and State govt on behalf of RBI ex revenue receipts and payments. Advance ruling is a written interpretation of tax laws. Tiwa tribes fomr Assam and Meghalaya celebrate Wanchuwa festival/ harvest fest. Acetabularia Jalanyakae single celled Alagae found in Andaman Nicobar. Madur mats GI from West Bengal. IN largest floating solar photo voltaic PV project at Simhadir, Vizag. Yuktdhara portal by Mo Rural Dev and Panchayati Raj serve as repo of geotags. Vinob Bhave was the 1st Magsaysat award winner. Resulution 2594 of the UNSC adopted to find a resolution on Afghanistan. Snow leopar and black necked crane were adopted as state animal and state bird of Ladakh.
#important #PrelimsPYQ Black Necked Crane ZAPAD 21 hosted by Russia mil exercise w/ multiple countries. Presidents Colour is the highest honour to be given on a military unit to recognise its exceptional service. TUrtle Survival Alliance formed in 2001 as an IUCN partnership for sustainable captive mgt of freshwater turtles and tortoises. National Farmers Database will connect their digital land record and the schemes such as DBTs etc. Also facilitate seamlesss credit, seeds, fertilizers etc related info. Manda Buffalo indigenous breed found in Eastern Ghats/ Odisha. GST Appeals can be filed to National Appellate Tribunal. SC has asked for 2nd appellate authority GST App Tribunal. Qeqertaq Avannarleq newly discovered Island near Greenland coast is northernmost piece of land. IN first Dugong conservation reserve in Tamil Nadu, Palk Bay area. Subhansiri is the longest tributary of Brahmaputtra. Samvatsari festival by Shvetambara jains day of forgiveness. Climate Action and Finance Mobilisation Technique CAFMD b/w IN US will give climate fin as grants as envisaged under Paris Agreement.
Baijayant Panda #committee by MoD to review NCC. G-33 : Coalition of Developing countries who favour protection of agriculture at WTO. Humboldt penguin IUCN Vulnerable endemic to Chile and Peru.
Sea Cucumber is Schedule I in WPA it dissolved CaCO3 and is essential for survival of corals. Vishnuonyx Neptuni species of otter that is now extinct. Rakthamichthys mumba new species of Eel.
IPRS Industrial Park Ratings System IPRS #report by DPIIT. Dras : called gateway to Ladakh and the coldest inhabited place in India. Hoplosebastes Armatus aka flower scorpionfish. Allium Negianum is a species of Onion. Georissa mawsmaiensis is a micro snail species found in Cherrapunjee, Meghalaya. Bovine Mastitis infectious disease that affects farm productivity. International Securities Identification Number ISIN : 12 digit alphnumeric that uniquely identifies a security for clearing and settlement. Ambergris is sperm whale vomit used to make perfume. Gorias are ethnic muslims from Assam. Trignopterus Corona new species of Beetles found in Sulawesi of Indonesia. Time for India drive launched by Sweden to promote bilateral trade with India. World Gold Council to stimulate and sustain demand for gold comprise of world's leading gold mining companies. Indus River Dolphin : IUCN Endangered found in Punjab's Harike wildlife sanctuary in lower Beas river and its state animal. Gangetic dolphin IUCN Endangered is national aquatic animal of India can only live in freshwater and is blind. BASIC : Brasil SA Indiia and China committed to act in Copenhagen climate summit for a common goal. Kameng river in Arunachal right bank tributary of Brahmaputra. Global Drug Policy Index by Harm Reduction Consortium. Delhi Declaration on Afghanistan -> territory cannot be used for terrorism. SEBI Investor Charter to protect their interest enable them to understand risks. Dosti : trilateral coast guard exercise involving India, Maldives and Sri Lanka. Tiwa tribes in NE celebrate Wanchuwa festival to mark good harvest. Barbados is newest republic but will continue to be part of commonwealth (54 total). Chocolate Bordered flitter is butterfly discovered in Sikkim.
ACE2 protein #PrelimsPYQ : enzyme molecule that connects inside of cells to outside. The spike of coronavirus binds to ACE2 enzymes to get inside our bodies.
Salaries of Judges #todo NZ banned people < 14 to buy cigarettes for life. Royal Gold Medal 2022 for Architecture to Balkrishna Doshi. Finns weaver bird IUCN Endangered found in Terai grasslands in Uttarakhand and western UP, Assam. Log4Shell is a vulnerability that could grant hackers access to application. Konyak Nagas are largest of the Naga tribes inhabiting the Mon district. Anghs/ Wangs are their traditional chiefs, Facial tattoos earned for taking head of enemy. SGFT S-gene target failure SGTF test kits used for early detection of Omicron detects absence of S-gene. Manohari is a type of tea, very costly. Green Hydrogen micro-grid project in Simhadri, Vizag, AP. Silverline Kerala project for Semi-high speed trains. UNSC Resolution 2615 to sanction Taliban Pralay surfact to surface tactical quasi ballistic missile (low trajectory but can be maneuvered in flight) range 150-500km. Vernacular Innovation program by AIM to overcome linguistic barrier in innovation. 'Rainbow nation' Desmond Tutu called South Africa when Nelson Mandela became president. Jana Gana Mana was sung in Calcutta Session of INC in 1911. EO Wilson was a scientis who studied insects. Zero day vulnerability flaw that has not been publicly disclosed for which software patch of remediation technique is not available. Fimbristylis and Neanotis are flowers found in Kerala, grasslands of Western Ghats. Mud Crab Reovirus MCRV aka as Sleeping disease that affects crabs. Sea dragon Exercise multi lateral anti submarine warfare exercise b/w US, IN, AUS, CAN, JP, SKR. First rock museum of country in Hyderabad. Mission Parvarish to combat malnourishment among children by Assam govt.
SAAR Smart Cities and Academia Towards Action and Research #scheme by Mo HUA launched as part of Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav to document projects made under Smart cities mission. Harmonised Guidelines and Standards for Universal Accessibility in India by CPWD (Central Public Works dept) Extended Producer Responsibility EPR was introduced under Plastic Waste Mgt Rules 2011 and E-waste Mgt Handling rules 2011.
Indu Malhotra #committee to suggest on safeguards and security of PM and other constitutional functionaries. BARC Broadcast Audience Research Council industry body owned by advertisers, ad agencies and broadcasting coys it gives ratings to channels. Siachen glacier is 2nd longest in non-polar areas located in Eastern Karakoram range. Gherkins aka pickling cucumber. IN is largest exporter. Protocol to visit to religious shrines 1974 is a bilateral agreement b/w IN and PAK for each others nationals. NeoCov is new strain of coronavirus related to MERS. Chief Economic Advisor CEA reports to the Finance Minister and is equivalent to Secy of India. Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council HNLC militant NECTAR North East Centre for Technology Application and Reach is taking saffron production in NE India.
River cities alliance RCA #scheme by Mo Jal Shakti and Mo HUA to exchange info on sustainable mgt of urban rivers. SeHAT Services e-health assistance and teleconsultation SeHAT by Mo Defence for all entitled personnel and their families. Pola Vatta new fish species. Operation AAHT to curb human trafficking by RPF 4 horned antelopes found in Wayanad wildlife sanctuary. Koala designated as endangered species. Pacific Inslands Forum estd in 1971 for heads of govt to discuss common issues and problems facing independent and self governing states. Biketawa declaration was adopted for regional stability. One Ocean summit in France to raise marine issues. Medharam Jatara is 2nd largest fare after Kumbh celebrated in Telangana. Doxxing is publishing and analysing others personal information on internet with malicious intent.
Rejuvenating Watersheds for Agricultural Resilience through Innovative development REWARD #scheme to adopt improved watershed mgt practices under Do Land Resources. Cryodactylus exercitus recorded new species of bent toed gecko from Meghalaya. GBBC Great Backyard Bird Count birdwatchers from all around the world are called to count and report details of the birds. Munich Security Conference Minsk Agreement was signed b/w Russian backed separatists and Ukraine for ceasefire. Kuki tribe live in Mizo hills of Mizoram. Kuki rising took place in 1917-1919.
National Means cum merit scholarship #scheme NMMSS. Sea Cucumber is under Schedule I of WPA 1972 found in seafloor of tropical regions. They act as garbage collector for oceans and Calcium carbonate is one of its by products Nord Stream pipeline runs from RUS to GER. Angadias is an old traditional banking system where traders send cash from one state to another through a person called Angadia/courier. Panruti cashews are grown in Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu. Karakattam Dance ancient folk dance of TN dedicated to Mariamman/ rain goddess. Kuno Palpur NP to be 1st Cheetah park of India. ]]>02-prelims/prelims-facts-3-april-2021-onwards.html02 Prelims/Prelims Facts 3 April 2021 onwards.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/nps_sequoia-general-sherman-tree-infographic.jpg"></figure>]]>03-essay/1-important-topics-content,-intro,-conclusion.html03 Essay/1 Important Topics Content, Intro, Conclusion.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#committee was based on it. Felxibility : to have scope of desirable modifications if there is any such need of it. Transparency : How much tax payers are actually paying and what are they getting against it in the form of public services should be ascertainable. Importance of Taxation provide public goods, defence, enforce law and order social welfare and infrastructure, economic infra etc Taxation in India Excise Duties and Service tax have been integrated into GST States have residuary powers to levy VAT on goods like petroleum, liquor etc and Direct Taxes on agricultural income
General Anti Avoidance Rule GAAR, GST, e-administration, broadening of tax base, agreement to reduce BEPS etc India's tax to GDP ratio was 11.6% in 17-18, developed countries have higher share due to more per capita income Demonetisation added 1.26 crore new tax payers has increased compliance. TDS is Tax Deduction at Source after which returns must be filed to get back money if it is below exemption limit. In 2017-18 India had 6.86 crore tax payers. Tax amnesty schemes included PMGKY and Income Declaration Scheme 2016. Such schemes demotivate those who regularly pay taxes. Capital Gains tax is made on buying and selling of assets viz land, shares etc. If it is taken over 3 years it is called Long Term Capital Gains tax. Cost Inflation Index is by CBDT where inflation cost is deducted from capital gains on transfer of equity shares and the rest of the gains is taxed. Inverted duty structure is where import taxes on raw materials are more than those on finished goods eg Rubber goods. FTAs could be a reason for this. 2 types big companies like Amazon, Apple etc register themselves in tax havens to avoid taxes, it is legal and the other is through shell companies where money is invested it can be legal or illegal OECD has made rules to counter this India recently modified its DTAA with Mauritius for this. it is the collection of taxes by 2 or more countries on the same declared income has led to round tripping where Indian money goes out and comes back through DTAA routes to avoid taxes. Foreign companies who do this are called mailbox companies. Treaty shopping is when companies have the concession of choosing the type of DTAA they want. is anti-tax avoidance rule under Do Revenue Mo Finance where a tax benefit can be denied if it is found that the deal does not have any commercial purpose other than tax avoidance. For claims more than Rs 3 crore Place of Effective management says that if a coy is registered in India its global income will be taxable here. Its aim is to target shell companies. Tax Information Exchange Agreement or TIEA is to promote cooperation among countries, they share information. Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax matters dev by OECD and Council of Europe it facilitates tax coop b/w members. when a subsidiary company sells its goods to parent company called Transfer pricing done to show high prices in countries where tax rate is low and low profit where tax is high checked through Advanced Pricing Agreements APAs which are agreement b/w taxpayers and tax authorities on pricing of a transaction Tobin Tax or Robin Hood tax proposed on worldwide foreign exchange transactions coming in and leaving out discourages FDI, FPI's etc thus India does not support it Pigovian Tax : is imposed on goods that have negative externalities/ harmful to the consumers. Eg Carbon Tax imposed by IN GST removed many defects eg Multiplicity of taxes and duties, Cascading Effect (tax on tax), Steep inter-state variations, irrational exemptions, tax evasion etc GST is multi stage destination based tax levied on value addition, burden is borne by the consumer. GST aimed at integrating indirect taxes of Centre and states into a single national tax. This would have created a single market at pan India basis that will help business and industry. Revenue Neutral implies that new GST rate should be such that it brings same revenue as earlier. Fitment rate applies to each class of goods and services and Standard rate to most goods services. Total of 8 central taxes such as Central Excise, Duties of Excise, Additional Duties of Excise, Additional Duties of Customs, Special Additional Duty of Customs, Service Tax, Service tax and Central Surcharges and Cesses have been subsumed. 9 state taxes such as State VAT, Central Sales Tax, Luxury Tax, Entry Tax, Entertainment and Amusement Tax, Tax on advertisements, Purchase tax, Taxes on lotteries, betting and gambling, State surcharges and Cesses were subsumed. IGST levied collected by Centre and apportioned b/w both Centre and States. Exemption from levy of GST to be Rs20 lakhs for normal states and Rs 10 lakh for special category states. states cannot levy tax on service and manufacturing of goods Parliament shall provide for compensation to states for any loss of revenue for a period of 5 years. To make such compensation certain goods were taxed over and above the 28% max rate viz tobacco, coal, motor vehicles etc. Bands of rates of goods to be 5, 12, 18, 28 and a category of exempt goods. Cess to be levied on certain goods such as luxury cars, aerated drinks, pan masala, tobacco products etc over and above 28% . GST is levied by both Centre and State, its cross empowerment model allows means that there is only one tax authority for central, state and integrated GST anti-profiteering clause and 5 mem National Anti-Profiteering comm formed to oversee this GSTN or Goods and Services Tax Network was formed to provide IT services other services to gov Harmonised system Nomenclature 6 digit code was dev by WCO to identify taxes on products Exports are not subject to GST.
E-Way bills for transportation of goods over a certain limit. This has made physical verification is possible and prevents misreporting. Origin and destination PIN codes in E-way bills have been made compulsory. Filing status of returns made by taxpayers have been made public. Mismatch in tax filings are prompted through cross checking tax filing forms. Repeat reminders through SMS of due date of monthly filing. Free software for traders for services such as preparing invoices, GST returns, ITR, Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss statements. Questionnaire based return filing Compliance rating put in public domain to act as deterrence and induce punctual behaviour from taxpayers. Laffer Curve : shows relationship b/w tax rate tax revenue Minimum Alternative Tax MAT : applicable to companies that show profit but do not pay tax they are called Zero Tax companies. They have to now pay tax on the profit shown. Applicable to all companies except those engaged in infrastructure and power sectors, free trade zones, charitable activities, venture and angel funds. Foreing companies with income sources within India also come under it. Collected as an advance tax and is presently 15% of book profit plus applicable cess and surcharge Withholding tax : tax is withheld on certain types of payments like interest, salaries etc. Presumptive tax : it presumes a certain amount of income and taxes it, was brought out for those who did not keep a book of accounts or these accounts. Wealth tax : taken when an income exceeds a certain level Securities transaction tax : taken on value of transaction is a type of financial transanction tax done on transanction undertaken in the domestic stock exchanges. It is collected by the stock exchanges for the Govt of India. STT is not applicable in case of preference shares, govt securities, bonsd, debentures, currency derivatives, mutual funds other than oriental MFs and Gold ETFs. Transanctions mandated by SEBI such as takeover, buyback, delisting offers etc and off market transanctions of securities do not attract STT. Commodities transaction tax : is similar is used to discourage excessive speculation. It can be considered as financial transanction tax. Done only for non agricultural commodity futures at rate of 0.01%. This has made transanctions in commodity derivative as non speculative. Speculation is the act of conducting a financial transanction that has substantial risk of losing value but also holds expectation of a significant gain. Fringe Benefits : certain services like transport, staff gym, club etc enjoy less tax called fringe benefits enjoyed by the employees collectively and not individually. Perquisites : perks, benefits apart from salaries Tax incidence : is the entity on whom tax is imposed viz seller, consumers etc. The point where tax looks as being imposed - it is the event of tax imposition. Impact of tax : the point where the tax makes its effect felt is known as impact of tax - the after effect of tax imposition. Tax base : value of goods services and incomes on which tax is imposed, taxable income is also an example. Tax Shelter Hidden tax : ex import duties, indirect taxes Consumption tax Proportional, Progressive and Regressive taxes are all calculated on the percentage of income. Specific duty : tax is calculated based on either weight or number Ad Valorem : means according to worth, tax is calculated on basis of value Compound Duty : various different values are combined to calculate tax Excise : is levied on manufacture of goods within the country Customs : on goods imported or exported is collected by Centre Negative Income Tax : subsidies, financial aids, UBI etc Tax Buoyancy : % change in tax revenue with growth of national income Tax Elasticity : % change in tax revenue when there is change in tax rate or tax coverage Tax Stability : when there is continuity of policy Dividend Distribution Tax : When a company books operating profit it pays dividend to to its shareholders. This was earlier deducted from the company itself but since 2020-21 this would be charged on the dividends earned by the shareholders. it would not apply as a flat rate but depend on the income slab of recipients. Tax Expenditure : aka revenue forgone it is any reduction in govt revenue through preferential tax treatment as deductions or credits. It is divergence b/w official tax rate and effective tax rate in India. Where effective tax rate = ratio of total tax collected to the aggregate tax base. They should be treated as incentives given by govt to promote certain sectors. Grandfathering : is exempting someone or something from a new law or regulation. Collection rate : is ratio of total customs to the total value of imports for a year. It indicates overall incidence of customs including countervailing duties CVD and Special additional duties SAD on imports. ]]>01-subject-wise-notes/💶-economy/004-taxation-in-india.html01 Subject Wise Notes/💶 Economy/004 Taxation in India.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>Cost and Price of National Income : Cost is the value of total goods and services produced calculated at Factor cost or factory price or input price and Market cost Market cost or Market price is derived after adding indirect taxes/ product taxes to factor cost Since 2015 NI is calculated by CSO using market price. Price is either constant or current depending on the impact of inflation. Contant prices does not include inflation whereas current prices do include inflation. Current Price is aka MRP. Revised National Income accounting rules : Headline growth rate is now calculated at GDP at constant market prices. Sector wise estimates of GVA is given at basic prices GVA Gross Value Added measures the contribution of a corporate subsidiary, company etc. to an economy. It provides value for the amount of goods and services that have been produced in a country minus cost of all inputs and raw materials that are directly attributable to that production. GVA at basic prices = Compensation of Employees + Operating Surplus/Mixed Income + Consumption of fixed capital + Production taxes - Production subsidies GVA at factor cost = GVA at basic prices - production taxes + production subsidies GVA = GDP - taxes on product + subsidies on products Need now is to shift to a chain-based method of calculating GDP from a fixed base method since it does not account for structural changes in the economy and weight assigned to economic activities changes annually.
Factors of Production : Primary : Land, labour, capital both goods and human; sometimes Entrepreneurship also included Secondary : Material, Energy (Fuel) Factor cost is actual production cost Market price is actual transacted price including indirect taxes
Transfer payments no good, service etc received in exchange part of personal income subidies to producers not considered as TP used for income redistribution diff from subsidies not included in calculating GNP Base Year growth is measure from this year aka constant prices
production of current year is based on this years price #concept Real growth then calculated by reducing inflation; whatever is left becomes the real inc of goods and services = (Nominal GDP/ Real GDP) x100, measures inflation in entire economy not only a special basket of goods not useful for policy making since it comes out once in a year Hard landing and Soft landing sudden fall in economic growth that it reaches the brink of recession is Hard Measured slowdown of growth to make it sustainable is called Soft L National Income Statistics CSO under MoSPI releases GDP data, National Income and GVA data Base year 2011-2012 Need to Measure Eco Growth/ Benefits understand potential of economy adjust growth rate to see if they are sustainable prevent inflation, reorient national goals targeted reduction of poverty, employment generation Growth can cause inequal distribution of resources -> social conflicts and degradation of envDeficiencies in National Income Accounting black money, unreported income not included undervalues country's GDP Non monetised economy viz Barter etc deflates growth Household, Social services, Env costs are not included Limitation of GDP Does not measure intangibles like quality Economic, Social Inequality, Gender Disparity not measured Not measures sustainability of growth standard of living might not be measured appropriately Advantages Measured frequently, widely and consistently meant to measure development level of economies was first publisded in UNDP report in 1990. Health + Education + Standard of Living Health is measured by life expectancy at brith. Education comprises of geometric mean of 1. Mean years of schooling for adults aged 25yrs and 2. expected year of schooling for children. Standard of living is measured by GNI per capita at PPP level in USD Goes beyond GDP to measure general well being of people Inequality adjusted HDI
2020 #report by UNDP ranks India at 131 w/ score of 0.645 Human Poverty Index by UN to complement HDI
Genuine Progress Index GPI : deducts environmental loss, resource depletion, social costs like crime and family breakdown, ozone depletion, farmlandSocial Progress Index SPI measures extent to which country provides social and env needs to citizens Social Progress defined as capacity to meet basic human needs, well-being, opportunity by NPO Social Progress Imperative Gross National Happiness GNH 4 dimension are equitable socio economic development, promotion of cultural values, environmental protection and good governance. by Bhutan National Biodiverisity Action Plan : asked to incorporate Natural capital or goods and services provided by biodiversity in National Income AccountingStiglitz report of France aka Sarkozy's Alternative economic indicators should stress well being, include domestic and charity works integrate complex realities like crime, env, health, income inequality
World Happiness #Report measures Happiness Index published by UNSDSN talks about causes of happiness and misery, policy implications takes into account issues like Mental illness, importance of ethics, benefits of happiness Environmental Protection Index EPI by Yale ranks countries on the basis of priority env issues in 2 areas ie protection of human health and env consideration OECD - Better life indexPPP number of units of a country's currency required to buy the same amount of goods and services in the domestic economy as a dollar would allows to estimate exchange rate removes distortions of volatile market exchange rates Business Cycle : Alternating period of expansion and decline in economic activity 4 stages Expansion, Growth, Slowdown and Recession (not necessary) Recession : technically below zero growth rate for 2 consecutive quarters decline in investment, household income, savings, business profits, inflation etc Recession relapses after brief growth is called double dip. 2008 Great Recession and Subprime crisis due to reckless lending in real estate sector Depression abnormally large scale unemployment, fall in availability of credit, reduced trade, investment etc Growth Recession Economy grows at such a slow pace that more jobs are being lost than being added. Indian economy classified into 3 ie Agriculture, Industry, Services High income country per WB has income > $12,235 aka First World Least Developed Countries LDCs have per capital income less that $1035 aka 4th World Opportunity cost -
Closed economy : that does not interact with other economies. Savings and investments are equal here since the net capital outflow = 0. Open Economy : When nations savings exceeds its domestic investment its net capital outflow is +ve -> it means that nation is buying assets abroad. When domestic investment exceeds its savings net capital outflow is negative -> foreigners are financing some of its investments by purchasing domestic assets.






]]>01-subject-wise-notes/💶-economy/001-economy-and-economics.html01 Subject Wise Notes/💶 Economy/001 Economy and Economics.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/media/economy-and-economics-image1-00072296.png"></figure>












]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🌏-geography-static-notes/1.-geomorphology-and-climatology/prelims-pyq-world-physical-geography.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🌏 Geography Static Notes/1. Geomorphology and Climatology/Prelims PYQ World Physical Geography.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#important Rate of dec of temp is 6.5 C per 1000mts. Effect of land is pronounced in Northern Hemisphere, vice versa is true for oceans in Southern H. temp inc w/ inc in elevation but is only for a short duration. requires long winter nights, clear skies; common in polar areas. Heat is radiated during night by morning earth is cooler than air above. Surface inversion takes place due to accumulation of dust. in hills cold air moves down slope -> cooling of valleys aka air drainage. The pressure decreases by about 1 mb for each 10m inc in elevation Vertical pressure is greater than Horizontal but is balanced by gravitational force Near Equator seal level pressure is low called equatorial low Subtropical highs found along 30N and 30S; 60N and 60S subpolar lows are seen Pressure is high near poles called polar highs The horizontal winds near the earth's surface respond to the combined effect of : Pressure gradient force pressure gradient is strong where isobars are close, weak when apart Frictional force - greatest at surface min at sea; affects speed of the wind Coriolis force deflects wind towards Right in northern hemisphere and Left in southern hemisphere acts perpendicular to pressure gradient force Max at the poles and absent at equator and is directly proportional to the angle of latitude When isobars are straight and there is no friction, the pressure gradient force is balance by Coriolis force and wind blows parallel to the Isobars called Geostrophic winds. Why cyclones are not formed near equators? The pattern of planetary winds aka general circulation of the atmosphere depends upon : latitudnal variation of temp pressure belts Emergence of pressure Belts their migration distribution of continents and oceans rotation of the earth ITCZ is convergence of air/easterlies from tropics at 30°N and S Large scale atmospheric cell in which air rises at the equator and sinks at 30° latitudes(middle lats) are called Hadley cell Sinking cold air from poles and rising hot air from sub-tropical high forms a cell at surface called Ferrel cell The sinking cold air from poles blows towards middle latitudes forming a polar cell These 3 cells set the pattern of general circulation of atmosphere Seasonal winds like Monsoon, Local winds, Land and Sea Breeze are also influenced by the GPoCoA Valley Breeze : heated air from valley blows up the slope during day time; Mountain Wind : dense cool air blows down the slope during night Cool air of high plateaus and ice fields draining into the valley is called Katabatic wind
distinct characteristics in terms of temp and humidity ex Warm tropical, Maritime Polar, Maritime Tropical etc When different air masses meet the boundary zone between them is called a Front Ex Cold, Warm, Occluded and Stationary Occur in middle latitudes, cause abrupt changes in temp and rain dev in middle or extra tropical latitudes caused due to passage of fronts are caused by intense convection on moist hot days is a well grown cummulonimbus cloud Hails are formed when cloud reaches sub zero temp Spiralling winds descend from severe thunderstorms towards low pressure area forming Tornadoes generally occur in the middle latitudes. Over the sea they are called Water Spouts. Absolute humidity : actual amount of water vapour present in atmosphere or weight of water per unit vol of air. Relative humidity : percentage of moisture present in atmosphere as compared to its full capacity at a given temperature. Dew point : temp at which saturation occurs in a given sample of air. Latent heat of vaporisation : Temp at which water starts evaporating water vapour -> liquid water direct conversion to solid water is called sublimation Causes : cooling around hygroscopic nuclei moist air comes in contact w/ colder object temp reduces closer to dew point Influenced by volume of air, temp, pressure and humidity ideal conditions are clear sky, calm air, high relative humidity, cold and long nights and dew point needs to be above the freezing point Forms on cold surfaces Conditions of formation are similar to dew except air temperature must be at or below the freezing point temp of air mass fall suddenly, hygroscopic nuclei are responsible Fogs are clouds formed very close to the ground Mist contains more moisture than fog, frequent over mountains formed at high altitudes viz 8,000 - 12,000m thin and detatched having feathery appearance always white in colour
absorb more infrared than they reflect this process exacerbates global warming. Cirrus cloud thinning technique is used to counter this which cools the Earth #PrelimsPYQ
look like acotton wool and have a *flat base generally formed at height of 4,000 - 7,000m exist in patches and are scattered
layered clouds covering large portions of the sky. formed either due to loss of heat or mixing of air masses of different temp
black or dark gray in colour Form at middle levels or very near to the surface shapeless masses of thick vapour.
High clouds = Cirrus, Cirroculums, Cirrostratus Middle clouds = Altostratus, Altocumulus, Nimbostratus Low clouds = Stratus, Stratocumulus, Fair weather cumulus Clouds w/ extensive vertical development = Comulonimbus and towering Cumulus Besides rain and snow, other forms of precipitation are sleet and hail. frozen raindrops and refrozen melted snow-water. forms when a layer of air with temperature above freezing point overlies a subfreezing layer near the ground.
common in the summer or in the hotter part of the day esp in equator and interior parts of continents particularly in northern hemisphere also known as the relief rain area situated on the leeward side, which gets less rainfall is known as the rain-shadow area Wind velocity highest in the eye, torrential rains occur here Coastal areas receives more, More in oceans than in continents b/w 35-40°N and S heavier on eastern coast dec towards west b/w 45-65°N and S first received in western margins due to westerlies - El Nino and La Nina are part of the El Nino Southern Oscillation ENSO cycle.
#todo
5° to 10° S and N of Equator viz Amazon, Congo, Malaysia, Temp uniform throughout and No winter Cloudiness, Heavy precipitation, land and sea breeze moderates daily temp; annual and diurnal range is small Heavy rainfall 150-250cm peaks during equinoxes, no month w/o rain, distinct dry season missing morning bright, sunny → convectional, torrential rains Mountains show orographic/relief rains is equatorial Tropical rain forest called Selvas in Amazon Evergreen trees, palm trees, Climbers like Lianas, Rattans, Ferns viz orchids and Lalang Thick canopy, layer like arrangement height wise of trees Trees not found in pure stands of 1 single species → commercial timber exploitation becomes difficult Lumbering, Shifting cultivation have cleared rain forests, in Coastal areas Mangrove thrive Sparsely populated, shifting cultivation, food is abundant Tribes such as Indian tribes in Amazon, Pygmies in Congo Basin gather nuts, Orang Asli in Malaysia collect canes etc thrive Crops viz Tapioca, yams, maize, banans, groundnuts. Plantation are common ex. Rubber, Cocoa esp in West Africa, Oil palm. High heat, humidity → physical and mental enervation, decreases work efficiency Diseases like Malaria etc, insects, pests common Lalangs are undesirable long grasses that choke crops Soils deteriorates rapidly, humus present makes it fertile but otherwise soil is not productive No grasslands handicaps livestock farming Found in India, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, North Australia, South China Differential heating of Land and sea causes Central Asian land mass to be an intense low pressure area Whereas Australia winter making it a high pressure area. Winds from AUS blow as SE become SW after crossing equator During winter this condition is reversed and NE Monsoon winds blow Cool dry winters, Winter rains in Punjab is vital for Rabi crops NE winds bring rainfall to areas of Tamil Nadu Summers are hot and dry, SW Monsoons torrential downpour cools it → is characteristic feature Along Eastern coast of tropical lands ex Brazil recieves rainfall from Trade winds it is both orographic and convectional most of it occurs during Jan, Feb; no month w/o rainfall Deciduous trees, Forests have hardwood trees ex teak, sal, acacia, eucalyptus these forests often thin out to scrubland and savanna during summer farming is intense, dominant occupation and mainstay of economy Rice most staple has 2 main varieties Wet and Dry paddy; rainfall required is 150cm Lowland tropical cash crops viz Sugarcane, Jute, Manila Hemp, Indigo, Cotton, Bananas, Coconut and Spices Higland plantation crops viz Tea, Coffee Lumbering is still carried out esp of Teak on the banks of Chindwin, Irrawaddy Shifting Cultivation is common done entirely for subsistence
Called Ladang in Malaysia, Taungya in Burma, Tamrai in Thailand, Caingin in Phillipines, Humah in Java, Chena in Sri Lanka, Milpa in Africa and Central America. #important Soils are mainly latosolic, leaching is rapid, easily exhausted.
kegy208 3.pdf - Composition and Structure of Atmosphere.
kegy209.pdf - Solar Radiation, Heat Balance and Temperature.
kegy210 1.pdf - Atmospheric Circulation adn Weather Systems.
kegy211 1.pdf - Water in the Atmosphere
kegy212.pdf - World Climate and Climate Change]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🌏-geography-static-notes/1.-geomorphology-and-climatology/1.3-climate-of-the-world.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🌏 Geography Static Notes/1. Geomorphology and Climatology/1.3 Climate of the World.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure> Continental Shelf : shallowest part, average gradient of 1deg or less Average width is 80km, Depth varies from 30m to 600m longest shelf is Siberian shelf in Arctic Ocean stretches 1500km. sedimentary deposits brought by rivers make them sources of fossil fuels Continental Slope : gradient varies from 2-5deg Depth varies from 200mt to 3km Canyons and Trenches are observed in this region. Deep Sea plains flat and smooth, Depth Varies from 3km to 6km covered with fine grained sediments like silt and clay. Oceanic Deeps or Trenches steep sides, 3-5 km deeper than surrounding occur at bases of slopes along, volcanoes and earthquakes are common Mid oceanic ridge : 2 chains of mountains separated by large depression islands like Iceland are ex of mountains rising to surface part of mid-Atlantic ridge Seamounts Pointed summits rising from seafloor that does not reach the surface Volcanic in origin. Flat topped seamount are called Guyots
Submarine Canyons deep valleys similar to canyons on land ex Hudson Canyon
Atoll ring-shaped reef, island, or chain of islands formed of coral. Mostly found in tropical regions around a central depression
Factors affecting temp distribution of ocean water? Latitude Contact of oceans with land : ex Ocena in Northern Hemisphere receive more heat due to more contact w/ land Prevailing winds : ex blowing from land causes upwelling by driving warm water away from coast, vice versa causes warm waters near coasts Oceanic currents Horizontal and Vertical Distribution Vertical Dist First layer : 500 mt thick, 20-25°C temp, always present in tropical region but only in summer in mid latitudes Second layer : aka thermocline where temp dec rapidly, 500-1000mt thick Third layer : extends upto ocean floor, temp change very slight Horizontal Dist temp gradually dec from equator to poles, highest temp not at equator but slightly north to it Avg temp fo Northern Hemisphere more due to more land area 24.7 is upper limit to demarcate brackish water Factors affecting salinity of oceans? Evaporation and Precipitaion Fresh water flow from rivers, glaciers Wind Ocean Currents Horizontal Dist land locked areas show higher salinity, even more in hotter regions Salinity in western parts of NH is less due to influx of melted water from Arctic region Generally dec northwards but North Sea has high due to saline water influx from North Atlantic Drift Baltic sea has low due to rivers draining in it Mediterranean sea has high salinity due to high evaporation IN ocean avg salinity is 35ppm Veritcal Distribution Inc at surface due to evaporation Salinity at depth is fixed Distinct zone in ocean where salinity increases sharply is called Halocline. Horizontal is Oceanic currents and waves are energy not water features are crest, trough, height, amplitude (half of height), period (time b/w 2 waves), speed and frequency Periodical rise and fall of sea level, attraction of sun-moon (more prominent) and centrifugal force is the cause. Movt of water by meteorological effects viz winds, pressure changes are called surges Tides based on frequency Semi Diurnal Tides are most common tides Has 2 high tides and 2 low tides successive tides are of same height. Diurnal have 1 high and 1 low tide during each day successive tides of same height Mixed Tides have variations in height mostly along west coast of North America Tides based on position of Sun, Moon, Earth Spring tides all three in straight line, occur twice a month height is higher Neap tides Sun, Moon at right angles, counteracting each other Occur after 7 days of Spring tide Ebb : time between high tide and low tide, when the water level is falling Flow : time between the low tide and high tide, when the tide is rising aka flood have regular vol, definite path and direction Strongest near surface, slower at deeper depths Heating by Solar Energy Wind Gravity Coriolis Force Large accumulations of water and flow around them is called Gyres which produce large circular currents
Difference in water density affects vertical mobility of currents #PrelimsPYQ Surface Currents : 10% of all water in ocena upper 400m of the ocean Deep water currents : other 90% usually found in the west coast of continents in low and middle latitude in both hemispheres -> causing aridity in the region in East coast at higher latitudes in Northern Hemisphere. East Coast in low and middle latitudes -> results in warm and rainy climates West Coast at high latitudes in the Northern H -> marine type climate w/ cool summers and mild winters El Nino appears once in every 3-7 years. an extension of warm Peruvian current. It causes : Distortion of equatorial atmospheric circulation. irregularities in the evaporation of the sea. Decrease in phytoplanktons leading to dec in fishes. Oceanic circulation pattern corresponds to E's atmospheric circulation pattern Air circulation in middle lats is anticyclonic more pronounced in Southern H; cyclonic at higher depths Mixing of Cold and Warm currents leads to phytoplankton growth, are one of the best fishing grounds difference b/w temp of Bay of Bengal (Eastern pole) and Arabian Sea (western pole) → pressure diff this difference in temperatures is called Indian Ocean Dipole. Positive IOD is cooler temp in BoB and warm in Arabian sea; Opposite is vice versa. It brings more rainfall in the western Indian ocean region and cooling of waters in the eastern Indian ocean causing drought like conditions. Positive IOD causes above avg rainfall, results in more cyclone in Arabian Sea. It is favorable towards bringing Indian ocean. Negative IOD cause tropical cyclones in BoB IOD involves a periodic oscillation of sea surface temperatures SST between 'positive', 'neutral' and 'negative'. 2020-04-29 00:05:19 Coastal landforms depends on the following factors : Action of the waves Configuration of land and sea floor Whether the coast is advacning seaward or retreating landward. Long ridges of sand and/or shingle deposited on the beaches along the shore are called Bars Bars are submerged features when they show up above water they are called Barrier Bars. Barrier bar which get keyed up to the headland of a bay is called a spit When barrier bars and spits form at the mouth of a bay and block it, a lagoon forms. Lagoons would gradually get filled up by sediments from the land giving rise to a coastal plain. Coastal Plains, deltas are common; lagoons, tidal creeks are occassional Lagoon first forms swam and then coastal plain Wave cut cliffs, terraces are common Wave-cut terrace are Formed at the foot of the cliff it is a flat or gently sloping platform covered by rock debris derived from sea cliff behind.
Sea Caves are formed by Lashing and smashing of the waves containing rock debris against the base of the cliff forms. When sea caves collapse the sea cliffs retreat further inland leaving behing resistant mass of rocks the are called Sea Stacks.
Beaches: are formed by deposition, Temporary feature, sandunes are common behind a beach Offshore bars are ridge of sand lying paralled from low tide waterline to seaward.
Bars, Barriers and Spits Pediments : gently inclined rocky floors close to the mountains at their foot with or without a thin cover of debris.**
When pediments extends backwards at the expense of mountain from it gets reduced to an inselberg. The areas around it are knows as Pediplains. Due to gradual deposition of sediment from basin margins with mountains and hill, a nearly level plain forms at the centre of the basin, this gets filled by water forming a shallow lake called a Playa. most prominent landform in desert, water retained only for short time Playa plains filled up by salts is called Alkali flats. Deflation hollows formed due to weathering away of the mantle of rocks by the action of wind.
Deflation creates pits and cavities in rocks leading to the formation of Caves. Mushroom, Table and Pedestal rocks are some other forms Crescent shaped dunes called barchans. Parabolic dunes form when sandy surfaces are partially covered with vegetation. The parabolic dunes are reversed barchans. Seif is similar to barchan but has only one wing or point. Longitudnal dunes form when supply of sand is poor and wind direction is constant. Transverse dunes are aligned perpendicular to the wind direction.
kegy204.pdf - Distribution of the Oceans and Continents
kegy213.pdf - Water (Oceans)
kegy214.pdf - Movements of Ocean Water]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🌏-geography-static-notes/1.-geomorphology-and-climatology/1.4-oceans-and-coastal-landforms.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🌏 Geography Static Notes/1. Geomorphology and Climatology/1.4 Oceans and Coastal Landforms.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/1629895564.jpg"></figure> Alluvial plains Khadar : new alluvium that is deposited by floods annually enriches the soil by depositing silt. They are found in flood plains and deltas. It is sandy and light in colour and contains Kankars or calcareous concretions. They become loamy and clayey in lower and middle Ganga plain and Brahmaputra valley. Bhangar : Old alluvial deposit that is deposited away from the flood plains. It is found on higher side of the river valleys ie 25 mt above flood level. features viz sand bars, meanders, ox-bow lakes, braided channels. Delhi ridge in NW, Rajmahal hills in East, Gir in west and Cardamon in South is the outer extent Karbi Anglong , Meghalaya Plateau and Rajasthan are the extensions of the Peninsular block north eastern India is separated from Chotatnagpur plateau by Malda Fault. formed of gneisses and granites. Rift valleys found in areas around Narmada, Tapi, Mahanadi, Satpura. Mountains are residual, River valleys shallow. made up of series of patlant plateaus. general elevation/slopes from West to East. ? Imp physiographic features like Tors, Block Mountains, Rift Valleys, Spurs, Dykes etc are present. Ravines found at Chambal, Bhind, Morena. Divided into 3 broad groups Deccan Plateau : Bordered by Western Ghats in West and South, Eastern Ghats, Satpura, Maikal and Mahadeo hills in North WG are locally known as Sahyadri in Maha, Nilgiri in Ktaka and TN, Annamalai and Cardamom hills in Kerala. their height inc from North to West. most peninsular rivers originate here. Central Highlands : Bounded by Aravalli in west, Satpura in south. 600-900 mts above sea level. metamorphic rocks present. Eastern extent is formed by Rajmahal hills. North Eastern Plateau : Extension of main Peninsular Plateau called Meghalaya and Karbi Anglong Plateau. Meghalaya plateau divided into Garo, Khasi, Jaintia Hills Receives max rainfall from SW monsoon longitudnal dunes, barchans, mushroom rocks, shifting dunes, Oasis are some features present. Northern part slopes towards Sindh, Southern towards Rann of Kachchh. Rivers are ephemeral, lakes and playas present have brackish water. Western Coastal : submerged -> natural conditions for dev of port and harbours divided into Kacchs and Kathiawar in Gujarat, Konkan in Maha, Goan and Malabar in Kerala. Rivers flowing through this do not form any delta. Kayals are distinguishing features in Malabar coast. Eastern Coast Broader and emergent coast, well developed deltas but less ports due to continental shelf extending 500km into the sea. Andaman and Nicobar islands are situated b/w 6-14 °N and 92-94°E. Ritchie's archipelago and Labrynth are 2 principle islets. Separated by 10° channel. Coral deposits, convectional rainfall and equatorial vegetation. Lakshadweep and Minicoy are between 8-12°N and 71-74 °E longitude. Separated by 11° Channel. has storm beaches made of unconsolidated pebbles, shingels, boulders etc. Flow of water through well defined channels is called drainage, ill defined channels leads to large scale flooding. Catchment area : river drains the water collected from a specific area called catchment. Drainage Basin : area drained by river and its tributaries. Watershed : boundary line separating one drainage basin from the other. Catchment of large rivers called river basin for smaller river, rivulets called watersheds. Dendritic : resembles branches of a tree. Radial : where river originates from a hill and flows in all direction. Trellis : is when secondary tributaries join primary ones at right angles. Centripetal : when rivers discharge their waters in all directions.
On the basis of discharge of water : Arabian sea and Bay of Bengal separated by the Delhi Ridge. Basis of Watershed Major ones drain 20,000 sq km area smaller less than 2000. Basis of Mode of Origin : Himalayan and Peninsular. Perennial rivers, passes through gorges. Kosi is called sorrow of bihar frequently changes its course. Evolution Indo-Brahma mighty river traversed acroos Himalaya from Assam draining into the Gulf of Sind. Disembered into 3 systems Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra due to. Upheaval of western Him and the potwar palteau/Delhi ridge. Down thrusting of Malda fault caused Gang and Brahmaputra to flow towards BoB. Westernmost Him river, originates near Bokar Chu glacier tributaries of Indus include Shyok, Gilgit, Zaskar, Hunza, Nubra, Shigar, Gasting and Dras Flows only through Leh in India. Jhelum rises from a spring at Verinag near Pir Panjal Chenab formed by 2 springs Chandra and Bhaga is largest tributary of Indus Ravi rises west of Rohtang pass in Kullu hills. Beas originates from Beas Kund near Rohtang pass. Satluj originates in Rakas lake near Mansarovar in Tiber passes through Shipki La pass and feeds Bhakra Nangal Project.

Alaknanda has source in Satopnath Glacier near Badrinath its 2 tributarie are Dhauli, Vishnu Ganga, Pindar, Madakini/Kali Ganga. Ganag passes through 4 states Ukhand, UP, Bihar, WB. Yamuna originates in Yamunotri near Bhandarpunch range. Hindan, Rind, Sengar, Varuna are left bank tributaries. Gandak rises b/w Dhaulagiri and Mount Everest. Kaligandak, Trishulganga are 2 of its tributaries. Ghaghara originates in Mapchachungo glacier. Tila, Seti, Beri and Sarda are its tributaries. Kosi rise north of Mount Everest. Arun, Tamur Kosi are lesser known tributaries. Ramganga rises in Garhwal Hills near Gairsain. Sarda or Kali rises in Milam glacier in Nepal aka Goriganga, tributary of Ghaghara. Mahananda rise in Darjeeling hills. Son originates in the Amarkantak plateau. originates in Chemayungdung glacier of Kailash range near Mansarovar lake. Burhi Dihing, Dhansri are left bank tributaries Subhansri, Kameng, Manas and Sankosh are right bank known for floods, channel shifting, bank erosion.
Evolution : Subsidence of western flank -> its submergence below sea Upheaval of Himalayas and subsequent subsidence of Northern Peninsular block -> this is where Narmada and Tapi flow. Tilting of Peninsular block from the Northwestern to Southeastern direction older; forms broad, graded shallow valleys Fixed course, absence of meanders, non perennial flow. Mahanadi rises near Sihawa in Raipur. Godavari aka Dakshin Ganga rises near Nashik, heavy floods in lower reaches where it forms gorge. Krishna rises near Mahabaleshwar, Koyna is lesser known tributary. Kaveri rises near the Brahmagiri hills of Kodagu. Narmada rises in the Amarkantak plateau. Tapi originates from Multai in MP. Luni originates near Pushkar, ephemeral. Juari is a river in Goa; Ponnani aka Bharatphuzha is largtest river of Kerala. Western cyclonic disturbances originate in the Mediterranean sea are brought into India by the westerly jet stream. When ITCZ shifts northwards the westerly jet stream withdraw from the North Indian plain. An easterly jet stream flows over the southern part of the Peninsula in June maximum speed of 90 km per hour. do not extend north of 30deg. are responsible for the burst in monsoon in India. Most of the rainfall in the Western Ghats is orographic. It depends upon 2 factors : Offshore meteorological conditions. Position of equatorial jet stream along the eastern coast of Africa. The break in monsoon is caused by : Rain bearing clouds are not very frequent along the ITCZ. Winds blow parallel to the coast. Rainfall in India does not occur in the winter due to : Winds moving from land to sea do not have moisture. Anti-cyclonic circulation on the land. Local Storms of hot weather :Tamil Nadu does not get rainfall during the monsoon seasons is because : Parallel to Bay of Bengal branch rainshadow area of Arabian sea branch October heat is cause due to : clear skies and rise of temp due to retreating monsoon. High humidity period from June to September is called as Southwest Monsoon period. Factors influencing SW Monsoon are : Differential heating and cooling of land and water creates low pressure on landmass of India while seas experience high pressure. ITCZ is where SE trade and NE trade winds meet its shifting influences rain too. Presence of high pressure area east of Madagascar ie 20deg South also affects Monsoon rains. Heating of Tibetan plateau causes clockwise circulation in middle troposphere that develops into easterly jet stream. This intense heating positively correlates well with Indian monsoon. ENSO : La Nina would cause better mosoon in India and drought in South America and El Nino would cause drought like conditions and dec in rainfall in India.
1.4 Oceans and Coastal Landforms > Indian Ocean dipole IOD
kegy101.pdf - India Location
kegy102.pdf - Structure and Physiography
kegy103.pdf - Drainage System
kegy104.pdf - Climate Vegetation and Soil]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🌏-geography-static-notes/2.-indian-geography/2.1-indian-physiography.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🌏 Geography Static Notes/2. Indian Geography/2.1 Indian Physiography.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/media/indian-geography-image1-00091255.jpg"></figure>kegy106.pdf - Soils
kegy105.pdf - Natural Vegetation]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🌏-geography-static-notes/2.-indian-geography/2.2-indian-vegetation.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🌏 Geography Static Notes/2. Indian Geography/2.2 Indian Vegetation.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT















]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🌏-geography-static-notes/2.-indian-geography/prelims-pyq.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🌏 Geography Static Notes/2. Indian Geography/Prelims PYQ.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>

Singareni and Kothagudam coal fields near Godavari river in Andhra P - non coking variety Wardha, Wun and Kamptee in Maharashtra Tertiary Coal 15-60 myo Low carbon, high moisture and sulphur Makum coalfield in Assam for making liquid fuel Namchik, Namrup in Arunachal Garo, Khasi and Jaintia in Meghalaya Areas of J&K, Himachal P Problems Uneven distribution, high ash content, low caloric value, underground mining, losses due to fire, bad transport infra, unscientific extraction Need Blend high and low quality coal, coking coal only used for metallurgy, discourage selective mining, alternative energy source Coking/Metallurgical coal - coke vs Steaming/Thermal coal
Total coal production is Chhattisgarh Jharkhand Odisha


]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🌏-geography-static-notes/3.-economic-geography-and-location-of-industries/3.1-coal.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🌏 Geography Static Notes/3. Economic Geography and Location of Industries/3.1 Coal.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/media/coal-image1-00094002.png"></figure>01-subject-wise-notes/🌏-geography-static-notes/3.-economic-geography-and-location-of-industries/3.2-iron-ore.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🌏 Geography Static Notes/3. Economic Geography and Location of Industries/3.2 Iron Ore.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🌏-geography-static-notes/3.-economic-geography-and-location-of-industries/3.3-petroleum-mineral-oil-and-natural-gas.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🌏 Geography Static Notes/3. Economic Geography and Location of Industries/3.3 Petroleum Mineral Oil and Natural Gas.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/media/petroleum,-mineral-oil-and-nat-image1-00094392.png"></figure> Shipbuilding in Vishakhapatnam - due to steel from Kolkata, Vizag etc, road and railway connectivity
Ore soaked in water mixed with oils to separate impurities weight loss - concentrated form is called blister copper Blister copper 99% copper - electrolysis to remove impurities like gold, silver, lead and zinc
Its By-products are used for making phosphoric acid, sulphuric acid Challenges to Indian industries Lack tech to produce special copper alloys, downstream copper products, recovery of precious metals obsolete mining and smelting, demand and supply gap, ore is average quality Lead and Zinc Ore - concentration - refining Significant weight loss - carried out near mining site
Natural Gas refining, Pipelines and Phosphate, Potash, Guano Fertilizer industry International pipeline projects are Iran-Pak-India Myanmar - Bangladesh - India Turkmenistan - Afghanistan - Pakistan - India


Located near Natural gas source, methane is used to produce Ammonia - Haber's process then used to make Urea etc, also Naptha
Production and refining are 2 stages, RM factor not imp, no weight loss, Refineries can be set up near RM, Market, intermediate break of the bulk location Other factors are Nationalisation, political instability especially in the Middle East, South America
Benzene is base material for most true synthetic fibre, non-bulky, non-perishable, hazardous to transport - located near petrochem industries India it is led by Reliance through its Jamnagar refinery and textile unit production @ Dahej, Naroda, Vadodra and Gujarat
Https:// <www.mrunal.org>
legy208.pdf - Manufacturing Industries2020-07-17 13:45:11]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🌏-geography-static-notes/3.-economic-geography-and-location-of-industries/3.4-location-of-industries.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🌏 Geography Static Notes/3. Economic Geography and Location of Industries/3.4 Location of Industries.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/media/location-of-industries-image1-00094976.png"></figure> not called biomes but are divided into distinct life zones.
Biosphere is absent at extremes of the North and South poles, highest mountains, deepest oceans etc due to hostile conditions but they do have dormant life eg bacteria etc. Thick aerosols present in North IN Himalayan edge. Nagar Van Udyan Yojana - City forest. School Nursery Yojana, ENVIS - CSS, integrate collection, storage, retrieval of data. Organism that tolerate wide range of temperatures called eurythermal. narrow range of temperatures called stenothermal. tolerant of a wide range of salinities (euryhaline) narrow range (stenohaline). Process by which organisms maintain the constancy of their internal, physical and chemical condition is called Homeostasis Homeostasis is maintained through : Regulation : most mammals, all birds and few lower vertebrates do it through thermoregulation or osmoregulation. Osmoregulators actively control salt concentration despite the surrounding salt concentration. Conform : All plants and 99% of animals cannot maintain constant internal env. they are also called as ectotherms ie they depend on external sources of body heat as they cannot regulate their body temperature. Are mostly cold blooded animals ex amphibians, reptiles, fishes insects etc. Migration : Organisms move to places where favorable condition exists. Suspend : or reduce their metabolic activity until favorable condition arise. Microbes such as bacteria, fungi and lower plants etc produce thick walled spores that help them survive in unfavorable condition. Production of seeds that remain dormant until favorable condition causes germination. Hibernation and aestivation. Aestivation takes place during summer but and hibernation during winters. Aquatic organisms inter into diapause ex zooplanktons. small animals are not found in polar regions - have large surface area relative to their volume, lose body heat very fast during cold they have to expend much energy for thermoregulation/ through metabolism. Allen's Rule : Mammals from colder climate have shorter ears and limbs to minimise heat loss. Nearly 25% of all insects are phytophagous (feeding on plant sap). Parasites that feed on the external surface of the host organism are called ectoparasites. Ex lice, ticks. Endoparasites : inside the host body at different sites. Brood Parasitism : Parasitic bird lays its eggs in the nest of its host and lets the host incubate them this is called. Lichens : are symbiotic partnership of a fungus and an alga can be found in deserts and tundra regions too. Fungus is the dominant partner that gives it its major characteristics. Fungi do not have cholorphyll so they depend on other organisms for their nutrients which is alga in this case.
alga here could be green alga or blue green alga aka cyanobacteria. Alga are from Protista kingdom. #important #PrelimsPYQ Lichens are different from mosses which are non vascular plants.
Mosses : are non vascular flowerless plants in Bryophyta division. That form dense green clumps on walls and mats. They can absorb liquids 20 times their weight.
Sedges : are monocotyledons ie a single embryonic first leaf that appears from a germinating seed.
Spruce : are coniferous evergreen trees found in termperature and boreal/taiga regions. They are different from pines in that their needles(adult leaves) are attached to stems in bundles not individually like in spruces trees.
Fir trees : Are evergreen coniferous trees mostly occuring in mountains.
Lemmings : are small rodents found in tundra biomes and very similar to voles and muskrats.
Ptarmigan : are mid sized birds that are reared for meats and eggs or hunted as game birds.
Elk : One of the largest species within the deer family native to north america and also found in Central and East Asia.
Prairie Dog : are herbivorous burrowing rodents native to grasslands of north america. They are called dogs due to their warning calls that sound like a dog's bark.
Ground Nesting Brids : Certain examples of ground nesting birds om India are Lapwings, Malabar Crested Lark.]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/1.-environmental,-ecology/1.1-ecology-and-functions-of-an-ecosystem.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/1. Environmental, Ecology/1.1 Ecology and Functions of an Ecosystem.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/media/ecology-and-functions-of-an-ec-image1-00100237.png"></figure> Neutralism is 0,0
Bio Geo chemical cycle : cyclic movement of mineral nutrients from non-living to living and back Nutrient cycle type of BGC Cycle shows how nutrients move from physical env to living organsims and then back. Eg Carbon and Nitrogen cycles. They are of 2 types : Perfect cycle where they are replaced as soon as consumed eg gaseous cycles Imperfect cycle : some nutrients are lost from cycle eg sedimentary cycle. in this the reservoirs are atmosphere and hydrosphere Water Cycle
Carbon Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle The various ways of Nitrogen fixation are : By microorganisms : free living bacteria eg azotobacter and anaerobic clostridium and symbiotic bacteria eg Rhizobium, Anabeaena Spirulina. by man using industrial processes far exceeds natural fixation Atmospheric phenomena like thunder and lightning. reservoir is the Earth's crust. Phosphorus cycle
Calcium cycle

Magnesium cycle
It is a process of through which an ecosystem develops and stabilises. It changes the species structure of an ecolocial over a time from a pioneer community to climax community. one community replaces other until stabilisation. leads to establishment of stable climax community ie last stage of succession. the intermediate community is called seral communities. first plant to colonise an area called pioneer community stage leading to the climax community are called successional stages or seres. Various stages of Ecological succession Nudation : dev of bare area without any form of life caused due to factors such as volcanic eruption, floods, erosion, earthquake, forest fire. Invasion : is the successful establishment of species in a barren area this could be brought about by air, water etc. The adjustment of these species is called as ecesis. Their reproduction and inc in numbers is called aggregation. Competition and Coaction : Compete with other organism for food, space and other resource. Reaction : Modification of environment through influence of living organism is called reaction. Stabilisation : last stage where climax or final community becomes stable. Characterstics of climax community Increased productivity. Productivity means the rate of generation of biomass in an ecosystem and expressed in gm/sq mtr. Productivity of autotrophs is called primary productivity and for heterotrophs it is called secondary productivity. shift of nutrients from the reservoirs. increased diversity of organisms - niche development. inc in complexity of food web. Takes place in a barren areas never having any vegetation no organism ever existed. Ex Volcanic eruptions, Retreat of glaciers, landslides etc. in a new site takes place when few hardy pioneers species example mosses, lichens, fungi etc grow. They die and their organic matter is buried in crevices, gaps etc and on soil where seeds etc grow leading to the development of vegetation. At end pioneer species disappear due to condition change and invasion. occurs when mature or intermediate species in a region is destroyed due to events like forest fire, flood, harvesting, epidemic, pest attack. They are taken over by hardy harbaceous species like grasses, mosses etc. Leading to the development of a forest community over the years. It starts on an already well developed soil and are faster vis a vis Primary succession. Succession that are brought about by biotic components living in the ecosystem is called Autogenic Succession Where as succession brought by outside force or abiotic components is called allogenic succession. Ex by volcanoes, flooding, forest fires etc. Succession where initially green plants are more are called autotrophic succession and where animals are more is called heterotrophic. Succession occurs faster in middle of large continents. Net Primary Productivity = Gross primary productivity - Respiration losses Detritus is the raw material for decomposition. Leaching is the process by which soil soluble inorganic nutrients go down the soil horizon and precipitate as salts. When humus is further degraded by microbes and release of inorganic nutrients occur this process known as mineralisation. This process is faster when detritus is rich in Nitrogen and water soluble substances and slower when it is rich in lignin and chitin. Of the incident solar radiation less than 50 per cent of it is photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Plants capture only 2-10% of it. Organisms that meet their nutrient requirement by degrading dead organic matter or detritus are called saprotrophs. Ex Fungi, mushrooms and bateria. Each trophic level has a certain mass of living material at a particular time called as the standing crop. It is measured as the mass of living organism/ Biomass or number of unit in an area. Pyramid of numbers and Biomass can be both inverted and upright. Pyramid of energy is always upright can never be inverted. The entire sequence of communities that successively change in a given area are called sere(s). The amount of nutrients, such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, etc., present in the soil at any given time, is referred to as the standing state. ]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/1.-environmental,-ecology/1.2-functions-of-an-ecosystem.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/1. Environmental, Ecology/1.2 Functions of an Ecosystem.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure> by Forest Survey of India under MoEFCC Forest Cover (Area-wise) : Madhya Pradesh> Arunachal Pradesh> Chhattisgarh> Odisha> Maharashtra Forest Cover (Percentage): Mizoram (85.4%)> Arunachal Pradesh (79.63%)> Meghalaya (76.33%) Forest cover includes are with more than 10% canopy density and more than 1 hectare area. Total forest cover is 712249 sq km ie 21.67% of total geographic area. States with most increase are Karnataka (1,025 sq km) > Andhra Pradesh (990 sq km) > Kerala (823 sq km) > J&K (371 sq km) > Himachal Pradesh (334 sq km). Forest Cover in NE is 65.05% of its geographic area. Except Assam and Tripura all NE states showed decrease. Tree cover is area with less than 1ha cover. Indias tree cover is 2.89%. Maharashtra has the highest inc in tree cover. Total Carbon stock of India is 7.124 bil tons. Gujarat has the largest area of wetland followed by West Bengal. Deforestation : Causes are Shifting cultivation, Development projects, fuel requirement from wood, raw material requirement of timber, overgrazing, agriculture, mining, urbanisation etc rainfall 25-75 cm per year, found in temperate climates In India, found mainly in high Himalayas rest of India has Steppes → forage only during wet season → grasses are always present Steppes occur in Western Rajasthan rainfall is 20cm. Soil is exposed, sometimes rocky w/ dunes Savannas found in central and eastern Rajasthan rainfall is 50cm. Trees like Khetri grow. Serve as grazing land - leads to reduction of energy flow, breakdown of biogeochemical cycles. Fires are very common
There are 4 main types of deserts Hot and Dry Deserts 25 cm of rainfall or regions with hot temperature, mid latitude regions perennial plant like creosote bush, cactus In shallow depressed areas with salt deposits - geesewood, seepwood (flora) and salt grasses are common. Siltation, salt accumulation is a problem Plants are mostly shrubs; leaves are absent or reduced, leaves and stems are succulent and store water. Stems could also contain chlorophyll. Roots are spread over large area. Animals are fast runners, nocturnal, excrete concentrated urine, have longs legs to keep away from hot ground, Seeds are imp source of water for animals. Semi Arid Deserts are also known as steppe climate. are a little colder than deserts, summers are followed by winters with a little rain. mostly found in the fringes of subtropical deserts Coastal Deserts Cold Deserts rainfall 40cm and temp b/w 0 to -50 deg C. Soil : type is sandy to sandy loam, poor in organic matter, pH varies from neutral to alkaline with low water retention capacity. Asiatic Ibex, Tibetan Argali, Ladakh Uriyal, Bharal, Tibetan Antelope (chiru) etc are found. Trees are alpine mesophytes. Junipers, Birch, rhododendrons in Alphine zone are found. No vegetation found in perpetual snow zone. Flora in the Indian Thar desert could be divided into 2 : Depending directly upon the rain : Further divided into 2 types ephemerals and rain perennials. Ephemerals are delicate annuals, do not have xerophilous adaptations, have a slender stem. Xerophilous adaptation are plant adaptation for very dry climated ex long roots, fleshy stems(cactii), thin leaves(acacia) they are short lived plants growing only when there is water availability or the climate is favorable. Rain perennials are visible above ground only during rainy season, but have a perennial under ground stem. They grow throughout the year. Depending on presence of subterranean water : Well-developed root system, consists of slender woody tap root. have xerophilous adaptations like reduced leaves, wax coatings, thick cuticles etc Fauna in Indian Deserts Great Indian Bustard, Blackbuck, wild ass, chinkara, caracal etc are found. Flamingoes also found in Rann of Kutcch Desertification : Causes - Mining, over grazing, agriculture, Dev of activities, deforestation Programs to counter - IWMP, NAP, NM for Green IN, National Watershed Dev, MGNREGA, Desert dev program ]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/1.-environmental,-ecology/1.3-terrestrial-ecosystem.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/1. Environmental, Ecology/1.3 Terrestrial Ecosystem.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/alpine-forests.webp"></figure>#important Q. Aquatic Organisms that are unattached and live at the air water interface such as floating plants, etc
A. Neuston. Q. Aquatic organisms which remain attached to stems and leaves of rooted plants or substances emerging above the bottom mud such as sessile algae
A. Periphyton. Q. This group contains both microscopic plants like algae and animals like crustaceans and protozoans. Not found in moving waters eg
A. Planktons. Q. This group contains animals which are swimmers. They are large and powerful and can overcome water currents are?A. Nekton Benthos are found deep in the botton of water mass The Factors that limit the productivity of aquatic habitats is : Photic Zone : extends below to the level where the light level is 1% of that of surface
Aphotic Zone : only respiration takes place here aka profundal zone #important Dissolved Oxygen : depends on air-water interface and photosynthesis and temperature. O2 is less soluble in warm water. Below 3-5ppm organisms start to dies. Transparency : affects light penetration. Clay, silt, phytoplankton affect transparency. Temperature : aquatic animals have narrow temp tolerance limit.
flow of freshwater from river mixes with salt water from the ocean. are the most productive water bodies in the world semi enclosed coastal body, has free connection with open sea. salinity ranges from 0-35ppt, have very little wave action. receives very high amount of nutrients from fresh and marine water most heavily populated areas are located here. rising sea level movement of sand and sandbars glacial processes tectonic processes Examples are bays, harbors, lagoons, inlets etc. salinity and amount of flooding affect life here. Unique animals like sea lions, sea catfish, saltworts, eelgrass, saltgrasses etc are found here. India has 14 major river estuaries most of which are located in the east coast. Water flow is either in excess or very low. Modification of estuarine catchment Pollution, recreation and tourism Ports and shipping Urbanization, mining, agriculture Commercial fishing, over exploitation submergence of catchment area. characteristic littoral plant formation of tropical and subtropical sheltered coastlines Mangroves are trees and bushes growing below the high water level of spring tides. Are evergreen land plants, grow on sheltered shore viz tidal flats, deltas, estuaries, creeks, bays and barrier islands. adapted to high salinty and anaerobic respiration → through pnuematophores. Rhizophoras have arching prop roots, while Avicennia have vertical pneumatophores. exhibit viviparity reproduction ie seeds germinate in the tree itself. Excess salt is either excreted through leaves or is blocked through roots. They are located in Sunderbans, Mahanadi, Krishna-Godavari, Cauvery, Goa, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Andaman and Nicobar. Enhance deposition of sediments in the area reduce inundation of coastal lowlands prevents coastal soil erosion protects from tsunami, hurricanes etc Enhance natural recycling of nutrients, support flora and fauna, env for breeding, supplies wood etc. living animals and have a symbiotic relationship with 'zooxanthellae' microscopic algae which live on corals → assist in nutrient production by providing carbon compounds, also give them colours. are 2 types hard corals and soft corals. Only hard corals build reefs. Polyps are coral reef builders. Various shapes associated with them are table like, branched, cups like, boulders etc. Majority are found in tropical and sub-tropical water but they are also found in deep water in colder regions. Largest cold water reef is Rost Reef of Norway. Occur in shallow tropical areas where water is clean, clear and warm. most productive and complex coastal ecosystems corals are slow growing zooxanthallae are fast growing. they help in recycling of scarce nutrients.
depending on their location they are fringing → contiguous to the shore and are most common type eg Andaman patch → Ex palk bay, Mannar; barrier → parallel to the coastlines separated by lagoons eg Nicobar and atoll → circular or semi circular Ex Lakshadweep. protect against storm surges and erosion, capture nutrients, largest biogenic Calcium carbonate producer, provides substrates to mangrooves, habitat to flora and fauna. Occurs when densities of zooxanthellae decline and concentration of photosynthetic pigments within them falls. usually recovers within a few weeks but if it is prolonged coral host dies. Causes of Bleaching Temperature inc and sudden temp drops Solar irradiance during summer when it is maximum. Sub aerial Exposure to events like extreme low tides, sea level drops, tectonic uplift Sedimentation, fresh water dilution, Inorganic nutrients. Xenobiotics : substances that are foreign to animal life. Ex. during elevations concentrations of Cu, herbicides and oil. Epizootics : outbreak of disease that affect many animals of the same kind. Ex pathogens that induce bleaching. To enforce and implement the CRZ and IPZ Notifications MoEFCC has introduced Coastal Zone Management Authorities. In addition Coral reef is included in Schedule I of the Wild Life Protection Act, 1972. National Parks, Sanctuaries and Marine Biosphere reserves have been created under the provision of WPA 1972.
WCCB has also been set up to strengthen law enforcement. Coastal Ocean Monitoring and Prediction System (COMAPS) : assesses the health of coastal waters. Land Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ) : Investigates the effects of global change on coastal zones. Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management (ICMAM) : Ganga Action Plan and National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) Nirmal Dhara : ensuring sustainable municipal sewage management, with Mo Urban Dev and Nirmal Dhara with Mo Drinking water for rural areas Aviral Dhara : Enforcing River Regulatory Zones on Ganga Banks NRI Ganga Fund Clean Ganga Fund : funds from residents, NRIs/PIO and others, operated through a trust. Domestic donors will be eligible for tax benefits. Ageing occurs due to accumulation of minerals Are classified on the basis of salinity as Freshwater, Brackish or Saline lakes. On the basis of nutrient content as Oligotrophic(low nutrient), Mesotropic(moderate nutrients) and Eutrophic(Highliy nutrient) Nutrients from lakes can be removed by : Flushing w/ nutrient low water Deep water abstraction On site removal through flocculation/flotation On site algae removal by filters and P adsorbers. On site algae skimming. Artificial mixing/ Destratification Fish harvesting Sludge removal
Lakes have been defined by National Lake Conservation Programme NCLP as having min depth of 3m and water spread of 10ha having low or very little vegetation. They are less important when compared to wetland. But 'Urban Lakes' has no specific definition
Algae/ Phytoplankton multiply rapidly resulting in colour change of water, most commonly red or brown some produce toxins affecting birds, fishes etc Nutrient enrichment, inc in water temp are causes
similar to Alagal Blooms algal blooms they deplete oxygen Red tide occurs due to pigment in algae it is a misnomer because blooms are not always red, and not associated w/ tides, are not always harmful. caused by leaching of phosphate and/ or nitrate containing fertilisers from agricultural run offs. growth of algae called algal bloom - unsustainable and algaes start to die consuming oxygen leaving little for fishes thereby killing them. Algal blooms are of different colour and can be caused due to warm waters Animals start to feed on this dead algae(detritus) and there is an inc in their population. More O2 is consumed than is created leading to the death of animals. Anaerobic conditions also produces various toxins. There are 2 sources of Eutrophication : Point Sources → can be pin pointed and Non Point sources → different sources difficult to regulate. They can be mitigated by : Riparian buffers : vegetated area to protect streams from impact of adjacent land use. Minimise non-point pollution Nitrogen testing and modelling Treatment of run off ex N-Testing Organic farming, integrated farming system Reduction of livestock densities, improve efficiency of fertiliser Reduction in N2 emission from vehicles The nutrient-enrichment of the lakes promotes the growth of algae, aquatic plants and various fauna. This process is known as natural eutrophication.Similar nutrient enrichment of lakes at an accelerated rate is caused by human activities and the consequent ageing phenomenon is known as 'cultural eutrophication'. Ex : lakes/ponds,estuary, lagoon, creek, backwater, bay, coral reef, tidal flat, salt marsh, etc Are areas intermediate in character between deepwater and terrestrial habitats and are also transitional. see frequent flooding from deepwater habitats include lake littorals(marginal areas b/w highest and lowest water level of lakes), flood plains, marshy or swampy area where water gets stagnated Depth of wet lands do not exceed 6mts at low tide They have adopted plant life and hydric soils Functions of Wetlands habitats to flora and fauna Nutrients recycling water purification flood mitigation maintenance of stream flow stabilizes the climate, source of livelihood etc. Mitigation of degradation : Survey and demarcation protection of natural regeneration Artificial regeneration Removing encroachments Wetlands in India occupy 18.4% of the country's area of which 70% is under paddy cultivation. was implemented in the year 1985-86 115 wetlands (Annexure) have been identified Objectives : policy guidelines for conservation, financial assistance, monitor implementation. Central Govt is responsible for overall coordination. State gov resp for management. contains a representative, rare, or unique example of a natural or near-natural wetland type. supports vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered species; or threatened ecological communities supports populations of plant and/or animal species important for maintaining the biological diversity supports plant and/or animal species at a critical stage in their life cycles, or provides refuge during adverse conditions. regularly supports 20,000 or more water birds regularly supports 1% of the individuals in a population of one species or subspecies of water birds supports a significant proportion of indigenous fish subspecies important source of food for fishes, spawning ground, nursery etc important source of food and water resource, increased possibilities for recreation and eco tourism, improved scenic values, educational opportunities. register of wetland sites on the List of Wetlands of International Importance. highlights those sites where adverse changes in ecological character have occurred or are likely to occur. employed to identify priority sites for positive national and international conservation attention. Chilika lake, Orissa was placed on the Montreux Record in 1993 due to siltation in the mouth of the lake. It was removed in 2002 Loktak lake, Manipur was included on the Montreux Record in 1993 due to habitat degradation. Keoladeo NP placed in 1990 for over grazing and water shortage. The largest floating treatment Wetland in the country is Neknampur lake of Hyderabad.River ecosystem are flowing waters that drain the landscpae and include biotic and abiotic components.]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/1.-environmental,-ecology/1.4-aquatic-ecosystem.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/1. Environmental, Ecology/1.4 Aquatic Ecosystem.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/media/aquatic-ecosystem-image1-00101903.jpg"></figure>#important2 ways to produce is either through Photovoltaic cell which have 2 semi conductors np or pn type Solar-Thermal electricity which focuses sunlight to heat a surface containing liquid and generating electricity states with high solar radiation are RAJ-Guj region, Ladakh, AP, Maha, MP
National Solar Mission IN installed capacity is 54GW (March 2022) National Institute of Solar Energy NISE is apex R&D institution in Solar energy field under MNRE. was launched at the CoP21 of UNFCC in Paris 2015. Treaty based Intergov org for countries that are lying fully or partially between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. Treaty was signed at Marrakesh, Morocco. Secretariat at Gurgaon Objective is to drive demand, force prices down, standardise solar tech, to foster R&D. 124 countries are mem President of ISA Assembly is MNRE minister. Various Programs launched under this are Awards such as Vishvesvaraya, Kalpana Chawala and Diwakar. ISA CARES to solarise one primary health care ISA Technical fund implemented along w/ ADB ISA, India and World Bank tripartite agreement for One Sun, One World and One Grid Initiative. International Solar Alliance(ISA) : IN hosting 2nd assembly ISA is dedicated to promotion of solar energy; is the highest decision making body a gives directions on financial and administrative issues. Initiated by IN has 120 mem objective is to deploy 1000GW of solar energy and mobilise $1tr inves. HQ in Gurugram. India Togo agreement to built Solar projects in Dapaong and Mango regions. Coalition for Sustainable Climate Action was launched comprising of global public and private corporates. Solutions to problems of various solar related segments.

device that uses a thin sheet of material to trap solar radiation over a large area and then directs it to cells mounted on the thin edges of the material layer. they are made up of polymethylmethacrylate PMMA and doped with luminescent agents like organic dyes, quantum dots etc. used to replace solar cells since it is cheap, effective in clouder climates, can collect and diffuse solar radiation, broad absorption range, long term stability has 150 member nations with Headquarters in Abu Dhabi is an intergovernmental organisation promotes all type of renewable energy
World Energy Transitions Outlook #Report by IRENA Total installed capacity of 40GW, 4th largest in World Wind farms are either onshore or offshore (more expensive) Variables that determine wind electricity gen are speed, blade radius and air density 2 types of designs are Horizontal axis design (commonly used) and Vertical National Offshore Wind Energy Policy, Inclusion of renewable energy in priority sector, investment of 74% foreign equity National Wind Energy Mission was proposed MNRE has set target of 60GW by 2022 cheapest most cleanest but env issues associated w/ it Small hydro : installed capacity of less than 25 MW, 5400 such sites in India Impoundment : uses a dam to store river water in a reservoir Diversion : a portion of a river is diverted to low through a turbine, may not require a dam. Pumped storage : it acts as a battery, when demand is low it pumps water from lower reservoir to upper and during high demands viceversa
is transfer of energy from the wind to the sea. first wave energy, project with a capacity of 150MW, has been set up at Vizhinjam near Trivandrum extracted from tides by creating a reservoir or basin behind a barrage and passing tidal waters through turbines major tidal energy project was proposed to be set up in Hanthal Creek in Gulf of Kutchh derived from carbonaceous human and natural wastes
#concept Biomass does not add CO2 to the atmosphere as it absorbs the same amt of Carbon while growing as it releases when consume In has set target of 10GW by 2022, Total installed capacity is 10GW Incentive schemes have been introduced for cultivation of Jatropha Central Finance Assistance CFA by MNRE to Biomass projects directly burned in the presence of excess air at high temp gas produced during gasification is known as producer gas which is a mixture of carbon monoxide (25%), hydrogen and hydrocarbons (15%), and carbon dioxide and nitrogen (60%). Decomposition of organic matter by heating it in absence of air gas given out is called Syngas Typically syngas is 30 to 60% carbon monoxide (CO), 25 to 30% hydrogen (H2), 0 to 5% methane (CH4), 5 to 15% carbon dioxide (CO2), also some traces of water vapour and sulphur compounds. is a scientific process whereby microorganisms in an anaerobic environment decompose biodegradable matter and produce rich biogas and effluent Hydrolysis, acidogenesis and methanogenesis are 3 process that take place sequentially one type of energy must always be heat and other may be electricity or mechanical energy Ex steam generated from boilers of power plants are used to run turbines to produce electricity saves cost, primary usage in sugar, rice, mills, distilleries, steel, chemical, cement plants etc Bagasse cogeneration states are AP, TN, Ktaka, Maha, UP potential to divert waste from landfills estimated potential of 225MW from all sewage total installed capacity is 100MW Tech needs to be imported, cost of setting such projects is high
segregation at source facilities are few in India along w/ low level compliance of Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules. Lack of policy support. harness energy stored in Eath's inner ore which comes out at certain places on the Crust where a higher geothermal gradient is created which is inc in temp with depth Hydrothermal convection is most common way of capturing In has a potential of 10GW in regions such as Himalayas, Lushai-Naga region, Andaman and Nicobar, Cambay, Son Narmada, Damodar Valley, Puga Velley etc Plan to set up geothermal plant in Ladakh Fuel cells generate electricity through an electrochemical reaction but not combustion. H2 and O2 are combined to generate electricity and water. Convert chem energy to electrical (DC) H2 used because no pollution from it can be used for small scale decentralised power generation is the global renewable energy multi-stakeholder network connects wide range of key actors from Govt, international orgs etc non-profit association, provides policy relevant infor, platform for interconnection b/w stakeholders ]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/1.-environmental,-ecology/1.6-renewable-energy.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/1. Environmental, Ecology/1.6 Renewable Energy.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#Act, 2006 taken up to prevent indiscrminate cutting of hills and filling of water bodies. guidelines to prohibit indiscriminate disposal of garbage treatment segregation at point of source, document waste composition 4R principle, innovation in treatment, garbage management prevent fragmentation of habitat in hill areas, designate areas for dev enforce architechtural norms, prevent deforestation, integrated development Community based ecotourism as sustainable alternative to commercial tourism ex Himalayan Homestays, Sikkim's Ultimate Tourist Destination policy process of removal of sand and grave causes stripping of sand natural carpet that causes downstream erosion prevents sand from acting as aquifers revenue loss to exchequer, forces river to change its course adversely impacts habitat of micro-organism damagest coastal ecosystem use manufactured sand as alternative : produced from stones used for aggregates use fly ash from industries as alternative of sand. periodic assessment of sand bed, prudence to lease out mining make sand mining to be carried out only by labour 33% of vegetable oil made from it, consumers are India, Indonesia and China used for cooking food as a substitute of butter, alo in cosmetics, soaps and detergents as base material to meet production deforestation carried out in countries like Indonesia, Borneo, Papua New Guinea, Sumatra, Congo Basin Loss of biodiversity particularly Orangutans Climate Change due to deforestation use of pesticides and fertilizers esp Paraquat a type of herbicide Indian imports from Malaysia, Indonesia. AP is the higher producer in IN Geographical location not ideal best is 8° N and S of Equator Irrigation requires regular rainfall, Long gestation period of 4 yr small farm holdings, limited investment by corporate sector Mo Food give subsidies for distribution of palm oil under PDS
Oil Palm Dev program now part of Integrated #Scheme of Oilseeds
Roundtable on Sustainable Oil RSPO estd in 2004 provides certification #body population of Bees plummeting due to unexplained reason Causes could be : Global Warming, parasitic infection, malnutrition, metal pollution, stress, habitat loss Neonicotinides are nictoine like insecticides : water soluble absorbed by pollinators from pollen and nector of treated palnts may be leading to dec policy decision to protect bees, reward farmers to protect bees, strengthen bee research, Integrated pest management Art 51A, 48A Coordination b/w MoEFCC and Mo Railways demarcate vulnerable patches with signboards, Electronic tagging of elephants, leopards etc improve infra, posting forest officials in Railway control rooms for better coordination EMW generated heats up small birds due to low weight and higher surface area, lower body fluid, disturb their ability to navigate, collision leads to deaths In humans it causes psychological changes, genetic defects, fatigue, nausea, irritability, headaches MoEFCC should notify impact to concerned agencies Regular monitoring by state and local bodies, carry out EIA before giving permission State Env and Forest dept take awareness measures DoT should avoid overlapping of radiation fields, location of towers be geotagged and be made public, refine standards on safe limit of exposure to EMR, precaution to minimise exposure 1st GE tree in Belgium 1988, China has inculcated in large scale act as carbon sinks to help meet Clean Dev Mechanism under Kyoto protocol Difficult to decipher behaviour of new gene in natural env; likely to contaminate vast expanse of native forest threaten ecological balance In Indian Rubber research institute dev 1st GET improved fuel, comprehensive policy for abetement of pollution tightening industrial emission norms, mandatory env clearance for specific industries air quality monitoring improved, assessment of pollution load, public awareness The sun emits energy in what kind of wavelengths - High energy short wavelengths Q. About how much energy is reflected back into space? A. 30% Q. Which is the biggest overall contributor to greenhouse effect? A. Water Vapour Q. What is the largest emitter of Methane CH4 in the atmosphere? A. Wetlands Nitrous Oxide N2O is emitted by the use of fertilizers in agriculture, burning of transportation fuel, production of Nitric Acid. Fluorinated gases : They are non-ozone depleting gases but have very high global warming potential GWP. There are 3 mains types of fluorinated gases : Hydrofluorocarbons HFCs - are used as refrigerants, aerosol propellants, solvents and fire retardants. Perfluorocarbons PFCs - produced during Aluminium production and manufacturing of semi conductors. Sulfur Hexafuoride SF6 - used in magnesium processing, semi-conductor manufacturing and as tracer gas for leak detections. It is also used in electrical transmission equipment and circuit breakers. "Brown carbon" is generally referred for greenhouse gases and "black carbon" for particles resulting from impure combustion. Climate "forcings" are factors in the climate system that either increase or decrease the effects to the climate system. Positive forcings such as excess greenhouse gases warm the earth while negative forcings, such as the effects of most aerosols and volcanic eruptions, actually cool the earth. The power of a process to alter the climate is estimated by its "radiative forcing" which is the change in the Earth's energy balance due to that process. The factors that cause Ocean acidification are : Acid rain Eutrophication respiration of bacteria decomposing algae leads to dec. in sea water pH. Q. Events where deeper ocean water circulates onto continental shelves and near-shore areas are called? A. Upwelling The upper layers of the ocean tend to be supersaturated with CaCO3 so little dissolution takes place, whilst the deep ocean is undersaturated and carbonate readily dissolves. The first boundary between these two states is known as the lysocline.]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/1.-environmental,-ecology/1.7-environmental-issues.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/1. Environmental, Ecology/1.7 Environmental Issues.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTScreening process
Category B projects undergoes screening process and they are classified into two types B1 and B2. B1 requires mandatory environmental clearance. B2 do not require EIA. for key projects, Initial Project Description IPD to enable project screening and scoping -> this would facilitate reviewers task IPD should provide - location and land use, details of project, outlining key element of project, offsite and onsite activities prime agricultural land/forest land may not be converted to industrial site
land acquired be min, space for storing solid waste, layout should conform to landscape of CRZ norms] should be followed project location be reviewed for ambient air, critically polluted ares, natural disaster prone areas etc
coys that want public hearing for clearance of projects should submit to SPCB #important SPCB gives notice to be published in 2 newspapers along mentioning the date, time and place of public hearing suggestions from public within 30 days from date of publication of notification, can also make oral/ written suggestion Public hearing panel could have rep of SPCB, DC, rep of State gov, max 3 reps from local bodies viz Municipalities, panchayats etc several projects not listed because they are not listed in Schedule 1 or do not have high enough investmemt teams formed for conducting EIA lacks expertise, lack of exhaustive ecological and socio-economic indicators for IA Public hearing not being taken at early stage, no of projects not included in mandatory public hearings, indigenous knowledge of people not respected during EIA Reports mostly incomplete, ignore or omits significant info, many reports are base only on a single season reports made for clearance, unbiased review is missing, bending of rules common documents are bulky, technical, sometimes fraudulently made No accredition of EIA consultants EMP for strategic industires viz nuclear are kept confidential, details regarding effectivenes and implementation not provided, emergency preparedness plans not discussed Independent, sector wide EIA needed, creation of info desk, creation of centralised baseline data bank all projects where there is a significant alteration of ecosys should compulsorily go through env clearance, no industrial act in ecologically sensitive area Public hearing for most projects Focus shifts from utilisation of exploitation to conservation of ecosys impact on agribiodiversity, and traditional knowledge should be included clearly state adverse impact, studies should be carried for at least 1yr State amd Centre should make list of credible and independent competent agencies along w/ national level accredition prior informed consent of local communities be made mandatory, language for specifying condition be made clear and specific executive committee be replace by expert comm automatic withdrawal of clearance if condition of clearance not met, robust monitoring mechanism estd by state dept Judicial upheaval of NGT Capacity building
PARIVESH undertaken by an alleged violator of EIA 2006 act to get clearance for their project can continue their activity by paying financial penalty attempt to legalise violations, defeats the purpose of EIA indirectly allows pardoning of violations, escape mechanism for violators ]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/1.-environmental,-ecology/1.8-eia.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/1. Environmental, Ecology/1.8 EIA.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT
kegy216.pdf - Biodiversity and Conservation]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/2.-biodiveristy/2.1-biodiversity.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/2. Biodiveristy/2.1 Biodiversity.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/media/previous-year-analysis-image2-00121378.jpg"></figure> soft, skin-like organ covered with a hard outside shell mollusks that live on land are snail and slug mollusks that live in water are oyster, mussel, clam, squid and octopus
marine animals have arms or spines that radiate from the center of their body Eg sea star, sea urchin, sand dollar and sea cucumber
have limbs with joints that allow them to move also have an exoskeleton include the crustaceans, insects, arachnids.
live mostly in the ocean/water have a hard, external shell which protectstheir body Eg crabs, lobsters etc
have an exoskeleton that covers their entire body consists of 3 body parts and 6 legs beetle, butterfly, moth, dragonfly, bee, wasp and praying mantis. spiders, scorpions, ticks and mites do not have antennae have 2 body parts and 4 pairs of legs The fresh-water algae are generally green or blue-green in colour, whereas the marine ones are red or brown. plant body is differentiated into a small stem and simple leaves, but true roots are absent usually grow in moist places. E.g. Liverworts, mosses well-differentiated plant bodies, consisting of roots, stems and leaves. Moreover, they possess vascular bundles. eg. clubmosses, horse-tails and ferns
very simple flowers without accessorywhorls and stamens Ex are Cycas, Pinus, Gnetum.
Angiosperms are closed seeded plants. Carpels have ovary, style and stigma Ovary develops into fruit and ovules into seeds. seeds remains within the fruits
There are 5 species of egg laying mammals : Duck Billed Platypus 4 species of Spiny Anteaters aka echidna. Are found only in Australia. Herb is defined as a plant whose stem is always green and tender with height of not more than 1 meter.
Shrub is defined as a woody perennial plant. It is not more than 6 metres in height.
Epiphytes plant growing on the host plant but not by the host plant. Only need help to get access to light. Out of 7 colours in the visible part of spectrum, only red → plant gown in this light are small and blue → are etiolated/elongated are effective in photosynthesis.Excessive high temperature results in death of plant due to coagulation of protoplasmic proteins.The heartwood is dead sapwood in the center of the trunk. Pith is the tiny dark spot of spongy living cells right in the center of the tree trunk.The thin layer of living cells just inside the bark is called cambium. Pith is the tiny dark spot of spongy living cells right in the center of the tree trunk.Primary descending root formed by the direct prolongation of the radicle of the embryo. Taproot
Lateral Root Roots that arise from the tap root and spread laterally to support the tree. Adventitious Roots Roots that are produced from the parts of the plant other than the radicle or its subdivi-sion. Buttresses - They are out - growths formed usually ver-tically above the lateral roots and thus connect the base of the stem with roots. Prop - Roots - produced from the branches of the tree which remain suspended in the air till they reach ground. Stilt - Roots - which emerged from the butt of a tree above ground level. Haustorial roots are the roots of parasitic plants that can absorb water and nutrients from another plant.Mycorrhiza : structure produced from the combination of the modified rootlet with fungal tissue.]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/2.-biodiveristy/2.2-indian-biodiversity.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/2. Biodiveristy/2.2 Indian Biodiversity.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#todo add various schedules and meanings
#todo
#todo Specify min standard for housing, upkeep and veterinary care. Evaluate and assess functioning of the zoos, recognize or derecognize zoos, id endangered species. Chaired by Env Minister. National Tiger Conservation Authority
#todo Statutory multi-disciplinary body under MoEFCC
Primary enforcer of WPA #important Estd a centralised Wildlife crime databank, co-ordination of action, implement obligation of various international conventions and protocols, dev infra etc. “CA 1 - Conservation, Pollution, EIA and DM April-2019---Jan-2020#^aa4622” is not created yet. Click to create. ]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/2.-biodiveristy/2.3-wpa-1972.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/2. Biodiveristy/2.3 WPA 1972.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/2.-biodiveristy/2.4-animal-diversity-of-india.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/2. Biodiveristy/2.4 Animal Diversity of India.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/2.-biodiveristy/2.5-plant-diversity-of-india.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/2. Biodiveristy/2.5 Plant Diversity of India.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo ]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/2.-biodiveristy/2.6-marine-organism.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/2. Biodiveristy/2.6 Marine Organism.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo Refer Anki Notes.]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/2.-biodiveristy/2.7-protected-area-network.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/2. Biodiveristy/2.7 Protected Area Network.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT ]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/2.-biodiveristy/2.8-conservation-efforts.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/2. Biodiveristy/2.8 Conservation Efforts.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/media/conservation-image1-00113013.png"></figure>01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/3-climate-change/3.1-climate-change-and-impact-on-india.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/3 Climate Change/3.1 Climate Change and Impact on India.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/3-climate-change/3.2-ocean-acidification-and-ocean-depletion.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/3 Climate Change/3.2 Ocean Acidification and Ocean Depletion.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/3-climate-change/3.3-mitigation-strategies.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/3 Climate Change/3.3 Mitigation Strategies.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/3-climate-change/3.4-india-and-climate-change.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/3 Climate Change/3.4 India and Climate Change.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT 2050 Pathway platform or mid-century strategies launched to help other countries their own such strategies Roadmap to mobilise $100bil private finance Achieve rapid phasing out of traditional coal power completely by 2050 - no commitment to end financing only restrictions Outcomes Gender Action plan promote equality Local communities and Indigenous people participation Ocean Pathway partnership Talanoa dialogue : to help countries enhance their nationally determined Contribution NDCs Insu Resilience Global Partnership - b/w G20 and V20 nations (49 vulnerable countries estd by Male Declaration) Paris rulebook finalised to operationalise 2015 Paris Agreement, help provide info about countries NDCs called Katowice package No roadmap for mobilisation of funds Was to be held in Chile Complete Rule book to the Paris Climate replace Kyoto Protocol in 2020 Chile-Madrid Time for action Improve current pledges, help poor countries No final agreement on Carbon markets, Climate finances etc Article 6 deals with carbon markets Art 4 with INDCs Warsaw Int Mechanism for Loss and Damage associated with Climate change India Pavillion - Mahatma Gandhi Led to Glasgow climate pact for 'Phase down' of unabated coal power. Special Climate Change Fund SCCF Finance ToT, Adaptation, Energy, transport etc projects Global Environment Facility GEF - operates SCCF Fast start Finance funding of 30bil $ by developed countries to most vulnerable countries Reducing emission from deforestation and forest degradation REDD+ includes incentives for conservation, sustainable mgt etc Which could be passed to local communities for their efforts Created in 1991 to make a financial mechanism under UNFCCC 6 focal areas of biological diversity, climate change, international waters, land degradation, ozone layer depletion, persistent organic pollutants. 14 % of all global greenhouse gases is from agriculture, aims to absorb/hold carbon into the soil Increase yields, make yields more resilient, make farms solution to the climate change Through conservation tillage, promote carbon soil capture, soil fertility management, better weather forecasting. Estd by the UNEP and World Meteorological organisation in 1988 Secretariat coordinates all IPCC work HQ at Geneva 195 countries are members Does not conduct any research nor does it monitors climate related data Scientific data is contributed voluntarily, review is done, assessment reports written for Policymakers By IPCC provides methods to estimate greenhouse gas emissions Green Economy - Sustainable dev and Poverty eradication by decarbonising, using environmental justice and equity, conserve biosphere Ecological Footprint - measure of demand for natural resources compared to the planet's ecological capacity to regenerate them. Humanity uses 1.5x times as fast as Earth can replace them Carbon footprint - amt of carbon being emitted by an activity or organisation 54% of ecological footprint Strategic Climate Fund SCF Administered by WB, within the Climate Investment Funds CIF, focus on mitigation - REDD Forest Investment Program Adm by WB, within CIF, focus is mitigation under REDD Pilot Program for Climate Resilience Adm by WB, focus on adaptation Pilot Program for Climate Resilience Biocarbon Fund By WB, REDD, reduce emission thorough testing Forest Carbon Partnership Facility WB, REDD Partnership for Market Readiness To use market instruments to scale up mitigation efforts in middle income countries Special Climate Change Fund Adm by GEF, Focus on adaptation, to address specific needs of countries under UNFCCC GEF Trust Fund - Climate Change focal area Adm by GEF, Focus on Adaptation, supports implementation of multilateral agreements Least Developed Country Fund Adm by GEF, focus on adaptation Green Climate Fund Adaptation Fund Adm by Fund Board, Focus on Adaptation Under UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol, financed with a share from Clean Development Mechanism CDM Global Climate Change Alliance Adm by European Commission, Focus on Adaptation, Mitigation - REDD and General Initiative of EU, for poor developing countries Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund Adm by EU, Focus on General Mitigation, managed by European Investment Bank MDG Achievement Fund Adm by UNDP, Adaptation and Mitigation, along with Spain, UN REDD Program Adm by UNDP, Focus on Mitigation, UNEP, UNDP and FAO have collaborated to form it Adaptation for smallholder agriculture program Adm by International Fund for agri development Amazon Fund Adm by Brazilian Dev Bank, private fund Congo Basin Forest Fund Adm by African Dev Bank, GCF was set up in 2010 under UNFCCC to channel funding from developing countries towards climate change central to raise $100bil a yr by 2020 every year. It is governed by CoP. GCF invests in adaptation activities in developing countries. Aims to keep average global temp below 2deg C and keep balance b/w 50:50 balance. Particular attention to LDCs, SIDS (Small Island Developing States) and African States. ]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/3-climate-change/3.5-climate-change-organisations.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/3 Climate Change/3.5 Climate Change Organisations.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/media/climate-change-organisations-image1-00113362.png"></figure> Kharif - Monsoon Crop from June to Oct/Nov - warm wet weather ex Cotton, Rice, Jowar, Bajara Rabi from Oct to March - longer length of day ex Wheat, gram, sunflower Zaid is Summer Crop - warm dry weather, longer weather Ex groundnuts, Watermelon, Pumpkins, Gourds Cereals are cultivated grasses, Millets are types of Cereal grown in less important area where productivity and economics is less Pulses are cultivated to enrich the soil and utilise the residual moisture Forage crops are where entire vegetative part is used as green fodder Jowar, Bajra, Mung are Rain fed crops. Chilli, sugarcane, Banana, Papaya etc are irrigated crops Photoperiod is the sunlight time required for plants to flower Millets are highly variable small seeded grasses aka cereal crops/grains. Can be white, green, yellow, red etc. After green revolution production of Millets has drastically gone down. Can be grown in harsh conditions due to its high resistance. Do not get destroyed easily and provide cheap and high nutrient options Can be consumed even after 10-12 years of growing -> providing food security. Has Mg, Vitamin B3 is gluten free and has high protein content. Nutritionally superior to wheat and rice. FAO has declared to observe International year of Millets in 2023. 2018 was national year of millets in india. Ex are Ragi, Bajra, Jowar, Foxtail millet, Kodo millet etc. Cropping pattern depends upon Geographical factors such as Soil, Landforms, precipitation, moisture etc. Socio Cultural factors ex food habits, festivals etc. Infrastructural factors ex irrigation, transport, storage etc. Economic factors like financial resource base, land ownership, size and type of land etc. Technological factors ie improved variety of foods. Rainfed agriculture accounts for 92.8 milliion hectare or 65% of cropped area. Ratoon cropping : raising a crop with regrowth coming out of roots or stocks of harvested crops. Ex Sugarcane, Banana, Sorghum, Pineapple. Examples of Intercropping Maize + Cowpea , Sorghum/Groundnut + Redgram, Potato/Wheat + Mustard. In mixed cropping seeds are grown without row arrangement, drylands, seeds are mixed together and then sown, done for subsistence purposes. Garden land farming is supplemental irrigation by lifting water from underground sources Dryland : entirely dependent on rainfall Mixed farming : farming with crop production, raising livestock, poultry, fishing, bee keeping. Capital intensive. Specialised farming : 50% of income of total crop production comes from single crop, where no crop gives 50% total income called general/Diversified farming Crop Rotation : Leguminous crop fixes N in soil should be grown before non-leguminous ones Eco farming : maintenance of soil the way nature would do if left alone, feed the soil not the plant Biodynamic farming : biologically organic and ecologically sound and sustainable farming Organic farming: organic manures, nonchemical weed control, biological pest and disease control, mixed farming, crop rotation, organic cycle optimisation
Permaculture : design system for sustainable environment ex houses, technology etc #PrelimsPYQ Integrated farming : cropping system, animal husbandry, fisheries etc together Macronutrients required by plants are - N,P,K, S, Ca, Mg Nitrogen : constituent of protein, chlorophyll. Phosphorous : enzyme to fix light energy, K for carbon assimilation and transportation of photosynthates, water regulation, Sulphur : part of amino acid builds protein Ca : cell division, growth and enlargement, pollen growth Some Micronutrients are : Fe, Zn, Vanadium Va, Ni, Si Manures : enriches nutrients, aeration of soil, inc water holding capacity Farm Yard Manure : cattle dung and urine, litter, fodder etc Compost manure - well rotted organic matter Oil cakes mostly rich in N, edible one for cattle and non-edible Bone Meal - bones of animals rich in K Fish meal - NPK Green Manuring - ploughing the green plants to soil, Green Leaf Manuring Biofertilizers - inc micro organisms Nitrogen Fixers -
Watershed Mgt : area of land and water bounded by drainage divide within which surface run off collects and flows through an outlet to a river Terracing : reduces the length of hill slide or slope to reduce erosion and formation of gullies Physical characteristics of the location where the soil is formed is called Topography Components of Soil - clay, gravel, Loam(equal mixture of clay, sand, silt and humus), Sand, silt Soil profile - vertical section of soil showing various layers(aka horizons) Sodic soils have more Sodium, pH 8.5 Acidic soils ph 6.0, H+ and Al3+ predominant pH 8.5 is called alkaline soil, regions with 25 inc rainfall Alfisol - in forest or savanna vegetation. Aridisol - found in desert Podzolisation - caused due to excessive leaching of Calcium, are acidic Laterisation - when dried become very hard, process removes silica Gleization - sticky clay formation below the sub surface layer aka hydroorphic soils Solonisation or Alkalisation is the accumulation of Sodium ions Splash erosion - 1st stage, when raindrops hit bare soils Sheet erosion - uniform movement of thin layer of soil Rill erosion - sheet flows begin to concentrate on land surface, leaving a scouring on the surface Gully erosion - it is a scoured area not crossable with tillage or grading equipment Allelopathy - harmful effect of one plant over crops. Heaving - injury to plants caused by lifting upwards of plant along with soil Contour farming - ploughing across a slope following its elevation contour lines Cover crops - grown to cover crops to reduce loss of moisture from soil due to leaching Hard pan - impermeable layer formed by accumulation of materials, clay etc Sciophytes - shade loving plants, Heliophytes are sun loving Hidden Hunger - plants do not exhibit visual symptoms of deficiency Puddling - ploughing carried out in stagnated water conditions Subsidiary farming - settled farming in river banks System of Rice Intensification SRI - involves changes in nursery mgt, time of transplanting, water and weed management. Synthesis of locally advantageous rice production 2020-06-09 19:17:10 is a central sector scheme that guarantees direct income support of Rs 6,000 for all farmers : Will be given in 3 installment DBT will ensure transparency Help them meet farm input and other costs. Changes in land records after Feb 2019 will not be considered. State /UT will identify beneficiaries Does not include landless tenants. Similar Schemes are Bhavantar Bhugtan Yojana of MP, Rythu Bandhu of Telangan and KALIA of Odisha. Central sector scheme for farmers with less than 2 hecatres land. Fixed pension of Rs 3000 after 60 yr of age. Entry age b/w 18-40 yrs Monthly contribution b/w Rs 55 - Rs 200 equal contribution by Central gov. Managed by LIC. Direct contribution from PM KISAN scheme can also be done. Spouse also eligible but need separate contribution. In case of death during receipt of pension spouse or heir to get 50% as family pension. Centrally Sponsored scheme to supplement farm income, Develop value chain and link growers with markets. Various objectives are to increase areas under it, improve harvers etc Use of genetically superior materials, capacity building, end to end solution are the strategies adopted. It is an umbrella scheme to secure remunerative prices to farmers for their produce . It has 3 components. Price Support Scheme PSS : physical procurement of pulses, oilseeds and copra by Centre, NAFED and FCI Price Deficiency Payment Scheme PDPS and : centre covers all oilseed for which MSP is notified. Difference b.w MSP and actual selling price will be paid as DBT. This does not include physical procurement. Private Procurement and Stockist Scheme PPSS : private players can procure at MSP they will be compensated upto 15% of MSP. help farmers to improve their farming techniques and raise income. Will be done in 25 villages with more than 1000 population. Coordination will be done by Krishi Vigyan Kendras in villages. Various activities undertake would be Distribution of Soil Health Cards. 100% coverage of FMD in bovines PPR disease in Sheeps. distribution of mini kits for pulses and oil seeds, demonstration of micro irrigation etc. It is an umbrella scheme consists of 11 Schemes/Missions to develop agri sector in a holistic manner and increase income. The scheme includes/subsumes : Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture National Food Security Mission including National Mission on Oil Seeds and Oil Palm (NMOOP) National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture, Sub-Mission - Agriculture Extension, Seeds and Planting Material, Agricultural Mechanization Plant Protection and Plant Quarantine etc is a Central sector scheme it covers 7 NE states and Sikkim by Mo Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. Aims at development of Value chain production, processing, Marketing and Support agencies. informs farmers about nutrients status of the soils and recommends appropriate dosage of nutrients. It is issued once in every 3 years. Aim is to provide SHC to 120 mil household. 90:10 funding in NE and Himalayan states and 60:40 in other. SHC has been given to 11.69 crore farmers. It has led to decrease of 8-10% in use of Chemical fetilizers and increased productivity by 5-6% compulsory for farmers availing crop loans. Premium is 1.5%, 2% and 5% for all Rabi, Kharif and Horticultural crops. Enrolment to be made voluntary to be made voluntary for all farmers Central Subsidy for premium rates upto 30% for irrigated areas and 25% for other. Non preventable and post-2harvest losses covered. NE states have utilized only 8 crore out of their 1400cr corpus. NE states not covered under it are Arunachal, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram. Also states can withdraw and Urban areas are like Delhi Chandigarh are not covered. Allocation of business to insurance companies for period of 3 years. Insurance companies have now spent 0.5% of total premium collected on information, education and communication IEC Meri Policy Mere Hath launched to celebrate 7 years of the scheme to inc awareness in them about their policeis, land records, grievance redressal etc. Performance : 30 crore people have been insured and is line with One Nation One Scheme theme with National Agriculture Insurance Scheme NAIS and Modified National Agricultural Insurance Scheme MNAIS. PMFBY 2.0 Scheme is 100% voluntary Central subsidy limited to 30% for unirrigated area and 25% for irrigated ones electronic trading portal it is connected to mandis, promotes genuine price discovery. It is a central sector scheme. It is managed by Small farmers Agribusiness Consortium SFAC and funded by Agri-Tech Infrastructure fund. Dept of Agriculture Cooperation, Mo Agriculture would set it up with SFAC help. Features include Liberal licensing of traders, single point levy of market fee, soil testing labs in mandis. New Features Warehouse based modules to facilitate trade from there, Farmer Producer Based Module, trackable transport facility. States need to make following reforms in this area : Single license valid accross all states Single point levy of market fee Provision for electronic auction as mode for price discovery Enable small and marginal farmers to directly sell produce from selected warehousing Developement and Regulatory Authority WDRA. was established as a society in 1994 to facilitate agri-business ventures by catalyzing private investment. It gives venture capital and Project development facility. is centrally sponsored scheme to enhance the production of Rice, Wheat, Pulses, by 10, 8, 4 million tonnes respectively. Funding - 50:50 by Centre and State for food crops and 100% centre funding for cash crops. Would be implemented through cluster demonstration and distribution of HYV seeds. Its objective include Har Khet ko pani i.e increase area under irrigation, per drop more crop to increase water use efficiency, through micro irrigation techniques. Amalgamated schemes : Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP), Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) and On-Farm Water Management (OFWM). It was launched by ICAR. It has 4 components : strategic research, technology demonstration, Capacity building and sponsor competitive research to fill critical gap. by Mo Agriculture and Farmers Welfare are agricultural extension centers created by ICAR to serve as a single window mechanism for addressing the technology needs of farmers and act as link among researcher, NGOs and farmers. by Mo Agriculture and Farmers Welfare envisages scientists from ICAR to select villages and provide information to the farmers on technical and other related aspects. Remunerative Approaches for Agriculture and Allied sector Rejuvenation by Mo Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. Will incentivize states and achieve 4% growth in Agriculture. Its sub schemes include : Bringing Green Revolution to Eastern India (BGREI) Additional Fodder Development Programme (AFDP) Saffron Mission. Crop Diversification Program Beekeeping, Livestock Health and Disease control/ FMD etc. under RKVY agri-preneurship mentorship program launched, seed stage funding R-ABI incubates, pre stage funding launched to promote agricultural education 100 centres will be opened to provide value addition, capacity building etc A similar scheme under ICAR is ARYA Attracting and Retaining Youth in Agriculture; will help rural youth to establish network groups and link them with different institutions and stakeholders. It is implemented via KVK's. Training given in Apiary, Mushroom, Soil Testing, Dairy etc. digital platform for farmers to sell their agri products through auction. No intermediaries involved and direct transfer of payments. Central Warehousing Corporation will provide logistics support. integrate use of Space and Geospatial tools for mapping, monitoring and management of Agriculture. Various programs amalgamated into this are : Project FASAL (for crop forecasting), Project NADAMS(for drought assessment) Project CHAMAN (for horticultural assessment and development) implemented by National Crop Forecast Centre NCFC using remote sensing tech. Project KISAN (for crop insurance) and Crop Intensification planning NMSA transform Indian agri to climate resilient production system. Feature are : Promotes location specific integrated/Composite Farming Systems Conserve natural resources through appropriate soil and moisture conservation measures Adopt comprehensive soil health management practices Develop capacity of farmers & stakeholders Its 3 major components are Rainfed Area Development (RAD) Soil Health Management (SHM) Climate Change and Sustainable Agriculture: Monitoring, Modeling and Networking}} (CCSAMMN) Launched in 2014 for conservation and development of indigenous breeds in a focused and scientific manner through genetic makeup. It is under National Programme for Bovine Breeding and Dairy Development. implemented through State Implementing Agencies SIAs, State Gauseva Aayogs, Participating agencies. Set up Gokul Grams to develop indigenous breeds to be estd in native breeding tracts and near metropolitan cities. Self sustaining from selling A2 organic milk; also to function as training centre for farmers, Breeders and MAITRI's. Capacity of 1000 animals and to have 60:40 ratio of milch and unproductive animals. Central Sector Scheme It is a multi state initiative to help increase productivity of milch animals and provide producers greater access to organised milk processing sector. Funding by International Development Association IDA and GOI will focus on 18 major milk producing state. is animal wellness programme has provision of Animal Health Cards - "Nakul Swasthya Patra". Also issues UID identification of animals and establishes a National Database for controlling spread of animal disease. under the National Mission on Bovine Productivity for connecting breeders and farmers of indigenous breeds. Scheme by National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC) a youth friendly attract them towards cooperative business ventures. linked to 1000 crore Cooperative Start-up and Innovation Fund (CSIF) scheme. it give 2% less interest on term loan upto 3cr and 2 yrs moratorium on principal payment. Sahakar mitra develop entrepreneurial roles through cooperatives as Farmer Producer Organisms. 2020-06-11 19:29:16 Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana is a Central Sector Scheme to supplement agriculture, modernize processing and decrease Agricultural waste. - will be implemented in 2016-20 Following schemes will be implemented under it : - Mega Food Parks - Integrated Cold Chain and Value Addition Infrastructure - Infrastructure for Agro-processing Clusters etc Operation Greens : objective of the project is to reduce price volatility in Tomato, Potato and Onion and to ensure their availability round the year. - Rs 500 crores to promote FPOs, Agri logistics, processing facilities etc. - NAFED is the nodal agency Mega Food Parks based on "Cluster" approach envisages a well-defined processing zone containing state-of-the art processing facilities. In General areas - One-time capital grant of 50% of the project cost upto a max of 50cr In Hilly & Difficult terrain - Capital grant of 75% of the project max 50 cr.
2020-08-20 09:23:40 India stands first in the production of bananas, papaya, and mangoes. During FY20*, 29.64 million metric tonnes (MMT) of banana, 5.64 MMT of papaya and 21.28 MMT of mango were produced in the country. During FY20*, guavas production amounted to 4.34 MMT. India is the largest milk producer in the world. Milk production in the country is expected to reach 208 million tonnes (MT) in FY21 from 198 MT in FY20, growing at 10 per cent y-o-y. India has the world's largest population of buffalos (108.7 million). India is the largest producer of pulses globally -- it stood at 23.01 MT in FY20**. Among vegetables, India ranks second in the world with 188 MMT production in FY20; it is number one in producing Okras with 6.44 MMT production in FY20 Export of Agri and Processed goods was US$ 38.49 billion. basmati rice (US$ 4.71 billion), buffalo meat (US$ 3.58 billion) and non-basmati rice (US$ 3.00 billion) Indian agricultural/horticultural and processed foods are exported to more than 100 countries/regions, chief among them being the Middle East, Southeast Asia, SAARC countries, the EU and the US. Export Most by value in 2019-2020 are Cereals Animal Products Other Processed Food Processed Fruits and Vegetables Fresh Fruits and Vegetables IN 2nd largest exporter of Rice Agri imports - Palm oil Soya-bean oil Sun/safflower/cotton-seed oil Dried shelled vegetables Miscellaneous nuts Cotton (uncarded, uncombed) Coconuts, Brazil nuts, cashews Synthetic rubber
India is largest Producer of Millets, Dry Beans, Chickpea, Pulses, Ginger, Okra, Banana, Mango, Guava, Lemons and Lime, Milk, Chilli Pepper, Ginger, Jute, Bast Fibre, Wood Fuel
Chief Crops and producing States : Wheat - Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Madhya Pradesh Rice -- West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh Gram -- Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu Barley -- Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan Bajra -- Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan Cash Crops Sugarcane - Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra Poppy -- Uttar Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh Oil Seeds Coconut -- Kerala and Tamil Nadu Linseed -- Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Haryana Groundnut -- Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu Rape seed and mustard -- Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Haryana Sesame -- Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan Sunflower -- Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra Fibre Crops Cotton -- Maharashtra and Gujarat Jute -- West Bengal and Bihar Silk -- Karnataka and Kerala Hemp -- Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh Plantations Coffee -- Karnataka and Kerala Rubber -- Kerala and Karnataka Tea -- Assam and Kerala Tobacco -- Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh Spices Pepper -- Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu Cashewnuts -- Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh Ginger -- Kerala and Uttar Pradesh Turmeric -- Andhra Pradesh and Odisha
]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/4.-agriculture/4.1-agriculture.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/4. Agriculture/4.1 Agriculture.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/media/agriculture-image1-00113764.png"></figure>



]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/4.-agriculture/prelims-pyq-agriculture.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/4. Agriculture/Prelims PYQ Agriculture.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#todo add various schedules and meanings
#todo
#todo Specify min standard for housing, upkeep and veterinary care. Evaluate and assess functioning of the zoos, recognize or derecognize zoos, id endangered species. Chaired by Env Minister. National Tiger Conservation Authority
#todo Statutory multi-disciplinary body under MoEFCC
Primary enforcer of WPA #important Estd a centralised Wildlife crime databank, co-ordination of action, implement obligation of various international conventions and protocols, dev infra etc. “CA 1 - Conservation, Pollution, EIA and DM April-2019---Jan-2020#^aa4622” is not created yet. Click to create. Pollution control boards are created under this. Maintain and restore wholesomeness of aquatic resources Pollutants cannot be discharged into water bodies. Lists all functions of state boards to counter WP. Prior consent of state boards to set up any industry, plant or process. Emergency measures, fine for obstruction.
#todo Passed to consolidate laws related to forest, transit of forest produce and duty leviable on timber and other forest produce Prior approval of central gov to divert forest land to non-forest purpose - Advisory committee for this purpose. Reserved forest : Declared to sell the produce from them, unauthorized use is punishable. Village Forest : assigned to village community called village forest. Protected Forest : State govt designates them
CAMPA Expanded authority of central and state boards established under Water Act to include air pollution Setting up new air pollution boards in states Consent of them required for all industries operating under this act Prescribe emission standards, test equipment in factories 1987 amendment included citizen suit and Noise pollution under it 1988 amendment empowered SPCB and CPCB to close defaulting plants empowers Central gov to prevent and control pollution and to establish effective machinery to protect and improve quality of environment. Central gov or any other body authorised by it could take samples of air, water, soil etc as a substance of evidence. special procedure for handling hazardous substances. Citizens can also approach courts after giving a notice of 60 days. authorises central gov to issue directions for operation or process, prohibition, closure or regulation of any industry, can also stop water and electricity w/o the order of a court. penalty upto 5 yrs or 1 lkh or both. Grants immunity to Gov officers for any act done under the provision of this act. Civil courts have been debarred to have any jurisdiction. supremacy over other acts. Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000 Amended 4 times, prohibit use of CFC except in metered dose inhaler and other medical purpose Use of Halons prohibited except for essential use Use of Methyl Bromide allowed till Jan 2015 HCFCs allowed upto 2040. Aim is to ensure environmental stability and maintenance of ecological balance. Objectives include conserving Natural heritage i.e national forests etc. Checking soil erosion and catchment areas of rivers etc. Check extension of sand dunes in deserts, inc forest productivity, effective utilization of forest produce. Joint Forest Management was started under it. Industry required to identify major accident hazards, take preventive measures and submit a report to appropriate authority Covers areas of research as well as application of GMOs Formation of committees to handle various aspects of the rules
#todo provide for strict liability for damage arising out of accidents caused from the handling of hazardous substances NGT superseded it the NET Act 1995 and National Environment Appellate Authority Act 1997 - was quasi-judicial body empowered to hear appeals against environmental approvals granted
#todo in exercise of its power under the EPA 1986 this was drafted Prohibits use of loud speaker/ public address system Ambient Industrial areas 70-75 dB Commercial areas 55-65 dB Residential areas 45-55 dB Silence zone 40-50 dB Was passed to realize the objective enshrined in the UN Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD) 1992. Passed provide for conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use etc. Act envisaged 3 tier of structure to regulate access to biological resources comprising of National Biodiversity Authority NBA, State Biodiversity Boards SBB and Biodiversity Mgt Committees BMC. are well defined areas that are unique, ecologically fragile ecosystems - terrestrial, coastal inland waters and marine having rich biodiveristy. State govts under Section 37 of BDA 2002 in consultation with local bodies may notify in official gazette, areas of biodiversity importance as Biodiveristy Heritage Sites BHS. Recognises right of forest dwellers on the land and produce, including NP, WS, Reserve Forest, Protected Forest. Establishes responsibility and authority for sustainable use, rectify colonial injustice. Title rights To Forest Dwelling Scheduled Tribes FDST and Other Traditional Forest Dweller OTFD up-to 4 hectares New lands will not be granted Usage right On Minor Forest Produce, grazing areas, to pastoralist routes etc. Relief and Development Rights Rehabilitation rights for illegal eviction/forced displacement Forest management rights Protect, regenerate or conserve or manage community forest resource Eligibility for Other Traditional Forest Dwellers OTFD : Rights can be claimed by members or communities living for at least 3 generations (75 years) before 13 Dec 2005. Eligibility for Forest Dwelling Scheduled Tribe FDST - ST in area where right is claimed, primary residence in forest prior to 13-12-2005, depend on forest for livelihood. Gram Sabha determines nature of Individual and Community Rights. GS's recommendation goes through 2 stages of screening at Taluka and District levels - makes final decision Land recognised under this cannot be sold or transferred. Defines Minor Forest Produce - includes all non-timber forest produce of plant origin. 2019-04-29 14:23:35
#Act PepsiCo sues Gujarat farmers sowing proprietary potato FC5 Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights (PPV&FR) Act 2001, make a system to protect commercial breeders farmers, make available newer plant varieties to farmers, stimulate investment breeding, accelerate agriculture production, protect rights of both breeders and farmers, facilitate seed industry in conformity with Int Union For the Protection of New varieties of Plants UPOV 1978 Breeders' Rights : exclusive rights to produce, sell, market, distribute, import or export the protected variety, can appoint agent/ licensee and may exercise for civil remedy in case of infringement of rights. Researchers' Rights : use any of the registered variety under Act, includes use 1 to develop other variety but repeated use needs prior permission breeder Farmers' Rights: farmer who developed their own variety can register like a breeder -no fee required; can save, use, sow, re-sow, exchange, share, sell, farm produce including protected variety eligible for recognition rewards conservation efforts, compensation provision For expeditious disposal of cases related to environmental protection within 6 months. 3rd country in world after Aus and NZ. Comprises of Chairman appointed by Centre w/ advise from CJI, Judicial mem and Expert mem. Term of 5 yr appt by selection committee. Jurisdiction over all civil cases related to environment, has original as well as appellate jurisdiction. Guided by principle of natural justice. Can provide relief, compensation etc -> Quasi judicial. Penalty for non-compliance, appeal against it lies in the SC. Centre identified 115 wetlands. Has defined terms like Wetland, National Park etc. defined Protected wetlands. Restriction of activities within ex. reclamation, setting new industries, disposal of hazardous waste, dumping solid waste etc. Certain actions needs approval - withdrawal of water, harvesting living non-living resources, grazing, plying motorboat, discharge treated effluent etc State Gov to ensure detailed EIA Constitution of Central Wetlands Regulatory Authority - id new wetlands, act with local authorities to enforce provision, grant clearances in consultation with local state gov, periodical review Process for Id wetlands. Supersedes 2010 rules. Decentralisation of wetland mgt, more power to state authority, Centre has power to monitor. Setting up National Wetlands Committee under MoEFCC to monitor implementation, advise centre etc. Setting up of State Wetlands Authority SWA. Prohibit conversion of wetland for non-wetland uses, encroachment, waste dumping etc. States to prepare list of all wetlands. Not follows the definition of wetlands per Ramsar convention, do not include river channels, paddy fields, man-made water bodies etc No provision to appeal to NGT, no time specified for phasing out solid waste and untreated waste. 1% of total cost of highways kept aside Monitor using ISROs Bhuvan and GAGAN systems Replaced the Municipal Solid Wastes Management and Handling rules 2000. Focus on segregation of waste at source(mandated), responsibility on manufacturer to dispose sanitary and packaging wastes, user fees for collection, disposal etc. Promote use of compost, waste to energy, revision of parameters of landfill location and capacity Central monitoring committee to monitor overall implementation of rules. Applicable beyond Municipal areas. 100,000 stand-alone landfills. setting up processing facilities in areas with more than 100,000 pop within 2 yrs. 0.5mil or more setting up regional landfills. bio-remediation/ capping of old/abandoned landfills.
Waste Generators to divide waste in 3 separate streams bio-degradable, non-biodegradable, domestic hazardous. #important Mo Urban Dev to make National Policy and Strategy on Solid Waste Mgt Non-recyclable waste having high calorific value of 1500 K/Cal/kg can be utilized for generating energy. Phase-out the use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves and blood bags within 2 yrs. Pre-treatment of the lab waste, blood samples etc. Train workers, Bar code system for bags or containers. 4 categories of waste, state gov to provide waste treatment and disposal facility. Hospitals with 1000+ patients/ month to obtain authorisation and segregate bio-medical waste. Includes vaccination, blood donation camps. Phase out Chlorinated bags except blood bags. Annual report by healthcare facilities on its website in 2 yrs. Barcoding/GPS for disposal of common bio-med waste. Pre-treatment as prescribed by WHO. such as physical, chemical, biological, reactive, toxic, flammable etc. Distinguish b/w Hazardous and other wastes. Other wastes include waste tyre, paper waste, metal scrap, used electronic item. Ambit includes other wastes, waste mgt hierarchy in the sequence of priority of prevention, minimization, reuse, recycling, recovery, co-processing; and safe disposal rules for permission, import, export have been revised; Standard Operating Procedures, single window clearances. Co-processing preferential over disposal. Import of metal scrap, paper waste etc exempted from need of obtaining Ministry's permission. State gov : to allot space for recycling, pre-processing, skill dev activities, form group of workers to facilitate this. Items prohibited for import are waste edible fat, oil of animals, household waste, solid plastic waste, Critical care medical equipment. SPCB to make annual inventory of waste generated, waste recycled, recovered etc. Generator shall segregate construction and demolition waste. Large generators to submit mgt plans. Timeframe for implementation based on population of districts. includes establishment viz Railways, Airport, Harbor, Defence etc. CPCB prepares operational guidelines Generators of >20 tons waste daily need to further segregate into contrete, soil, steel, wood and plastic Bring producers under extended producer responsibility along with targets. Manufacturer, dealer, refurbisher and Producer Responsibility Organization (PRO) have been introduced as additional stake holders in the rules. Extended to components, consumables, spares etc; includes CFLs, mercury containing lamps. Collection mechanism base approach like centres, collection pts etc. setting up of PRO, e-waste exchange, eretailer, Deposit Refund Scheme. Provision for Pan India EPR Authorization by CPCB. e-waste exchange, liability for damages. Urban local Bodies assigned duty to collect orphan products Amendment Rules 2018. EPR has been revised to 10% of generated waste with 10% inc every yr till 2023. Separate e-waste collection targets,cost of testing and sampling to be borne by Gov for RoHS test. Increase minimum thickness of plastic carry bags from 40 to 50 microns promote use of plastic waste for road construction. Rural areas under ambit, responsibility of waste generators introduced. EPR left to the discretion of local bodies, SPCBs not grant or renew registration of plastic bags unless producer proposes action plan. Producer keep record of vendors to whom supplied raw material. Plastic bags only with shopkeepers and vendor pre-registered w/ local bodies. CPCB to formulate guidelines for thermoset plastic Amendment 2018. Phasing out of Multilayered Plastic MLP. Central registration of producer/importer etc. National registry for producers with multi-state presence, Explicit pricing of carry bags omitted. Neonicotinoides a variant of nicotene is used as insecticide. They are related to harming bees. Gangetic Dolphin and Snubfin Dolphin are protected species as per the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Sharks, Rays and Skates (Elasmobranchs) are listed in Schedule I of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972. in the wake of Bhopal gas traged It gave Environmental Impact Assessment a legislative basis in 1994. to implement decision of UN Conference on Human Env 1972. can coordinate with state plan and execute nation-wide program lay down environmental standards restrict location of industries prohibits discharge of environmental pollutants in excess of prescribed standards Can impose penaly and fines Any person can file a complaint "Citizens' Suit" provision requires that the person has to give notice of not less than 60 days of the alleged offence of pollution to the Central Government.
are under EPA 1986 #important The coastal areas of seas, bays, creeks, rivers, and backwaters which get influenced by tides up to 500 m from the high tide line (HTL) and the land between the Low Tide Line (LTL) and the high tide line have been declared as coastal regulation zone (CRZ) in 1991. The rules are made by MoEFCC but are implemented by State Gov through their CZ mgt authorities.
includes Ecologically Sensitive Areas like mangroves(more than 1000 sq mt and buffer area of 50 mt), coral reefs, biosphere reserves etc no new constructions can be done except projects under Do Atomic Energy, construction of trans harbour sea links In b/w LTL and HTL activities permitted are exploration and extraction of natural gas, basic amenities like schools, roads etc; solar evaporation of salt, desalination plants, storage of edible oils and non-hazardous cargo on notified Ports areas which are developed fall within municipal limits viz villages and towns that are well established. Buildings are permitted on the landward side of the hazardous line Desalination plants can be made and other guidelines Undisturbed areas that are not under above 2 also includes rural and urban areas not substantially developed B/w 0-200 mts from HTL is a NO development zone. Only agriculture, forestry, atomic energy, mining of rare earth minerals, salt mfd, regasification of petroleum etc can be permitted. b/w 200-500 mts of HTL counstruction of houses for local communities can be done. The aquatic area b/w LTL to 12 nautical miles seawards including area of tidal influenced water body. No restriction on traditional fishing by locals. No untreated sewage or solid waste shall be dumped. A separate draft Island Protection Zone Notification has been issued for Andaman Nicobar and Lakshadweep. Areas that have been declared as Critial Vulnerable Coastal Areas CVCA are : Sunderbans, Gulf of Khambat and Gulf of Kutch,Malvan, Achra-Ratnagiri in Maharashtra, Karwar and Coondapur in Karnataka, Vembanad in Kerala, Bhaitarkanika in Orissa, Coringa in East Godavari and Krishna in Andhra Pradesh]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/5.-acts,-orgs,-convention,-env-issues/5.1-acts-and-policies.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/5. Acts, Orgs, Convention, Env Issues/5.1 Acts and Policies.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/0.23616900_1549019909_35-20190215-english.jpg"></figure>01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/5.-acts,-orgs,-convention,-env-issues/5.2-institutions-and-measures.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/5. Acts, Orgs, Convention, Env Issues/5.2 Institutions and Measures.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#important Estd a centralised Wildlife crime databank, co-ordination of action, implement obligation of various international conventions and protocols, dev infra etc. “CA 1 - Conservation, Pollution, EIA and DM April-2019---Jan-2020#^aa4622” is not created yet. Click to create. By MoEFCC. restore & conserve urban and semi urban lakes of country. In situ measures of lake cleaning like de silting, de weeding, bioremediation, aeration etc. Catchment area treatment, strengthening of bunds, lake fencing, shoreline dev etc. Under EPA 1986. Planning, financing, monitoring and coordinating body of centre and states. Both regulatory and dev functions. Dev river basin mgt program, abatement of pollution in Ganga. NGRBA is now called National Council for Rejuvenation, Protection and Management of River Ganga.
Namami Gange #scheme implemented by NMCG to integrate previous programs. 8 states, 100% centrally funded. NMCG is implementing arm of National Ganga Council NGC - headed by PM replaced National Ganga River Basin Authority NGRBA has CM of 5 states on board, formed under EPA 1986. NMCG formed 2011 as registered society, 2 tier structure - Governing Council and Exec committee #MainsPYQ NMCG policy document says that cities along the river bank have to implement river conservation plans which should be river-sensitive and practical and consider questions of encroachment and land ownership. systematic rehab plan that emphasizes alternative livelihood options along w/ a rehab strategy. Create environment to use state of the art tech for river mgt. Wildlife Trust of India - NGO founded 1998 ]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/5.-acts,-orgs,-convention,-env-issues/5.3-environmental-organisations.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/5. Acts, Orgs, Convention, Env Issues/5.3 Environmental Organisations.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTCartagena Protocol 2000 on Biosafety, 2000
(b) Nagoya Protocol 2010 (Biodiversity Accord), 2010 Convention to Combat Desertification Headquarter: Bonn, Germany · Only convention that came out from direct recommendations of Rio Agenda 21 · Legally Binding · Canada withdrew Further Reduction of Sulphur Emission to fight global warming by reducing greenhouse gas concentrations Negotiated under UNFCCC · Came into force in 2005 · Binding targets to Annex I countries · Mechanisms under protocol: (a) Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) (b) Emission Trading (c) Joint Implementation (JI) · This protocol applies to follow GHGs (Annex A): (a) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) (b) Methane (CH4) (c) Nitrous Oxide (NO2) (d) Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) (e) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) (f) Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) · The Protocol is based on the principle of shared (Common) but differentiated responsibilities. · It places the obligation on developed countries to reduce current emissions on the basis that they are historically responsible for the current levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. · Annex I countries: industrialized countries and economies in transition · Annex II countries: developed countries which pay for costs of developing countries, Annex II is a subset of Annex I · Non-Annex I countries: Developing countries · India is Non-Annex party to UNFCC. · There are two commitment periods (i) 2008–2012 (ii) 2013–2020 Note: The second commitment period was agreed on in 2012, known as the Doha Amendment to the protocol. Prohibit import of hazardous waste into Africa Persistent Organic Pollutants Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade UN Treaty Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground Level Ozone Biosafety Protecting biological diversity from potential risks posed by living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology Eliminate or restrict the production and use of persistent organic pollutants(POPs) Was also called as UN Conference on Human Environment; UN Treaty US is not a party to this treaty Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS) and the International Programme for Chemical Safety (IPCS) prepared a list, known as the Dirty Dozen. Its major reports are Emission Gap Report, Global Environment Outlook, Frontiers, Invest into Healthy Planet Major Campaigns are : Beat pollution, UN75, World Environment Day, Wild for Life. MARPOL was signed under it in 1973. CITES was signed in 1984. It is administered by UNEP Regional Seas Program established 1974 1976 Convention for the protection of Mediterranean Sea against pollution Barcelona Convention 1979 States adopted Convention on Migratory Species aka Bonn Convention. UNEP hosts secretariats of various bodies including CBD Convention on international Trade and Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Minamata convention Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Convention Vienna Convention and Montreal Protocol Convention on Migratory Species Carpathian Convention Bamako Convention Tehran Convention Sustainable Development Sustainable Development of 7 European countries Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries Negotiated under UNFCCC since 2005. UN-REDD was launched in 2008. India did not participate in it. REDDD+ (Defined in Bali Action Plan, 2007, CoP13) · REDD+ extends to (a) Sustainable Forest Management (b) Conservation of Forests (c) Enhancement of carbon sinks Climate Change Access to genetic resources and a fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their use of the Convention on Biological Diversity It is a supplementary agreement to the CBD. Conference on Sustainable Development 20th Anniversary of Rio Earth Summit 1992. Climate Change It will come into force by 2020. Not legally binding. Aims : This century, global temperature rises well below 2 degrees Celsius above circa-industrial level. Pursue efforts to limit the temperature upsurge even further to 5 degrees Celsius. Indian NDCs Greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDPby 33 to 35 per cent below 2005 levels by the year 2030. By 2030, 40 percent of its energy would be generated from non-fossil fuels Increase its forest cover to create an additional carbon sink equivalent to 2.5 to 3 billion tons of carbon dioxide by 2030. Note: Recently the US has withdrawn from it. Reduce Ozone Layer Depletion amends the 1987 Montreal Protocol. aims to reduce Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) by roughly 80-85 Percent by 2045 and expected to arrest global avg temp up to 0.5 C by 2100 will be binding on member countries from 2019 Divided signatories in 3 groups 1st group of rich and dev countries will reduce HFCs by 15% of 2012 level by 2036 Emerging economies reduce 20% of 2021 by 2045 start by 2024 Developing economies like IN, PAK, KSA etc reduce 15% of 2024-2026 level by 2047 start by 2028 Mercury Ban on new mercury mines, phasing out existing ones Phase out mercury use in products and processes Also addresses interim storage, disposal IN Ratified, excludes use in Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani medicines Estd 1983 commodity org brings together producer and consumer to discuss and exchange info and dev policies 59 mem countires including IN estd 1997 to inc socio economic and environmental benefit of bamboo and rattan connects govt, private orgs and NPOs IN is a mem out of 34 mem has undertaken various studies in Orissa, Mizoram, Manipur, Tripura, Uttarakhand etc one of the 6 commission of FAO estd to provide forum for discussion at regional level b/w Govts, NGOs, local orgs, private sector. IN is founding mem has hosted 2 session. sharing info and awareness on threats from forest invasive species estd in 2003 ]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/5.-acts,-orgs,-convention,-env-issues/5.4-international-environmental-conventions-organisations.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/5. Acts, Orgs, Convention, Env Issues/5.4 International Environmental Conventions Organisations.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/5.-acts,-orgs,-convention,-env-issues/5.5-environmental-issues-and-health-effects.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/5. Acts, Orgs, Convention, Env Issues/5.5 Environmental Issues and Health Effects.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTkegy107.pdf - Natural Hazards and Disasters]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/6.-disaster-and-dm/00-disaster-and-dm.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/6. Disaster and DM/00 Disaster and DM.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#important Quick and effective response National Earthquake Risk mitigation Project by NDMA, National Building Code Challenges to Mitigation - inadequate enforcement, absence of earthquake resistant feature, lack of formal training, lack of awareness, absence of sys of licensing Seismically safe design be ensured by C and S Selective seismic strengthening, retrofitting of existing structures - buildings of national imp, critical buildings, public utility structures, etc Regulation and enforcement by S gov Awareness and preparedness through handbooks on earthquake safety, seismic safety manuals, manual on structural safety audit Capacity development among target groups ex elected reps, gov officials, professionals, NGOs etc Emergency response undertaken through Incident Command system ]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/6.-disaster-and-dm/1.-natural-hazard-in-in-earthquake.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/6. Disaster and DM/1. Natural Hazard in IN Earthquake.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/6.-disaster-and-dm/2.-tsunami.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/6. Disaster and DM/2. Tsunami.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#scheme- train community volunteers in prone districts heavy rainfall in short period, urbanisation, low drainage capacity localised, disruption of water supply, communication etc Pre Monsoon phase : estimation of emergency needs, familiarisation of stakeholders, ID teams to maintain drains and roads During : timely warning, response focuses primarily on emergency relief, mental health support Post : Rehab Inventory of water supply, catchment as basis of design, Contour data determine boundaries Design flow ot estimate peak flow rates, Removal of Solid waste, Drain inlet connectivity, Rain Gardens ID areas at risk classification of structure, Response, Sanitation, Capacity Dev, Urban flooding cells to coordinate all activities Less imp to comprehensive risk assessment, ignorance of mapping different factors, unsatisfactory coordination among diff institutions, lack info sharing disintegrated investment decision lack of consultation w/ stakeholder ]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/6.-disaster-and-dm/3.-volcano,-floods.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/6. Disaster and DM/3. Volcano, Floods.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/6.-disaster-and-dm/4.-landslides.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/6. Disaster and DM/4. Landslides.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/6.-disaster-and-dm/5.-cloudburst-and-cyclone.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/6. Disaster and DM/5. Cloudburst and Cyclone.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/6.-disaster-and-dm/6.-drought.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/6. Disaster and DM/6. Drought.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#scheme . Lack of research, narrow analysis, of urban ward level data, less active usage of public message delivery, lack of Public awareness, half-hearted attempts
IMD declares cold wave when min temp is equal or less than 10deg Celsius at weather stations 4.5deg - 6.4deg below normal temp in the plains. Very cold air over large area, preceded by weather events, blizzards or ice storms. Associated w/ EL Nino, cyclones, Jet Streams, western disturbances, cold wave risks Distribution pattern. DEC JAN in PUN, HAR, RAJ; snowfall in Himalayas, cold winds from Caspian sea. Impact - damage to agriculture, roads, hypothermia etc. Reasons for Cold wave In India Lack of western disturbance which bring down temp during day due to precipitation and keep night temp steady. Snowfall in Upper Himalayas Downward subsidence of cold air over north India from upper Himalayas bring down temp La Nina conditions favors cold wave. Impact of cold wave conditions CW creates wider day and night temp impacting agricultural practices in Rabi season. Would affect the productivity of cash crops ex coffee. Increases incidence of diseases. Mitigation Location specific measures, light irrigation to farmers per need, convert schools etc to shelters, promote outreach Lack of preparation, preparedness, community participation ]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/6.-disaster-and-dm/7.-heat-wave-and-cold-wave.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/6. Disaster and DM/7. Heat Wave and Cold Wave.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/6.-disaster-and-dm/8-wild-fires.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/6. Disaster and DM/8 Wild Fires.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/6.-disaster-and-dm/9.-biological-disasters.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/6. Disaster and DM/9. Biological Disasters.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/6.-disaster-and-dm/10.-drr.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/6. Disaster and DM/10. DRR.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT01-subject-wise-notes/🍃-environment-and-disaster-management/6.-disaster-and-dm/11.-2nd-arc-report-3-crisis-management.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🍃 Environment and Disaster Management/6. Disaster and DM/11. 2nd ARC - Report 3 Crisis Management.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT










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2021-04-07 12:37:27 First ever paperless Budget 6 Pillars Health and Wellbeing PM Aatmanirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana - dev capacity in primary, secondary and tertiary level, 6 yr time Mission Poshan 2.0 improve content, delivery, outreach and outcome Jal Jeevan Mission Urban - universal water supply Urban Swacch Bharat Mission 2.0 - complete faecal sludge mgt, source segregation, Reduce single plasti use, bio remediation Vaccine, Pneumococcal vaccine to avert 50,000 child deaths Voluntary Vehicle Scrapping policy, fitness test for old vehicles Physical and Capital Infra Atmanirbhar Bharat - PLI scheme for mfg coys to become part of global supply chain, economies of scale, provide jobs Mega Investment Textiles Park MITRA scheme - 7 parks to be created NIP expanded funding through creating institutional structures - DFI to be made, debt financing by FPIs monetizing assetsNational Monetization Pipeline for Brownfield projects, dashboard to track progress, monetise railway infra, sports stadiums enhance share in central/state budgets Traffic Mgt sys in 4-6 lane highways National Rail Plan for IN 2030, Western Dedicated Freight Corridor be commissioned by June 2022 More share of public transport in Urban areas, Metrolite and MetroNeo technology Customers can chose electricity distribution company, result based incentives for discoms, National Hydrogen Energy mission PPP mode for operation of ports, scheme to promote flagging of merchant ships, subsidy to IN coys Ujjwala scheme extended, independent gas transport system Single code for securities market, new institutional framework to dev Bond market, Setting up regulated Gold exchanges regulated by SEBI, charter of rights for Fin investors FDI in Insurance sector now 74% ARC and Asset Mgt Coy be set up Recap of 20,000 to PSBs Min loan size for debt recovery under SARFAESI act dec from 50 to 20 lkh LLP Act to be decriminalised Change definition of small coys to ease compliance min paid up capital 2cr turnover 20cr Incentivise One person companies Estimated Disinvestment of 1.75 lkh cr this year NITI to decide coys for strategic disinvestment SPVs to monetize idle land Treasury Single Account sys, Separate Adm structure to streamline EoDB for Co-op societies Inclusive Dev for Aspirational IN SWAMITVA Yojana - Survey of villages and Mapping w/ improvised tech to bring transparency to land ownership Op Green scheme for 22 products, Agri Credit inc Agri Infra fund for APMCs Modern harbours for inland and marine fishing Kochi, Chennai, Vizag, Paradip , Petuaghat to be dev as economic hubs Promote seaweed cultivation Reinvigorating Human Capital Higher Education Commission, 15,000 schools to include all components of NEP 750 Eklavya Model schools, Post Matric Scholarship scheme for SC National Apprenticeship Training Scheme NATS - partnerships w/ UAE, JP Innovation and R&D National Research Foundation to improve reac National Language Translation Mission NTLM, Deep Ocean Mission, New Space IN Ltd Min Govt, Max Governance Reform Tribunals, National Commission for allied Healthcare professionals, National Nursing and midwifery commission bill Special scheme for Tea workers esp women and children Tax National Faceless Income tax appellate Tribunal Centre Attract Forex : Infra debt funds could issue Zero Coupon Bonds Agriculture Infra and Dev Cess AIDC on items like Petrol, diesel, gold etc Turant Customs initiative for faceless, paperless, contactless customs Fiscal Position






#todo 26-04-2022 ]]>01-subject-wise-notes/💶-economy/public-finance-esi-and-budget/budget-summaries.html01 Subject Wise Notes/💶 Economy/Public Finance - ESI and Budget/Budget Summaries.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>Economic Survey 2020-21 Volume 1↩︎
Economic Survey 2020-21 Volume 2↩︎ ]]>01-subject-wise-notes/💶-economy/public-finance-esi-and-budget/esi-2021.html01 Subject Wise Notes/💶 Economy/Public Finance - ESI and Budget/ESI - 2021.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT Politically connected firms give more returns in a pro-crony environment but hamper overall economic growth 26% of roads completed under PMGSY are not mentioned in census suggesting they were never built but money for them was disbursed Allocation of resources instead of auctioning them - dec in overall growth of coys Wilful defaulters make distresses opaque, make large loans to third parties, wrongly allocate shares leading other borrowers away from market 2020-06-21 09:39:34 IN is shackled economy Index of Economic Freedom (given by Heritage Foundation) ranks India 129th Index of Global Economic Freedom (given by Fraser Institute) ranks India 79th among 162 Economic freedom positively affects wealth creation Gov intervention distorts supply-demand equilibrium Essential Commodities act Ensures affordability, restricts hoardings But creates market distortion, no distinguishes b/w genuine hoardings and malicious ones, leads to diff b/w wholesale retail is increasing, long term dis-incentivises storage infra - volatility in price, harassment of traders Suggests - strengthening Price Stabilisation Fund, Dev of effective forecasting mechanism, stable trade policies, integration of ari market Drugs Cosmetics Act under ECA Ensure access, regulated through NPPA DPCO, Price of regulated drugs inc, Repeal ECA replace w/ DBT FCI purchases stores transports distributes and sells food grains, NFSA 75% rural 50% Urban should get food, Gov procures 40-50% of surplus high cost food grain economy, investment is negatively correlated, disconnect b/w demand supply, discourages private investment Suggestions - Crop neutral direct investment subsidies, restrict NFSA coverage to bottom 20%, Conditional Cash Transfers Debt Waivers - full waivers consume save and invest less are less productive, share of formal credit dec, helps only when beneficiaries genuinely distressed, -ve impact on credit market, destroys credit culture Certain changes already made were repealing of FERA, MRTP, Urban Land Ceiling act, Capital Issues act NeedSubsume Factories act by Occupational safety code, repeal Sick Textile Undertaking, Recovery of Debts act 1993 2020-11-01 12:04:12 Integrating Assemble in In w/ Make in IN create 4 crore well paid jobs by 2025, raise export share to 3.5% IN has low participation of Global value chains, diversification of product, small scale op, driven by capital and skill intensive product, low market penetration in high income countries IN needs to conc on textiles, clothing, footwear, toys ie traditional unskilled labour intensive industry, Network Products - 10% of IN export mostly road vehicles, can help 25% towards $5 tril economy FTAs - IN has 14 FTAs Way Ahead - create ecosystem, reduce import tariffs on intermediate products, implementation of factor market reforms - flexibility, enabling environment for lead firms, low service link cost IN has succeeded in making compact cars, mobile phones 2nd largest producer after CN 2020-11-01 13:16:25 WB EoDB ranking 142 trails in Starting Business, Registering Property, Paying taxes, enforcing contracts Challenge in complexity of IN governance including large no of statutory/ legislative compliance 12-16 licenses required to open restaurant, 4 in CN Most mfd units cannot scale up vis a vis VTE, CN Cross Border Trade More time, high cost of documentary compliance esp in cross border trade, most delays in port and border handling Suggest increased digitisation, seamless integration of multiple agencies into 1 platform Authorised Economic Operator AEO - by WCO Safe Framework of Standards, inc international supply chain security and facilitate movt of legitimate goods. Case study - importing carpets better than exporting ones, process of exports in airport much easier needs to be replicated in sea ports 2020-11-01 13:43:21 IN banks disproportionately small, credit growth declined significantly, need 6 banks in top 100 for 5TE, Share dec from 91% in 1980 to 70% Benefits - Rural bank branches inc 10x Credit to rural areas inc 20x Credit to Agri inc 40x PSBs account for 93% bank frauds, 80% of total NPAs, low return on investment Way Ahead - leverage demographic dividend, modern digital infra, GST structure, use Fintech, employee stock ownership at all levels, better recruitment practice Wilful defaulters show low value of collateral can be deterred by Geo Tagging, fixing GPS devices, Creating Integrated Data Use of Fin Tech in PSBs Pre requisites are local market insights, long operating histories, vast geographical footprint, availability of large data, data analytics, modelling skills, specialist human capital Use Machine Learning - dec operating cost, disjointed process flows, subjective decision making 2020-11-01 14:47:16 ILFS and DHFL defaults - decline in equity prices, dec capacity to raise funds, dec overall credit growth, dec in GDP growth Rollover Risk - frequent refinancing of debt causes higher financing cost Arises due to mismatch in asset liabilities, liabilities are over dependent on short term wholesale funds viz the LDMF(Liquidity debt Mutual Fund) sector if there is liquidity crunch here rollover to NBFC would be affected Fin resilience is measured by Commercial Paper as % of borrowings, CAR, provisioning policy Operating resilience are by cash as % of borrowings, loan quality and operating expense ratio Survey suggest a health score to use as early warning system with metrics like short term volatile capital, asset quality, short term liquidity, provisioning policy, CAR, OPEX ratio Monitors NBFC, suggest corrective measures, can direct capital infusion, set prudential thresh holds on extent of wholesale funding 2020-11-04 12:29:08 Performance of CPSEs suggests strategic disinvestment - Gov should discontinue its engagement in producing goods where private sector are prominent Various disinvestment policies are : through minority stake sale, Listing PSEs, Strategic D, Buyback of shares, merger and acquisitions, launch ETFs, Monetisation of select assets of CPSEs Post P CPSEs perform better than their peers in net worth, net profit, RoA, RoE, Gross revenue etc Suggests aggressive disinvestment will promote profitability, efficiency, competitiveness, professionalism Corporatisation of Disinvestment - Gov can transfer stake in listed CPSEs to separate corporate entity managed by independent board, lend professionalism and autonomy to disinvestment program 2020-11-04 12:46:13 Estimates effects investor sentiment Obs made over older models Mis-estimated growth for over 51 other countries, variables used had unstable correlations w/ GDP estimate, assumption of parallel trend does not account statistical risk Suggestions Macro variables should be synergistically viewed w/ micro level evidence, Lauded the setting up of Standing Comm on Economic Statistics SCES 2020-11-04 13:00:06 Analysed veg and non veg thalis in 25 states/Uts including fuel price Reform measures like PM AASHA, PMKSY, PMFBY, Soil Health Card, e NAM, NFSM, NFSA have helped Daily wages have been compared w/ price of Thali Observations Absolute prices of veg thalis have dec, affordability has inc, prices of all components been lower to projected prices, Thali inflation has cyclical nature, ]]>01-subject-wise-notes/💶-economy/public-finance-esi-and-budget/esi-2020-i-wealth-creation.html01 Subject Wise Notes/💶 Economy/Public Finance - ESI and Budget/ESI 2020 I - Wealth Creation.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#todo NAPCC International Solar Alliance - role of enabler, facilitator, incubator, accelerator CDRI IN and UNCCD - raise area to restore from 21 to 26 mil hectares, hosted 14 CoP adopted New Delhi Declaration Agriculture Residue Burning initiatives National Policy for Mgt of Crop Residue - burning CR is a crime Promotion of Agri-Mechanisation for In Situ Mgt of CR Ways to address - Practice conservation agri w/ low lignocellulosic crop residue Create market for crop residue based briquettes, create special credit line for financing farm equipment promote crop residue based biochar Suggestions High standards of governance, monitoring, implementation, cooperative federalism Scarce fin resources are biggest constraints Developed countries should Honour their fin obligations, 2020-11-05 15:14:13 GVA in agri sector has declined, growth has fluctuating trend, GCF also fluctuates MSP for Kharif, Rabi and other commercial crops have inc, DBT in various schemes intro Mechanisation in Agri - Farm power availability has inc, Growing farm mechanisation in market Sub mission on Agri Mechanisation assistance given to state gov to impart training In Situ crop residue mgt, Low overall Mech, Regional Disparities Micro Irrigation - PMKSY - per crop more drop, Micro Irrigation Fund Agricultural credit flow is skewed low in NE states Crop Insurance - under PMFBY coverage has inc, National Crop Insurance Portal NCIP Agri trade policy measures - inc import duty on some products, restriction on export of pulses edible oils lifted, creation of export policy at doubling agri exports, integrating IN farmers and agri products w/ global value chains, agri cells in IN embassies Fisheries account for 7% of GDP from agricultural sector Food Processing Sector - avg annual growth rate of 5%, 19 lakh are people engaged, PMKSY - modern infrastructure DBT in fertiliser sector, New Urea Policy 2015, Food Mgt - objective to give farmers remunerative prices and affordability to consumers maintain food buffer To maintain food availability gov has decentralised procurement of wheat and rice, created strategic buffers, undertook open Market sales scheme, PDS reforms ex ONORC Food Subsidy is difference b/w per quintal economic cost and per quintal central issue Price CIP Reasons for inc in subsidy - inc coverage of NFSA, BPL/APL categorisation has been removed, food grain stock are much higher than their norms, decline in avg CIP for APL households Steps taken to augment Food Storage Capacity - Private Entrepreneurs Guarantee Scheme PEG Steel silos have been constructed, Central Sector Scheme in NE states Online Depot Mgt System 2020-11-06 15:41:52 Dec growth rate mostly led by manufacturing sector, IIP consists of Mfg, Mining and Electricity showed slowdown due to low credit flow, reduced lending by NBFCs, tapering of domestic demands

Index of 8 core industries - Coal, Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Refinery Products, Fertilizers, Steel, Cement and Electricity
Performance of CPSEs inc w/ 15% inc in net profit Steps taken to encourage start ups Exemptions from Income tax, implementation of 32 regulatory reforms Self-certification regime for labour laws and environmental laws Start-up IN hub IN is 2nd largest crude steel producer 3rd largest consumer MSME reforms In principle approval of loans up-to 1crore, interest subvention of 2% up-to 1cr Out of 25% mandated procurement 3% be reserved for Women Procurement only through GeM Gov to bear 70% cost for estd Pharma clusters Single consent under air/ water pollution laws Minor violations under Companies act entrepreneurs no longer have to approach court but can correct them through simple procedure Civil Aviation sector reform - Leasing and financing norms in conformance w/ Cape Town convention Encourage domestic and international passenger and goods transfer Efficient use of air traffic rights, rationalising tax regime 95% of IN trade by Volume and 68% by Value in transported by sea Problems asso - low shipping tonnage, aging fleet, Major ports Telecom Sector Wireless communication constitutes 98.27% of all subs Tele Density - total is 90.45% Inc internet subscriber total 66.5 crore More data consumption Tariff War Telecom Infra and Connectivity Bharat Net, Public Wifi Access, Towers and BTS Petroleum and Natural Gas To encourage private sector reforms undertaken are Simplified fiscal and contractual terms, bidding w/o any production or revenue sharing to Gov Early monetisation of discoveries by extending fiscal incentives Incentivising gas production Mining Sector - 25% inc in production of major minerals Launched to provide pucca houses with basic amenities to all eligible urban poor. Performance 32 lkh houses have been completed, High Participation, funding through NUHF, funding mechanism under NHB and refinancing from HFCs It is being implemented through 4 verticals Through In situ slum development where GOI gives a grant of 1 lakh per hosue. Promote credit linked subsidy CLSS for EWS and Lower Income Group. Affordable Housing Partnership AHP ie PPP model for creation of the houses. beneficiary led individual house construction / enhancement BLC promotes houses for EWS individuals under Central assistance of 1.5 lakh 2020-11-06 16:36:55 Issues faced by software sector - changes in exchange rate, changes in global IT spending, Stringent US visa norms, rising cost pressures due to inc in local hiring Advantages of bringing Offshore fund Mgt to on-shore Inc in value of asset managed, could generate employment for high skilled finance professionals fee received for managing would inc export Foreign tourist arrivals has decreased, most preferred destination is TN, MAHA, UP etc IT BPM services, revenue decreased Port and Shipping services - 1% share in total worlds fleet, port capacity of 1452 million tonnes, halving of turnaround time Space Sector Low spending, high success rate Sat Com, Earth Observation, Sat aided Navigation are key areas of focus Private investment is required 2020-11-06 21:22:15 Spending on Health, Education etc social sector inc by 1.5% of GDP HDI rank at 129 Drop-out rate was 10% at primary level but progressively higher, expenditure on course fees highest Due to absence of competition quality of education is low Measures taken to improve quality of education are Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan Central RTE rules amended to include learning outcomes Navodaya Vidyalaya Scheme in every district NISHTHA for teachers holistic development National Curriculum Framework promotes joyful learning PM Innovative learning Program DHRUV, DIKSHA, NEP Skill Dev - Per PLFS only 13.53% of workforce is of productive age, formal training highest in TN, MAHA, WB lowest in Bihar, JH Initiatives taken are Skill India Mission, PM Kaushal Vikas Yojana etc Wide range of reforms introduced to Apprenticeship rules Status of Employment in IN Per PLFS share of regular wage has inc 5%, proportion of women workers inc by 8 Self-employed workers remained the same, casual labour dec by 5% Worker proportion in organised sector inc, Steps taken for formalisation of Labour market EPFO launched Universal Account Number, PM Rozgar Protsahan Yojana - 12% employer contribution for employees 15000 as salary, Code on Wages Act 2019, MUDRA and STAND UP India Mandatory wage ceiling, National Career Service NCS project Labour force included unemployed Female labour force participation declined, rate of decline sharper in rural areas as compared to urban ones Female Worker population ratio delined Factors influencing female labour force participation More women in rural areas pursuing higher education Household incomes have risen, cultural - social constraints patriarchal nature etc restricts 60% of working age females attend to domestic duties Absence of job opportunities, lack of educational skill, low female wages, fall in international demand of labour intensive industries Fall in agri employment, structural shift away from agri emp and inc mechanisation Initiative of improve female work participation Sexual Harassment Prevention act 2013 Mahila Shakti Kendra Scheme Provision of Safe and affordable accommodation Women Helpline, One Stop Centre OSC MUDRA, Stand Up India for Female entrepreneurship Rashtriya Mahila Kosh - micro credit, PM Employment Generation Program - W Entrep given 25% 35% subsidies for projects Health For all - Adoption of Multi sectoral approach and inc synergy w/ other Mission mode objective Mission Indradhanush, Gov banned e-cigarettes Out of pocket expenditure has declined, Ayushman Bharat, Free Drugs service, Free diagnostic service, PM Jan Aushadhi program, PM National Dialysis Program Doctor Population ratio of 1:1456 141 new colleges no of MBBS seats also inc PM Swasthya Suraksha Yojana National Medical Commission Act 2019 for common entrance NEET Multi Skilling of doctors, Capacity building of Nurses Housing for all 76% households in rural and 96% in Urban had pucca house PMAY R and U SBM over 10 crore toilets have been built 699 districts ODF free ]]>01-subject-wise-notes/💶-economy/public-finance-esi-and-budget/esi-2020-ii-state-of-economy.html01 Subject Wise Notes/💶 Economy/Public Finance - ESI and Budget/ESI 2020 II - State of Economy.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure> Ways and Means Advance WMA" data-href="003 Fiscal System or Public Finance in India#Ways and Means Advance WMA" href="01-subject-wise-notes/💶-economy/003-fiscal-system-or-public-finance-in-india.html#Ways and Means Advance WMA" class="internal-link" target="_self" rel="noopener nofollow">WMA. It includes 3 categories of functions ie Mechant Banking to Central and State Govt, 2nd is acting as their banker and 3rd is maintaining banking accounts of SCBs.. Bankers Bank and Lender of Last resort. Lender of last resort means that whoever you turn to when you urgently need funds and you've exhausted all your options. As a lender of last resort it provides short terma and long term liquidity to the Banks.
As a Monetary authority it is the Controller of credit in India through Monetary Policy with the objective to stabilise the wholesale price index WPI and target the CPI Agent and Adviser to the Gov Manage of Forex : Manages Foreign exchange through the FEMA Act 1999 , stabilising exchange rate of rupee, representing GOI in IMF and WB. To facilitate external trade and external payment. Regulator and Supervisor of Payments and settlements in India . Development functions : under this it set up various developmental banks such as IDBI, SIDBI, NABARD, NEDB(North Eastern Development Bank, EXIM, NHB etc. Gradually their ownership is being transferred to GOI.

Commercial banks are ones that take demand deposits (savings and current) financial intermediary takes money from public and lends to businesses Cooperative banks do the same but are owned by customers reg under the Cooperative Societies Act 1912 and regulated by Banking Regulation Act 1949 and Banking Laws Act 1965. Investment banks deals with firms and are called merchant banks. Land Development Banks aka State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Dev Banks SCARDBs provide long term finance to agriculturists. Development banks provide long term finance to those where risks could be higher viz SIDBI, MUDRA Scheduled Commercial - included in 2nd schedule of RBI act 1934, regulated by BRA 1949 Paid up capital value 5 lakh Affairs conducted are not detrimental to consumers Non Scheduled Commercial - are only 3 in number, Local Area Banks, Cooperative Banks, are an ex Bank of Bengal (1806), Bombay and Madras merged together to form the Imperial Bank of India in 1922 it was nationalised in 1955 and named as SBI No Nationalisation Level playing field b/w public, private and foreign sector Select few banks for global operations Reduce SLR, CRR to increase lending Improve priority sector lending Better risk mgt, deregulate interest rates Strengthening banks through mergers Narrow Banking where banks with high NPA allowed to place their funds in short term risk free assets Gov should raise CAR review banking laws
Introduced Liquidity Adjustment Facility LAF. Standard assets are the ones that are paying the principal and interest as per agreed Stressed asset is when loan is likely to become NPA measures are taken by RBI like restructuring etc. Non Standard assets are NPAs - Various stages that a loan undergoes under this are Special Mention Account when dues are not paid for 90 days Sub Standard Asset when it remains SMA till 12 months After 12 months it is called as a Doubtful asset DA1 it becomes DA2 1-3 years from 3 yr onwards it is classified as DA3. Provisioning Capital adequacy norms of Basel 3 SARFAESI Act : Securitisation means the selling of securities that were basis of loans.
ARCs Foreclosure - taking over the mortgage One Time settlement Interest waiver 5/25 refinancing Strategic Debt Restructuring SDR Asset Quality Review AQR S4A Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act 2002 allows banks to auction residential and commercial properties to recover loans without permission of courts Banks/FIs that have 75% of loan due can issue notice of default to borrowers asking to clear it and on failure can take possession of security take over management of borrowing concern appt manage the concern Can also sell security to ARC under the act can buy NPAs from banks and turn them around to become productive. RBI gives licenses to them and regulates them. They clean up the balance sheet of banks, monetise assets etc. can also reschedule debts, change or takeover Management. Asset quality review AQR : a small sample of loan is inspected to see if it was in line with norms. Done to check NPA status. SARFAESI Act 2002 provides legal basis for setting up ARC.
Should have min net owned fund of Rs 100cr and Capital Adequacy Ratio of 15%. PCA is taken when the risk thresh hold is breached it is related to asset quality, profitability, capital levels etc. Banks are then put under watch by RBI. Introduced in 2002 as structured early intervention mechanism aims to check NPAs. There are 2 types of actions that are undertaken they are Mandatory and Discretionary. Mandatory actions taken are halting branch expansion, stop dividend payment, restrict directors compensation etc. Discretionary ones could include curbs on lending and deposit. Banks are not allowed to access costly deposits or inc their fee based income. They have to launch special drives to reduce stock of NPAs and contain generation of new NPAs. They will also not be allowed into new lines of Business. Restrictions on borrowings from interbankmarket is also imposed. PCA is limited to commercial banks and not extended to Co-operative banks and NBFCs -> This was changed Revised PCA framework :- effective from Jan 1, 2022. Capital, Asset Quality and leverage will be key areas ot monitoring revised framework. Stress Test is when certain scenarios are simulated like stock market plunges, rupee swings and the performance of banks is measured Prudential norms relate to income recognition, asset classification, provisioning of NPA, CRAR PCA is applicable to all deposit taking NBFCs, all non deposit taking NBFCs, investment and credit companies, Core Investment Companies, Infrastructure debt funds, Infrastructure Finance Companies, Microfinance Institutions. Excluding NBFCs that dod not accept/ not intending to accept public funds, Primary Dealers and Housing Finance Companies (including govt owned ones) Credit risk is when borrowers are not able to repay loans Market risk is when the SLR that is invested in gold, Bonds, currency etc fluctuate in prices Operational risk includes fraud, cyber-attacks, infra shutdowns etc Banks want to minimise risk and maximise their credit creation. Thus there are tools to act as shock absorbers/ cushion to banks : Cash Reserve Ratio CRR Statutory Liquidity Ratio SLR Capital Adequacy Ratio CAR Capital Adequacy Ratio CAR aka CRAR is % of a banks risk weighted credit exposures. Every borrower has a certain risk associated with them. Gov securities and Cash have zero risk. Basel III says it should be 8% and RBI 9% , decided by Central Bank and regulators It means that if loans of Rs 100 is being forwarded a free capital of Rs 8 is to be maintained at that particular time. RBI introduced it in 1992. Risk-weighted assets are the loans and other assets of a bank, weighted (that is, multiplied by a percentage factor) to reflect their respective level of risk of loss to the bank. CAR = (Tier 1 + Tier 2 capital) / Risk Weighted Assets Tier 1 capital : which can absorb losses without bank being required to cease trading. They are most reliable and liquid ex equity capital and disclosed reserves of bank. Tier 2 capital : which can absorb losses in event bank has to cease trading. Consists of accumulated after tax surplus of retained earnings, revaluation reserves of fixed assets, long term holding of equity securities, general loan loss reserves, hybrid capital instruments, subordinate debts and undisclosed reserves. Tier 3 capital : Considered tertiary capital and includes greater number of subordinated issues, undisclosed reserves, general loss reserves not included in Tier 2 capital. Maintaining CAR is a challenge in India due to NPAs, dwindling profits to listed companies, low infusion of capital of GOI Hair cut is when the value of an asset is brought down when it cannot be realised fully - 2 types a write down where it is decrease and a write off dec to 0. Basel I 1998 focus entirely on credit risk and on on capital adequacy of financial institution. Basel II 2004 focused on more risks and remedies and on minimum capital requirements, supervisory review and market discipline. Basel III 2010-2011 - improve quantity and quality of capital, strong supervision, risk management and disclosure standards. - Basel III on banking sectors ability to absorb shock from financial & economic reserves, improve risk mgt and governance, strengthen banks. Under this capital adequacy was inc to 11.5% against 9 covers 3 risks credit risk, market risk and operational risk 3 pillars : Pillar I is risks 2 enlarges the role of banking supervisors 3 deals with higher disclosure by banks on capital adequacy, asset quality etc
Second working group of Monetary Supply SWG in 1977 published 4 monetary aggregates viz M1, M2, M3 and M4 besides the reserve money. M1 = currency and coins with people + Demand deposits of Banks(Current & Saving Accounts) + Other deposits of RBI M2 = M1 + Demand deposits of the post offices (i.e. savings schemes money) M3 = M1 + Time/Term deposits of the banks (ie money lying in Recurring deposits and fixed deposits) M4 = M3 + total deposits of the post offices (both, Demand and Term/Time Deposits) RBI has now published set of new monetary aggregates after recom from YV Reddy report 1998. That recom 4 monetary aggregates M0 (monetary base), M1 (narrow money), M2 and M3 (broad money). It also recommended 3 liquidity aggregates namely L1, L2 and L3.New Monetary Aggregates are 5. Reserve Money M0 = Currency in circulation + Bankers deposit with RBI + Other deposits with RBI - Data on this is available on weekly basis. For M1 and M3 on fortnightly. - aka High Powered Money 6. Narrow Money M1 = Currency with Public + Demand deposits with Banking system + Other deposits with RBI - Other deposits constitute the ones that come from Foreing National banks, or Sundry deposits of IMF. 7. M2 = M1 + Savings deposits of Post office savings banks (Saving Certificates, Social security schemes, Recurring deposits etc) 8. Broad Money M3 = M1 + Time Deposits with the Banking system 9. M4 = M3 + All deposits with post office savings banks excluding National Savings certificate.Intermediate Monetary Aggregates NM1 = Currency with Public + Demand Deposits with Banking system + Other Deposits with RBI Same as M1 NM2 = NM1 + Short term Time Deposits of Residents (Certificate of deposit) NM3 = NM2 + Long term Time deposits of Residents + Call/ Term Funding from Financial Institutions. Liquidity Aggregates: L1 = NM3 + All deposits with Post office Savings Banks (excluding National Savings Certificate) Data on L1 and L2 are published monthly and L3 quarterly. L2 = L1 + Term deposits with Term Lending Institutions and Refinancing Institutions FI's + Term Borrowing by FIs + Certificates of Deposit issued by FIs L3 = L2 + Public Deposit of Non banking Financial companies. aims to counter debt default and consolidate insolvency related laws. IBC has created various institutions to deal with it : Insolvency Professional - they administer the insolvency process, manage assets etc Insolvency Professional Agencies - it certified professionals Information Utilities - database to track serial defaulters, provides info on them to creditors. Adjudicating authorities - National Companies Law Tribunal NCLT for companies and Debt Recovery Tribunal DRT for small firms and individuals. They approve the resolution process, appoint professionals. Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board - it regulates professionals, agencies. Board has members from RBI, Mo Finance etc.
IBC can also be be initiated against personal guarantors #important Initiation - the responsibility lies on the creditor to start insolvency any employees, shareholders etc can start insolvency Professional starts managing his assets, provide info to creditors etc this lasts for 180 days and legal proceeding is prohibited during this time A committee is formed =of the creditors to either revive the debt or sell assets and get paid. Time frame is 180 days and 1 time extension of 90 days. Liquidation is when assets are sold. Proceeds are distributed through a waterfall which is an order of precedence. Banking Regulation Amendment Act 2017 allowed RBI to issue directions to banks for initiating recoveries against defaulters. 2019-20 : Section 29A bars promoters from bidding for their own company preventing defaulters to regaint their companies at a cheaper value. Section 12A : Creditors had option to withdraw insolvency options within 30 days of filing. Gives 14 day timeline to NCLT for admission or rejection of resolution application to be strictly followed. where the companies that borrowed and the banks that lent show stress for not being able to pay back and receive. S4A scheme to resolve TBS problem by converting large portion of loan into equity shares PARA - Public Sector Asset Rehabilitation Agency PARA set up to solve NPA of PSBs is a SPV and will issue Gov bonds and raise money to buy big bad loans Debts would be centralised in one agency -> maximisaton of recoveries within a defined period. Would separate loan resolution process and concerns about bank capital. set up by RBI to suggest on governance issue of Banks : Reduce gov holding in PSB below 50% Professionalise board appointments Fixed 5 yr term for Chairman/Managing Director was a 7 point plan to revive NPAs Appointments in professional manner in PSBs Banks Board Bureau Capitalisation De stressing PSBs by consolidation Framework accountability etc Bank Boards Bureau - makes recommendation on appointments of heads of PSBs and other Financial institutions, develop new strategies, recom on consolidation Differentiated Banking means different banks are there with different aims, clients and modes of working. RRBs set up in 1975 to provide credit to weaker sections of society at concessional rates and to mobilise rural savings and channelise them for supporting productive activities in rural areas. Kelkar Committee recom stopped opening new RRBs in 1987. Bhandari Committee and Basu Committee was set up for its restructuring -> recommended abolishing concessional loans and target clientele was free to lend to any body. RBI in 2014 issued guidelines for setting up small banks and payment banks for furthering financial inclusion. SCBs that focuses on lending to small business units, marginal farmers, MSME etc. Guidelines for setting up both Small Banks and Payment Banks are Min capital is Rs. 100cr Promoter contribution to be at least 40% for first 5 years which is to be gradually brought down. Foreign Investment permitted Small Banks : Objective is to provide basic banking products ex deposits and supply of credit but in a limited area of operation. For 3 years prior approval required for branch expansion. Required to give 75% of credit to PSL 50% loan portfolio should be up to Rs. 25 lakh Can undertake non risk sharing financial services like distributing Mutual Funds, Insurance products etc Cannot set up subsidiaries for NBFCs. After 5 years RBI may liberalise scope of activities for small banks. Promoters need to have 10 years of minimum experience in banking and finance. All Risk management norms such as CRR, SLR that apply to Commercial Banks would apply to them as well. 25% branches for first 3 years have to be in unbanked rural areas. Take small deposits and disburse loans. Distribute mutual funds, insurance products and other simple third-party financial products Maximum loan size would be 10% of capital funds to single borrower, 15% to a group They cannot Lend to big corporates Cannot set up subsidiaries to undertake NBFC activities. Cannot be a business correspondent of other bank Objective is to increase financial inclusion by providing savings account, payment/ remittance services to migrant labour etc and enable high volume low value transactions. Recom by Nachiket Mor committee Promoters can be NBFCs, Corporates, Mobile Telephone Companies, Super Market Chanis, PSEs etc. Accept current and savings bank deposits ie demand deposits. Can accept limited amount as deposit upto Rs 1 lakh can set up outlets, ATMs, Business correspondents provide mutual funds and other financial products, net banking and mobile banking No NRI deposit to be accepted Covered under the DICGC scheme Cannot Accept Fixed Deposits and Recurring deposits Cannot undertake lending Cannot issue Credit Cards Min 75% deposits must be in Government securities/T-bills 25% of branches should be in unbanked areas, min capital is 100cr India Post Payments Banks was formed for financial literacy, streamlining payments, financial inclusion, easy access was formed to extend collateral free loans to NBFCs and Micro Finance Institutions in non-agriculture sector envisioned as a regulator to Micro Fins institutions it can accredit them, register them, lay down policy guidelines etc. Recapitalisation can be done by infusion of new capital or conversion of debt into shares or vice-versa. FDI in PSBs is allowed at 20% in Private banks it is 74% upto 49% it is automatic and beyond that is approval. Voting rights is capped at 10% Development Finance Institutions are IDBI, ICCI, NHB, NABARD. Co-operative banks main function is deposit mobilisation, supply of credit and provide remittance facilities. Shadow Banks take banking activities like raise deposits and equity, investment banks, etc but are not covered by stringent regulations. Universal Bank allows all types of services under one roof. Non-Banking norms are not strict so they can derail banking structure. Bank Run is when people start withdrawing money for fear of insolvency.
Commercial banks are of 2 types Schedule commercial and Cooperative banks. Have a 3 tier structure : Primary Credit Societies PCSs (agriculture or urban) : PSCs in urban areas can apply to RBI for banking license to operate as Urban Cooperative Banks UCBs. Registered and governed by RBI under Banking Regulations Act 1949. The Urban Cooperative Banks and Multi State Cooperative banks have come under direct supervision of the RBI. District Central Cooperative Banks DCCBs State Cooperative Banks SCBs (at apex level) Cooperative banks are registered under States Cooperative Societies act PACS are outside the purview of Banking regulation Act and thus not supervised by RBI. StCBs and DCCBs are registered under State Cooperative Societies Act and regulated by RBI. NABARD has powers of inspection a StCB and Central Cooperative Bank. Each district can have only 1 DCCB. Act does not apply to certain cooperatives ie PACS, Cooperative Societies whose principal business is long term financing for agricultural development. They should not use the word bank, banker or banking in their name and must not clear cheques. Cooperative Banks may issue equity shares, preference shares, or special shares on face value at a premium to its members with approval from RBI. Supersession of Board of Directors by RBI of cooperative bank registered with Registrar of Cooperative Societies of a state after consultation with the concerned state govt. Are another catergory of financial institution is the non bank it is similar in functions to a bank but does not allow depositors to withdraw money from their accounts. Are heterogenous groups of institutions other than commercial and co-operative banks performing financial intermediation in ways such as accepting deposits, making loans and advances, leasing, hire purchase etc. They can not have certain activities as their principal business ex agricultural, industrial and sale-purchase or construction of immovable property. They raise funds from the public directly or indirectly and lend them to ultimate spenders. Advance loans to various wholesale and retail traders, small scale industries and self-employed persons. Are contemporaries to banking sector due to customer oriented services, simplified procedures, good rate of returns etc. 2 types of NBFCs are They only take Time deposits not Demand Deposits Mandatory for them to get them registered by RBI. Mandatory to be incorporated under Companies Act 1956. Minimum Net Owned Fund of 2 crore. Allowed to accept and/or renew public deposits for a min period of 12 months and max 60 months. Cannot accept demand deposits. Cannot offer interest rates higher than ceiling rate prescribed by RBI. Cannot offer gifts, incentives etc to depositors. Minimum investment grade credit rating.
Deposits are not insured by DICGC. #important repayment of deposits by NBFCs not guaranteed by RBI. Need to maintain Capital Adequacy Ration CAR norm as prescribed by RBI. aka NBFC Factor is engaged in principle business of factoring that is providing cash immediately to a particular amt that is due for the invoice. Certain categories of NBFCs are regulated by other financial regulators Ex. Venture capital fund, merchant bank, stock broking firms are regulated by SEBI. Insurance companies by IRDAI Housing finance company by NHB Nidhi Company by Mo Corporate Affairs under the Companies Act 1956. Chit fund companies by state govt 3 categories of NBFC ie Asset Finance companies, Investment companies and loan companies were merged to form NBFC Investment and Credit Companies NBFC ICCs They will be regulated by their activity rather than activity Deposit taking NBFC ICC will invest upto 20% of its net asset in unquoted shares of other company. RBI introduced liquidity mgt framework for all non-deposit taking NBFCs w/ assets 100cr, CICs and all deposit taking NBFCs to strengthen their asset-liability mgt for liquidity crisis. NBFCs were to maintain liquidity coverage ratio LCR, ensure High Quality Liquidity Assets to survive any scenario for 30 days. Refers to any mutual benefit society notified by Central Govt. Formed to cultivate the habit of thrift and savings amongst members. They borrow and lend to their members only and operate by names such as Nidhi, Permanent Fund, Benefit Funds, Mutual Benefit Funds, Mutual Benefit Company. Registered under Companies Act 1956 regulated by Mo Corporate Affairs. They are also exempted from certain provision of the Act. They are being increasingly being brought under the ambit of RBI. RBI is empowered to issue directions to them in matters relating to their deposit acceptance activities. P Sabanayagam Committee was formed to prevent unscrupulous use of word Nidhi in their names aka Chitty, Kuri, Miscellaneous Non banking Company are savings institutions lacking any standardised forms. Have regular members who make periodical subscriptions to the fund. Beneficiary is selected usually on basis of bids or by draw of lots. Each member is assured of his turn before second round. Regulated by Chit Funds Act 1982. Registration and regulation of Chit funds are carried by state govt under rules framed by them. RBI has included them in definition of Miscellaneous Non banking Company MNBC Minimum Reserve : For RBI min reserve is 200cr in gold and foreign currency of which 115cr should be in Gold.Money Multiplier : is an approach used to demonstrate maximum amt of broad money that could be created by commercial banks for a given amt of base money and reserve ratio. M (Money multiplier) = 1/R , where R is the reserve requirement For eg. 20% ratio of 1/5 them 1/(1/5) = 5 which would be the money multiplier Money Supply : Money supply is the total money available in an economy at any point of time.Credit Counselling : Advising borrowers to overcome their debt burden and improve mgt skills is called credit counselling.Credit Rating : Assess the credit worthiness (integrity, capability) of a prospective borrower to meet debt obligation. Major credit agencies are CRISIL by ICCI and UTI ICRA (Investment Information and Credit Rating Agency of India Ltd) by IFCI, LIC, SBI and other banks CARE (Credit Analyses and Research Ltd) NRI Deposits : FEMA 2000 regulations allowed NRIs to have deposit accounts with authorised dealers the include Foreign Exchange Non Resident Bank Account FCNR(B) : can be opened by NRIs and Overseas Corporate Bodies OCBs. Deposits are allowed in Pound, USD, Euro and Japanese Yen. Interest is determined by RBI. Non Resident External Account (NRE Account) : NRE accounts can be opened by NRIs and OCBs. Deposits can be in any currency. Non Resident Ordinary Ruppee Account (NRO) : When resident becomes NRI his Rupee accounts become NRO Deposit in these accounts are considered as external debts outstanding. Anything that is used to cut down risk is called insurance. LIC (public sector life insurer) formed in 1956 and GIC (Reinsurance) in 1971 are 2 PSUs that undertake insurance business in India. Both come under the Mo Finance.
Agriculture Insurance of Company of India Ltd AICIL was et up by GOI is a dedicated agri insurance company and aims to serve needs of farmers better. It looks after PMFBY. AICIL is jointly owned by GIC, NABARD and below mentioned 4 companies. GOI also owns 4 general insurers companies such as National Insurance Company, New India Assurance Company, Oriental Fire and Insurance Company and United India Insurance Company. Insurance Reforms taken were allowing foreign private sector coys to enter, IRDAI set up in 200 with 1 chairman and 5 members responsible for regulation, development and supervision of Insurance industry. Reinsurance is when business that provides insurance itself seeks insurance for its business since they themselves are exposed to risks. It is regulated by IRDAI Objective is to avert panics, reduce systemic risk and ensure financial stability. Insured bank pays 0.001% of its deposit to RBI as premium limit is Rs.5lk. Depositor does not pay this premium. Covers (fixed, savings, current etc), liquidator appointed by the RBI gives a list of beneficiaries to it within 3 months. Does not include deposits of foreign gov, state/central gov, inter-bank deposit, etc Banks that are covered by this are private sector banks, Cooperative banks and branches of foreign banks in India. ECGC : Exporters face political and commercial risks in importing countries to reduce this ECGC was established under Mo Commerce and Industry for medium to long term exports. National Export Insurance Account NEIA : to provide credit where ECGC was not able to provide credit because of purely commercial reasons. It supports projects that are commercially viable and strategically important. Estd as a trust under Mo Commerce and administered by ECGC. Provides additional support to insurance cover provided by ECGC. Challenges of Insurance sector
Very low penetration of insurance penetration is 4.2% and life insurance penetration is 3.2%.[2] Health insurance could emerge as most importatn factors in improving human development in the country. Most of Indias population lives in rural areas and have financial difficulties. Micro Insurance could be a solution to these. Dominance of Govt owned insurance agencies. Complex and delayed claim settlement procedures Vague and Incomprehensible rule and regulations of insurance companies. Lack of education and awareness. New reforms undertaken Insurance Laws Amendment Act 2015 aimed to reduce archaic and redundant provisions. It also increased foreign investment to 49%. Increased the scope to raise capital. Enabled consumer welfare through high penalties and empowered IRDAI to regulate employment of insurance agents. Act defines health insurance business to promote it as a separate vertical. Enables foreign reinsureres to set up branches in India. Third party insurance : provided by non-life insurance companies on vehicles that covers the risk other than the 2 parties ie the car and the owner. It covers the insured legal liability ie death/ disability of third party loss or damage to the 3rd party.
https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-banking-regulation-amendment-bill-2020↩︎
https://www.ibef.org/industry/insurance-sector-india.aspx↩︎ ]]>01-subject-wise-notes/💶-economy/005-banking-system-in-india.html01 Subject Wise Notes/💶 Economy/005 Banking System In India.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#committee recommended bi-monthly Monetary Policy statements which is now in effect Created in 2016 by the MP Framework Agreement of 2015. It is an agreement b/w Gov and RBI for price stability through inflation targeting Primary objective of price stability keeping in mind gowth and complexity of economy 6 mem panel headed by RBI Gov, 3 independent mem selected by GOI for 4 yr period, fixes rates like Repo Central Gov to fix inflation target once in 5 yrs decision taken through voting
Quantitative Tools ready forward contract, RBI lends to Banks, used for managing supply agreement of repurchase is also signed ie RBI would buy them back at somepoint in future is the policy rate now it replaced bank rate signals the financial institutions to change their lending and borrowing rates open only for specific duration in the day. Long term Repo Interest given by RBI to Banks who offer short term loans to it. Used by banks to park their surplus. RBI borrows from market to absorb excess liquidity, is lower than Repo only done in securities approved by RBI portion of fixed deposits and demand liabilities kept in cash, securitiesv (Dated Securities of GOI, Treasury Bill and State Development Loans), gold, excess CRR balance. Controls expansion of bank credit, ensures solvency etc. Long term tool. portion of deposits (Demand ie Current and Savings Account and Time deposits ie Fixed and Recurring) bank should keep with RBI in cash form. no interest is earned on them, no upper and lower limit. 90% of CRR req on daily basis, 100% of CRR on fortnight. Short term tool used in serious circumstances. more liquidity available at higher rate of interest aka penal rate when LAF is exhausted, done for overnight borrowings when SLR limit is breached before this role was done by Bank rate Bank rate : rate at which commercial banks can borrow from RBI w/o providing any security. It now acts as a penal rate. RRBs can now access MSF
Call Money Participants in Call Money market include Schedule Commercial banks SCBs excluding Rural banks, Cooperative Banks other than Land Development Banks, Insurance. Prudential Limits in borrowing and lending transaction are specified by RBI. Under call money market funds are transacted for overnight and under notice money market funds are transacted for period of 2-14 days. Used to meet short term liquidity shortage. Borrowers include SCBs, Cooperative Banks and Primary Dealers PDs and Lenders include SCBs, Cooperative banks, Primary Dealer PDs, Select AIFIs, Select Insurance Companies, Select Mutual Funds. Tool for monetary policy control that allows banks to borrow money through Repos. used to meet daily mismatches, min credit limit is 5cr For SCBs excluding RRBs Now RRBs can access LAF and MSF and Primary Dealers for them to park their excess fund with RBI on an overnight basis against collateral of Govt securities.
Under LAF banks are permitted to borrow only a certain % of its NDTL if it requires then if should do it through Marginal Standing Facility. Certain Scheduled Urban Cooperatives can also use LAF but they need to have min CRAR of 9% and are Core Banking System CBS enabled. all new floating personal/retail/MSME loans linked to 1 of the 4 benchmarks of RBI it Repo, 91 day T Bill, 182 day T-Bill, other benchmark of FBIL FBIL : Financial Benchmarks India Pvt Ltd under Companies Act 2013, independent benchmark administratorReserve Requirements : fraction of total deposits it is not lent to public The liquidity coverage ratio is the requirement whereby banks must hold an amount of high-quality liquid assets that's enough to fund cash outflows for 30 days. Liquidity ratios are similar to the LCR in that they measure a company's ability to meet its short-term financial obligations. promotes short term resilience, no upper and lower limit ensure sufficient High Quality Liquid assets to survive stress for 30 days special CRR rates eg post demonetisation 100% incremental CRR for deposits for rest it was 4% allows banks with extra liquidity to deposit it with RBI and get interest worth reverse repo to address surge in capital inflows. RBI pays an interest rate on it. it is an imp tool to suck out excess liquidity from the economy Recommended by Urjit Patel and does not require collateral for liquidity absorption. purchase and sale of gov securities
does not change the total stock of gov security #important RBI carries it through Commercial Banks 2 Kinds of OMO are Outright Purchase PEMO : permanent Repurchase Agreement REPO : short term do not change quantum of liquidity, RBI directs the usage of bank credit so it changes how much is available to a particular sector Directives to banks Credit Authorisation Scheme : discontinued in 1982 aim was to watch flow of credit to the borrowers closely and also ensure that commercial banks are lending loans of large amount as per the credit appraisal and actual requirement of the borrower. Publicity Margin Requirement : money kept aside whenever banks lend to a specific sector. high MR decreases credit flow to that particular sector lowered to inc credit flow Rationing of Credit : Maximum limit to loans, advance that can be made to a particular sector, done to check credit flow Moral Suasion : changing behaviour of banks to adhere to policy ex through closed door meetings, severity of inspections, appeals etc. SCBs cannot lend below this rate except by RBI authorisation Marginal Cost of Fund based Lending Rate MCLR replaced it in 2016 quicker transmission of RBI rate cuts it is determined internally by bank Development of Base rate. Prime Lending Rate -> Benchmark prime Lending Rate BPLR in 2003 -> Base rate in 2010. to counter the excess foreign money coming in and being converted into Rupees, absorbs it aka sterilisation but sterilisation is done with Govt securities whereas MSS bonds were specially devised. Special bonds floated by RBI on behalf of the govt for purpose of absorbing excess liquidity. Mostly shorter tenure bonds less than 6 months in maturity but can differ. MSS bonds are issued by way of auctions and are very similar to T Bills/ Dated securities They earn a return and qualify for SLR that banks need to maintain in form of short tenured treasury bills and govt bonds. Was first started in 2004.
rate that is charged by lender on his lendings to the borrower. It is a percentage of the principal. #concept Increased interest rate leads to inc borrowing cost. inflation, need for growth, promotion of savings, Govs need to borrow drive changes in it no longer regulated depends on market conditions but Repo, CRR can influence it Floating rates are linked to an underlying benchmark ex Gsecs; Fixed cannot be change both together is called flexible Negative interest rates : to spur demand, revive economy in advanced economies, prevent currency appreciation excess reserves of banks parked w/ Central banks are charged makes lending of banks cheaper pushing IR down by 2016 amendment to RBI 1934 Act
Gov sets target in consultation w/ RBI as a percent of CPI agreed on by RBI and Gov to keep it in a fixed range it requires convergence of fiscal and monetary policy
Urjit Patel #Committee 2014 to exmine monetary policy framework suggested to use CPI for deciding policy changes inflation target of 2-6% It is a situation where interest rates are very low and savings rates are high renderinng monetary policy as ineffective. It is caused when people hoard cash because they expect adverse event ex deflation, insufficient aggregate demand, or war. interest rates and reserve requirements are lowered to stimulate demand but it is not impacted, happens during recession to avoid this QE is attempted interest rate becomes so low that people prefer to hold cash instead of depositing central bank buys fin instruments that are normally not accepted, print fresh money to buy them as well as de risking lending rates and supply of money QE is a short term solution its continuation leads to creation of asset bubbles, closing it in phases is called Tapering During Tapering rates become dearer and investors find other places to invest their money in, also leads to selling of stocks and bonds when QE ends it also ends foreign currency coming into India implicating the Forex reserves, exchange rate These are called Taper tantrums
non statutory council under Mo Finance. Raghuram Rajan #committee 2008 recom it. strengthen, institutionalise mechanism of maintaining fin stability Mo Finance is Chair and mem are heads of all Financial sector regulators viz RBI, SEBI, PFRDA, IRDA other mem are Finance Secy, Secy of DEA etc FSDC Sub committee is headed by RBI Governor Deals w/ Fin Stability, Fin sector dev, inter regulatory co-ordination, Fin literace etc Not a statutory body International body estd under G20 after the 2009 London Summit has 68 mem, had no legal norm its charter is informal and non binding bring together various stakeholders to improve fin stability Process by which a central banks monetary policy signals are passed on via the financial system to influence firms and households is known as monetary transmission. It reflects in the areas such as money market rates, bond yields, bank deposits, lending rates and asset prices such as stock prices and house prices. Recently, monetary transmission has been weak on 3 accounts Rate structure, Quantity of Credit and Term Structure. Rate Structure : Weighted Average lending rate WALR of SCBs have not declined despite reduction in repo rate. Credit spread (difference b/w repo rate and WALR) was the highest level in this decade. Term Structure : Term structure of interest rates means the yield curve. It shows the interest rates of similar quality bonds at different maturities. It reflects the expectation of market participants about future changes in interest rates and their assessment of monetary policy condition. Cut in policy rate had some impact on short term interest rate that fell but had negligible impact impact in the long-term securities market. To decrease the long term interest rate RBI purchased long term Gsecs and sold short terms aka Operation twist which led in significant fall in long term rates. Credit Growth : it has been declining despite a decrease in policy rates. This fall was led by services sector and MSMEs.





https://rbi.org.in/scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=1752&Mode=0↩︎ ]]>01-subject-wise-notes/💶-economy/005-monetary-and-credit-policy.html01 Subject Wise Notes/💶 Economy/005 Monetary and Credit Policy.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure> Market Stabilisation Bonds" data-href="005 Monetary and Credit Policy#Market Stabilisation Bonds" href="01-subject-wise-notes/💶-economy/005-monetary-and-credit-policy.html#Market Stabilisation Bonds" class="internal-link" target="_self" rel="noopener nofollow">Market Stabilization Scheme MSS Auctioned on the Negotiated Dealing System NDS and mem submit their bids electronically. Used by banks and issued to a depositor for a specified period ranging less than 1 year. Unsecured. issued by SCBs and FI's ~ RRBs and Local Area Banks cannot issue CD's. Negotiable Promissory note/ negotiable instrument, secured and short term. Negotiable instrument means a signed document that promises a sum of payment to a specified person or the assignee. RBI has allows FIs to operate in it viz IFCI, IDBI, IRBI and Exim Bank. FI's can issue for 1yr -3 yrs. Issued at a discount Maturity is b/w 15 days - 1 year. Min deposit is 1 lkh and its multiples short term unsecured promissory note issued by top rated corporates (tangible net worth > 45cr), Primary dealers, Satellite dealers, and All India Fin Institutions. CP issuing corporates require a credit rating from credit rating agencies registered by RBI. Maturities b/w 7 days - 1 year, not beyond the date up to which credit rating of the issuer is valid. Issued in denominations of 5 lakh and thereof Issued at a discount Aimed to broaden investor participation in 2019 SEBI allowed listing of Commercial papers on stock exchanges. Primary dealers and All India financial Institutions were also permitted to issue CP ot meet short term funding requirement. Individuals, banking companies, other corporate bodies (registered or incorporated in India) and Unincorporated bodies, Non Resident Indians NRI and FIIs etc can invest in CPs. Inter Corporate Deposit Market unsecured loan extended by one corporate to another from fund surplus corporates to other corporates.
Ready Forward Contracts REPOs sale and purchase agreement it is the rate at which RBI lends money to Banks. CBs are issued by All India Financial Institutions AIFIs, NBFCs, Merchant Banks, Cooperative Banks and Mutual Funds. bills of exchange b/w seller and buyer when they are accepted by banks are known as commercial bills. or else they are called trade bills. banks take commission for it. borrowed or lent for 1 - 14 days and are also known as overnight borrowing market or money at call or Notice money or short money. Call money is overnight, Notice money is 2-14 days. does not require collateral but is done in goodwill or promissory notes. But borrowing could be done against security too. Done to even out day to day deficit and surplus. Interest rates glide with the repo rate and reall call rate revolves around current repo LIC, GIC, Mutual Funds, IDBI, UTI, NABARD can participate only as lenders whereas Schedule commercial banks, cooperative banks operate in this as both borrowers and lenders. borrower has to pay back immediately when demanded by lender pool resource from individuals to invest in capital market and are managed by qualified persons with experience in investing in different asset classes ex shares, bonds, money market instruments like call money and other assets such as gold and property. These qualified persons work for an asset management company AMC who themselves are managed by trustees. They both have a fiduciary responsibility. Regulated by the RBI and SEBI and have freedom to operate in the capital market too. A fund house of a distributor are qualified to sell mutual funds. They allot units of MF to investor at a fixed price based on the Net Asset Value. NAV = Total Investments in a scheme / Total units issued to investors of the scheme There are 3 types of schemes offered by MFs Open ended mutual Funds have no time duration and can be purchased or redeemed at any time on demand. Close ended : They issue units to investors only once when launching an offer called a New Fund Offer NFO. After that they are listed on stock exchanges and then traded on a daily basis. - only a fixed units are issues as IPO - price is determined by investor demand - are managed by fund houses for a limited number of years and at the end either the money is returned or scheme becomes open ended. ETF or Exchange Traded Fund : They are a mix of open ended and close ended schemes and are listed and traded on a stock exchange on a daily basis. The price is very close to its NAV or the underlying asset ex Gold. - Exchange Traded Fund (ETF) are mutual funds listed and trade on stock exchanges like shares. They are bought and sold at prevailing market prices. - Bharat Bond ETF will allow retail investors to put money in gov bonds, easy and low cost access to bond markets and tax efficiency. Bond has fixed maturity of 3 and 10 yrs. - Gold ETF are open ended mutual funds schemes that closely track price of physical gold. NAV is calculated on that physical prices of gold prevailing on that day. - CPSE ETF : comprise top 10 blue chip PSUs listed in BSE and NSE. It was meant to be type of disinvestment managed by Goldman Sachs. Advantages of Mutual Funds Better long term returns ie more than 10 years as compared to FD, PPF etc. Diversification of portfolio, good investment management services Liquidity, strong govt backed regulatory help professional service and low cost for all the benefits. SEBI classified it into 5 broad categories Debt, Equity, Hybrid and solution oriented(childrens, retirement fund). ready forward contract, RBI lends to Banks, used for managing supply agreement of repurchase is also signed ie RBI would buy them back at somepoint in future is the policy rate now it replaced bank rate signals the financial institutions to change their lending and borrowing rates open only for specific duration in the day. Long term Repo Interest given by RBI to Banks who offer short term loans to it. Used by banks to park their surplus. RBI borrows from market to absorb excess liquidity, is lower than Repo only done in securities approved by RBI Issued by Gov since 2009 to meet temporary cash flow mismatches of govt similar to T bills Non standard and discounted instruments issued for maturities less than 91 days and at a discount. it was created in 1988 to develop a secondary market and trade to deal in money market instruments facilitate smoothening of short term liquidity, imbalances LIBOR is London Inter Bank Rate decides the lending and borrowing rate of banks in UKMIBOR is Mumbai Inter Bank Rate does the same job as LIBOR in the overnight money market. Taken after recom from Sukhmoy Chakravarty Comm and Narsimhan Comm Deregulation of Interest Rate Money Market Mutual Fund MMMFs to sell units for corporates and individuals. DFHI was set up to impart liquidity in the money market LAF introduced to either absorb or inject money into the market Electronic trading for transparency Estd Clearing Corporation of India Ltd CCIL Dev new market instruments like CMBs Maturity more than 1 year. Its components are Gov Securities Industrial securities shares and debentures of companies Development Financial Institutions DFIs - Merchant Banks Mutual Funds Venture Capital Companies “media/_Structure_of_Capital_Market.jpg” could not be found. They are source of new securities. It is where companies, govt and other groups obtain financing through debt or equity based securities. investors are able to purchase securities directly from the issuer. primary market issues include IPO, Private placement, rights issue and preferred allotment. These are strictly regulated by the SEBI Underwriting groups facilitate primary markets ex investment banks. Once initial sale is complete further trading is done on the secondary market. Retail investors can invest in G-secs such as T-bills and Govt of India Debt bonds through their Demat accounts. IPO : Process of offering shares of private corporation to public in a new stock issuance. Companies must meet SEBI requirements.Private Placement : It is a sale of stock shares or bonds to pre selected investors and institutions rather than in the open market. It is an alternative to IPO to raise capital. - Investors could be HNIs, Banks, FIs, Mutual Funds, Insurance Companies and Pension funds. - One advantage is that of few regulatory requirements.Rights Issue : It is an invitation to existing shareholders to purchase additional new shares in the company. Existing shareholders get securities called rights, they get shares at a discount to market price. - Cash strapped companies can turn to rights issues to raise money. - Shareholders have the right but not an obligation to buy new shares.Preferred allotment : They are tradeable instruments issued by State or Central govt are short term or long term. Gsecs that have maturity less than 1 year are called T-bills and those more than that are called Bonds. State Govts only issue bonds where only centre can issue T-bills Bonds could be issued by municipalities, state govt or sovereign govts and could be fixed or floating rate bonds. Gsecs carry zero risk of default and are called the risk free gilt edged instruments. Not all G Secs are eligible to be SLR securities and might not be issued through RBI vis Oil Bonds, FCI bonds etc Dated securities have fixed maturity and fixed coupon rates payable half yearly but have different maturity dates. Dated G secs coupons or interest rate is paid on face value on half yearly basis. Tenure ranges from 5-40 yrs. RBI's Public Debt Office PDO acts as depository of Gsecs and deals with issue, interest payment and repayment of principal securities. Fixed Rate Bonds : Coupon rate is fixed for the entire life of the bonds. Most bonds are this. Floating rate Bonds : have variable interest rate which might be capped or uncapped. The interest rate is re-set at a pre-announced intervals. For ex some interest rates are defined on average rate of yields at cut off prices of last 3 auctions of 182 day T-bills. Some FRBs can also carry coupon that is decided by way of auction mechanism. Coupon payments are annual interest rate paid on bonds. Capital Indexed Bonds : Principal of them is linked to an accepted index of inflation to protect principal amt of investor from inflation. Inflation Indexed Bonds : IIBs have both their principle and coupon payments protected against inflation. IIBs guarantee returns that are more than the inflation. Inflation index used could be WPI, CPI etc. Was launched to help increase financial savings instead of buying gold. It was in 1997 that IIBs were issued for first time in India and it was called Capital Indexed Bonds CIBs. Bonds with Call/Put Options : Wherein issue can have option to buy back/ call option or investor can have option to sell the bond/ put option. Special Securities : Govt issues special securities of Fertiliser companies, FCI etc as compensation to these companies in lieu of cash subsidies that they provide. They are usually long dated and have marginally higher yield than dated securities. They are not eligible as SLR but can be used as collateral for market repo transactions. Bank Recapitalisation Bonds to specific PSBs are not tranferable. STRIPS : Separate Trading of Registerd Interest and Principal of Securities. It separates the coupon payment and the final principal payment into separate securities. Are essentially Zero Coupon Bonds and created out of existing securities only.
Sovereing Gold Bonds Savings Taxable Bonds State Development Loans SDLs : are dated state gov securities, SLR securities just like all other dated securities. Interest is serviced half yearly and principal repaid after maturity. Secondary market is place where securities are traded among investors. There are 2 types of secondary markets one is Stock market other is Over the counter market. 2020-06-13 08:48:27 trading of shares takes place in a stock exchange. It is a physically existing institution. In a stock market a floor is available for buyers and sellers, price is made available for trading along with updated information on listed companies. India has a total of 26 stock exchanges 7 at national and 19 at regional levels. stock means the capital raised by a corporation through sale of shares market cap is aggregate value of a corp shares at current prices Importance smooth functioning of corporate orgs, raise long term loans raise savings among common people, attract foreign investment Number of shareholders limited to a Private Holding company is limited to a total of 200 and a min of 2. limited in a Public limited company means that the liability of the company is limited to the assets of this company during winding up and not on other companies of the group Rights issue is when the promoters of a company are first offered shares before an IPO. There are total of 5 stock exchanges in India. Broker : Is a registered member who buys or sells shares/securities and charge commission on gross value of the deal aka commission brokers.Jobber : Is a broker's broker who specialises in specific securities aka 'Taravaniwallah' in BSE. He has a dedicated post on floor of stock exchange and buys and sells stocks for a small difference aka spread or Jobbers turn or Margin or Hair Cut. Every company with share capital of more than 3 Cr has to have one.Market Maker : Functions as intermediary at market who quotes both selling and buying prices simultaneously at the same time. In OTCEI only money makers are allowed. In money market in India DFHI is the chief market maker. Asia's oldest stock exchange, Sensex most widely tracked benchmark index BOLT is online trading system listed companies are classified from A, B1, F, G, Z based on various parameters BSE SME for small and medium enterprises to raise funds. Min paid up capital of the company should not exceed Rs 25 crore. SMEs exchanges are also known as Alternative Investment Markets in UK or Growth Enterprises Market in Hong Kong etc. Launched Shariah 50 index to attract investment from Arab/Eu coys Sensex : aka Sensitive index of 30 coys revised periodically based on their market cap has base of 1978-1979 is 100 and is regarded as barometer for IN stock market and economy. BSE 200, BSE 500 and National Index are some other index BSE Indo Next : to promote liquidity to the stocks of small enterprises SMEs launched in 2005 by BSE and FISE (Federation of Indian Stock Exchanges) Minimum paid up capital required is Rs 3 crore. formed in 1992 and has about half as many companies listed on it as BSE ie about 1600. formed to bring transparency and efficiency. played imp role in reforming IN securities market, bringing transparency, efficiency etc Nifty/Nifty 50 is its benchmark index
NSE Emerge is BSE's SME counterpart Some of its sponsors are IDBI, LIC, GIC and IDBI is its promotor Minimum paid up capital required is Rs 10 crore. Metropolitan Stock Exchange United Stock Exchange of India USE - for trading financial instruments, deals in currency futures India International Exchange INX subsidiary of BSE; first international stock exchange in GIFT city Mutualisation : is when the ownership and management are same, demutualisation is when the ownership, management and trading rights are separated in a stock exchange. Securities and Contracts Regulation Act was amended that limited the representation of brokers in governing body to 25% and their holding to 49%. It is a decentralised market in which market participants trade stocks, commodities, currencies etc b/w parties without a central exchange or broker. They do not have a physical location instead trading is done electronically. Over the Counter Exchange of India limitedv OTCEI was set up in 1989 in order to overcome problems such as lack of transparency and delays in settlement that was happening in older stock exchanges. The process of transfer of funds in the Capital markets is done through instruments, that are documents/certificates showing evidence of investments. Debt Instruments Used by both companies and govt to generate funds for capital intesive projects. Can be obtained through primary or secondary market. Does not imply ownership in the business. Ex Sovereign bonds, State Govt bonds, Municipal bonds and Debentures or Industrial Loan or Corporate loan in private sector. Vaious different types of Debt instruments are Redeemable, Non redeemable, Partially convertible, Fully Convertible. OFCD is a type of fully convertible debt instrument. Equities/ common stock Issued by companies that can be only obtained either in primary or secondary market. Investment translates to ownership and thus they have certain rights and privileges in the country. Risk involved is high and thus yields are higher Preference Shares It entitles the holder a fixed dividend and its payment takes priority over that of ordinary shares. Even during bankruptcy they are paid before common stockholders. Derivatives They are financial contracts whose value is dependent on an underlying asset, group of assets or benchmarks. Price of derivatives are driven by spot prices of the underlying. Can be traded on stock exchange or over the counter. Since Securities Contract act has defined them as securities dervied from a debt instrument, share, loan wether secured or unsecured. Commonly used to access certain markets and may be traded to hedge against risks. Provides long term credit. They can be categorised at All India or State level. They are : Term lending institutions ex IFCI, IDFC to extend long term finance. Refinancing Institutions like NABARD, SIDBI Sector specific Inst like HUDCO, EXIM Investment institutions like LIC, UTI etc deals with companies to manage and underwrite issues, they advise corporate clients on fund raising aka Investment banks Collective Investment Scheme CIS : does not include Mutual Funds and are regulated by SEBIAlternative Investment Funds AIF are made to pool in investment in real estate, private equity and hedge funds.Real Estate Investment Funds REITs raises funds for investment through an IPO min asset size permitted is Rs 500 cr and issue size of 250 crore. Regulated by SEBI. Mutual Funds invest in stock market securities, bonds etc Hedge Funds : similar to Mutual funds but more complex, regulated by SEBI under AIF. Hedging is the process by which businesses insulate themselves from risk of price change. They are investible capital/ free floating capital that move very swiftly towards more profitable sectors of economy. Move into the economy when there is naturally a boom time. they invest public money Angel Investor - regulated by SEBI under AIF. Invest only in companies incorporated in India Be invested for at least 3 years in companies not older than 3 year Corpus of Rs 10 cr w/ min investment of Rs 25 lakh Should not have family connection with investee company Private Equity is reverse of IPO, they take part in mgt of company Hundis Chit Funds are a type of savings scheme, governed by state and central laws Qualified Institutional Placement QIPs. they are qualified to sell shares, debentures etc. NBFC do not include institutions whose principal business is agriculture or Industrial activity External Commercial Borrowings ECB are regulated by Dept of Economic Affairs and RBI. Money from ECB is not to be invested in Stock markets and speculation in Real Estate Borrowers can access ECBs through either 'automatic routes' and 'approval route' -> considered by RBI. ECB has been liberalised recently Eligible borrowers can raise upto $750 mil per financial year under automatic route. List of eligible borrowers enlarged to include port trusts, units in SEZs, SIDBI etc Public sector oil marketing coys can borrow upto $10 bil for working capital purposes with min average maturity period of 3 years. Credit Default Swap is insuring against debt default through a third party. Participants are commercial banks, primary dealers, NBFCs, Insurance companies and Mutual Funds. It is a financial contract where a buyer of corporate or sovereign debt in form of bonds attempts to eliminate possible loss arising from default by the issuer of the bonds. CDS is a financial derivative that allows investor to swap or offset their credit risk with that of another investor. A regular premium is paid similar to that of an insurance policy. issue units and bonds for investment called Infrastructure debt Funds IDFs can either be a trust based IDF regulated by SEBI or a company based regulated by RBI.
statutory body, estd 1988 to regulate and dev Capital market
Capitals market is regulated by the SEBI they also regulate credit rating agencies. Steps taken by SEBI to strengthen market :
Capital adequacy norms for brokers Enforcing Corporate disclosures Ban on insider trading Code of conduct on credit rating agencies Half directors on board of listed companies to be independent directors counter fraudulent investment schemes ex Ponzi schemes and provides guidelines to form special fast trial courts Set up Investor Protection Fund Register and regulate broker, merchant bankers etc monitor credit rating agencies, check frauds and unfair trading methods investor awareness and education protramme inspect and audit exchanges, Banning insider trading Electronic trade, Statutory status to SEBI
Permit FIIs, setting up clearing houses compulsory dematerialisation of all share certificates, restriction of PNs
Security Laws Amendment Act 2014 Primary market is where new securities are traded, Secondary Market where primary dealers participate and sell to people.Shares are of 2 types Preferred stocks and common stock. PS get priority in terms of dividend payment, proceeds of winding up payment etcDerivatives derives its value from an underlying asset ex securities, shares, debt instruments etc. of shares is done when company believes that current share price is undervalued. Reasons for buyback : Boosting share price Giving share-holders an attractive exit Putting unused cash to use Done by GOI for disinvestment proceedings Companies cannot borrow for buyback of shares. It reduces the number of shares that are in the market so each shareholder holds a larger percentage of ownership. Anchor investor that are invited to subscribe to shares to boost the popularity of IPO however cannot sell their share for a period of 30 days. Global Depository Receipts GDRs : issued by Indian companies in foreign currency to raise equity. American Depository Receipts allows the listing of foreign companies in American Stock Exchange viz NASDAQ etc Indian Depository Receipts IDRs are similar. IDRs allows Indian investors to invest in listed foreign companies. Denominated in Indian Rupees and issued by Domestic Depositories in India. Can be listed in any stock exchange. Anyone who can invest in an IPO can invest in IDRs. investment by foreign firm into business operation etc of a local firm Horizontal, Vertical, Conglomerate are its types allowed to invest only in listed or to be listed entities and only thorugh stock exchanges. Can invest in IPOs this is not considered as FDI FDI in company less than 10% is called FII could be banks, insurance companies etc. are are FIIs, Sub Accounts, QFIs etc clubbed together. Chandrashekhar committee was formed to rationalise or harmonize FPI investment are prohibited from investing in T Bills FII is termed as hot money because it can leave as fast as it comes. SEBI has divided FPIs into 3 categories Category I : govt entities investing in Indian security market. Category II : FIs, MFs duly regulated in countries of their origin. Category III : FIs that do not fall in above 2 categories. Registered Foreign Portfolio Investors RFPIs : Existing portfolio investor class ie FIIs and QFIs registered with SEBI has been subsumed under it. group, entity that is registered with the FATF or a country that is member of the International Organisation of Securities Commission IOSCO. They do not need to register with SEBI. Need to meet KYC norms to invest directly into Indian Mutual Funds. Objective of promoting QFIs was to curb rising current account deficit that is creating heavy drain of foreign exchange and objective of attracting more FIs. Corporate debt : aka a corporate bond is a type of debt security that is issued by a firm sold to investors. A pre decided amount of interest is paid on the debt. High quality corporate bonds are considered a safe and conservative investment. Corporate Bonds : India deals with small size of unsecured borrowings mostly due to weakness in contract enforcement and lack of adequate information on the borrowers. CB market amounts to about 32% of total credit to corporate sector in India or 16% of GDP.
Patil #committee and Khan #committee was made on Corporate Bonds. Major reforms were undertaken in Credit Default Swaps to enhance liquidity. Recent initiatives undertaken on this are : Commercial banks permitted to issue Rupee denominated bonds overseas. Brokers registered with SEBI can undertake repo and reverse repo contracts in corporate debt securities. To make corporate bonds more fungible. Primary dealers can act as market makers for govt bonds. Corporate bonds rated BBB and above are declared as investment grade Electronic platform for repo operation in corporate bonds Infrastructure Debt Funds IDFs : Investment vehicles for channelizing investment into infrastructure sector. They are sponsored by commercial banks and NBFCs in which domestic/offshore institutional investors specially insurance and pension funds can invest through units and bonds issued by the IDF. IDFs can be either set up as a Trust ie Mutual fund regulated by SEBI or Company ie NBFC regulated by RBI. IDF Mutual Funds are sponsored by banks and NBFCs whereas IDF Infrastructure Finance Companies are sponsored by banks and Infra Finance Companies. Take out Financing : Banks give out loans for infrastructure funding for longer periods eg 10-15 years. However, after certain pre-specified time or milestone the loan is transferred to a different financial institution. This is done to ensure the projects gets long term funding and there is no asset liability match on the bank. FATF is intergovernmental organisation to combat money laundering. HQ in Paris. Sub Accounts are foreign corporates or individuals on whose behalf an FII investment is proposed to be made International Organisation of Securities Commission IOSCO : regulates the worlds securities and futures market. HQ in Madrid, IFSC - Gift city has become associate member of it. Sustainable Stock Exchanges SSE is a project of the UN as a learning platform for stock exchanges, investors, etc to adopt best practices and promote corporate sustainability. Derivative instrument issued in Foreign jurisdiction by SEBI registered FII against Indian securities that could be equity, debt, derivative or an index. Is a derivative instrument issued in foreign jurisdictions. Other FIIs who are not registered can then invest in it. Aka Overseas Derivative Instruments, Equity linked Notes, Capped Retunr Notes and Participating Return Notes. Investor in PN does not own the security but can still benefit from investing in it. It does not require KYC. Reasons for the popularity of PNs Registration with SEBI not required. Provides anonymity to investor as KYC not required Preferred by large hedge funds Allows investors to gain exposure to local shares without incurring time and costs involved in investing directly. highly safe and lucrative routs to invest unaccounted/black and even illegal money back into the Indian market. Regulation of PNs and concerns surrounding it PN are market instruments that are created and traded overseas thus Indian regulators cannot ban issue of PNs. Regulator of the place where it is traded is can control it. Identity of ultimate beneficial is not known. They operate outside purview of SEBIs surveillance and cannot be real time monitored. is an organisation that guarantees all trade in case of buyers/sellers defaulting, carries out final settlement of all transactions on the stock exchange. It acts as a buyer to every seller and seller to every buyer this is called novation. where commodity futures are traded ex edible oils, food grains, metals, spices etc. It plays a critical role in price discovery of the item They were regulated by the Forwards Market Commission but FMC was merged with SEBI for better regulation. Commodity trading similar to stock trading but commodities are actual physical goods. Futures : are traded on exchanges whereas Forwards are not. Futures are traded on commodity exchanges. Options are a class of futures where the buyer or seller has the option to buy or not. Put Option is right to sell but not obligated to sell, Call is right but not obligation to buy. These prices undergo large degree of fluctuation reasons are crop failure, bad weather, demand supply imbalance etc. The main objective of these exchanges are to protect the participants from adverse movt in prices. It also provides hedging against price risk, production planning and price discovery. There are more than 90 commodities defined in the country and more than 20 commodity exchanges such as National Commodity and Derivative Exchange NCDEX, National Multi Commodity Exchange NMCE, Mulit Commodity Exchange MCX etc. Forwards market commission FMC used to regulate it till 2015. It was merged with SEBI. Depository holds securities in electronic form. National Securities Depository Limited NSDL is the first depository in India. Decoupling is having an autonomous response and not being entirely dependent on the global economy. Clause 49 mandates independent Board of Directors for listing in Indian stock exchange Power Exchanges trades with electricity through exchanges, it invites bids of buy and sell of day-ahead contracts Electronic trading platforms that facilitate purchase and sale of a specific type of commodity including agricultural commodities, metals and bullion by providing spot delivery contracts. Spot Delivery contracts provide for delivery of securities and payment of the price of the securities on the same or next day. It is encorporated under the Companies Act 1956. There are 4 spot exchanges in India ie National Spot Exchange Ltd NSEL, NCDEX, Reliance Spot Exchange, Indian Bullion Spot Exchange Ltd. Advantages : Efficient price determination ensures tranparency in price discovery, ensures participation in large numbers by farmers, traders etc, brings some best practices in commodity trading like grading for quality Counter party risk is avoided pool resource from individuals to invest in capital market and are managed by qualified persons with experience in investing in different asset classes ex shares, bonds, money market instruments like call money and other assets such as gold and property. These qualified persons work for an asset management company AMC who themselves are managed by trustees. They both have a fiduciary responsibility. Regulated by the RBI and SEBI and have freedom to operate in the capital market too. A fund house of a distributor are qualified to sell mutual funds. They allot units of MF to investor at a fixed price based on the Net Asset Value. NAV = Total Investments in a scheme / Total units issued to investors of the scheme There are 3 types of schemes offered by MFs Open ended mutual Funds have no time duration and can be purchased or redeemed at any time on demand. Close ended : They issue units to investors only once when launching an offer called a New Fund Offer NFO. After that they are listed on stock exchanges and then traded on a daily basis. - only a fixed units are issues as IPO - price is determined by investor demand - are managed by fund houses for a limited number of years and at the end either the money is returned or scheme becomes open ended. ETF or Exchange Traded Fund : They are a mix of open ended and close ended schemes and are listed and traded on a stock exchange on a daily basis. The price is very close to its NAV or the underlying asset ex Gold. - Exchange Traded Fund (ETF) are mutual funds listed and trade on stock exchanges like shares. They are bought and sold at prevailing market prices. - Bharat Bond ETF will allow retail investors to put money in gov bonds, easy and low cost access to bond markets and tax efficiency. Bond has fixed maturity of 3 and 10 yrs. - Gold ETF are open ended mutual funds schemes that closely track price of physical gold. NAV is calculated on that physical prices of gold prevailing on that day. - CPSE ETF : comprise top 10 blue chip PSUs listed in BSE and NSE. It was meant to be type of disinvestment managed by Goldman Sachs. Advantages of Mutual Funds Better long term returns ie more than 10 years as compared to FD, PPF etc. Diversification of portfolio, good investment management services Liquidity, strong govt backed regulatory help professional service and low cost for all the benefits. SEBI classified it into 5 broad categories Debt, Equity, Hybrid and solution oriented(childrens, retirement fund). Share is certificate of ownership, it can be split if the price is too high Bond is a debt instrument, interest could be fixed or floating non-secured investment/unsecured debt/due/borrowing etc issued against good will and reputation. Unseured means no collateral is required. Convertible debenture can be converted into equity.
Non-Convertible - https://cleartax.in/s/non-convertible-debentures-ncd Partly convertible Bear is believing market will go down and Bull is when it will go up. Bear increases the no of shares in the stock market whereas bull creates a scarcity. Blue chip are stocks of most valuable companies Largecap, Midcap or Small cap limits are not laid down statutorily Retail Investor is someone subscribes to share less than Rs 2 lakh in an IPO. A price discount is done to attract them. Negotiated Dealing Settlement NDS is an electronic platform to facilitate dealing in G Secs and Money Market instrument Short selling is done when an investor who does not own the security sells it in hope of the price getting down and then purchases it at lower price Minimum Public Shareholding MPS norm mandates 25% min public shareholding Sweat Equity is large amount of shares that are issued to Directors for their contribution Insider Trading Gilt is bond issued Central Bank viz RBI on behalf of Gov Short selling : Sale of share that is not owned. Shares are borrowed believing that it will decrease in valueu7 Book Building : provision by SEBI that allows IPOs in which individual investors are reserved and allotted shares by the company. Scrip share : shares given to existing shareholders without any charge aka bonus share. Rolling Settlement : was reform where payment and delivery of security occurs at the end of X days. Badla : When buyers want postponement of the transaction aka Contango. Undha Badla : when sellers want postponement of the transaction aka backwardation 2 depositories in India are NSDL and CDSL Kerb dealings : buying and selling of stock that takes place outside the stock exchanges unofficially after normal trading hours. NSCC : National Securities Clearing Corporation is a pSU that takes counter party risk of all transactions done in NSE. Authorised Capital : limits upto which shares can be issued by a company aka nominal or registered capital.

Issued capital : is the amt sought by a company to be raised by issuing shares which cannot exceed authorised capital of the company. Subscribed Capital : amt actutally been paid by the shareholders or have been committed by them for contribution. Paid up Capital : is part of authorised capital that has actually been paid by the shareholders. This may happen when all shares of authorised capital has not been issued. Greenshoe option : Is an over allotment of shares where company issuing IPO grants the underwriter right to sell more shares than initially planned usually 15% and aka over allotment provision. Screen Based Trading : trading stock in electronic medium OFCDs are Optionally Fully Convertible Debentures : Option is there for debenture holders who wish to convert them into shares after the expiry of a period fixed by the company aka lock in period. This should be done only when there is high likely of a profit or when share prices are likely to rise. Companies Act was amended which gives SEBI undisputed jurisdiction over any investment scheme involving more than 50 investors whether company is listed or unlisted. Par value (face value) implies the value at which a share is originally recorded in the balance sheet as equity capital. It is the value of single common share that has been set by any corporations charter. SEBI guidelines require all new companies to offer their shares to public at par. However, existing company with a track record of at least 5 years of consistent profitability are allowed to issue share at a premium. Foreign Financial Investment is FPIs and FIIs their investment is regulated by SEBI while ceilings on such investments are maintained by RBI. Ex Hedge funds, Foreign Mutual Fund, Sovereing Wealth Funds, Pension funds etc. Sebi has allowed direct overseas listing of Indian companies; KYC requirement has been relaxed; Foreign entities allowed to participate in commodity derivatives; NRIs allowed to invest through FPI route etc. FPIs allowed in Alternate Investment Funds, Real Estate Investment Trusts REITs and InvITs. SEBI has divided FPIs into 3 categories Category I : govt entities investing in Indian security market. Category II : FIs, MFs duly regulated in countries of their origin. Category III : FIs that do not fall in above 2 categories. Development Impact Bonds DIBS and Social Impact Bonds SIBS
https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=79#1↩︎ ]]>01-subject-wise-notes/💶-economy/006-finanacial-market-money-and-capital-market.html01 Subject Wise Notes/💶 Economy/006 Finanacial Market - Money and Capital Market.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure> ^1c427e" data-href="001 Economy and Economics#^1c427e" href="01-subject-wise-notes/💶-economy/001-economy-and-economics.html#^1c427e" class="internal-link" target="_self" rel="noopener nofollow">Real GDP also rises too much money chasing too few goods Cost Push inflation cost of production goes up ex high prices of goods, high interest rates, high cost of capital Structural inflation specific to sectors like agri, infra related inflation persistent, could be caused from inefficient distribution, backward tech etc speculation in commodity exchanges cartelisation of producers
Hoarding : causes artificial scarcity, checked by Essential Commodities Act imported inflation global crude oil prices rupee depreciation higher MSP not meeting fiscal deficit target Measures to check Inflation Demand side measures consumers are appealed to cut back consumption of items that show higher risk aka austerity this measure generally fails. Supply side measures aimed at increasing supply of items showing inflation this is a medium to long term strategy Cost side measures cutting taxes or cutting cost of production. sale of goods to anyone other than consumer is wholesale, includes logistics, cost of credit, warehousing cost, transport cost etc aka transaction at first point of bulk sale in domestic market Different goods have diff weightage it checks inflation from the perspective of the wholesale mandis.
published by Mo Commerce w/ base year as 2011-12, updated monthly #PrelimsPYQ Divided into primary articles; fuel, power; & mfd goods Seasonality factor is considered Uses timely intervention esp in essential commodities used by Gov, Global Domestic investors for investment decisions Limitations Accuracy is unsatisfactory as Services like education, telecom, rail, road, healthcare etc is not considered Unorganised sector products not included New WPI 697 items increased quotations, not include indirect taxes, separate WPI Food Index now closer to Producer Price Index PPI item level aggregates compiled using geometric mean New Wholesale Food Price Index has been introduced that combines Food Articles (primary food articles) to Food Products (manufactured). Technical Review Committee TRC set up to review products. Useful for industrialists
change in retail level, can be whole or group specific like for industrial workers (IW) etc. DA and Wage is based on this index, considers Services as well CPI - IW, Agri Labourers, Rural Labourers RL, Urban, Rural and Combined
CPI IW is used a Cost of Living index for organised sector, pay revisions for workers in Industry is based on this. CPI Combined for inflation mgt by RBI CPI - UNME (Urban Non Manual Employees) and is used to determine Dearness Allowance DA of employees of some foreign companies operating in India. Has been discontinued and replaced by CPI - Urban. New CPI 2015 by CSO, MOSPI base year has been changed to 2012 Pan, Tobacco and intoxicants made a different group. Groups inc to six, tobacco, egg made separate sub-group. Only transaction prices taken, electronic validation of data Price of PDS items under Antyodaya Anna Yojana has also been included for compilation of indices under PDS items. Food inflation is reflected more in CPI vis WPI, RBI uses it Vary from place to place, WPI is same throughout country Some services like hotels, financing, trade, insurance not covered When food and energy prices are omitted from CPI remaining basket is commonly referred to as core CPI. Including them it is called Headline CPI. NSO, MoSPI publishes the data.

Is a better measure of inflation in comparison to WPI and CPI. It can be used to check if the retail prices in the future is going to increase or not. price at which producer sells to wholesale/distributor 2 types input and output fluctuation of prices of goods received by producer excluding tax, transport and trade margin is input Output is avg change in price of goods and services as they leave place of production
GDP deflator : most comprehensive, measures change in prices of all goods. For all domestically produced final goods and services.Cost of Living index : goods required to maintain standard of living is tracked to check affordability. Released by Economic Intelligence Unit.Food Price Index : CSO releases Consumer FPIs (CFPIs), FAO FPI by UN, WPI Food index by DPIITNHB RESIDEX - Indias official Housing price index by NHB 50 cities and 18 states, tracks price of house. - Can be used to check if broker is quoting higher price for hosue - Banks, housing finance bodies would be able to estimate if loans applications are realistic or not.RBI puts out House Price Index HPI - quarterly for 10 major citiesService Price Index : There is no index to measure price changes in the service sector. Inflation discourages exports, low growth rate - due to low investment, savings devalue, fiscal deficit increases Particularly hits people in low income brackets, fixed income individuals Inflation tax - hidden tax Small amt of inflation creates demand is good, greases the wheel Investment in economy is boosted due to higher inflation since it suggest higher demand and also due to lower cost of loan. In short term savings increase but in long term higher inflation depletes savings rate. Bracket creep or inflation induces tax increases where income of individuals move to higher tax bracket but real value of money doe not inc but falls. Inflation makes foreign goods costlier and imports too Optimal Inflation for consumers is negative but not good for economy Monetary Policy Agreement b/w RBI and GOI 2015 - objective of monetary policy is to maintain price stability, growth, contain CPI within 4% (+-2%) India faces structural inflation that arises due to shortfall in supply of goods that does not match the rising demand. Cost Push inflation as price of goods and services has been rising due to higher import duties on raw materials. Recourse to heavy internal borrowing and printing of fresh currency to finance fiscal deficit. Steps taken by Gov to control inflation : periodic reviews by Cabinet Committee on Prices CCP Reduced import on food items, Raising imports on gold etc Ban of export of food items, De-hoarding Advising state to allow free movt of fruits vegetables delisting them from APMC MPC adopted Inflationary Gap : Excess of total govt spending above the natonal income is known as inflationary gap -> done to inc producton level that pushes the prices up. Thus increasing salaries of govt employees, enhancing MSP of notified agriculture commodities will lead to inc in govt expenditure it will create more demand in the economy. Sucking out the money from economy will reduce the gap.
It measures the difference b/w current level of real GDP and GDP that would exist if any economy was operating at full employment. #concept OR between the gross domestic product (GDP) under full employment and the actual reported GDP number. If real GDP is higher then the gap is termed as inflationary. Deflationary gap is shorfall in total spending over national income production is more than the demand and a slowdown occurs aka output gap. Open Inflation : when Gov does not suppress inflation, market forces instead influence it.Inflation tax : Inflation erodes the value of currency and those who hold currency suffer. It looks as if inflation is working as a tax aka seigniorage.Inflation accounting : due to inflation profit of companies get overstated when a firm calculates profits adjusting the side effects of inflation.Inflationary spiral is b/w wages and prices where wages push prices up and prices pull wages up.Inflation permium : Inflation causes borrowers joy and lenders grief the bonus to borrowers is known as inflation premium.Suppressed is the opposite of it done through fiscal and monetary actions it does not resolve the issue.Inflation targeting can best be achieved when Fiscal and Monetary policies convergePhillips curve : inflation and rate of unemployment is inversely related or a trade off. later it was argued that this trade of high inflation and low unemployment was only short term and inflation would rise back once unemployment reaches its natural rate. In the long run monetary policy can influence inflation and suggested that if monetary policy tried to hold unemployment below its natural rate inflation would be rising to a higher level aka NAIRU or Non Accelerating inflation rate of unemployment or it is the lowest unemployment rate that an economy can sustain without any upward pressur on inflation rate.
Collection of Statistics Act 2008 - higher penalty for not sharing data, wilful manipulation is an offence, classify data as core statistics. #ActOverheating of economy - demand overshoots supply, prices rise/inflation caused due to high growth rateBase Effect refers to the impact of rise in price level if the base year prices were too low even lower inc in price would mean higher inflation rate.]]>01-subject-wise-notes/💶-economy/006-inflation.html01 Subject Wise Notes/💶 Economy/006 Inflation.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure> includes all outflows and inflows ie payment and receipts. Various types are Balance of Trade (export and import). It is the largest component of a countrys BoP. Balance of Current Account = BO or Net Trade in Goods (Export of Goods, Import of Goods) + BO or Net Trade in services (Net Factor and Non Factor Income) + Transfer of Payment (Gifts, remittances and Grants) - services are further divided into factor and non factor income. Factor includes earning on factors of production ie Land, labour and capital and Non factor from services like shipping, banking, software etc Balance of Capital Account = Investment (Direct investment viz FDI, Equity Capital, Reinvested Earnings and Portfolio investment ex FII, Offshore funds) + External borrowing (ECB, Short term Debt) + External Assistance (Gov AId, Intergov/Multilateral/Bilateral loans) BOP crisis 1991 - Gulf war and increasing oil prices, tourism dropped, rating were downgraded. Had to pledge gold to meet short term obligations, Rupee was devalued BoP equilibrium is when sum of current account and its non reserve capital account equals to Zero. This means that current account is entirely balanced by finances from international lending. Autonomous transactions : international economic transactions are called autonomous when transactions are made due to some reason other than bridging the gap in BoP. They are done with sole motive of earning a profit. They are not influenced by other transactions in BoP account. Accomodating transactions are those that are undertaken to cover deficit/ Surplus in BoP ie they are determined by the gap in Balance of Payment. They are determined by net consequences of autonomous transactions. means more rupees for a dollar and Revaluation/Stronger is opposite both are done by Central Banks. If it is done by Market forces it is called depreciation and appreciation respectively. It a currency is allowed to be converted into foreign currency for all current account purposes it is called full current account convertibility. Similarly for capital account. able to convert into foreign currency Rupee Convertibility in 1992 was allowed as 40% in official exchange rate decided by RBI and other 60% by market forces was called Partial Convertibility of rupee Under Liberalised Exchange Mgt System LERMS the dual exchange rate system is followed. Was made fully convertible in 1994 Convertibility is different from Exchange in the formers there is always a sale or purchase of goods. Improve regulatory and supervisory standards Ban on participatory notes as mode of investment Ease direct investment routes, NRI investor = Foreign individual investors Increase outbound remittance by Indians Control fiscal deficit Set up Monetary Policy Committee Current account is fully convertible this means that full amt of foreign exchange required by someone for current puroses will be made available to him at official exchange rate and there could be unprohibited outflow of foreign exchange rate. This was done after IMF deal. in BoP means foreign trade in physical goods, invisibles (services) and remittances. Current account convertibility for exports, import of services, remittances Current Account Deficit CAD Occurs when value of imports is greater than the value of exports. To reduce this devaluation of currency, tight monetary policy and supply chain augmentation is done. CAD = Bo Trade (Export - Import) + Net factor income (interest and dividends) + Net transfer payments (foreign aid) India is a partially convertible in capital accounts. Indian corporates are allowed full convertibility in automatic route upto $500 mil overseas investment. they can repay their ECBs upto $500mil Individuals can invest in foreign assets upto level of $250,000 per annum. Unlimited gold can be imported. Capital account convertibility means more FDI/FPI More the convertibility stronger economy CAC is regulated under FEMA, steps taken to relax CAC rules Liberal FPIs and FIIs ECB does not require approval from RBI/Ministry Inflows are more liberalised than outflow to avoid BoP crisis Increased investments limits on MFs, Companies Phased introduction, reduce fiscal deficit, keep inflation 3-5% range Reform financial sector, reduce NPAs Full convertibility means least restriction in capital and current account convertibility. 100% FDI and FPI in most sectors, liberal regime | Good Effects | Bad Effects | |--------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------| | Causes more investment | Destabilizing | | Access to cheaper capitals by Indian firms | Unemployment in domestic industry | | Decrease in lending rate | Rupee volatility | | Indian coys take over foreign ones | FDI hike in defence can cause security issues | | Macro-economic discipline | | | More diversification of portfolio | | Dutch disease : more investment leads to appreciation of currency dec in competitiveness of export and deindustrialisation being able to pay in Rs for imports, exports, repaying bonds etc. Masala bonds, Currency Swap Agreements, being traded in global market etc are some ways to achieve. Currency needs to be stable, liquid, be available in sufficient amount Greater integration, helps reduce dependence on forex Growth rate of economy, future potential, foreign trade profile Inflation, Forex reserves, global interest rates etc Rupee is fully floated not managed by RBI, intervention is only when there is chance of instability internally and externally. Exchange Rate in India till was fixed till 1975 when it was delinked to British pound. Then till 1992 it was determined by RBI. From then it moved to a floating rate following a 'dual exchange rate' mechanism. One is the 'official rate' and the other is the 'market rate'. The latter determines the former. Floating rate : Exchange rates are regulated based on market force of demand and supply. Domestic currency is left to free float against a number of foreign currencies to determine its own value. Fixed : Exchange rate was fixed by the IMF Managed Exchange Rate : mix of both fixed and flexible where govt attempts to exchange rate directly by buying or selling or indirectly through monetary policy. Dirty float : largely floated, bank intervenes to determine national goals Pegged : to international currency or to a basket of currency Reduce outbound investment and remittances Encourage capital inflows Encourage exports and limit imports Using local currency for trade, importing oil etc International cooperation, curb speculation in currency NEER : Nominal Effective Exchange Rate NEER of rupee is weighted average of exchange rate before currencies of India's major trading partners.REER : Real Effective Exchange rate is when weight of inflation is adjusted with NEEREEF : Exchange Fund Facility is a service provided by IMF to its member countries that authorises them to raise any amt of foreign exchange from it to fulfill BoP crisis but on conditions of structural reforms. Total foreign currencies an economy possesses at any point is called forex. Consists of FCA + Gold Reserves + Special Drawing Rights SDRs + Reserve Tranche Position in IMF In Forex reserves most is Foreign Currency Assets FCAs > Gold Reserves > SDR + Reserve Tranche Problems with large forex Cost of acquisition is high Sterilisation cost is high. Sterilisation is form of monetary action that where reserve bank seeks to limit the effects of inflow and outflow of capital on money supply. Involves the purchase or sale of financial assets by central bank. Market risks Return is little Interest rates are high foreign inflows increases so does confidence in international financial markets. Sovereign Wealth Funds - fund of foreign currency invested in global assets. India does not have one because of inadequate forex, more borrowings. Sterilisation : A monetary action/ intervention by RBI in money market to keep money supply stable. Done through sale of fin assets to manipulate value of domestic currency relative to the foreign currency. Ex. if RBI purchases foreign currency there would be less of it in the open market and an inc of Rupee. To offset this RBI would bring out gov bonds to suck out excess Rupee. Forex market is where currencies can be bought and sold is called foreign exchange market.
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In the foreign exchange market when exchange rate of domestic currency decreases wrt to the foreign currency in a free floating exchange rate it is called Depreciation. Appreciation is when domestic currency increases in value. Devaluation and Revaluation are similar but they are done by the govt. Good Effects : Exports become competitive FIIs increase More money from loans Non Essential imports dec Bad effects : Giving back foreign loans become costly inflation rises Subsidy and Fiscal deficit rise Good Effects Imports and Borrowing becomes cheap Exports that require imported raw material become cheap Bad Effects Profits in exports in general dec Dollar interest rates were raised led to flow of money to US US-China trade war, Turkish Lira fell Inc. in global crude prices One of the policies of Trump is to oversupply dollars to weaken imports and increase exports To lower exchange rate money supply is increased or through OMO. Extreme form of OMO is called Quantitative easing Also through expansionary fiscal policy ie spending more or cutting taxes Dollarization - currency substitution to dollar Currency Board - only controls the exchange rate of a country, specific function Global Reserve Currency - Dollar was till 1960s it was the only currency pegged to gold by Bretton Woods Agreement was changed later. Hard currency is a global reserve currency that is adequately supplied and is stable. Soft Currency is easily availabe in any economy in its forex market ex Rupee. Flight of Capital : when money rapidly leaves a country Capital Control done to control inflow or outflow of foreign capital Hot currency : if any hard currency is exiting an economy at a fast pace hard currency seems to have become hot. Heated currency : Term used in forex market to denote the domestic currency which is under enough pressure of depreciation due to hard currency's tendency of exiting the economy. Aka currency under hammering. Cheap currency : When govt starts re purchasing its bonds before their maturities money that flows into the economy then is called cheap currency. This implies lower/softer interest rate regimes. Dear currency : Opposite of cheap currency when govt issues bonds, money that flows from public to govt is called dear currency. 2020-06-25 16:11:51 After independence : import substitution and self-reliance model 80s : easing trade restriction to promote competitiveness 90s : LPG, devaluation and convertibility of Rupee Now : tariff reforms, cutting customs duty, import without licenses IN export declined continuously from 1948 to 1980 Generate additional economic activity Promote exports Promote investment from domestic and foreign sources Employment generation, dev infra Facilities and Incentives given to SEZ : duty free imports and domestic procurement, operation and maintenance. 100% tax free from 1st 5 years, 50% for next 5. Exemption from central, state sales tax. Single window clearance for Centre/ state approvals. Respond to external challenges and rapidly changing trade scenario. Promotion of exports through schemes, New policies ex MEIS and SEIS were introduced. Advance authorisation to allow duty free import of inputs. Measures were adopted to nudge procurement of capital goods from indigenous manufacturers under EPCG scheme by reducing specific export obligation to 75% of normal export obligation. Measures to boost exports of defence and hi tech firms. Interest equalisation scheme, Niryat Bandhu scheme Agri Export policy 2018: Diversify export, promote indigenous, organic, ethnic, non-traditional agri products. IN had $330 billion an increase of 8.75%. Mineral Fuel Gems Machinery including computers Vehicles Organic Chemicals Pharmaceuticals. Iron and Steel, Clothing and Gems and Precious metals declined. US UAE China Hong Kong. Software services accounted for more than 45% To boost service sector identif export destination is imp Create a brand India image Better dissemination of information foreign exhibition to Indian companies Resolving visa related issues Timely delivery of quality service USD 514bil an inc of 10.4% Mineral Fuels Gems Electrical Machinery Organic Chemicals Plastics Iron and Steel IN trade surplus w/ US Bangladesh Nepal Netherlands SL IN trade deficit with China $60bil KSA $23bil Iraq Switzerland WTO, GATS and India Mode 2 services are 'consumption abroad' Long term plan to attract foreign tourists, Expansion of healthcare services esp to border areas Raise standards of Indain academic institution with FDI policies WTO, GATS and Mode 3 'commercial presence' Scope in Finance, banking, insurance, legal, accounting Trading Across Border of WB parameter asses the time taken in clearing imported and export goods and cost involved GST and Exports No GST charged for exports IGST is levied on import and Basic Customs Duty is levied Market Access Initiative MAI scheme fin support for medium term export promotion. Market Development Assistance MDA : provide fin assistance for export promotion FOB - Free on Board value is value of goods excluding carriage, insurance and freight Served from India : create brand eligibility based on min forex earning Focus Market Scheme FMS - to offset high freight cost Focus Product Scheme FPS - incentivise exports which have high employment intensity in rural and semi urban areas Hitech Products export promotion scheme GS1 (Global Standard) India : NPO to spread awareness and guide on adoption of global standards in supply chain management Advance Authorisation Scheme : issued to allow duty free import of inputs that are physically incorporated into export products. Interest Equalisation Scheme : Impremented by DG of Foreign trade through RBI for pre and post Shipment Rupee Export Credit. 3% pa interest equalisation is made to eligible exporters. For MSME it is 5%. Transport and Marketing Assistance TMA : for specified agricultural products to mitigate disadvantage of higher cost of transportation. Duty Free Import Authorisation DFIA : on post export basis for products for which standard input output norms have been notified. It is similar to AAS.
Board of Trade : chaired by Mo Commerce advises gov on Foreign Trade policy and how to boost India's exports. #body
Inter State Trade Council : to ensure continuous dialogue with state gov and UT's to boost export. #body
Export Promotion council : NPOs they perform advisory and executive roles. #body
Commodity boards : Do Commerce responsible for production, development and export of tea, coffee, rubber, spices and tobacco. #body Agricultural and processed Food products Export Development Authority APEDA Marine Products Export Development Authority MPEDA - EXIM Bank - Finances Indian exports. Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India Ltd ECGC - provides insurance cover. to reduce customs tariff and non-tariff barriers. Can also cover IPR, investment, gov procurement etc. Preferential Trade Agreement PTA - ex India - Mercosur PTA is a South American trade bloc consists of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay.
Diff is that FTA there is negative list on which duty is not reduced or eliminated in PTA positive list duty is reduced. #important Major difference b/w CECA and CEPA is that CECA involve tariff reduction eliemination in a phased manner on all items except negative list and tariff rate quota TRQ itmes. CEPA is a wider term and is followed after a CECA agreement. India and UAE signed a CEPA 90% of India's exports to UAE will have duty free access to the Emirates. UAE is 3rd biggest partner of India. consists of services, goods, IPR, competition, investment, competition etc Includes Mutual Recognition Agreements MRAs covering regulatory regimes, professional qualification Customs Union - have a common external tariff against non-members Common market - Customs Union has provision to facilitate free movement of labour and capital Economic Union is a Common Market further harmonisation of fiscal/monetary policies and shared judicial/executive and legislative institution ex EU Early Harvest scheme EHS is a precursor to FTA RCEP - FTA b/w ASEAN and six other Asia Pacific states. India refused to join Exports and Employment States and Export Efforts : ASIDE - dev of infra SEZ set up by the states AEZ set up in states for agro exports Letter of Undertaking LoU bank guarantee allows its customer to raise money from another banks foreign branch. Short term credit LoC Letter of Credit says that person is creditworthy/bankable Letter of Comfort - reassurance to the lending institution that the Parent company is aware South-South Trade - developing countries trade with one another Quantitative Restriction - other than tariff viz quota, licensing requirements and canalization protect domestic economy against competition, example the social laws brought by WTO to exclude imports from developing countries on the grounds of labour laws, child labour, human rights, weak green laws etc Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures SPS to protect from pests, toxins etc Technical barriers Forfaiting - purchasing of receivables from exporters as well as the risk associated Deemed export - inputs and concessions given for export promotion EPCG - Export Promotion Capital Goods EPCG scheme - gives manufacturer facility for imp of capital goods for export production Exchange Earners Foreign Currency EEFC Account Scheme - retain a portion of their export in foreign exchange ITC HS - Indian Trade Classification (Harmonised System) - classifies products for purpose of export and import Counter Trade - international barter what gov owes to foreign lenders from Borrowings/loans abroad, NRI deposits, international FIs etc, trade credit.
#concept FDI, FPI and Depository receipts are non-debt creating but FII in Gsec is external debt. IMF 2021 data projects debt to GDP of 90% focus on monitoring long and short term debt, raising sovereign loans w/ longer maturities regulating ECBs, encourage Rs denominated bonds viz Masala Bonds rationalising interest rates on NRI deposits
#important currency risk is borne by the creditor not by borrower; it is risk arising from appreciation depreciation of nominal exchange rate Comprises of :
Rupee debt mostly was extended by USSR to IN, repayment was through export of good to RUS #TIL Rs denominated NRI deposit FII in Gov treasury bill and dated security and in corporate debt security Indian entities can raise money in Rs. no currency risk, diversity funding sources, cost of borrowing lower than domestic market. stable exchange rate, constant inflation levels are required for better returns. step to internationalise Rs, facilitate full rupee convertibility. Are efforts by nations aimed at deepening economic relations with neighbouring countries and are mostly political in nature. India was part of 16 RTAs and 10 FTAs and 6 PTAs. 10 FTAs that India is member is are : Sri Lanka SAFTA Nepal Bhutan Thailand South Korea CEPA ASEAN CECA Japan CEPA Malaysia CECA 6 Preferential Trade Agreements that India is a mem are : 11. APTA 12. GSTP 13. SAARC 14. India Afghanistan 15. India MERCOSUR 16. India-Chile
legy212.pdf - International Trade | Economic Geography]]>01-subject-wise-notes/💶-economy/007-external-sector-and-foreign-trade.html01 Subject Wise Notes/💶 Economy/007 External Sector and Foreign Trade.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>3.2 Ocean Acidification and Ocean Depletion programs etc. Amber Box : trade distorting given for welfare, 5% of value of production for developed countries and 10% for developing ones
MSP comes under Amber box, problem is that WTO calculates Inflation with 1986-88 as base date with lower numbers and leads to data variation b/w IN and them Blue Box : subsidies are direct payments for production limiting S&D Box : Social and Development box that allows developing countries for some subsidies to agriculture sector under certain condition revolving around human development issues ex poverty. Export Subsidies : limiting them to control prices, being phased out Market Access : reduce tariff and remove non-tariff barriers Special Products : are exempted from tariffs Special Safeguard Mechanism SSM - impose tariff on certain goods for certain period of time Safeguard duty : emergency action against increased import to particular products that may have harmed domestic industry. Ex dumping of Steel by JP, CN, SKR in India Countervailing duties : against products whose exports are heavily subsidised by exporting countries Anti-Dumping Duty : TRIPS - for protection of IP, Designs, patents etc
Patents Amendment Act 2005 - For foods, chemicals and pharmace8/uticals
Compulsory licensing is when gov can ask for production and sale of drugs at concessional rates during public Health crisis by temporary overriding a patent and giving license to other country Parallel importing when it does not have manufacturing capacity Incremental innovation/ ever-greening Voluntary licensing - allows selling/manufacture of drugs by Indian companies in any of the 91 voluntary license companies Sui generis means generating by itself or of itself, companies can protect their patents under either TRIPS of any other domestic system GI system Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority APEDA can protect intellectual property Protection of Plant Variety and Farmers Act 2001 - civil and criminal remedies for enforcement of breeders rights, compensation for village/rural communities. regulations that govern trade in services is one of the 3 agreements along with AoA and TRIPS. Covers 4 modes of supply : Cross border supply Consumption abroad Commercial Presence Presence of natural person
Rich nations in the WTO are trying to frame regulations for e-commerce. IN is opposing due to data localisation issues, bad for MSMEs, 004 Taxation in India of digitally traded goods established terms and conditions for private investment, allow for an alternative dispute resolution mechanism. India terminated BITs signed with 58 countries New BIT was to be negotiated where appellate would be local first then international Earlier Companies filed many international complaints Also IN is not a member of International Centre for settlement of Investment Dispute ICSID World Bank Solar Panel issue - IN wanted developers of power project to source from locally manufacturers. US challenged and won against this H1B and L1 visa fees were hiked by USA - IN objected against it being against MFN norms under GATS. Generalised System of Preference GSP - duty free entry to products from LDCs US objected to restriction in trade to their medical device and dairy industry determine country of origin Preferential ROO are part of FTAs so that benefit is not enjoyed by a third party Non-Preferential is for imposition of quotas, anti-dumping duties Trans Pacific Partnership TPP RCEP is an FTA for 10 ASEAN and its FTA partners African Continental FTA US-Mexico-Canada USMCA or NAFTA 2.0 European Free Trade Association EFTA South Asian FTA Mercosur b/w Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay Andean Community of Nations CAN - South America Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS Southern African Dev Community India is putting forward concerns with the Dispute Settlement system of WTO Emphaised the importance of special and differential treatment provisions as being essential for better integration of the developing world. G - 10 : major food importing economies G -20 : bloc of developing countries with exporting and defensive interests G - 33 : developing countries that need to protect farmers interest (defensive) G -90 : Least Dev. Countries Protect companies in their infant stage For public interest and social good Economy is in crisis and politically becomes necessary to US opposition : blocking appointment to DSB, unilateral trade and tariffs Growing protectionism Anti-Globalisation feelings Asian Clearing Union : facilitate payments through a common unit of account the Asian Monetary Units ACP countries - 70 developing countries that have preferential access to EU market
AMS - Aggregate Measure of Support shows the extent of support provided by gov to agriculture sector Beggar thy neighbour is a policy where one nation develops at the expense of others Cairns group - 17 mem dedicated to agricultural trading system NAMA : Non-agricultural market access like industrial goods is part of WTO provision that deals with idea of encouraging market reach of non agri goods. Many developing countries have opposed this. Non-tariff barriers - quantitative, import licensing, standards and conformance Tariff escalation - inc with each level of processing Tariff peaks - done on particular products are significantly high, Tariff quotas - lower tariff on certain volume of product Countries designate themselves as developed, developing or Least Developed. This can be challenged by other countries. WTO recognises LDCs as those that have been designated so by UN. Advantages of 'Developing' status : Some WTO agreements provide them with longer transition periods to fully implement agreements. Helps other members decide on giving GSP preferences. Swiss Formula : prescribes higher/ steeper cut for higher tariffs and lower cuts on lower tariff this is a non linear form of tariff reduction. Developing countries that have high tariff are at disadvantageous position. Dispute redressal mechanism crisis -> no new members are being appointed to the appellate body, could become defunct. It is a 7 mem, judgement is binding for trade disputes mem have 4yr term, for smooth trade. US blocking appointment and reappointment of members a min 3 members req for its functioning. US says the body is unfair. Backlog cases, no appeal implement, unfair rulings. Situation not good in IN agri. Way : majority vote but US repercussion problem. SK no longer wants special treatment reserved for developing countries, developing status ensures special and differential treatment (S&DT) allow them more time to implement agreements and commitments, including measures to inc trading opprotunities, safeguard their trade interests. S&DT is for Developing countries. Dispute regarding developing and under developing status. Bangladesh has more per capita than IN but still has under developed status. China has developing status. 2020-06-09 18:57:04 Set up in 1944 led to formation of IBRD/World Bank and IMF (promote and maintain monetary stability) by USA, UK and other 42 countries. They were also known as Bretton Woods twins having HQ at Washington DC, USA. Board of Governors is the highest decision making body it consists of 1 Governor and 1 Alternate Governor from each member country. For India Finance Minister is Ex-officiao Governor while RBI Governor is alternate governor. Day to day mgt of IMF is carried out by MD who is Chairman of Board of Executive Directors -> this board has 24 directors appt/electre International Monetary and Financial Committee IMFC : provides strategic direction to work and policies Development Committee : advise on critical development and on financial resources Main function is to facilitate international monetary cooperation, promote exchange rate stability, assist in estd of multilateral system of payments and elimination of forex restrictions. to lend during BoP crisis, surveillance of development etc, check money laundering Problem of having US dominate a global reserve system is that it can lead to global volatility during times of crisis also US monetary policy change impacts the whole world IMF reviews members quota every 5 years. India's quota as mentioned below accounts to about SDR 13,114.4 million of which 25% is paid through cash and 75% in securities.
FATF works to generate necessary political will to bring legislative and regulatory change India needs IMF for technical training, capacity building, diversify its forex for greater safety. One policy for all countries Conditionality with borrowing Failed to predict global recession in 2008 Chiang Mai initiative is a currency reserve pool of ASIAN, China, Japan, Hong Kong and South Korea to manage regional short term liquidity problem BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement CRA currency reserve arrangement, capital of $100bil G-10 countries that have agreed to participate in the General Arrangement to Borrow GAB G-15 cooperation in the areas of investment trade and opportunity. India is founding mem G-20 G-24 G-77 - developing countries 2020-06-09 18:57:12Is a group of 5 international organisations : IBRD and IDA make the World Bank 1960 - long term interest free loans to 80 poorest countries and to develope infrastructural support among the member nations, long term lending for development of economic services. Loans are mostly give to countries with per capital less than $895 for a period of 35-40 yrs, interest free. Funds from richer countries, size of $75bil Was set up in 1956 and is aka private arm of WB Promotes private sector investment particularly developing countries floated the Masala bond in the global credit market to fund Indian companies Set up in 1988 insures investors against non-commercial and political risk thereby encouraging foreign investment in developing economies. It also provides technical assistance to help countries disseminate information on investment opportunities. It was set up in 1966 is an investment dispute settlement body whose decisions are binding on the parties. Once parties have consented to arbitration they cannot withdraw consent unilaterally. IN is not a mem started functioning in 1945. Oldest WB institution focused on post war development and later in dev of middle income and credit worthy poorer economies. Human Dev was the main focus with a very low interest rate. India is the 7th largest share holder with voting power of 2.91% Indian constitution does not allow external borrowing by state so centre borrows and lends to them To be a member of WB it is necessary to be a mem of IMF WB is a development institution and IMF seeks to maintain an orderly system of payment and receipts b/w nations In World Bank Democratise IBRD and IDA Merit based appointment of head of IMF irrespective of nationality Need to replenish capital base of soft loans of IDA that disburses soft loand and IBRD that gives out concessional ones. Merit based selection of WB president Overhauling operational criteria In IMF Expand role of IMF and increase its resource base Made SDR more central to global monetary system Reorient global trade agenda Eliminate the veto of US in key decisions Broadening application of double majority voting as way to inc role of smaller mem Revising the rule of quota and vote distribution Transforming the Board of Directors from bureaucratic body to high level policy decision making forum of ministers.
HQ - Manila, PHI est din 1966 it is a regional dev. bank. Admits members from UNESCAP UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific and non-regional developed countries. Has 68 members, 49 from Asia 19 from outside Japan = USA > China > India > Australia are largest holder of shares. India voting share is 6.331% with a voting power of 5.363%. Oridnary Capital Resources OCR that is part of the ADB which grants loans to countires. India holds the positions of Executive Director on the Board of Directors of the Bank. Finance Minister is India's governor on the Board of governors of the ADB and Secy is Alternate Governor. Eurozone - 19 of the 27 EU members make a monetary union
Post war Organisation for European Economic Cooperation OEEC was estd in 1947 to run the Marshall Plan. After the sucess of OEEC and realising the importance of interdependence the OECD was formed in 1960. OECD has a total of 38 members India is not a member and Turkey and Japan are the only 2 members from Asia
Fortaleza declaration. The declaration also brought one nation one vote prescription for the proposed bank. Initial subscribed capital was $50billion that was to be raised to Authorised capital of $100bil, equally distributed. Capital base was to be used to fund infrastrcuture and sustainable development projects in BRICS countries. Contingent Reserve Arrangement CRA of $100bill to be created to provide additional liquidity protection to mem nations BoP problems. CRA funded 41% by China, 18% each from Brazil, India and Russia and 5% from South Africa. HQ in Shanghai In 2018 got observer status in UNGA, Votes based on shares no Veto Officially launched in 2014 China and 21 other Asian nations as founding members. India is also a founding member. HQ in Beijing aims to improve social and economic outcomes in Asia and beyond. China holds heighest 26.61% share, India holds 7.6%, Russia 6.01%. Regional Countries have 75% of total voting power. Has 105 members. 57 founding members. Starting capital was $100billion with an aim of commercial financing of infrastructure. Main organ is the Board of Governors and Board of Directors. HQ in London, only helps countries with multi party democracies Members from all over, total 69 countries and EU + European Investment Bank India joined as the 69th member in 2018 as a shareholder but will not accept financing ]]>01-subject-wise-notes/💶-economy/008-international-economic-organisation-and-india.html01 Subject Wise Notes/💶 Economy/008 International Economic Organisation and India.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>1.3 Infrastructure, Liberalisation, Land Reforms in India > Static Infrastructure - Energy Ports Roads Airports Railways etc Investment Models It is the backbone of supply chain and includes transportation, inventory management, warehousing, materials handling, packaging and integration of information. It is largely unorganised Is around $215 billion growing at the rate of 8%. Gives employment to more than 22 million people. A 10% cut in logistics cost could boost up export by 5-8%. 2 major issues associated with it are Rental Housing and Vacant Housing Rental housing Important for horizontal and vertical mobility. share of rental housing has been declining in India since indepedence Vacant Housing Mumbai has most vacant houses of 0.5 million then Delhi and Bengaluru Reasons could be unclear property rights, weak contract enforcement and low rental yields. India needs a holistic housing policy capable of resolving existing constraints and issues. Launched to provide pucca houses with basic amenities to all eligible urban poor. Performance 32 lkh houses have been completed, High Participation, funding through NUHF, funding mechanism under NHB and refinancing from HFCs It is being implemented through 4 verticals Through In situ slum development where GOI gives a grant of 1 lakh per hosue. Promote credit linked subsidy CLSS for EWS and Lower Income Group. Affordable Housing Partnership AHP ie PPP model for creation of the houses. beneficiary led individual house construction / enhancement BLC promotes houses for EWS individuals under Central assistance of 1.5 lakh 03-01-2022 14:08
#todo Growth has moderated to 6.9% in 2020 from 7.5 last year and contributed around 55% of GVA. FDI inflows into services sector has increased significantly reaching 2.3rd of total FDI flow in the country. Trade in Services Services growth rate had annual growth rate of 6.4% and services improt inc 7.9% Traditional services export ex transport, value added services has declined Share of travel services has inc over the past decade. But there is deficit in education services with education imports. Commercial Services Exports : are total service exports minus exports of government services not included elsewhere India ranks 8th in worlds largest commercial services exporters and grows at more than 1%. Tourism There was a brief deline in this sector in 2019 due to Coronavirus from 5.2% to 2.7%. Forex earnings have also decreased. Top 5 states that had the highest domestic tourists were TN, UP, Karnataka, AP and Maharashtra Top 5 state having highest foreign tourists were TN, Maharashtra, UP, Delhi and Rajasthan. Govt steps to inc tourism includes e-Tourist Visa for 46 countries has shown year on year 21% growth. IT-BPM By March 2019 size was about $177 billion. IT constituted 51% and Software and engineering services 20.6%. About 83% of it is export driven out of which 55% is IT services and rest is Software Products & Engineering. USA is the largest destination. Ports and Shipping Services Thera are 14 major seaports in India and mroe than 200 non major seaports. Total capacity of ports is 1,500 Million Tonnes per Annum MTPA. Overall traffic handled is decreasing since 2018. Turnaround time of ships is a key indicator of efficiency of the ports sector had declined continuously and is lowest in ports like Cochin, New Mangalore, Chennai etc. Turnaround time is defined as the time taken by the ship to reach the anchorage of a port and then sailing out from the birth. It is currently in 2020 2.1 days for India and globally median as per UNCTAD is 0.97 days. Space Sector India spends about $1.5 billion on its space project. It includes design, dev of launch vehicles, related technologies, satellites etc. Key areas for India have been Satellite communication, Earth observation, Satellite aided navigation ex GAGAN and NavIC. Private investments are needed in areas of : Production of PSLV Satellite Integration and assembly Production of composite assembly Production of solid, liquid, cryogenic and semi cryogenic propellants. Offshore Fund Management Offshore funds are mutual fund/ collective investment schemes that invest in overseas or international markets. On shoring the fund management companies from tax havens such as Hong Kong etc to India would benefit in the following ways : Contribute to Asset management industry. Potential here is upto $217 billion. Employment for high skilled finance professionals. Increased management fee for service providers. Challenge : Stringent eligibility conditions under Income tax act to get registered in India. It leads to dual compliance burden for offshore investors since they also need to register with RBI and SEBIIssue of domestic barriers and regulations They include licensing requirements, licensing procedures, qualification requriements, qualification procedures and technical standards. Interstate movt of goods; Multimodal Transportation of Goods Act 1993 needs revision; restrictions on free movt of cargo b/w Inland Container Depots and Container Freight Stations and Ports. Certains states have not repealed Urban land Ceiling Act which had hindered acquisition of land and construction. Restrictions are also there on floor area ratio. Number of statutory audits of companies is limited to 20. FDI is also not allowed in the Accountancy services sector. FDI is not permitted in Legal services and international law firms are not authorised to advertise and open offices in India. New Medical colleges have restriction of having atleast 25 acres of land and Load factor regulations hinder it. 2020-11-06 16:36:55 Issues faced by software sector - changes in exchange rate, changes in global IT spending, Stringent US visa norms, rising cost pressures due to inc in local hiring Advantages of bringing Offshore fund Mgt to on-shore Inc in value of asset managed, could generate employment for high skilled finance professionals fee received for managing would inc export Foreign tourist arrivals has decreased, most preferred destination is TN, MAHA, UP etc IT BPM services, revenue decreased Port and Shipping services - 1% share in total worlds fleet, port capacity of 1452 million tonnes, halving of turnaround time Space Sector Low spending, high success rate Sat Com, Earth Observation, Sat aided Navigation are key areas of focus Private investment is required 2020-06-25 16:10:21 Industrial Policy Resolution 1948 Accepted the imp of both private and public sector, also role of cottage industries divided industry in 4 catergories - w/ state monopoly, mixed sector, gov control sectors, private enterprise India was to be a mixed economy IPR 1956 Accelerate rate of growth, speed up industrialisation, dev heavy industries, expansion in public sector reduce disparities in Income and Wealth, dev of competitive cooperative sector, prevent concentration of Business Compulsory licensing for industries Reservation of Industries was done Schedule A where center was given complete monopoly Schedule B state govt was supposed to take up initiatives followed up by private sector. Schedule C all Industrial areas not included in above 2 were put into this. Many of these industries had compulsory licensing Industries Dev and Regulation Act 1951 Regulate industrial investment, production, protection of small scale industries, prevent monopoly in few hands, balanced growth Restrictive provisions, Registration mandatory, examination monitoring of Industries, cancellation of licenses MRTP Act 1969 It was repealed by the Competition act 2002 Was enacted in 1969 on recommendation of Dutt Committee. Objective was to ensure operation of economic system does not result in the concentration of economic power in hands of few rich. prohibit monopolistic and restrictive practices and control monopolies It was not applicable to Govt companies, Trade Unions, Coys under Central or State Act, Coys registered under Cooperative societies act. It set up the MRTP Commission to enforce the act. It was a quasi judicial body. Problems of Excessive Restriction imposed Underutilisation of wastage, licensing requirements, discretionary powers to grant licences corruption and rent seeking, Rise of corporate Bureaucratic nexus, Regional imbalances with some states, killing of competition Industrial Policy Statement 1973 : Classification of certain Industry as core industry. Private sector could apply for industries in not in Schedule A. Some industries were put under reserved list that only small or medium industries could be set up. Concept of Joint sector developed FERA act to regulate foreign exchange was passed. Limited permission to foreign investment was given. Industrial Policy Statement 1977 Indira Gandhi govt had falled and Morarji Desai was the new PM under the influece of his political ideology ie the Gandhian Socialistic views was put forward. Foreign investment in unnecessary areas were prohibited Emphasis on village industries and redefined small and cottage industries. Democratic decentralisation was emphasised and Khadi and village industry was set up. Liberalisation measures in 1980 Industrial Policy statements of 1980, 1985 and 1986 was passed. Exemption from licensing, relaxation of MRTP act FERA regulations, Delicensing of large industries, Re endorsed, promotion of economies of scale, dev of backward areas Incentives given to exporters, promotion of small scale industries, New Industrial policy 1991 New Industrial Policy 1991 major structural break for IN economy, aims to carry forward gains already made in industrial sector, correct existing market distortion, provide gainful and productive emp Abolishment of Industrial licensing, only 5 now require alcohol, cigarettes, hazardous chemicals, defence, electronics aerospace etc Reduced role of public Sector, reserved for Public sector reduced from 17-8, Entry of foreign firms and investment, FDI allowed in capital goods, metallurgical, electronics, FPI Other important liberalisation measures - in industrial location, abolishment of phased manufacturing program, removal of mandatory convertibility National Manufacturing Policy 2011 Inc mfg growth to 14-15% in medium term, inc share of mfg GDP by 25% by 2022 Create 100mil jobs, skill dev, inc domestic value addition, inc global competitiveness Create enabling env for Mfg sector, simplification of business env, National Investment and Mfg zones NMIZ announced Incentives for SMEs; Industrial training and skill up gradation; Rationalisation and simplification of business regulations. Make in India (similar to NMP) Inc mfg to 25%, counter jobless growth, come out from middle income trap, service led growth Gov Initiatives - improve east of doing business, opening of new sectors for FDI, new and improved infra, strengthening IPR, Industrial corridors, FDI, Ease of Laws, Rules, Regulations, Investment security Need : Investing in R&D, Skilling of youth in Big data, AI, Robotics etc, Dev of core infra, reforming labour laws, judicial reforms, promote well dev globally integrated fin markets, etsd flexible exit policy, well dev capital and debt bond, promote dev of young innovative entrepreneurship Departmental undertaking ex Railways, postal dept. Not formed with consent of legislative authority but by executive decision. Expenditure from CFI through annual budget. Statutory Corporation ex ONGC, IOCL etc. By an act of legislature. Enjoy legal autonomy, rules, functions, duties defined by act of Parliament. Registered under the Companies act 2013. CPSE overall net profit is growing, they contribute through payment of dividend interest, corporate taxes, excise etc. Supply services like power, irrigation etc Model employer Reduce regional economic imbalance Non-inflationary growth process is facilitated In Divestment no change in management takes place In Strategic investment the management is handed over to Private sector Corporatisation is when Gov units are reorganised along business lines to focus on profit maximisation. Advantages of Disinvestment Helps restructuring PSEs Additional finances for social sector Market discipline inc making them more efficient Maintain Fiscal discipline Discounted Cash Flow is a method of valuing business based on its stream of future profits or cash flows Buy Back of shares from existing shareholders is a type of disinvestment Gives exit route to shareholders Enhance consolidation of stake Return surplus cash to holders Cross Holdings PSE - Exchange Traded Funds - equity of PSEs is sold to private fund manager who floats it on the stock exchange. Ex Bharat 22 ETF Token Disinvestment : symbolic selling of stocks of PSU to the tune of 5-10%.Strategic Disinvestment : is the transfer of ownership and control of a public sector entity to private sector.IPO, FPO (Further Public Offering) : IPO is the process of offering shares of a private corporation to the public. Further Public offering is the issuance of shares to investors byt a company already listed on a stock eschange.Offer for Sale : Shares are bought directly from the owners/promoters of the company this takes places in a stock exchange. Anyone including retail investors, companies, FIIs etc could bid on these.Strategic Sale : Process of selling a substatial portion ie 50% or more of ownership and control of a company.CPSE Exchange Traded Fund ETF : They are mutual funds that invests mainly in shares of govt owned companies or CPSEs.Cross Holding : Is when a publicly traded corporation owns stock in another publicly traded company.Current Disinvestment Policy : - promote public ownership of PSUs - Gov to hold minimum 51% shares in minority stake sale. DIPAM to identify such PSUs - Strategic disinvestment to be done after consultation with NITI Aayog. NITI to identify such PSUs. Earlier til 2000 proceeds used to go towards fulfilling budgetary requirements. From 2000 - 2003 fulfilling budget deficit and other purposes such as re investment in PSEs, pre payment of public debt and on social sector. 2005 National Investment Fund was formed and in 2009 it was restructured. National Investment Fund. this fund was to be operated outside the Consolidated Fund of India and was to be of a permanent nature. 75% of annual income of the fund was to be used to finance social sector schemes. Fund was to be professionally managed. From 2009 for 3 years disinvestment proceeds was not to be submitted into the account and instead was to be used for selected social sector schemes. Since 2013 Disinvestment Proceedings are credited to it and is utilised for : Subscribing to shares of CPSEs to ensure 51% ownership through rights basis and through preferential allotment. Recapitalisation of PSBs and Insurance companies. Investment in RRBs/IIFCL/NABARD/Exim. Investment in RRBs, IIFCL, NABARD, Exim Bank. Equity infusino in metro projects, Investment in BNVNL. Manages Central gov investment in equity and disinvestment of equity. Advise on financial restructuring of CPSEs. Proceeds of to give more powers to Boards to facilitate expansion of their operation. Eligibility Navratna status Listed in stock exchange Annual turnover avg last 3 yrs more than Rs 25,000 cr. Avg annual turnover for last 3 yrs more than Rs 15,000 cr Avg annual net profit after tax last 3 yrs Rs 5,000 cr Significant global presence Maharatnas are 8 in no BHEL Coal India GAIL IOCL NTPC ONGC BPCL Navratnas - gives autonomy to PSEs to compete with Private Sector. Ex HPCL, MTNL, EIL, BEL, BPCL, HAL etc Miniratnas Amendment of Article 12 that defines PSEs as part of the state having the obligation to welfare of citizens and employees. Appointment of CEOs and other Board members for longer periods and ensuring their tenure. Multiple audits decrease the initiative and spontaneous decision making. Ministry should not try to micromanage the affairs of PSEs. Burdened with sick units - should be able to spin off loss making units or close operations. Ad-hoc Group of Experts AGE report on Public Enterprises: Greater autonomy. Centres PSUs to have truly independent boards. Ministries should not interfere. Supplementary audits by CAG should be an exception rather than the rule. Accountability of PSEs to the Parliament. Steel Industry IN 2nd biggest producer of steel, 3rd largest consumer. Global demand for steel has been falling since 2015 which has led to dumping of steel in Indian market. It has higher borrowings, higher raw material costs with lower productivity. Measures by govt - Inc in custom duty - Anti dumping duty on steel imports from China, Malaysia and S Korea. - Safeguard custom duty of 20% on hot rolled steels. - Minimum import price on steel products - Reduce export dutyAluminium Industry 2nd largest producer, 3rd largest consumer World Al prices have dropped and imports have increased Capacity increase in CN and slowdown of global growth Indian capacity has also inc but consumption has not and neither have production costs. Footwear and Apparel India has under performed as compared to their East Asian counter parts who have seen growth of 20% and in some cases even 50%. Could be used for social transformation through women empowerment China's space is being vacated and is being filled by Bangaldes, Myanamar, Vietnam. Indian apparel companies are relocating to these countries. Logistics cost of tranporting goods from factory to destination is higher Labour laws issues : overtime wages to be paid at double the ordinary rate Lack of flexibility in part time work mandatory contribution ex employee funds etc results is lower disposable salary. Tax and Tariff policies impede India's export competitiveness ex higher tax on non-leather footwear and lower on leather ones. Discrimination in export market ex US and EU have imposed tariffs on Indian tarrifs but Bangladesh and Vietnat attract zero tarrif in EU. Export of Cattle hides is declining from India due to lower cattle slaughter. FDI policy in Manufacturing sector
Make in India aims to attract both capital and technological investment in India to become top FDI destination. Focus on job creation and skill enhancement in 25 key sectors viz automobiles, aviation, biotech. it wants to facilitate investment, foster innovation, have best in class mfg infrastructure, improve EoDB and enhance skill development. Focus on 27 secots under MII2.0 where 15 sectors are covered b DPIIT and 12 sectors by Do Commerce. Mo Commerce and Industry is nodal agency. Steps taken by govt Portal of dissemination of information and interaction with investors has been created to generate awaress about investment opportunities. Invest India set up as investment facilitation agency. Investment Facilitation cell Start up India and Stand up India campaigns have been launched. For MSME promotion India Aspiration Fund set up under SIDBI, SIDBI Make in India Loal for Small Enterprises SMILE started to give out equity based loans, MUDRA bank loans. Issues aimed at capital intensive manufacturing, not labour intensive ones, protectionist approach mfd and construction sectors are losing jobs



]]>01-subject-wise-notes/💶-economy/009-industry-and-infrastructure.html01 Subject Wise Notes/💶 Economy/009 Industry and Infrastructure.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure> ^e27410" data-href="3.1 Welfare Schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the centre and States and performance of these schemes, mechanisms, laws, institutions and bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of vulnerable sections.#^e27410" href="05-gs-2/3.-social-justice/3.1-welfare-schemes-for-vulnerable-sections-of-the-population-by-the-centre-and-states-and-performance-of-these-schemes,-mechanisms,-laws,-institutions-and-bodies-constituted-for-the-protection-and-betterment-of-vulnerable-sections..html#^e27410" class="internal-link" target="_self" rel="noopener nofollow">PMGSY, Bharatmala, SAUBHAGYA -> PM Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana, DDY, PMAY, Aspirational Districts. Income when conc in a few hands can lead to reduced demand, lower investment in education and health, damages long term economic prospects. Cumulative built over the years. Globalisation and greater opportunities for corporates. Low investment, capital intensive growth. MGNREGA PM Employment Guarantee Program PM Rozgar Protsahan Yojana DDU GKY DAY NULM Ways to improve inclusive growth Promote labour intensive sectors Encourage agro base industries, MSMEs, textile sector Provided through wage employment, food grain, old age pension, social insurance for diability. PDS system is an example. Maternity Benefit Amendment Act 2017 duration of paid leave inc from existing 12 weeks to 26 weeks. PM Suraksha Bima Yojana, Atal Pension Yojana, PM Jeevan Jyoti Yojana. PM Jan Arogya Yojana. Empowered Action Group under Mo Health and Family Welfare to check population in 8 backward states.
legy203.pdf - Human Development | Economic Geography NCERT
legy212 1.pdf - Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems]]>01-subject-wise-notes/💶-economy/010-human-development-and-burning-socio-economic-issues.html01 Subject Wise Notes/💶 Economy/010 Human Development and Burning Socio Economic Issues.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#PrelimsPYQ Integrated farming : cropping system, animal husbandry, fisheries etc together Macronutrients required by plants are - N,P,K, S, Ca, Mg Nitrogen : constituent of protein, chlorophyll. Phosphorous : enzyme to fix light energy, K for carbon assimilation and transportation of photosynthates, water regulation, Sulphur : part of amino acid builds protein Ca : cell division, growth and enlargement, pollen growth Some Micronutrients are : Fe, Zn, Vanadium Va, Ni, Si Manures : enriches nutrients, aeration of soil, inc water holding capacity Farm Yard Manure : cattle dung and urine, litter, fodder etc Compost manure - well rotted organic matter Oil cakes mostly rich in N, edible one for cattle and non-edible Bone Meal - bones of animals rich in K Fish meal - NPK Green Manuring - ploughing the green plants to soil, Green Leaf Manuring Biofertilizers - inc micro organisms Nitrogen Fixers -
Watershed Mgt : area of land and water bounded by drainage divide within which surface run off collects and flows through an outlet to a river Terracing : reduces the length of hill slide or slope to reduce erosion and formation of gullies Physical characteristics of the location where the soil is formed is called Topography Components of Soil - clay, gravel, Loam(equal mixture of clay, sand, silt and humus), Sand, silt Soil profile - vertical section of soil showing various layers(aka horizons) Sodic soils have more Sodium, pH 8.5 Acidic soils ph 6.0, H+ and Al3+ predominant pH 8.5 is called alkaline soil, regions with 25 inc rainfall Alfisol - in forest or savanna vegetation. Aridisol - found in desert Podzolisation - caused due to excessive leaching of Calcium, are acidic Laterisation - when dried become very hard, process removes silica Gleization - sticky clay formation below the sub surface layer aka hydroorphic soils Solonisation or Alkalisation is the accumulation of Sodium ions A national agriculture market is missing mostly due to lack of political will among states to put up the right kind of APMC. Need to promote corporate investment esp for farm mechanisation. Labour reforms is hurdled by long tradition of complex labour laws. R&D lacks; proper supply chain is missing Need expansion in commodity trading in agri commodities. Deceleration and achieve 4% growth rate. Inadequate {productivity, growth}, high prices, lack of credit. Crippling debt, uncertainty over weather, pests, lack of insurance. Migration and rise of feminisation of agriculture. Land fragmentation, negative terms of trade, marketing limitation. The pop dependent on agriculture has not declined. Dec in average size of landholding - dec in productivity - not permits new tech due to high cost. productivity declined. More emphasis on subsidies rather than capital assets. 5 aspects of agriculture that needs immediate attention as per NITI A. - Poor output per hectare mainly because of lack of tech - No realization of remunerative prices due to limited reach of MSP - Dec in farm size, problem of land leasing laws - Inadequate relief during natural disasters - Harness NE regions potential Capital formation helps in :Sustainable production, Tech and Infra, ensure food security, makes it profitable Focusing towards Horticulture cultivation Agriculture marketing infra, restoration of water bodies Micro {irrigation, finance, insurance} Setting up Knowledge centre in every village, create new growth poles PM Gram Sadak Yojana, Nutrient based fertilizer regime Participatory Irrigation Management PIM ensures water equitability and ensures tail enders get their fair share PIM are democratically organised association that collect water charges, collect etc. Warabandi is fixing turns for each farmer. Meteorological drought : actual rainfall in an areas is significantly less than climatological mean. Hydrological drought : depletion of surface water causes low stream flow. Agricultural drought : inadequate soil moisture and fall in agricultural productivity. If 20-40% of India is affected it is called drought year, more than 40 is severe. Region where crop production is exclusively dependent upon rainfall. mostly conc in arid and semi-arid areas, Account for more than 68% of sown area. Dryland has rainfall 75cm and more than 30% under irrigation. National Rainfed Area Authority NRAA : To improve productivity of non-irrigated agricultural land, rural agri, water resources and environment Build synergy, prepare plan States contribute 10% to SDRF rest the Centre Allocation was recom by 14th Fin commission Were classified by Planning Commission as Major Irrigation scheme covering cultivable area of more than 10,000 hectares; Medium Irrigation scheme b/w 2000-10000 hectares and Minor below 2000 hectare The ultimate irrigation potential of India is about 140 million hectares and a substantial gap b/w Irrigation Potential Created and Irrigation Potential Utilised. Irrigation efficiency : Older irrigation system has become univable due to shrotage of water, wastage of water and salination of soil. Drip and Sprinkler irrigation can improve water use efficiency, reduce cost of production, can irrigate mroe area. Programs launched to improve irrigation efficiency Micro Irrigation Fund MIF - Under NABARD, 5000 cr allocation to boost farmers income Long Term Irrigation Fund LTIF - under NABARD corpus of 20,000 cr PM Krishy Sinchayee Yojana and Per Drop more Crop. World Meteorological Organisation WMO 2020-10-22 07:57:28 Irrigation is artificial application of water, assist growth Well and Tube Well I - In UP, Bihar, TN ex shallow wells, deep wells, tube wells, artesian Advantages - cheap, easy to use, independent source, add fertility to soil Demerits - limited areas can be irrigated, depletes ground water, not enough capacity Canal Irrigation In areas of low level relief, deep fertile soils, perennial, extensive command areas in UP, PUN, HAR Inundation C - water mainly in rainy season vs Perennial Merits : perennial, saves crops from droughts Demerits : overflow during rainy, suitable for plains only Tank - Ktaka, MP, Maha, Odisha, Kerala Merits : natural, not costly, longer life span, fishing etc also carried Demerits : drying up, lifting water and carrying to field requires cost Drip : use drippers, low level, most efficient, practiced on large crops M : Fertilizer, Nutrient loss is min, field levelling not necessary, reduced leaching, recycled non potable water can be used, water application efficiency increases, soil erosion, weed growth negligible D : initial cost can be more, clogging, time, harvest, loss if not installed properly Sprinkler : sprayed in air, suitable for uneven land, shallow soils M : suitable for all types of soil, water saving, inc yield, saves land D : Higher initial cost, efficiency dec in high wind high temp Furrow - trenches are dug, difficulty is ensuring uniform dispersion, water loss Surge Irrigation type of furrow, Ditch Irrigation Sub Irrigation - water delivered from below soil, absorbed upwards M : water and nutrient conservation, labour saving D : outfitting cost is relatively high, inc presence of disease in recycle water launched to give loan assistance to the States for almost complete major/medium irrigation projects. share is 2:1 for General Category States and Special Category States, it is 3:1 also be extended to minor surface irrigation projects of special category states It has now been subsumed under PM Krishi Sinchai Yojana Soil Health : Soil Health Cards, Organic fertilizers, nutrient based fertilizer subsidy Soil Reclamation : Through watershed dev Saline and sodic land needs treatment Acidic land needs treatment using waste from industry Sulphur deficiency, organic matter def, inadequate manuring and composting ZBNF - is application of scientific research and new knowledge Krishi Vigyan Kendras by ICAR Institute Village Linkage Program IVLP by ICAR Start-up training Agribusiness centre provides paid services Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium SFAC - provides risk capital Agri Credit : Helps farmers to enhance productivity through investments in machinery, HVY seeds etc. Concerns regarding it : informal sources of credit is predominant can be curbed by DBT to replace interest subvention. Ratio of agri credi / Agri GDP has increase but share of long term credit has declined this needs to reversed. Regional disparity in distribution of agri credit esp in NE. NABARD Refinancing, supplementing resources of co-operative banks, RRBs Certain supervisory functions over co-op and RRBs Funds that are operated by NABARD are National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change NAFCC. Rural Infrastructure Development Fund RIDF to finance ongoing rural infrastructure projects under irrigation sector. Tribal Development Fund TDF to promote sustainable agriculture, social empowerment, improvement in quality of life including health and women dev in tribal area. Co-operative Banks Short term credit structure is managed by State Co-op Banks SCBs, District Central Co-op Banks DCCBs, Primary Agri Credit Societies PACSs Long term managed by State Co-op and Agri Rural Dev Banks SCARDBs and Primary CARDBs RRBs - ownership Centre 50% State 15 and Sponsor Commercial Bank 35Local Area Banks For rural and semi-rural areas Min paid up capital Rs 5 crore, promoters contribution 2cr Max 3 contiguous district as area of operation Microfinance SHGs play a dominant role here
Malegam #Committee Charge 24% interest on loans less than Rs 25,000 Create separate NBFC - Micro Finance Company 75% loans for income generation purposes National Mission on Food Processing - gives greater role to states and Uts
Kisan Credit Card (KCC) #Scheme recom of V Gupta Committee, implemented by banks, covers risk against death/ permanent disability site specific crop management or satellite farming. 3rd wave of modern Agricultural Revolution. 1st wave will increased mechanisation, 2nd will be use machine data for precise planting. Aims to optimize crop science, environmental protection, economics. Supplements family income particularly the landless labourers, provides cheap nutritional food, insurance against drought, famines and promotes sustainable agriculture. Has higher growth rate than 4.5% than farm sector, contributes 29% to agri. Dairy farming, pig farming and animal health are some of its dimensions.
guaranteed min floor price, support farmer from excess fall in prices, distress sales, on 7 cereals, 5 pulses, 8 oilseeds, Cash crops like raw cotton, Copra, Raw Jute, Virginia flu Done to incentivise farmers to adopt HYV, combat food scarcity, price fluctuations CACP decides prices on factors like Cost of production Input price Market price Demand Supply Cost of Living price level/inflation in India internationals prices and domestic prices area under crop Yield, productivity Issue price Subsidies impact Inter crop price parity terms of trade b/w agriculture and non agriculture min 50% as margin over cost of production Implication of MSP on consumers of that product. MSP is at least 1.5 times the cost of production incurred by the farmers. It is fixed twice a year on recom of CACP. A2 + FL and C2 costs are considered. A2 covers all paid out expense in cash and kind incurred by farmers on seeds, fertilisers, chemicals, hired labour, fuel and irrigation etc. FL includes value of unpaid family Labour C2 costs account for rentals and interest paid on owned land and fixed capital assets. Advantages IN emerged grain surplus country food security achieved at National Level Inc in productoin of grains food prices remained stable inc in farm income economic transformation in well irrigated areas Drawbacks biased towards Wheat Rice; change in consumption pattern more production of Wheat Rice Diversion of resources from crops like pulses, oilseeds etc inc in public stockholding etc Present scenario/Issues no mechanism on ground to ensure farmers are paid MSP implementation of CACP prices change in criteria for calculating prices should include demand side factors distorted MSP - inefficiency in system Other issues fixing MSP for political reasons low level of MSP causes agrarian crisis and farmer distress lack of viability in agri, small land holding size, low productivity, inc production cost, shrinking employment, declining growth rate Solutions Land reforms, Access to irrigation, inc productivity, insurance coverage, public investment in agri, education and skill dev, promotion of rural non-farm sector, setting up of village labour intensive industries, providing institutional credit Alternative Deficiency payment scheme ex PDPS, ensure no resale of product takes place
Recom of Swaminathan #committee changes in irrigation, productivity, credit, insurance, food security, bio resources, public investment in agri human dev, rural no farm Announced at the beginning of sowing season for Kharif and Rabi on the recom of Commission for Agri Cost and Prices CACP 24 major agri commodities, farmers sell to FCI. Procurement price during harvesting takes inflation into account. It takes into account Cost of production, Price parity, changes in Input prices, demand and supply. Criticism Need diversification from Rice and Wheat Helps big farmers, subsidy burden increasing Changing food habits towards protein
MS Swaminathan #committee headed the National commission on Farmers. Market Intervention Scheme
Market Intervention Price Scheme(MIPS) #scheme price support mech implemented on request of State gov, procurement of perishable and horticultural products during 10% fall in prices or 10% inc in production Similar to MSP Issue Price : Price at which FCI sells its foodgrains they are kept lower than the procurement price and the difference b/w them is called the food subsidy.Economic cost of foodgrains : Includes MSP, Procurement Incidentals and cost of distribution. It has inc steadily with the rise in MSP.
Shanta Kumar #committee was set up to suggest restructuring or unbundling of FBI. Open Market Sale Scheme OMSS selling in open market not to TPDS. To enhance market supply, to exercise moderating influence on market prices and offload surplus stocks. Price at which it is sold is called at Reserve price which is kept above MSP but below the economic cost of foodgrain to attract buyers. Price Stabilisation Fund launched in 2015 as a central sector scheme to support onion and potato market intervention takes place and cost is borne by centre and state equally Buffer Stock Reserve commodity to offset price fluctuation and unforseen emergencies. Done to meet minimum stock norms for food subsidy, monthly release of foodgrains through TPDS, meeting emergency, market intervention for price stabilisation. 4 months requirement under TPDS and Other Welfare Scheme are earmarked as operational stocks the surplus over it is the Buffer stock. This idea of Buffer stock was removed in 2015 and now anything over 4 mnths is treated as excess stock. Storage Food agencies do not have proper storage for even half of wheat and rice. No effective strategy to control inflation of perishables Low capacity of Cold storage Need to construct godowns implemented in PPP scheme, Construct steel silos in PPP mode, Online Depot Mgt system to improve functional efficiency. Subsidy = Price paid by farmers for key inputs - Actual retail market price It is of 2 types Direct farm subsidies and Indirect farm subsidies. Direct ones are being paid to make their product more competitive in the global market. Indirect are given in form of cheaper credit facilities, farm loan waivers, reduction in irrigation and electricity bills etc. India spends 2% of GDP on it, Fertiliser accounts for 2/3rd of it. 2 ways it is done is by providing MSP like remunerative prices, other is supplying input at lower cost ex electricity, irrigation water, credit, fertiliser Positive Impact stimulate dev, promote risk taking, encourage to use new inputs/ advance tech, keep farmers at par w/ non farming communities, providing food and nutritional security, inc access to poor farmers Negative Impact - fiscal imbalance, wastage of resources, creates trade distortions, leads to environmental degradation, benefits mostly rich farmers, inc in stockpile of grains, changes consumption pattern Fertiliser - by C gov, make fertilizer available to farmers, ensure fair returns on investment, Retention price scheme, Retention price - Maximum Selling price = Fertiliser Subsidy, Nutrient Based Subsidy Scheme, Neem Coated Urea Policy, New Urea Policy Irrigation/ Wateron usage of ground water, by providing canals, dams, low/no prices for their use Seeds - distributing seeds at lower price Power - to draw groundwater, to private parties, diff b/w price paid by farmers for usage of electricity and actual cost of generating electricity Infra - roads, storage, power, info, transport Credit - diff b/w interest charged from farmers and actual cost of providing credit Food Security It means making food available at affordable prices at all times to everyone. As per FAO report 14.5% of population is under nourished, 51% women b/w 15-49 are aneamic, 40% children under 5 are stunted. India is ranked below Pakistan, Nepal at 102 in Global hunder Index. Challenges are high population under BPL having high expenditure on food; Volatility in agricultural food production. Need to enhance food production and strengthen supply chain. APMC Act enacted by the state govts regulate agrimarkets in India. Act notifies agricultural commodities produced in region such as cereals, pulses, edible oilseed, fruits, chicken, goat, sheep, sugar etc. Such markets have places for auctions, weigh bridges, godowns, shops for retailers, canteens, roads etc. Major issues are : charging market fees from buyers and licensing fees from intermediaries. comission fees for agents which is very high and is charged on the entire value of the produce sold. high taxes at first level of trading has significant cascadin effects on commodity price. APMC is an arm of the state and market fees are taxes and has very little scope for price discovery Its operations are independent of scrutiny important positions at market committees and market board are held by politically influential people which makes them prone to corruption. Model APMC Act 2003 It provides for direct sale of farm produce by farmer Setting up special markets for specified agri commodities esp perishables. private markets can be established single levy of market fee; licenses replaced with registrations. Creation of marketing infra from revenue earned by APMC etc Model Contract Farming Act Contract farming outside ambit of APMC act. Covers all services contracts related to pre production, post production. No permanent structure on farmers land. settiling of disputes in an accessible and simple mechanism. Agri Commodity Trading aimed at stabilising prices by maket based price discovery. It is market oriented price determination. Stable prices benefit sellers, price volatilities are minimised. Stock variations due to export and import are minimised. National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange NCDEX, National Multi Commodity Exchange NMCE etc are some exchange markets. Biggest challenges are storage, logistics and financing. Upstream : Upstream stage of production process involves searching and extracting raw materials. No value addition on raw material takes place.Downstream : Involves processing of materials collected during upstream process to turn it into a finished product. It includes actual sale and has direct contact with customers through finished products.Midstream : depends on points of reference for a manufacturer considers suppliers as upstream and customers as downstream.Bottlenecks in upstream and downstream in India : Retail trading(downstream) is fragmented in India -> uncertainities, in monitoring and regulation. Outsourcing of raw material from local producer is difficult. Due to this upstream segment has remained weak. For manufacturing sector heavy dependence on unorganised sector is a challenge. Supply chain is a network between a company and its suppliers to produce and distribute a specific product to the final buyer. It is done to reduce their costs and remain competitive in the market. It covers Product developement, sourcing, production, logistics, information systems. FDI in upstream, downstream, supply chain management to get international experience and best practices. Will lead to an organised retail sector, proper levels of logistics etc.Farm Mechanisation : to reduce drudgery, save time and labour, inc productivity, minimise wastage. - India has more rural-urban migration, shift from agri to services etc - high proportion of female workforce it will enhance their safety and comfort. - quick rotation of crops will inc yields. - small holdings, access to power, credit cost and procedures, uninsured markets etc are reasons for low farm mechanisation.Seed Development : Quality of seed account for 20-25% of productivity Challenges to adoption of quality seeds are : - Inadequate research inputs - Early ripening and resistant varieties - High cost of seeds - shortage in supply of quality seeds Affordability, Availability, R&D, GM crops and seeds require immediate attention.Feritiliser :Need now is for crop responsive and balanced use of Fertilisers depending on soil health and fertility fert need micro nutrients to inc yields since Indian soils lack micro-nutrients ex by using organic fert. Nutrient mgt through judicious use, using IT etc to improe testing. Bridging gap b/w regional disparity Various Gov schemes targeting this are : DBT for fertiliser subsidies which are disbursed on basis of actual sales made by retailers to beneficiaries. New Urea Policy to maximise indigenous urea production, promote energy efficiency etc. P, K fertilisers have nutrient based subsidy NBS scheme under which fixed subsidy is given based on content Pesticide : India uses very low amt of 0.5kg per ha of pesticide. Major challenges are use w/o proper guidelines, using sub standard pesticide, lack of awareness about pesticide use.Agricultural Extension services : aims at providing timely advisory services to farmers to adopt best practices, tech etc. These services are not efficient due to lack of functional autonomy rigid hierachical structure and lack of innovation and coordination failures. Steps for improvement : Implementing new scheme or additonal outlays in existing schemes One stop shop for both software and hardware needs value added activities in the farm minimise wastage in input and produce. Govt steps are Kisan TV Agri Clinic and Agri Business National Center for Mgt of Agricultural Extension Ekta Portal etc Climate Smart Agriculture : transform agri food system towards green and climate resilient practices. CSA supports reaching towards SDG goals and Paris Agreement. It aims to sustainable increase agricultural productivity and incomes adapting and building resilience to climate change reducing and/or removing greenhouse gas emissions. 2020-10-22 08:00:43 It refers to various techniques and operations by which raw foodstuffs are transformed into food that are suitable for consumptions, cooking or storage. FPI have strong base in India due to abundant production of food articles, aromatic and medicinal plants. Constitutes about 8.83% GVA in Manufacturing and 10.66% GVA in Agriculture sector. Indias share in export of processed food globally is 2.31%. Challenges with Food Processing in India and the world : - Lower urban population of India and does not have urban food habits. - recently there has been enough awareness regarding harmful chemical used in the country - A move to vegan culture has decreased processed food marketImportance of Food processing - FP aims to make food more digestible, nutritious and extend the shelf life. - Covers all the aspect that food items go through farm to the consumers plate ex cleaning, grading and packaging. - Can create sustainable livelihoods and economic development for rural communities. - Farmers, Consumers and Economy all 3 benefit from it. - It increases opportunities in allied sectors such as supply chain management, cold storage, financing etc.Rules and Regulation - most FP enterprises do not require licenses except alcoholic drinks. - 100% FDI through automatic route. - Automatic FDI for reserved items to be manufactured by MSE's upto 24%/ FP is transforming raw ingredients into food long shelf life, conc mostly in coastal areas 2 processes In FPI Raw material - Food (Primary)and Value addition (Jams Squashes) Importance - link b/w agri and industries, absorbs major share of workers from agri, prevents wastage, processed food requires less space/storage, can be exported Adv - Resource advantage, increasing employment, curbing migration, curb food inflation, crop diversification, demand potential, driver of growth Upstream stage - involves searching and extracting RM Requirements - Accessibility to RM, Modern extraction, good linkages w/ farmers, Storage facilities , quality testing facilities, transport facilities, work force Downstream - processing of materials collected Requirements - latest processing techniques, processing machinery, quality testing facility, Org retail stores, Work force
Supply Chain Mgt Challenges : are small, lack good R&D, lack of skilled workforce, lack of right vision and support from Gov, lack of good transportation, lack of organised retail, limitation in supply chain, limitation in quality, lack of modern regulation Various govt institutions that have been established are - Indian Institute of Crop processing Technology IICPT - National Meat and Poultry Processing Board NMPPB - Indian Grape Processing Board - National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management2020-06-11 19:29:16 Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana is a Central Sector Scheme to supplement agriculture, modernize processing and decrease Agricultural waste. - will be implemented in 2016-20 Following schemes will be implemented under it : - Mega Food Parks - Integrated Cold Chain and Value Addition Infrastructure - Infrastructure for Agro-processing Clusters etc Operation Greens : objective of the project is to reduce price volatility in Tomato, Potato and Onion and to ensure their availability round the year. - Rs 500 crores to promote FPOs, Agri logistics, processing facilities etc. - NAFED is the nodal agency Mega Food Parks based on "Cluster" approach envisages a well-defined processing zone containing state-of-the art processing facilities. In General areas - One-time capital grant of 50% of the project cost upto a max of 50cr In Hilly & Difficult terrain - Capital grant of 75% of the project max 50 cr.
Trade trends in Coffee, Fresh fruits, Sugar and Spices.



]]>01-subject-wise-notes/💶-economy/011-indian-agriculture-and-food-management.html01 Subject Wise Notes/💶 Economy/011 Indian Agriculture and Food Management.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/media/agriculture-image2-00113764.png"></figure> Class - Cyclostomata : all of them are ectoparasites on some fished having elongated body, circular mouth without jaws. Body is devoid of scales, they migrate for spawning to freshwater and die after spawning. Class - Chondricythyes : have a streamlined body mouth is located ventrally. Notochord is present throughout their life. Skin has scales, jaws and predaceous in nature. Some have electric organs, poison stings and some cold blooded. Ex. Dog fish, Great White Shark, Sting Ray etc. Class - Osteichtyes : fishes with bony endoskeleton. Class - Amphibia : heart is 3 chambered and are cold blooded. Class - Reptilia : do not have external ear opening but a Tympanum for ears. 3 chambered heart but crocodiles have 4 chambered. Class - Aves : have oil glands at the base of the tail, bones have air cavities. Heart is 4 chambered and are warm blooded(homoiothermous) and able to maintain constant body temperature. Class - Mammalia : presence of milk producing glands is most common feature. Created : 2022-03-02 08:46 Roots can be either primary or secondary. Primary and its branches form the tap root system. In Monocotylednous plants primary roots are short lived and replaced by large no of roots orginating from the base of the roots and are called fibrous root system. In Banyan tree roots arise from parts other than the radicle are called adventitious roots.
Region of meristematic activity cells divide reapeatedly. Root hairs absorb mineral and water from the plant. hanging roots in Banyan tree is called prop roots and supporting roots in maize and sugarcane is called stilt roots. In some plants like Rhizhopora that dwell in swamps roots come out of the ground and grow vertically upwards these are called pneumatophores they help in respiration. Stem develops from plumule of the developing embreyo of a germinating seed they bear nodes and internodes. Nodes are regions where leaves are born and internodes are portion b/w 2 nodes. It conducts water, minerals and photosynthesis. Some also store food, support and protect vegetation. Potato, Ginger, Turmeric, Zaminkand have underground stems. Stem tendrils develop from axillary buds and grow to help plants climb. Axillary buds can also get modified into thorns. Leaf consists of 3 main parts a leaf base, petiole and lamina. Base attaches it to the stem and lateral leaf like structure are called stipules. In some plants leafbase become swollen and is called pulvinus. Petiole helps to hold the blade to the stem. Lamina or leaf blade is green extended part has veins ie the middlle midrib vein. Veins give support, transports water, minerals and food materials. Reticulate venation is when veins form a network. Paralled venation is when veins are parallel to midrib. Leaves can be simple or compound. Compound ones can be a pinnately compound leaf ie leaflets present in a common axis or Rachis having a midrib around which leaflets are arranged. Phyllotaxy is pattern of arrangement of leaves on stem or branch.
Leaves can be modified into tendrils for climbing ex peas or into spines for defence as in cacti. Leaves of onion and garlic store food. Leaves of pitcher plant and venus flytrap is used to capture insects. A flower is a modified shoot. Arrangement of flowers on the floral axis is called inflorescence. Its 2 types are racemose -> flowers grow along a radial axis and cymose -> main axis end points grow into flowers. Flower is the reproductive unit in angiosperms. The swollen end of the flower is called a thalamus. Various parts of the flower are callyx, corolla, androcium and gynoecium. Actinomorphic is when flowers are arranged in a radial symmetry and Zygomorphic is when assymetric. Hypogamous flower has gynoecium at the highest position other parts are below it. Perigynous it is situated in centre and other parts of the flower located on rim of the thalamus almost at same level. In perigynous ovary is enclosed by thalamus. Calyx : outermost whorl of flower, protects the flower in the bud stage. Gamosephalous is when sepals are united and polysephalous is sepals free. Corolla : Composed of petals usually bright colours to attract insects for pollination. Gamopetalous is when petals are united and Polypetalous is petal free. Androceium : Composed of stamens ie the male reproductive organ it consists of a stalk/filament and an anther. Anthers have 2 lobes and each lopers has 2 chambers containing the pollen sacs that produces the pollen grains. Staminode is a sterile stamen. Gynoecium : has one or more carpels each carpel consists of 3 parts Stigma, style and ovary. Ovary is the large basal part over which is a long elongated tube called the style. Style connects ovary to the stigma. Stigma contains the tip of style and is the receptive surface of the pollen grain. Arrangement of ovules within the ovary is known as placentation. Fruit is a mature ripened ovary developed after fertilisation if it is formed without fertilisation it is called parthenocarpic fruit. Wall of fruit is called pericarp it could be dry or fleshy. Ovules after fertilisation develop into seeds. Seeds are made up of seed coat and an embryo. Dicotyledonous Seed : has 2 embryonic leaves or cotyledons. Seed coat has 2 layers outer testa and inner tegmen. Hilum is scar through which it attaches to the fruit. Some seeds due to double fertilisation endosperms are formed for storing food. Monocotyledonous Seed : have single embryonic leaf ex maize. Aleurone layer seperates outer covering of endosperm with the embryonic layer. Nucleus contains chromosomes which have genes in them. Chromosomes are long thread like structures that only present themselves when the cell is about to divide. They are present as chromatin material. Nucleosome is fundamental subunit of chromatin. Nucleosome contains histones() that is wrapped by 2 turns of DNA. ]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🧑‍🔬science-and-technology/biology.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🧑‍🔬Science and Technology/Biology.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>3.1 Climate Change and Impact on India > Acid Rain Particulate Pollutants : minute solid particles or liquid droplets. Viable pollutants are bacteria, fungi, moulds, algae etc. Non viable are smoke, dust over 1 mico meter in diameter ex pulverised coal, cement and fly ash from factories. Mists that are produced by particles of spray liquids and condensation of vapurs in air. Another type of Atmospheric pollution. ]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🧑‍🔬science-and-technology/chemistry.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🧑‍🔬Science and Technology/Chemistry.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT







]]>01-subject-wise-notes/🧑‍🔬science-and-technology/prelims-pyq.html01 Subject Wise Notes/🧑‍🔬Science and Technology/Prelims PYQ.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>02-prelims/pyq-analysis-and-rules/2011.html02 Prelims/PYQ Analysis and Rules/2011.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT02-prelims/pyq-analysis-and-rules/2012.html02 Prelims/PYQ Analysis and Rules/2012.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT02-prelims/pyq-analysis-and-rules/2013.html02 Prelims/PYQ Analysis and Rules/2013.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#PrelimsPYQ x2 , Herrings, Crustaceans Partion of bengal 1929 session Sattriya dance Chaitra 1, Saka era calender Varaha boar, Ajanta images, Mahabalipuram - Arjuna's penance Ghadr party, nationalist org operating from singapore, militant org hq at berlin, communist movt hq at tashkent Kalaripayattu, ancient bhakti cult still prevalent in South In, Ancient style bronze and brassowrk still found in coromandel area, ancient dance drama in north malabar Garba, Mohiniattam, Yakshaganam Tabo, Lhotsava Lakhang temple, Alchi Bijak, Dadu dayal, Pushti marg, Madhavacharya Manganiyar, martial arts in NE India, Musical tradition in NW In, classical vocal musin in South In, pietra dura in central IN 1858 act Ibadat khana, Fatehpur Sikri, Akbars private prayer chamber, mosque for use of royal family, room where nobles gathered seed replacement rates, National seed policy, ESZ, WPA 1972 Animal Welfare board of India, EPA 1986, NTCA, National Ganga River basin authority Vitamein C, D, E, deficiency disease nanoparticle pollution, World Economic Outlook, IMF, UNDP, WEF, WB Non plan expenditure, defence exp, interest pay, salaries, subsidies ]]>02-prelims/pyq-analysis-and-rules/2014.html02 Prelims/PYQ Analysis and Rules/2014.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTNational Innovation Foundation NIF inappropriate use of nitrogenous fertilizers, inc in nitrogenous fixing microorg, inc in acidity of soil, leaching of nitrate IUCN, CITES FRP of Sugarcane, CACP, Directorate of Marketing and Inspection, Agri Produce Market comm Sirisalam, Omkareshwar, Pushkar, Nallamala Hills, Satmala Hills, Mahadeo Hills Rowlatt act Ebola outbreak Fly ash, portland cement, SiO2 CaO Dugong, herbivore marine animals, WPA 1972 Economic crics of colonialism, Dadabhai N, G Subramania iyer, RC Dutt Global Economic Prospects, ADB, EBRD, US Federal Reserve Bank, WB SLR Nano Tech in Health sector, targeted drug delivery, gene therapy Essential Comm Act, Agri Produce Market Comm Act Agri Produce Grading and Marking act 1937, Food products order 1956 and Meat and Food products order Saltwater croc, Olive ridley, Gangetic Dolphin, Gharial Congress Socialist Party RS and money bill 1919 Act CPI, RBI, Dept of Economic Aff, Labour Bureau, Dept of Personnel and training Icecube particle detector in south pole Agreement of Agri, Agreement on App of Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures, Peace Clause, FAO, UN FCCC, WTO, UNEP Near Field Comm tech, electro mag radio fields, Golan Heights Rupee convertibility Medieval India states and present region, Champaka, Durgara, Kuluta Vamsadhara, Indravati, Pranhita, Pennar, tributaries of Godavari joint sitting, various types of majority Mangrove, Evergreen Forest, Deciduous forest Avanti, Gandhara, Kosala and Magadha, Buddha's life Bretton woods, Montreal protocol, Kyoto, Nagoya protocol Babur invasion NITI aayog, HRC, Fin Comm, Law Comm, Planning comm Rio+20, UNCSD, miniterial meet of WTO, conference of IPCC, Co Mem of CBD Civil Services Board Goldilocks zone, limits of habitable zone above earth, region where shale gas is found, search for meteors containing precious metals Salt Law breaking, VO Chidambram Pillai, C Rajagopalachari, K Kamaraj, Annie Besant Amoghvarsha I, Ballala II, Harihara I, Prataprudra II Sarojini Naidu, Badruddin Tayyabji, INC presidents Green Climate Fund, UNEP, OECD, ADB, WB Indira Gandhi prize for peace 2014, BARC, IISc, ISRO, TIFR Cabinet Mission, ICS Kanchezonga NP, Nanda devi NP, Neora Valley NP, Namdapha Amnesty International, agency to help refugees, global HR movt, NGO to help very poor, Inter gov to cater medical emergencies in war ravaged regions Rock cut elephant at Dhauli, Lingaraj temple at Bhub, Mahabalipuram rock cut, Varaha image at udaigiri Essential element of Feudal system Bio carbon fund initiative for sustainable forest landscapes APEC, ASEAN, East asia summit steel production imports, saltpeter, rock phosphate, coking coal 5th sched, 6th sched prep of Budget Do Revenue, Cusotdian of Const, LS secratariat AIBP, Command area dev Genetic Engi App Comm GEAC, FSSAI, GI Act, EPA, Wildlife Protect Act Mekong Ganga coop Basel III, dev national strategy for conser and sus use of bio diversity, reduce greenhouse gas emission but place heavier burden on dev countries, transfer tech from dev to poor countries to replace CFC westerlies, winds b/w 30 N and 60 S moist air mass that cause winter rains in NW Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Coop IOR ARC Surat split, Swadeshi movt, QIM, NCM, CDM Meghalaya root bridges, Tides, Grav of sun, grav of moon, Centrifugal force of Earth Indian Remote Sensing sat, assess of crop produc, locate groundwater sources, mineral exploration, telecom, traffic studies tropical wet evergreen forest IndArc Forest Carbon Partnership Facility Classical Language, Konkani, Bhojpuri, Assamese Birdlife International medit sea Teak treas, Tropical moist deciduos forest, tropical rain forest, tropical thorn scrub forest, temp forest with grassland Beijing Decl and Platform for action, SCO strat to tackle regional terrorism, action plant for sus dev of Asia pacific, strat to combat wildlife traffck in East Asia Equatorial, Savannah, Monsoon, Medit Real GDP and GDP at market prices last decade Legislative Council FD Ecosys defn PRI Component of Monetary policy, Bank rate, OMO, Public debt, Pub revenue Inflation NPT Welfare state, DPSP, FR, 7th sched capital augmenting, labour augmenting H1N1, AIDS, Bird Flu, Dengue, Swine flu Bio toilets in Railway, fungal inoculum problem of international liquidity Fuel Cells components Kalamkari - hand made cotton textile in south IN, hand made drwaing on bamboo, block painted woolen cloth in west himalaya, hand painted decorative silk in NW India Seed Village Concept Deficit budget, reduce revenue expenditrure, GI status, Banaras brocades, Rajasthani daal bati, tirupathi laddu IREDA IN Renewable energy dev agency ]]>02-prelims/pyq-analysis-and-rules/2015.html02 Prelims/PYQ Analysis and Rules/2015.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT02-prelims/pyq-analysis-and-rules/2016.html02 Prelims/PYQ Analysis and Rules/2016.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#PrelimsPYQ Parliament, private mem bill Rigvedic Aryans, IVC Recognition of Prior learning scheme Link b/w Eastern and Western Ghats, Sathyamangalam, Nallamala, Nagarhole, Seschachalam BR TRAFFIC DPSP Global Gender Gap Index, WEF, UNHRC, UN Women, WHO Smart India Hackathon MPC Manipuri Sankirtana Ryotwari settlement, Cornwallis, Alexander Read, Thomas Munro Bioremediation, heavy metals, Genetic engineering Trade disputes act 1929 Local self gov, Federalism, Democratic decentralisation, Administrative delegation, Direct democracy Digital single market strategy Bhavnagar, Bheemunipatnam, Chandipur, Nagapattinam Prohibition of Benami properties Act 1988 Algae based biofuels National Nutrition Mission Factories Act 1881, NM Lokhande, labour movt in British India mitigate anthropogenic emission of CO2 Butler Committee 1927 Domestic Content Requirement Nuclear Security Summits, Internat panel on Fissile Materials, IAEA National Pension System Teesta river, its tributaries, Source of Brahmaputra, Rangeet river Zika virus Standard Mark, BIS, AGMARK, FAO National Agriculture Market Scheme National Intellectual Property Rights policy, Doha Dev Agenda. TRIPS, DPIIT, nodal agency to regulate IPR WPA 1972, Gharial, Indian Wild Ass, Wild Buffalo Radhakant Deb, British Indian Association, GL CHetty, Madras Mahajan Sabha, Surendranath Bannerjee, Indian Association Preamble Quality Council of India Small Fin Banks Asia pacific Conference on Housing and Urban Dev APMCHUD Unified Payments Interface UPI, Event Horizon, Singularity, String Theory, Standard Model Genome sequencing, host pathogen relationship in crops FR, FD Adjournment motion, Question hour, Supplementary question Kaktiya kingdom, kakinada, Motupalli, Machilipatnam, Nelluru Global Climate Change Alliance, European Union, World Resource Institute, World Business COuncil for Sustainable Dev WBCSD Sautantrika, Sammitiya, Sravastivadin Medit sea, Jordan, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria NIIF, Global Infrastructure Facility spread of hiamalayas, Western ghats, pulicat lake over states Biological Oxygen Demand UN Habitat National Skill QUalification Framework NSQF Diarchy National Career Service Scheme for Sustainable structuring of asset Climate and clean air coalition Indian Ocean Dipole Gharial, Bhitarkarnika, Chambal, Pulicat lake, Deepor Beel Lake Indian Ocean Naval Symposium Ajanta, Badami, Bagh, Ellora, Bodhissatva Padmapani Chaliha Sahib, Nanda Raj Jaat Yatra, Wari Warkari, Sindhis, Gonds, Santhals water conservation in agriculture Soil Health Card materials consumed and unwanted chemcials found in them lipstick, lead, soft drinks, brominated vegetable oil, Chinese fast food, Monosodium glutamate OLEDs displays Sun temples Arasvalli, Amarkantak, Omkareshwar LPG Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Tech, biolarvicides, mfg biodegradable plastics, producing organism free of diseases NPCI M Stripes GST Broad Based Trade and Investment BTIA, EU, Gulf Coop Council, OECD, SCO Trade facilitation agreement of WTO Chabahar port Report Cyber security FR, Natural Right, Constitutional Rights, Legal Right Evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna eLISA, detect neutrinos, detect gravitational waves, study effect of solar flares on comm system Vidyanjali Yojana Unnat Bharat Abhiyan Sched I of WPA Judicial Review RIN Mutiny, QIM, 2nd RTC tax revenue as a % of GDP , Corbett Np, Kuno Palpur, Mudumalai, Sariska NP Presidents Rule RTAE Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Sri Lanka Cabinet form of Gov Features of Indian Federalism ]]>02-prelims/pyq-analysis-and-rules/2017.html02 Prelims/PYQ Analysis and Rules/2017.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT02-prelims/pyq-analysis-and-rules/2018.html02 Prelims/PYQ Analysis and Rules/2018.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTCave in NE, Geological period in Indian Subcontinent, Fossils of dinosaur
Functional Chromosomes, DNA, Artificial DNA
Digital Signature Wearable Technology
RNAi (Interference), gene silencing therapy, Therapies to treat cancer, hormone replacement , therapy, reistant to pathogen plants
Blackholes, Higgs Boson, Gravitation Waves, Intergalactic space travel, Singularity
Multi drug Resistance, Antibiotics, Chronic Diseases
Cas9, Biosensor, pest resistant genes, Herbicidal GMO
Hepatitis B, Hep C, HIV PPP
Kharif Crops, Area under various crops
Import of various crops, fruits, spices, Pulses, Vegetable oils Slide of Rupee steps to tackle
Storage of Payment System data by RBI, RBI recent directives GDPR
India's agreement/deals signed w/ other countries. UN Treaties Extra.
Money Multiplier, 005 Monetary and Credit Policy > Cash Reserve Ratio CRR, 005 Monetary and Credit Policy > SLR
World Bank Group > AIIB since 2016, More
Inter Creditor Agreement of Banks, 003 Fiscal System or Public Finance in India > Fiscal Deficit, CAD, Consortium Lending
BBB, RBI, MoFinance, Mgt of Banks
Prelims Facts 2 March 2020-March 2021 > ^146725, More LTE, VoLTE
Maternity Benefit Act 2017, Recents Acts, Amendments etc World Bank, EoDB Biomedical waste rules 1998, Recycled Plastic Rules 1999, E-waste handling rules 2011, Food Safety rules 2011.
FCI, MSP
Social Capital
Service Area Approach, Integrated Rural Dev Prgm, Lead Bank Scheme - More, CA 1 - Welfare Schemes from various Ministries > Features of MGNREGA are scheme important, NSDM - More - More
Minor Minerals, Mining Lease, Illegal mining of minerals
External Debt of India,
Asset of Banks, Advances, Deposits, Investments, Money at call and short notice
Currency crisi, Foreign currency earning, Gov expenditure, Remittances.
1st ARC, Rajamannar Comm, Functions and responsibilities of Union and states > Sarkaria Commission - need to change functional aspects, NCRWC
006 Finanacial Market - Money and Capital Market > Certificate of Deposit CD, 006 Finanacial Market - Money and Capital Market > Commercial Paper CP, Promissory notes, Stock Market > Participatory Notes
Compensatory Afforestation Fund Mgt and Act Ad Hoc Comm, DRSC, FinCom, Financial Sector Legislative Reforms Comm, NITI
Five Year Plans, 2nd, 4th, 5th
PVTG, Irula, Konda Reddi tribes
UNCAC - More, UNTOC, UNODC
Indian Forest Act 1927, FRA 2006
Indian Patent Act, Intellectual Property Appellate Board, Plants not eligible to be planted, Extra Patents Amendment Rules
5.1 Acts and Policies > EPA 1986,
5.1 Acts and Policies > Solid Waste Management Rules SWM 2016 Industrial Employment Centra Amedment Rules 2018 Gases released by Agricultural Soil, Cattle, Poultry etc Recently discovered Uranium deposits, Tropical rain forests, Underground cave, water reserviors CNG, H-CNG Cloud absorbing radiation, Earth's surface Judges Inquiry Act, Impeachment of Judge Coal Sector, Coal Blocks, Import, Export, Consumption Prevention of Disqualification Act 1959, Office of Profit Anti Malarial drug, Biodiesel, textile fiber Green hosue gas emission, Land Surface temp % of Forest Area Methane Hydrate deposit in India, Arctic Tundra, Methane in atmosphere CO2, CH4, O3, SO2 Seas of the world Largest exporter of Crops Glaciers and Rivers that source from it Pesticides in agriculture, Preservatice in processed foods, fruit ripening agents, moisturising agents in cosmetics Wetlands conservation rules 2010, Ramsar Convention Asiatic Lion, Double Humped Camel, One horned Rhino Famous places and Rivers that pass through it Official Poverty line Creation of artificial rains, reduce frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones, reduce effect of solar winds, reduce global warming Pyrolysis, Plasma gassification, Extraction of rare earth elements, Natural gas extraction tech, H2 fuel based automobiles, Waste to energy Peppara and Shendurney WS, Kaundinya, Gundla Brahmeswaram WS, Kalakad, Mundranthurai, Papikonda, Blue Finned Mahseer, Irrawady Dolphin, Rusty Spotted Cat Microbead, causes of skin cance in children, food adulterants Amil, Mir Bakshi Sufi saints, Nimbarka, Kabir, Ahmad Sirhindi Manas, Namdapha, Neora Valley, Valley of Flowers AIM, DST, MoLabour, NITI, MSDE Sun's position ]]>02-prelims/pyq-analysis-and-rules/2019.html02 Prelims/PYQ Analysis and Rules/2019.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTPhosphatic Fertilizers,
Major and Minor Minerals : Bentonite, Chromite, Kyanite, Sillimanite
Ocean mean Temp, Isotherm
Chemical Fertilizers, Ammonia, Urea, Sulphur, phosphoric acid fertilizers, oil refineries.
Desert National Park, Great Indian Bustard Siachen Glacier, Leh, Gilgit, Nubra Valley
Famous Historical Places : Bhilsa, Dwarasamudra, Girinagar, Sthanesvara .
CGWA, 5.1 Acts and Policies > EPA 1986, Groundwater Irrigation, Overexploited or Critical districts
Jet Streams, 1.3 Climate of the World > Cyclones, Eye of Cyclones.
Critical Tiger Habitat, Tiger Reserves, Corbett, Ranthambore, Nargarjuna-Sirisailam, Sundarbans.
51st TR
52nd TR
5.1 Acts and Policies > WPA 1972 -, GMO crop, invasive plants
Gupta Dynasty, Ghantasala, Kadura, Chaul.
Zero Tillage in Agriculture, Carbon Sequestration, Process of sowing seeds.
Raw material for production of Biofuels, Cassava, Wheat, Groundnut Seeds, Horse gram aka Kulthi, Potatoes, Sugar Beet.
Social Cost of Carbon, Climate Refugee, Carbon Footprint, Fossil Fuels.
Black Gram or Urad Dal, Kharif or Rainy, Rabi Crops is winter, Green Gram or Moong, Pulse Production.
Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane, Tea.
Solar Water Pumps, Solar Power, Solar Centrifugal Pumps, Piston pumps.
Sugarcane, Bud Chip Settlings, Setts, Single Budded setts, Plant Tissue culture.
Eco Friendly agriculture, Crop Diversification, Legume intensification : inc agricultural production per unit of input of legumes, Tensiometer, Vertical Farming
Parivrajaka is wanderer or ascetic, Shramana aka ascetic, Upasaka
Indian Elephants, states they are in.
Protected Areas, Cauvery Basin, Nagarhole NP, Papikonda NP, Sathyamangalam TR, Wayanad WS
Ceylon Frogmouth, Coppersmith Barbet, Gray-Chinned Minivet, White throated redstart. Critically Endangered Birds Indian Swamp Deer, Kanha NP, Manas NP, Mudumalai WS, Tal Chapper WS.
Steel Slag, Base road, Agricultural soil, Production of cement. Slag
Askot WS, Gangotri NP, Kishanpur WS, Manas NP.
Copper Slag, Cold mix asphalt tech, Geotextiles, Hot mix asphalt tech, Portland cement. Coal Ash, Arsenic, Lead, Mercury. Coal Fired power plant, SO2, NOx, Ash.
Biochar, Vertical Farming : indoor farming, N2 fixing microorganisms.
Public Investment in Agri, MSP, Primary Agri Credit Societies, Social Capital Dev, Agricultural Loans, Cold Storage.
Interest Coverage Ratio, Risks of companies, Emerging risk, Servicing of debt
MSP, Govt's trading, Gov stockpiling, Consumer subsidies
India-SL trade, India-Bangladesh trade, India-Nepal trade. International Trade
G 20 2021 summit in Rome. 2020 Summit, 2021 Summit
KCC Scheme,Short term credit to farmers,
006 Inflation > CPI, 006 Inflation > WPI, Measures of 006 Inflation,Policy Rates Rivers and Seas it flows into; Irish Sea, Thames, Mekong, Andaman Sea, Caspia Sea, Volga, Zambezi, Indian Ocean.
Cereals, Pulses, Oil Seeds, MSP
006 Finanacial Market - Money and Capital Market > Commercial Paper CP, 006 Finanacial Market - Money and Capital Market > Certificate of Deposit CD, 006 Finanacial Market - Money and Capital Market > Call Money aka Notice Money, 1.1 Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilisation of resources, growth dev and employement > ^0ccc32.
FDI, Capital Instruments, Non Debt creating capital, debt-servicing, FII, Gsec
Merchandise export, Imports of Iron Steel, Chemical, Machinery etc, export of services, CAD.
West Texas Intermediate, Crude Oil, Bullion, Rare Earth elements, Uranium
Non Financial Debt
IAEA, Thorium, Uranium, Nuclear Reactors in India.
TRIMS and More TRIMS, Quantitative restrictions. Expansionist Monetary policy, SLR, MSFR, Bank Rate and Repo Rate Economic Liberalisation 1991, Worker Productivity, Percentage share of workforce in rural and urban areas, rural employment.
Short Term credit in Agriculture, DCCBs, SCBs, RRBs, Primary Agri Credit Societies (Refer Above) Cyber insurance, Cyber extortion Carbon Nanotubes, carrier of drugs in human body, artificial blood capillaries, biochemical sensors, Drone technology Voyager 2, New Horizons, Lisa Pathfinder, Evolved LISA Genetic changes, Genome, Pluripotent stem cells Pneumococal Conjugate Vaccine, Pneumonia, Meningitis Public Key Infra, Digital Security Infra, Food Security Infra, Health Care Infra, Telecom Infra Plant and Animal cells Benzene Pollution, Polyurethane Short term foreign Borrowings, Capital Account Convertibility Demand Deposit, Money Supply in Economy Paramitas, Dharmashastras, Aphoristic/Sutra style, Philosophical schools that did not accept Vedas, Perfections whose attainment led to Bodhisattva path, Powerful Merchant guilds of early Medieval India
6.4 Social Reform movements viz Sati,Widow Remarriage,Child Marriage etc. > ^zlyecx, Womens Right to gain education, age of Consent, Restiution of Conjugal Rights. Indigo Cultivation pre Independence Wellesly, Fort William, Board of Directors, Oriental Learning, William Carey Mapilla, Indigo, 1857 revolt Panini, Pushyamitra Shunga, Amarasimha, Harshvardhan, Kalidasa, Chandra Gupta II Human Reproductive Tech, Pronuclear Transfer, In Vitro, GMO of Sperm Text to Speech, Wireless Transmission of Electricity Visible Light Tech, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Long range Optical wireless comm, Electromagnetic interference Blockchain Tech, Cryptocurrency Aurang, Banian, Mirasidars Staviravadins, Mahayana, Lokottaravadin, Mahasanghika Sect, Industrial Revolution in India Pratiharas king Bhoja, Pallava King Mahendravarman I, Parantaka I of Cholas, Pala Dynasty : Gopala Hundika : check more in paper Books written during Freedom struggle Gopal Baba Walangkar, Phule, MG, Ambedkar Kulyapa, Dronavapa Ashoka, Samudragupta, Harshvardhana, Krishnadeva Raya Gandhism, Marxism, Economic Determinism Bureaucracy Credit System of WB, WTO, IMF; Operations of RBI Parts of Constitution, Parliament, Summoning, Sessions, etc Aadhar data sharing, metadata, MPLADS Macro Economic Framework Statement, Parliamentary Conventions, Art 112, 110, 113, FRBM Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 Legal Services Authorities Alma Ata Declaratin, Hague Convention, Talanoa Dialogue, Under 2 Coalition ]]>02-prelims/pyq-analysis-and-rules/2020.html02 Prelims/PYQ Analysis and Rules/2020.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT02-prelims/pyq-analysis-and-rules/tricks,-hacks-and-unsaid-rules.html02 Prelims/PYQ Analysis and Rules/Tricks, Hacks and Unsaid Rules.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTSarvepalli Radhakrishnan 1st Vice Prez of major works on Indian Philosophy esp Advaita Vedanta Surajmal constructed the Deeg and Bharatpur fort Madan Mohan Malviya : Bharat Ratna in 2014 started weekly 'Abhyudaya'; hindi newspaper 'Maryada' in 1910 and Hindustan Dainik in 1936 English paper 'Leader' also started the Ganga Mahasabha Savitribai Phule was India's 1st female teacher, wife of Jyotibha Phule she set up Balhatya Pratibandhak Griha as a shelter for widows in 1854.
Gokhale Pingali Venkayya designed the Tricolor Flag, Lala Hans Raj Sondhi suggested adding spinning wheel later changed to Ashoka Chakra Govind Ballabh Pant : estd Prem Sabha Ram Prasad Bismil : associated with Arya Samaj. Organised Matrivedi and Shivaji Samiti published poems Deshwasiyon ke Naam and Mainpuri ki Pratigya Formed HRA and participated in Mainpuri Conspiracy 1918 and Kakori train robbery 1925
Paika Rebellion
Memorial for Paika Rebellion led by Raja of Khurda - brought down when leader last leader Jagabandhu surrendered in 1825 Satnami revolt 1672 against Mughal by Birbhan was militant sect of Hindu worshippers an offset of Ravidasi sect consisted of members from the lower social strata against the upper caste oppression and heavy taxation. Chandra Shekhar Azad d. 1931: Kakori conspiracy 1925, attempt to blow Viceroy's train, Shooting of Saunders. Bhagat Singh trialed in Delhi bomb case, Lahore conspiracy or Saunders murder case. Patharughat peasant uprising in Assam 1826 Jhanda/Flag styagrah in Jabalpur, MP 1923 to host national flag 8 August is celebrated in India as August Kranti Din/ Quit India Movement Punnapra Vayalar uprising 1946 against princely state of Travancore for its independence. 25 Himas/Khasi kingdoms revisit 1948 Agreement (made Meghalaya part IN) 25 Khasi states signed conditional Accession Annexed agreement Sept 2, 1946 Interim gov in IN formed per the Cabinet Mission Plan and Act of 1919, power was shared by Congress and ML, Viceroy was Wavell.
Asiatic Society of Mumbai estd in 1804 as Literary Society of Bombai by James Mackintosh was a branch of Royal Asiatic societies #body 2021-07-23 20:29Before Independence Why was there a sudden spurt in famines in colonial India since the mid-eighteenth century ? Give reasons. (औपननवेशिक भारत की अठारहवीं िताबी के मध् से क्ो अकाल प ं डने में अचानक वृगधि देखने को गमलती है? कारण बताएं।) 2022 The mid-eighteenth century saw a sudden spurt in famines in colonial India due to a number of factors. Historian David Arnold has argued that “the increasing impact of colonial rule and the changes it brought in the agrarian and commercial structure of Indian society, combined with a series of bad harvests, caused a series of famines of unprecedented severity.” The introduction of new taxation systems, especially the Permanent Settlement in Bengal, led to a significant shift in the agrarian structure of India. This resulted in a decrease in the amount of land available for cultivation, a rise in land rents and a decrease in the number of people employed in the agricultural sector. This created a situation of food insecurity, as people were unable to produce enough food to meet their needs. Furthermore, the colonial government’s policies of free trade and laissez-faire economics resulted in a decrease in the price of food grains, leading to a decrease in the income of farmers. This further exacerbated the situation of food insecurity. Additionally, colonial policies of land alienation and the displacement of peasants from their lands led to a decrease in the amount of land available for cultivation. This further reduced the amount of food that could be produced, leading to a situation of food insecurity and famine. Data from the British government shows that between 1770 and 1866, there were at least twenty-four major famines in India, killing around 10 million people. This illustrates the severity of the famines and the extent of the food insecurity in colonial India. Various other reasons for famines were : 1. Natural Disasters: Drought, floods and other natural disasters have been a major cause of famines in colonial India, leading to crop failures and food shortages. 2. Exploitative Economic Policies: The British colonial government implemented economic policies that drained resources from India, leading to poverty and food insecurity. This included the forced cultivation of cash crops for export, which depleted the food supply, and the introduction of the salt tax, which increased the cost of food. 3. Deforestation and Land Degradation: Deforestation and land degradation in India during colonial times contributed to famines by reducing the availability of fertile land for agriculture. 4. Lack of Government Intervention: The colonial government often failed to provide adequate relief during famines, either because of a lack of resources or because of a belief that famine was a natural occurrence that should be left to run its course. 5. Transportation Disruptions: Famines were often exacerbated by disruptions in transportation, such as railway strikes or blockades, which prevented food from reaching areas in need. This led to food shortages and skyrocketing food prices, making it difficult for poor people to afford enough to eat. In conclusion, the mid-eighteenth century saw a sudden spurt in famines in colonial India due to the introduction of new taxation systems, the implementation of free trade policies, land alienation and displacement of peasants, and a series of bad harvests. These factors combined to create a situation of food insecurity and led to the death of millions of people. Why did the armies of the British East India Company - mostly comprising of Indian soldiers win consistently against the more numerous and better equipped armies of the then Indian rulers ? Give reasons. (असधकांि भारतीय ससपाहहयो वाली ई ं ्ट इंहडया की सेना क्ो तत् ं ालीन भारतीय िासको की सं ख् ं ाबल में असधक और बेहतर सुसक्जित सेना से लगातार जीतती रही ? कारण बताएँ।) 2022 1. Better Command Structure: The British East India Company had a well-organized command structure, which allowed for effective decision-making and quick response to changing circumstances on the battlefield. 2. Superior Training: The soldiers of the British East India Company received better training and equipment than the armies of the Indian rulers, giving them a tactical advantage.Daily mustering of troops and European system of drilling gave them a sense of discipline. 3. Effective Use of Modern Weapons: The British made effective use of modern weapons, such as firearms and artillery, which gave them an advantage over the more traditional armies of the Indian rulers. Their artillery was smaller more mobile than their Indian counterparts. 4. Effective Logistics: The British army had a more efficient logistics system, which allowed them to sustain their troops and supplies during long campaigns. They avoided carrying civilian followers with them 5. Effective Espionage: The British made effective use of espionage to gather information on the plans and movements of their enemies, allowing them to gain an advantage. Their system of Residents was a way to collect information on the native rulers. 6. Divide and Rule: The British employed the strategy of divide and rule, by supporting one Indian ruler against another, thereby weakening the unity of the Indian resistance.They effectively used this against Siraj Ud Daulah by creating factionism in his court by allying with Mir Jafar, Jagath Seth etc. 7. Tactical Flexibility: The British army was tactically flexible and able to adapt to changing circumstances on the battlefield, which gave them an advantage over the more rigid and traditional armies of the Indian rulers. 8. Effective use of Cavalry: The British made effective use of their cavalry, which gave them mobility and allowed them to outmaneuver the Indian armies. 9. Leadership: The British had effective leaders, such as Robert Clive and Charles Cornwallis, who were able to inspire and lead their troops to victory. 10. Psychological Warfare: The British employed psychological warfare techniques, such as using their red coats and bugle calls to intimidate their enemies, which had a demoralizing effect on the Indian armies. Examples: The Battle of Plassey in 1757, the Battle of Buxar in 1764, and the First Anglo-Maratha War of 1775-1782 are a few examples of the victories of the British East India Company against the Indian rulers. Trace the rise and growth of socio-religious reform movements with special reference to Young Bengal and Brahmo Samaj. (यंग बं गाल एवं ब्रह्ो समाज के नविेष सं दभ्भ में सामाजजक-धार्मक सुधार आन्ोलनो के उत् ं ान तथिा नवकास को रेखांहकत कीजजए।) 2021 The socio-religious reform movements of India were a result of the growing awareness among the people of their rights and a desire for a better future. These movements sought to bring about social and religious reforms in the Indian society. The reform movements of the 19th century were mainly led by the educated middle class and aimed to bring about a social revolution. The most prominent among these were the Young Bengal and Brahmo Samaj movements. The Young Bengal movement was started by Henry Vivian Derozio in the early 19th century. He was a teacher at the Hindu College in Calcutta and was the first to introduce western ideas of free thought and rationalism in the Indian education system. He encouraged his students to think freely and question the existing social norms and practices. He also advocated for the rights of women and the lower castes. This movement was a radical departure from the traditional Indian thought and it was met with a lot of resistance from the conservative sections of society. The Brahmo Samaj movement was founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1828. Roy was a strong advocate of the modernisation of Indian society and he sought to bring about social reforms in the country. He was a staunch believer of monotheism and sought to bring about reforms in the Indian religious practices. He was also a strong advocate of women’s rights and sought to abolish the practice of Sati. He was also a proponent of modern education and sought to bring about reforms in the Indian education system. The Young Bengal and Brahmo Samaj movements had a profound impact on Indian society. They sought to bring about social and religious reforms in the country and were successful in their efforts. They helped to bring about a new wave of liberalism and modernity in the Indian society. They also helped to bring about a new awareness among the people of their rights and a desire for a better future. The Young Bengal and Brahmo Samaj movements were instrumental in bringing about social and religious reforms in the Indian society. As Raja Ram Mohan Roy said, “The essence of true religion is to be found in the recognition of the unity of God, the brotherhood of man, and the fatherhood of God.” These movements helped to bring about a new wave of liberalism and modernity in the Indian society and helped to create a better future for the people. To what extent did the role of the Moderates prepare a base for the wider freedom movement? Comment. (नरमपंसथियो की भू ं गमका ने हकस सीमा तक व्यापक स्तंत्रता आंदोलन का आधार तैयार हकया? हिपण्ी कीजजए।) 2021 The moderates were a group of Indian Nationalists who were active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They were characterized by their belief in the use of constitutional methods, such as petitions, deputations, and negotiations with the British, to achieve political goals. They were generally opposed to the use of violence or militant tactics, which were embraced by the extremists of the era. The most prominent moderates included Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Pherozeshah Mehta, and Bal Gangadhar Tilak. These leaders were all members of the Indian National Congress, which was established in 1885. They sought to reform the colonial system and improve the lives of Indians through political means. Naoroji, for example, was a prominent figure in the Indian National Congress and was the first Indian Member of Parliament in the British House of Commons. He argued for Indian self-rule and for the protection of Indian workers in the British Empire. Gokhale was another leader of the Indian National Congress who advocated for social and economic reform. He was a mentor to Mahatma Gandhi and was instrumental in the formation of the Servants of India Society in 1905. Tilak was also a prominent moderate leader. He was initially an extremist, but later shifted to a more moderate stance. He used the press to spread his ideas, and was a major advocate of swaraj (self-rule). He was imprisoned several times by the British for his activities. The moderates used a variety of tactics to pressure the British government. They organized petitions, held public meetings, and published articles in the press. They also used negotiations to try to achieve their goals. Ultimately, their efforts helped to lay the groundwork for the more militant tactics later adopted by the Indian National Congress and other nationalist groups. How Moderates provided a base for wider freedom movements : 1. Ideological Foundation: The Moderates provided the ideological foundation for the wider freedom movement by advocating for constitutional and parliamentary reform within the framework of British rule. This was significantly away from the liberal thought that was led by leaders like Surendranath Banerjea. 2. Mobilization of Public Opinion: The Moderates were successful in mobilizing public opinion in support of their cause, creating a mass movement for political change. Tilaks Ganpati and Shivaji festvals saw massive trunouts. 3. Use of Constitutional Methods: The Moderates emphasized the use of constitutional methods, such as petitioning and peaceful protest, which provided a model for future non-violent resistance. Ex Dadabha Naoroji joining the British Parliament as member and establishing London India Society to discuss issues plaguing India. 4. Education and Awareness: The Moderates played a key role in educating and raising awareness among the Indian masses about political and social issues, paving the way for wider public involvement in the freedom movement. They brought about various newspapers like Rast Goftar, Kesari and Mahrattha, Hitvada etc. 5. Representation of Indian Interests: The Moderates represented Indian interests in negotiations with the British government and helped to bring about some political concessions, such as the Indian Councils Act of 1909. 6. Creation of Nationalistic Sentiment: The Moderates helped to create a sense of nationalistic sentiment among Indians, laying the groundwork for the later demand for independence. 7. Development of Political Institutions: The Moderates played a key role in the development of political institutions in India, such as the Indian National Congress, which would later become the centerpiece of the freedom movement. 8. Support for Local Movements: The Moderates supported and gave momentum to local movements, such as the Non-Cooperation Movement, which helped to build the wider national freedom struggle. 9. Bridge between British and Indian Elites: The Moderates served as a bridge between British and Indian elites, helping to foster greater understanding and cooperation between the two sides. 10. Legacy of Non-Violence: The Moderates left behind a legacy of non-violent resistance, which would later be adopted and popularized by leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi. Their strong disapproval of Revolutionary terrorism limited govt militaristic response against them created a non-violence base to achieve freedom. Bring out the constructive programmes of Mahatma Gandhi during Non-Cooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement. (असहयोग आन्ोलन एवं सनवनय अवज्ा आन्ोलन के दौरान महात्मा गाँधी के रचनात्मक काय्भरिमो को स्प ं टि कीजजए।) 2021 1. Village Reconstruction: Gandhi advocated for the reconstruction of Indian villages, emphasizing the importance of self-sufficiency and economic independence for rural communities. Gandhi established the All India Village Industries Association in 1934 to promote rural development and self-sufficiency. He also encouraged the formation of local cooperative societies and the establishment of cottage industries in villages. 2. Promotion of Khadi: Gandhi promoted the use of khadi, a hand-spun cloth, as a symbol of self-reliance and resistance to British economic domination. He started the weekly newspaper "Young India" to promote the idea of khadi and to educate people about the benefits of hand-spun cloth. He also formed the All India Spinners Association to support the khadi industry. 3. Education Reform: Gandhi believed in the importance of education and established schools and educational programs that emphasized Indian values and culture. Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad was established, which served as a center for education and political activism. He also established the Gujarat Vidyapith, a national university that emphasized Indian values and culture. 4. Inter-Religious Harmony: Gandhi promoted inter-religious harmony and worked to bring together people of different faiths in the freedom struggle. Gandhi organized communal harmony conferences and held discussions and meetings with leaders of different religions to promote understanding and cooperation among different communities. 5. Women's Empowerment: Gandhi recognized the important role of women in the freedom movement and advocated for their empowerment through education and political participation. Gandhiji gave support to orgs like All India Womens Conference, Newspapers like Stri Dharma etc. 6. Agricultural Reform: Gandhi called for the improvement of Indian agriculture, emphasizing the importance of self-sufficiency and sustainable practices. 7. Swadeshi Movement: Gandhi promoted the Swadeshi movement, which called for the boycotting of British goods and the promotion of indigenous products and industries. He supported the various Swadeshi leagues that was formed during the late 1920s in Allahabad, Patna etc. 8. Promoting Non-Violence: Gandhi believed in the power of non-violence as a means of resistance and advocated for its use in the freedom struggle. 9. Salt March: Gandhi led the Salt March, a nonviolent protest against the British salt tax, which became a seminal moment in the independence movement. It which attracted widespread attention and support from Indians across the country. 10. Removal of Untouchability: Gandhi was a strong advocate for the removal of the practice of untouchability in Indian society. He worked to bring about social and economic equality for all Indians, regardless of their caste or religion. He started journals like the Harijan and established the Harijan Sewak Sangh in 1932 to deal with this. In conclusion, Gandhi's constructive programs during the Non-Cooperation Movement and the Civil Disobedience Movement aimed to bring about social, economic, and political change in India. These programs sought to promote self-sufficiency, inter-religious harmony, and the empowerment of the Indian people in their struggle for independence. Evaluate the policies of Lord Curzon and their long term implications on the national movement. (लाड्भ कज्भन की नीनतयो एवं रा ं टिट्ीय आंदोलन पर उनके दूरगामी प्भावो का मूल ं ांकन कीजजए।) 2020 Lord Curzon was the Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905. He is known for his modernizing reforms and for his authoritarian attitude. He is also remembered for his aggressive policy towards the Indian National Movement. His policies had both positive and negative implications on the national movement. One of the most important policies of Lord Curzon was the partition of Bengal in 1905. This was done to weaken the Bengali nationalist movement, which was growing in strength. The partition was seen as a deliberate attempt to divide the Bengali people and weaken their political power. This policy had a long-term impact on the national movement, as it sparked off a period of intense political agitation, leading to the formation of the Indian National Congress in 1885. Another important policy of Lord Curzon was the introduction of the Indian Councils Act of 1909. This Act gave Indians greater representation in the government, but it also increased the powers of the Viceroy, making him virtually unaccountable to the Indian people. This policy had both positive and negative implications on the national movement. On the one hand, it gave Indians greater representation in the government and allowed them to voice their grievances to the Viceroy. On the other hand, it increased the power of the Viceroy and made it difficult for Indians to challenge his decisions. Lord Curzon also introduced the Universities Act of 1904, which allowed the government to control the syllabus and the appointment of professors in universities. This policy had a long-term impact on the national movement, as it restricted the freedom of expression and the spread of nationalist ideas in educational institutions. Lord Curzon also introduced the Police Act of 1902, based on the Fraser committee report, which gave the police greater powers to suppress dissent and protest. This policy had a long-term impact on the national movement, as it made it more difficult for Indians to organize protests and voice their grievances. Lord Curzon also introduced the Indian Antiquities Act of 1904, which gave the government the power to control the excavation and preservation of ancient monuments. This policy had a long-term impact on the national movement, as it restricted the freedom of expression and made it difficult for Indians to preserve their cultural heritage. Lord Curzon also introduced the Official Secrets Act of 1904, which gave the government the power to prosecute anyone who leaked official information.Punishments under the Act range from three years to life imprisonment. This policy had a long-term impact on the national movement, as it made it difficult for nationalists to access information and organize protests. Lord Curzon also implemented various policies that aimed to improve the living conditions of Indian society, however, many of these policies were controversial. He introduced the Plague Code that aimed to tackle the spread of the bubonic plague but it was heavily criticized as it violated people's civil liberties. Additionally, his policies on education were aimed at promoting Western education in India, which was seen as an attempt to Anglicize Indian society. In conclusion, Lord Curzon's policies had both positive and negative implications on the national movement. His policies of partitioning Bengal, introducing the Indian Councils Act, the Universities Act, the Police Act, the Press Act, the Indian Antiquities Act and the Official Secrets Act had a long-term impact on the national movement, as they restricted the freedom of expression, weakened the political power of the people and made it difficult for Indians to access information and organize protests. Further more, the long-term implications of Lord Curzon's policies on the national movement were significant. His policies fueled anti-British sentiment in India and gave rise to a more organized and unified national movement. The partition of Bengal in 1905, in particular, galvanized Indian public opinion and led to the growth of the national movement. Additionally, his policies on education, religion, and culture inspired Indian intellectuals to reclaim their cultural heritage and resist British cultural domination. Since the decade of the 1920s, the national movement acquired various ideological strands and thereby expanded its social base. Discuss. (1920 के दिक से राटिट्ीय आंदोलन ने कई वैचाररक धाराओ को ग्रहण ं हकया और अपना सामाजजक आधार बढ़ाया । नववेचना कीजजए।) 2020 The Indian national movement, which was aimed at gaining independence from British rule, was shaped by various ideological strands. Here are some of the most prominent ones: 1. Liberal Nationalism: This ideology was based on the idea of constitutionalism and representative government. It was championed by the moderate leaders of the Indian National Congress, who believed in using constitutional means, such as negotiations and petitioning, to achieve independence. - Ex the idea of swaraj or self-rule. This was articulated by leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi, who argued that India should be governed by Indians, without the interference of the British. This idea of self-rule was further developed by leaders such as Jawaharlal Nehru, who sought to establish a secular, democratic republic in India. 2. Socialism: This ideology was based on the idea of equality and the redistribution of wealth and resources. It was adopted by a section of the Indian National Congress, who believed in using socialist principles to address the social and economic problems of India. 3. Hindu Nationalism: This ideology was based on the idea of Hindu cultural and religious nationalism. It was championed by the Hindu nationalist organizations, such as the Hindu Mahasabha, who believed in the primacy of Hindu culture and religion in India. - For example, the Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha sought to mobilize the Hindu community 4. Islamic Nationalism and Pan Islamism : This ideology was based on the idea of Islamic cultural and religious nationalism. It was championed by Muslim nationalist organizations, such as the All India Muslim League, who believed in the primacy of Islamic culture and religion in India. - It also acquired a social strand in the form of the Khilafat movement. This movement was launched to protest the British treatment of the Ottoman Empire and the Caliph of Islam. The Khilafat movement sought to unite Hindus and Muslims in a common cause and to promote communal harmony. 5. National-Populism: This ideology was based on the idea of mass mobilization and the empowerment of the common people. It was adopted by the leaders of the Indian National Congress, who believed in using mass mobilization and public opinion to achieve independence. 6. Gandhian Nonviolence or Gandhian Nationalism : This ideology was based on the idea of nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience. It was championed by Mahatma Gandhi, who believed in using nonviolence as a means of resistance against British rule. - Ex the Satyagraha movement. This movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi to promote non-violent resistance to British rule. This movement was based on the principles of ahimsa (non-violence) and satyagraha (truth-force). 7. Feminism : The expansion of the national movement’s social base was also achieved through the efforts of various women’s organizations. These organizations sought to mobilize women in the struggle for independence. For example, the All India Women’s Conference sought to promote the rights of women and to empower them to participate in the national movement. 8. Revolutionary Terrorism The 1857 Uprising was the culmination the recurrent big and small local rebellions that had occurred in the preceding hundred years of British rule. Elucidate. (1857 का नवप्लव यब्रहिि िासन के पुव्भवतथी सौ वषमों में बार-बार घहित छोिे एवं बडे स्ानीय नवद्रोहो का चरमो ं त्ष्भ थिा । सुस्पटि कीजजए । ) 2019 Various rebellions that fuelled into the uprising in 1857 were : 1. Santhal Rebellion (1855): A revolt led by the Santhal tribe in present-day Jharkhand against British rule and the exploitation of the local population. 2. Sanyasi Rebellion (1773-1775): A revolt led by Hindu ascetics against British rule in Bengal and the east of India. 3. Muddupalani's Revolt (1796): A rebellion led by a poet and courtesan named Rani Muddupalani against the British in Madras. 4. Bhils Uprising (1817-1818): A rebellion led by the Bhil tribe in present-day Madhya Pradesh against British rule and the exploitation of the local population. 5. Kols Uprising (1831): A rebellion led by the Kols tribe in present-day Chhattisgarh against British rule and the exploitation of the local population. 7. Paika Rebellion (1817): A rebellion led by the Paika tribe in present-day Odisha against British rule and the exploitation of the local population. 8. Moplah Rebellion (1921): A revolt led by the Moplah community in present-day Kerala against British rule and Hindu landlordism. 10. Faraizi Movement (1820-1880): A religious and political movement led by Haji Shariatullah in Bengal that aimed to challenge British rule and promote Islamic reforms. The various pre-1857 rebellions and uprisings in India were important in fueling public anger and discontent towards British rule. These rebellions highlighted the exploitation and oppression of the local population by the British and their Indian allies, and helped to build a sense of solidarity and resistance against colonial rule. For example, the Santhal Rebellion and the Bhils Uprising brought attention to the plight of tribal communities who were being exploited and oppressed by the British and their allies. The Indigo Revolt and the Faraizi Movement drew attention to the economic exploitation of Indian peasants and the suppression of religious and cultural rights, respectively. The widespread suffering and resentment caused by these rebellions helped to build a sense of anger and frustration among the Indian people, and provided the backdrop for the 1857 Mutiny. The Mutiny was not just a military uprising, but also a popular uprising that reflected the deep-seated discontent and anger of the Indian people towards British rule. Examine the linkages between 19th centuries ‘Indian Renaissance’ and the emergence of national identity. (उन्नीसवीं िताबी के 'भारतीय पुनजा्भगरण' और राटिट्ीय पहचान के उद्भव के मध् सहलग्नताओ का परी ं क्ण कीजजए।) 2019 The Indian Renaissance of the 19th century was a period of cultural, social and political reform in India, marked by a resurgence of Indian intellectualism, cultural expression and national consciousness. It was a period of questioning and challenging the status quo, of breaking down existing social and political hierarchies, of questioning and re-evaluating the traditional values and beliefs of Indian society. The Indian Renaissance was a period of great creativity and intellectual ferment, which saw the emergence of many influential figures and movements. The Indian Renaissance had a significant impact on the emergence of a national identity in India. It was a period in which Indian intellectuals and reformers began to articulate a shared identity and sense of belonging among the people of India. The Indian Renaissance saw the rise of a new generation of Indian thinkers and activists who sought to challenge the existing social and political structures of the British Raj. These activists and intellectuals began to articulate a vision of an independent India, one that was free from colonial rule and united under a single national identity. This vision of a unified Indian nation was a major factor in the emergence of a national identity in India. The Indian Renaissance also saw the emergence of new forms of cultural expression and political organization. Indian intellectuals and activists began to articulate a shared sense of identity and pride in Indian culture and history. They sought to revive and promote Indian traditions and values, and to create a unified Indian identity that transcended regional and religious divisions. This shared sense of identity was a major factor in the emergence of a national identity in India. Finally, the Indian Renaissance saw the rise of a new generation of political activists who sought to challenge the existing social and political structures of the British Raj. These activists sought to create a unified political voice for the people of India, and to fight for independence from colonial rule. This struggle for independence was a major factor in the emergence of a national identity in India, as it provided a platform for Indians to unite and fight for their common cause. Many voices had strengthened and enriched the nationalist movement during the Gandhian phase. Elaborate. (गांधीवादी प्ावस्ा के दौरान नवशभन्न स्रो ने रा ं ्टट्वादी आंदोलन को सुदृढ़ एवं समृधि बनाया थिा । नवस्तारपूव्भक स्पटि कीजजए।) 2019 The nationalist movement during the Gandhian phase was marked by a number of voices that enriched and strengthened the movement. These voices included political leaders, writers, journalists, and social reformers who all contributed to the success of the movement. The most prominent of these voices was Mahatma Gandhi. He was the leader of the Indian National Congress and the main figure of the nationalist movement. His non-violent approach and political tactics were instrumental in gaining independence for India. He was also the leader of the Salt Satyagraha, which was a major event in the struggle for independence. He was a strong advocate for the rights of the downtrodden and the poor, and his philosophy of non-violence was integral to the success of the nationalist movement. Other prominent voices in the nationalist movement included Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose, and Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Nehru was a leader of the Indian National Congress and a major figure in the struggle for independence. He was a strong advocate of socialism and a champion of democracy. Subhas Chandra Bose was a leader of the Indian National Congress and a proponent of armed struggle against the British. He was also a major figure in the Indian National Army, which was a part of the struggle for independence. Bal Gangadhar Tilak was a leader of the Indian National Congress and a major figure in the struggle for independence. He was a strong advocate of swaraj or self-rule, and he was an important figure in the Home Rule Movement. Writers, journalists, and social reformers also contributed to the success of the nationalist movement. These included Rabindranath Tagore, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, and Swami Vivekananda. Tagore was a renowned poet and writer who wrote extensively about the Indian nationalist movement. He wrote several poems and songs that inspired the struggle for independence. Bankim Chandra Chatterjee was a prominent writer and journalist who wrote extensively about the Indian nationalist movement. His writings were an important part of the struggle for independence. Swami Vivekananda was a renowned social reformer who was instrumental in introducing Hinduism to the West. He was a strong advocate of Indian nationalism and was a major figure in the struggle for independence. The nationalist movement during the Gandhian phase was also enriched by the participation of women. Women such as Sarojini Naidu, Annie Besant, and Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay played a major role in the struggle for independence. Sarojini Naidu was a prominent leader of the Indian National Congress and an important figure in the struggle for independence. She was a strong advocate of women’s rights and was instrumental in the passage of the Purna Swaraj Declaration. Annie Besant was a prominent leader of the Indian National Congress and a major figure in the struggle for independence. She was a strong advocate of Hinduism and was instrumental in the passage of the Home Rule Movement. Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay was a prominent leader of the Indian National Congress and a major figure in the struggle for independence. She was a strong advocate of women’s rights and was instrumental in the passage of the Hindu Code Bill. Thus, the nationalist movement during the Gandhian phase was enriched and strengthened by the contributions of numerous voices. These voices included political leaders, writers, journalists, and social reformers who all played an important role in the struggle for independence. The voices of these individuals were instrumental in achieving independence for India and in laying the foundation for a strong and prosperous nation. Assess the role of British imperial power in complicating the process of transfer of power during the 1940s. (1940 के दिक के दौरान सत्ा हस्तान्रण की प्हरिया को जहिल बनाने में यब्रहिि ाम्राक्ज्यक सत्ा की भूगमका का आकलन कीजजए।) 2019 Throw light on the significance of the thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi in the present times. (वत्भमान समय में महात्मा गाँधी के नवचारो के महत्व पर ं प्काि डाललए।) 2018 1. Nonviolence: Gandhi's philosophy of nonviolence is widely recognized as a powerful tool for social and political change. It emphasizes the importance of peaceful resistance, which can be used to challenge unjust laws and practices. In the present times, Gandhi's ideas on nonviolence have been used as a means of protesting against various forms of oppression, including human rights abuses, environmental degradation, and economic inequality. 2. Political activism: Gandhi's ideas on political activism emphasize the importance of citizen engagement in the political process. He believed that individuals have a responsibility to work for social and political change, and that peaceful resistance is a powerful means of achieving this change. In the present times, Gandhi's ideas on political activism have inspired movements for social and political change around the world, including the civil rights movement in the United States, the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa, and the pro-democracy movements in the Middle East. 3. Equality: Gandhi's philosophy of equality emphasized the importance of treating all people with dignity and respect, regardless of their social status, religion, or ethnicity. He believed that all individuals should have equal access to resources, opportunities, and political representation. In the present times, Gandhi's ideas on equality have been used to challenge various forms of discrimination and inequality, including gender inequality, racial discrimination, and economic inequality. 4. Self-sufficiency: Gandhi's ideas on self-sufficiency emphasized the importance of reducing dependence on external resources and promoting self-reliance. He believed that individuals should be self-sufficient in their basic needs, such as food, clothing, and shelter, and that communities should be self-sufficient in their economic and political affairs. In the present times, Gandhi's ideas on self-sufficiency have inspired movements for sustainable development, local food systems, and community-based economic initiatives. 5. Spirituality: Gandhi's ideas on spirituality emphasized the importance of inner transformation and the development of a spiritual connection with the world around us. He believed that spirituality is not just about religious devotion, but also about cultivating a sense of compassion, kindness, and inner peace. In the present times, Gandhi's ideas on spirituality have inspired movements for mindfulness, compassion, and social justice. 6. Environmentalism: Gandhi's ideas on environmentalism emphasized the importance of preserving the natural environment for future generations. He believed that humans have a responsibility to care for the earth, and that environmental degradation is a serious threat to human well-being. In the present times, Gandhi's ideas on environmentalism have inspired movements for environmental protection and sustainability, including the global climate change movement Clarify how mid-eighteenth century India was beset with the spectre of a fragmented polity. (सुस्पटि कीजजए हक मध्-अठारहवीं िताबी का भारत नवखं हडत राज्यतंत्र की छाया से हकस प्कार ग्रससत थिा।) 2017 The mid-eighteenth century in India was a period of political fragmentation, as the Mughal Empire had all but collapsed and the country was beset with a multitude of regional powers. This fragmentation was caused by a variety of factors, including the weakening of central authority, the rise of regional powers, and the emergence of new religious and political ideologies. The weakening of Mughal central authority was the primary cause of India’s political fragmentation in the mid-eighteenth century. The Mughal Empire had been in decline since the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, and by the mid-eighteenth century, it had become a loose confederacy of states. As the Mughal Empire weakened, regional powers began to emerge. These powers included the Marathas, the Rajputs, the Sikhs, and the British East India Company. These regional powers began to challenge the authority of the Mughal Empire and carve out their own independent territories. The rise of regional powers was another factor in India’s political fragmentation in the mid-eighteenth century. The Marathas, Rajputs, Sikhs, and British East India Company all sought to expand their power and influence. The Marathas, for example, were able to expand their control over much of the Deccan region, while the Rajputs were able to carve out their own independent states in Rajasthan. The Sikhs also established their own independent kingdom in the Punjab, while the British East India Company was able to gain control of large parts of India. The emergence of new religious and political ideologies was another factor in India’s political fragmentation in the mid-eighteenth century. The rise of Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism challenged the Islamic ideology of the Mughal Empire and further weakened its authority. The Hindu Marathas, in particular, sought to expand their power and influence and challenge the Mughal Empire. The Sikh Khalsa movement also sought to establish an independent Sikh state in the Punjab. The political fragmentation of India in the mid-eighteenth century had far-reaching consequences. It led to a period of political instability and conflict, as the various regional powers sought to expand their power and influence. It also led to the emergence of new political ideologies and the weakening of the Mughal Empire. This period of political fragmentation ultimately paved the way for the emergence of the British Empire in India. Why did the 'Moderates' fail to carry conviction with the nation about their proclaimed ideology and political goals by the end of the nineteenth century? (क्ा कारण थिा हक उन्नीसवीं िताबी के अंत तक आते-आते 'नरमदलीय' अपनी घोनषत नवचारधारा एवं राजनीनतक लक्ो के ं प्नत राटिट् के नवश्ास को जगाने में असफल हो गए थिे ?) 2017 The failure of the ‘Moderates’ to carry conviction with the nation about their proclaimed ideology and political goals by the end of the nineteenth century can be attributed to a number of factors. Primarily, the ‘Moderates’ were unable to gain the support of the majority of the Indian population due to their lack of commitment to the cause of Indian independence. Despite their claims to be the ‘true nationalists’, they were unwilling to take any concrete steps towards achieving independence. As the Indian National Congress leader, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, lamented, “The Moderates have failed to move the nation.” The Moderates’ approach to the Indian independence movement was largely characterized by caution and compromise. They believed in working within the existing British colonial system to gradually achieve their goals. This approach was seen as too incremental by many in the Indian population, who were increasingly demanding more radical action. As Mahatma Gandhi famously said, “The Moderates have failed to move the nation because they have not been bold enough in their demands.” The Moderates’ insistence on non-violence and peaceful protest also failed to inspire the nation. While this approach had been effective in some cases, such as the Indian boycott of British goods, it was seen by many as too passive. The rise of the more radical Indian Nationalists, who advocated for more direct action, such as the use of armed struggle, further undermined the Moderates’ position. The Moderates’ lack of commitment to the cause of Indian independence was also a major factor in their failure. While they were willing to make some concessions to the British, such as the acceptance of some forms of indirect rule, they were unwilling to push for full independence. This caused them to lose the support of the more radical elements of the Indian population, who viewed them as too conciliatory. Finally, the Moderates’ failure to address the social and economic issues facing the Indian population also contributed to their downfall. While they had some limited success in achieving certain reforms, such as the repeal of certain discriminatory laws, they failed to address the root causes of poverty and inequality. This caused them to lose the support of the majority of the Indian population, who were increasingly disillusioned with their lack of progress. In conclusion, the failure of the ‘Moderates’ to carry conviction with the nation about their proclaimed ideology and political goals by the end of the nineteenth century was due to their lack of commitment to the cause of Indian independence, their insistence on non-violent protest and their failure to address the social and economic issues facing the Indian population. Examine how the decline of traditional artisanal industry in colonial India crippled the rural economy.(परीक्ण कीजजए हक औपननवेशिक भारत में पारम्पररक कारीगरी उद्योग के पतन ने हकस प्कार ग्रामीण अथि्भव्यवस्ा को अपंग बना हदया।) 2017 In traditional colonial India, artisanal industries were a major provider of income, employment and goods to rural areas. These industries included weaving, pottery, metalworking, carpentry and stonemasonry. Artisans were highly skilled and used local resources to craft goods that were of high quality and provided a livelihood to many rural people. The decline of traditional artisanal industry in colonial India crippled the rural economy in numerous ways. Firstly, the British Raj implemented policies that sought to de-emphasize the importance of artisanal industries. These included the introduction of tariffs, which made imported British products cheaper and put local artisans at a disadvantage. On top of this, the Raj implemented a series of land reforms which resulted in rural artisans losing much of their land. This had a devastating effect on the rural economy, as it meant that artisans could no longer produce the goods they needed to sustain themselves. The decline of traditional artisanal industry also resulted in a loss of employment opportunities for rural people. The lack of demand for artisanal goods meant that many artisans were either forced out of work or had to find other employment. This had a knock-on effect, as it led to an increase in poverty and social unrest in the countryside. The economic effects of the decline of traditional artisanal industry in colonial India have been long-lasting. The country has failed to regain the levels of economic activity in rural areas that existed prior to British rule. This has had a significant impact on the rural economy, as many of the opportunities for income and employment that existed when artisanal industries were flourishing have disappeared. The women's questions arose in modern India as a part of the 19th century social reform movement. What were the major issues and debates concerning women in that period? (आधुननक भारत में, महहलाओ से सं बं ं सधत प्श्न 19वीं िताबी के सामाजजक सुधार आंदोलन के भाग के रूप में उठे थिे । उस अवसध में महहलाओ से सं ब ं धि मुख् मुद्ेऔर नववाद क्ा थिे ?) 2017 1. Education: The right to education for women was a major issue in the 19th century social reform movement. Social reformers fought for equal access to education for both men and women. 2. Rights: Women were denied basic legal rights such as the right to own property, the right to inheritance and the right to divorce during this period. 3. Marriage: Social reformers argued for more equitable arrangements for marriage such as the right for a woman to choose her husband, the right to annul a marriage and the right to have access to divorce. 4. Dowry: The practice of dowry was widespread in 19th century India and was heavily criticized by social reformers. 5. Seclusion: Social reformers argued against the practice of secluding women in the home, instead advocating for increased opportunities for women to take part in public life. 6. Caste and Religion: Social reformers argued for the right of women to convert to other religions or to marry outside of their caste. Highlight the importance of the new objectives that got added to the vision of Indian independence since twenties of the last century. (नपछली िताबी के तीसरे दिक से भारतीय स्तंत्रता की स्प्न दृनटि के साथि सम्धि हो गए नए उद्ेश्यो के महत्त्व को उजागर कीज ं जए।) 2017 1. The objectives of Indian independence since the twenties of the last century have been to ensure a united, democratic, and secular India, where all citizens enjoy equal rights, freedoms and opportunities. 2. These objectives have been essential in the development of India, by providing the framework for a more equitable, just and progressive society. 3. The objectives have also been necessary for forming a stable and prosperous nation, as they provide a strong foundation for lasting peace and economic development. 4. The objectives also help to ensure that all individuals are able to make their own choices, so that each person can have the best opportunities to reach their full potential. 5. Finally, the objectives have also been instrumental in creating a sense of national pride, as India has become a symbol of hope and progress for other countries in the region, and the world at large. Explain how the Uprising of 1857 constitutes an important watershed in the evolution of British policies towards colonial India. (यह स्पटि कीजजए हक 1857 का नवप्लव हकस प्कार औपननवेशिक भारत के प्नत यब्रहिि नीनतयो के ंनवकासरिम में एक महत्त्वपूण्भ ऐनतहाससक मोड है।) 2016 The Uprising of 1857 was a seminal event in the history of British rule in India. It was a widespread revolt against British rule, fueled by grievances over taxation and land rights, as well as resentment of British cultural and religious interference. The Uprising demonstrated the strength of anti-colonial sentiment amongst Indians and forced the British to modify their colonial policies in India. The Uprising resulted in a shift from a policy of direct rule to one of indirect rule. Subsequent reforms, such as the Indian Councils Act of 1861, granted Indians greater representation in local and regional government, thus increasing their political autonomy. The British also abolished the East India Company and took direct control of the Indian subcontinent. In addition, the British began to implement tax and land reforms in the interests of the Indian population. The Uprising of 1857 thus marked a significant watershed in the evolution of British policies towards colonial India, as the British government developed a new approach to colonial rule in response to the uprising. Discuss the role of women in the freedom struggle especially during the Gandhian phase. (स्तंत्रता सं ग्राम में, नविेष तौर पर गाँधीवादी चरण के दौरान महहलाओ की भू ं गमका का नववेचन कीजजए।) 2016 During the Gandhian phase of the Indian independence struggle, the role of women was critical and full of courage, dedication, and commitment. Women were at the forefront of the movement, taking part in the civil disobedience movement and the freedom struggle organised by Gandhi and the Indian National Congress. They actively participated in protest marches, demonstrations, boycotts, and picketing of shops. Women like Aruna Asaf Ali, Sucheta Kripalani, and Usha Mehta played a key role in the underground movement against the British. Women also contributed significantly to the Quit India Movement and the Civil Disobedience Movement. They organised and took part in demonstrations, rallies and marched alongside men to protest against the British. Women like Sarojini Naidu, Aruna Asaf Ali, and Usha Mehta formed the backbone of the movement and their courage, determination, and resilience inspired many others to join the struggle. In addition to this, women also played a significant role and contributed to the development of India's cultural and literary landscape. Many women writers, poets, and activists took part in the freedom struggle and wrote extensively about the plight of women in India under British rule. They wrote about how women were affected by the economic and social inequalities created by the British and about how India needed to be liberated from British rule. Thus, the role of women in the freedom struggle during the Gandhian phase was critical and their contribution was immense. Their courage, resilience, and determination inspired many and they ultimately became a driving force behind India's independence. Highlight the differences in the approach of Subhash Chandra Bose and Mahatma Gandhi in the struggle for freedom. (स्तंत्रता के ललए सं घष्भ में सुभाषचन्द्र बोस एवं महात्मा गाँधी के मध् दृनटिकोण की शभन्नताओ पर ं प्काि डाललए।) 2016 1. Mahatma Gandhi used non-violent methods to fight for India's freedom while Subhash Chandra Bose advocated violence. 2. Mahatma Gandhi believed in civil disobedience while Subhash Chandra Bose believed in direct action against the British. 3. Mahatma Gandhi advocated constitutional means to gain independence while Subhash Chandra Bose advocated military action. 4. Mahatma Gandhi believed in Indian unity while Subhash Chandra Bose believed in divide and rule to weaken the British. 5. Mahatma Gandhi negotiated for India's freedom with the British while Subhash Chandra Bose used the power of the military to fight for India's freedom. How different would have been the achievement of Indian independence without Mahatma Gandhi? Discuss. (महात्मा गाँधी के नबना भारत की स्तंत्रता की उपलत्धि हकतनी शभन्न हई होती? चचा्भ कीजजये।) 2015 Without Mahatma Gandhi, Indian independence would likely have achieved in a different manner. The independence movement was marked by a number of leaders and groups, including the Indian National Congress, which was founded in 1885. However, it was only after Gandhi's return from South Africa in 1915, that the Congress took a more active role in the national struggle. Through peaceful civil disobedience, Gandhi was able to raise awareness and inspire people across the country to join the struggle. He was able to unite a wide variety of religious and ethnic groups under the banner of independence. His leadership and determination helped to galvanize the independence movement and ultimately lead to the achievement of Indian independence in 1947. Without Gandhi, the independence movement would have likely been a much slower and more fragmented effort. Without his unifying leadership, the Indian National Congress may not have been as successful in organizing and mobilizing the people of India. It is possible that a number of different groups, with different ideologies and objectives, would have competed for leadership and taken the independence struggle in different directions. Additionally, without Gandhi's strong commitment to peaceful civil disobedience, the struggle for independence could have turned violent, resulting in much greater casualties and greater difficulty in achieving independence. Overall, it is clear that without Mahatma Gandhi, the achievement of Indian independence would have been vastly different. His leadership, commitment to non-violence, and ability to unite the people of India were instrumental in achieving independence. It would have been difficult for the Constituent Assembly to complete its historic task of drafting the Constitution for Independent India in just three years but for the experience gained with the Government of India Act, 1935. Discuss. (स्तंत्र भारत के ललए सं नवधान का मसौदा के वल तीन साल में तैयार करने के ऐनतहाससक काय्भ को पूण्भ करना सं नवधान सभा के ललए कहठन होता, यहद उनके पास भारत सरकार असधननयम, 1935 से प्ाप्त अनुभव नही होता। ं चचा्भ कीजजये।) 2015 1. The Government of India Act, 1935, provided the Indian Constituent Assembly with a roadmap for drafting the Constitution for Independent India. 2. It introduced the idea of federalism in India, where the powers were divided between the provincial and central governments. 3. It provided the framework for the legislative and executive branches of the government. 4. It provided a blueprint for the structure of the Indian judiciary, with the Federal Court as the apex judicial body. 5. It provided the basis for a parliamentary system of government, with the Governor-General as the nominal head of state. 6. The Act also introduced a bicameral legislature and the concept of adult franchise. 7. It provided the Constituent Assembly with an opportunity to draw from the experience of the British Parliament while drafting the Constitution. 8. It also provided the Constituent Assembly with the necessary time and resources to complete the task of drafting the Constitution in three years. The third battle of Panipat was fought in 1761. Why were so many empire-shaking battles fought at Panipat? (पानीपत का तीसरा युधि 1761 में लडा गया थिा। क्ा कारण हैं हक इनती असधक साम्राज्य प्कं पी लडाइयां पानीपत में लडी गई थिी?) ं2014 The city of Panipat, located in Haryana, India, held immense strategic significance in the past. It was located on the Grand Trunk Road, which connected the regions of the northwest, the Punjab, and Delhi. Panipat was also a gateway to the rich resources of the Ganges-Yamuna Doab. This, combined with its proximity to the capital of the Mughal Empire, made Panipat an ideal location for large-scale battles and campaigns. The Third Battle of Panipat was fought between the Marathas and the Afghan army led by Ahmad Shah Durrani. This battle effectively marked the end of the Maratha Empire and was one of the most significant battles in the history of India. Examine critically the various facets of economic policies of the British in India from mideighteenth century till independence. (भारत में अठारहवीं िताबी के मध् से स्तंत्रता तक अंग्रेजी की आर्थिक नीनतयो के ं नवशभन्नmपक्ो का समालोचनात्मक परी ं क्ण कीजजए।) 2014 The British economic policies in India have been a subject of great controversy over the years. Many historians have argued that the British economic policies in India weakened the Indian economy and played a major role in its eventual subjugation. The British began their rule in India as relatively hands-off rulers in the mid-eighteenth century. They were more interested in controlling and administering the country rather than developing its economic infrastructure. As a result, India’s economy stagnated under British rule. The British also imposed high taxes on raw materials, which put an immense strain on the agricultural sector. In 1793, the British introduced the Permanent Settlement of Land Revenue, which took away the right of Indian princes to collect land tax and gave it to the British. This was a disastrous move, as it made the Indian princes and landlords dependent on the British for their income. This also caused a deep rift between the peasantry and the British. The 19th century saw a major shift in the British economic policies in India. They began to pursue a policy of free trade and a hands-off approach to the Indian economy. This was beneficial to the British merchants and industrialists, who were able to take advantage of the low-cost labour and resources in India. However, this policy had disastrous consequences for Indian industry, which was unable to compete with the cheaper imports from Britain. This led to the deindustrialization of India. The British also introduced a number of restrictive economic reforms, such as the salt tax and the opium trade, which caused immense suffering to the Indian people. In conclusion, the British economic policies in India were largely exploitative and oppressive, and played a major role in the subjugation of the Indian people. The British policies weakened the Indian economy and caused immense suffering to the people. These policies are often cited as one of the primary reasons for India’s eventual independence. In what ways did the naval mutiny prove to be the last nail in the coffin of British colonial aspirations in India? (हकन प्कारो से नौसैन ं नक नवद्रोह भारत में अंग्रेजो की औपन ं नवेशिक महत्वाकांक्ाओ की ं िव-पेहिका में लगी अंनतम कील सानबत हआ थिा?) 2014 The naval mutiny was the last nail in the coffin of British colonial aspirations in India because it demonstrated the strength of Indian nationalism and the rejection of British rule. It also highlighted the deteriorating support of the British in India, and the effectiveness of the Indian independence movement. This event gave a huge boost to the Indian independence movement and contributed to the eventual independence of India from British rule in 1947. Defying the barriers of age, gender and religion, the Indian women became the torch bearer during the struggle for freedom in India. Discuss. (आयु, ललग त ं थिा धम्भ के बं धनो से मु ं ति होकर, भारतीय महहलाएँ भारत के स्ाधीनता सं ग्राम में अग्रणी बनी रही।ं नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013 - ! Answered above. Several foreigners made India their homeland and participated in various movements. Analyze their role in the Indian struggle for freedom. (अनेक नवदेशियो ने भारत में बसकर, ं नवशभन्न आन्ोलनो में भाग ल ं लया। भारतीय स्ाधीनता सं ग्राम में उनकी भूगमका का नवश्ेषण कीजजए।) 2013 William Wedderburn was a British Liberal Party politician and a strong supporter of Indian independence. He was a founding member of the Indian National Congress and served as its president in 1891. Allan Octavian Hume was a British civil servant in India who was instrumental in founding the Indian National Congress in 1885. He formed the party as a platform for Indian nationalists to express their grievances and demand equal rights. Annie Besant was a prominent British theosophist and activist who was deeply committed to Indian independence. She became a prominent member of the Indian National Congress and in 1917 was elected its president. Sister Nivedita Margaret Cousins In many ways, Lord Dalhousie was the founder of modern India. Elaborate. ("अनेक प्कार से लॉड्भ डलहौजी ने आधुननक भारत की नीव रखी ं थिी।" व्याख्ा कीजजए।) 2013 Lord Dalhousie was a Scottish statesman who served as the Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856. During his tenure, he introduced a number of major reforms and initiatives that laid the foundation for modern India. He introduced the first modern railway system in India, linking Bombay to Thane, Calcutta to Delhi, and Madras to Arakonam. He also introduced telegraphy, postal systems, and irrigation works. He was responsible for the reorganization of the army, and he founded the Indian Engineering College at Roorkee. Moreover, he was responsible for the Doctrine of Lapse, which allowed the British East India Company to annex any princely state in India that had no male heir. This resulted in the annexation of several princely states, including Satara, Nagpur, and Jhansi. He was also responsible for the introduction of English as a medium of instruction in Indian universities and colleges. He also created a unified system of administration for all of India, which laid the groundwork for modern administration in the subcontinent. Finally, Lord Dalhousie was responsible for the modernization of India's infrastructure and government. He improved the road and rail networks, introduced the use of steamboats, and established civil and military engineering schools. All of these reforms laid the foundation for modern India. After Independence The political and administrative reorganization of states and territories has been a continuous ongoing process since the mid-nineteenth century. Discuss with examples. (राज्यो एवं ं प्देिो का ं राजनीनतक और प्िासननक पुनग्भठन उन्नीसवीं िताबी के मध् में ननरंतर चल रही एक प्हरिया है। उदाहरण सहहत नवचार करें।) 2022 The political and administrative reorganization of states and territories has been an ongoing process since the mid-nineteenth century. This process has been driven primarily by the need for efficiency and consolidation of resources. It has been used to both create and dissolve borders, define the scope of government functions, and foster economic development. One example of the reorganization of states and territories was the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). In 1922, the Soviet Union was formed out of the former Russian Empire, a conglomerate of nations and states. The newly formed Union was divided into 15 republics, many of which had been organized from the former Russian Empire's constituent parts. This reorganization created a government structure with centralized control and resources, and laid the groundwork for a period of rapid economic development for the Union. The United States has also undergone several reorganizations of states and territories in the past two centuries. In 1803, the Louisiana Purchase saw the United States double in size, and the newly acquired territories were organized into the Louisiana Territory. In 1848, the Mexican-American War resulted in the acquisition of California and other territories, which were then organized into the New Mexico Territory. In 1959, the Alaska and Hawaii territories were admitted as the 49th and 50th states of the Union. These examples show how the political and administrative reorganization of states and territories has been used to both create and dissolve borders, define the scope of government functions, and foster economic development. As the world continues to evolve and change, it is likely that there will be more reorganization of states and territories in the future. WRT India The political and administrative reorganization of states and territories has been an ongoing process since the mid-nineteenth century. With the breakdown of the traditional political structures and the rise of nation-states, the process of state and territorial reorganization has played a critical role in the development of modern nation-states. In India, the process of state and territorial reorganization began with the establishment of the Indian National Congress in 1885. This was followed by the formation of a Central Legislative Assembly in 1909 and an All-India legislative Council in 1919. In 1921, the British government created the Indian Statutory Commission to investigate the question of provincial autonomy, which ultimately led to the Government of India Act in 1935. This act allowed for the creation of new provinces and the reorganization of existing states and territories. Since independence in 1947, India has continued to reorganize its states and territories. In 1956, the States Reorganization Act divided the country into the states of Andhra Pradesh, Bombay, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. In 1966, the union of Punjab and Haryana was dissolved and the new states of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and Gujarat were formed. In 2000, the National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (NCRWC) recommended further reorganization of state boundaries and local government structures. In recent years, there have been increasing demands for the creation of new states in India. These demands have been led by various political and social movements, including the demand for a separate Telangana state in 2013, the Gorkhaland movement in West Bengal in 2017, and the demand for a separate state of Vidarbha in Maharashtra in 2018. Such demands have been met with mixed responses from the Indian government, with some demands being accepted while others have been rejected. Overall, the process of political and administrative reorganization of states and territories has played an important role in the nation-building process in India. It has enabled the country to create unified states with stronger administrative and legislative power and has resulted in greater regional autonomy. However, it has also given rise to a number of regional conflicts and disputes as well. Assess the main administrative issues and socio-cultural problems in the integration process of Indian Princely States. (150 words) (भारतीय ररयासतो के एकीकरण की ं प्हरिया में मुख् प्िासननक मुद्ो एवं सामाज ं जक-सांस्ृ नतक समस्ाओ का आकलन कीज ं जए।) 2021 The main administrative issues faced during the integration process of Indian Princely States were related to the massive logistical tasks associated with the transfer of power from the princely rulers to the Indian government. This included the setting up of new administrative structures, the transfer of government personnel, the setting up of new taxation systems, and the codification of laws. This was a huge undertaking and it took considerable time, money and effort for the government to successfully integrate the Princely States into the Indian union. The socio-cultural problems faced during the integration process of Indian Princely States was rooted in the diverse culture and traditions of the different regions. In some cases, the princely rulers had resisted Indian rule and the local populace saw this as a threat to their autonomy. This led to a breakdown of trust and communication between the rulers and their people, and the feeling of being ‘invaded’ by the Indian government. Additionally, the local population were often not adequately prepared for the transition, as they had no access to information and were unfamiliar with the Indian laws and regulations. This created a sense of uncertainty and fear among the people which further hindered the integration process. Critically discuss the objectives of Bhoodan and Gramdan movements initiated by Acharya Vinoba Bhave and their success. (आचाय्भ नवनोबा भावे के भूदान व ग्रामदान आन्ोलनो के उद् ं ेश्यो की समालोचनात्मक ं नववेचना कीजजए और उनकी सफलता का आकलन कीजजए।) 2013 The Bhoodan and Gramdan movements initiated by Acharya Vinoba Bhave in 1951 were aimed at redistributing land from landlords to peasant farmers. The objective of the Bhoodan Movement was to encourage landowners to voluntarily donate land to landless farmers and to persuade the government to fund land redistribution programs. The objective of the Gramdan Movement was to promote the concept of village ownership, where all the villagers would own the land collectively and manage it themselves. The Bhoodan Movement was initially successful in convincing some landholders to donate land to the landless farmers. In the first five years of the Bhoodan Movement, 3 million acres of land were donated by the landowners. However, there was significant criticism of the Bhoodan Movement in later years due to the lack of implementation of the land redistribution schemes. The government was reluctant to invest in land redistribution and the landowners were unwilling to donate more land than what was mandated by law. The Gramdan Movement also faced similar criticism due to its lack of implementation. Although the concept of collective ownership of land was appealing to rural communities, there was no legal framework to enable Gramdan. As a result, the achievement of the objective of the Gramdan Movement was very limited. Overall, the objectives of the Bhoodan and Gramdan movements initiated by Acharya Vinoba Bhave were noble and progressive, but their success was limited due to the lack of government support and the unwillingness of landowners to part with more land than what was mandated by law. Write a critical note on the evolution and significance of the slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan". (‘जय जवान जय हकसान’ नारे के उद्भव और महत्ा पर एक समालोचनात्मक लेऽ ललखखए।) 2013 The slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan" has been a slogan of national importance since it was first introduced in 1965 by the then Prime Minister of India Late Lal Bahadur Shastri. The slogan was popularized by his exhortation to the people of India to join in the country's battle against Pakistan. The slogan encapsulates the spirit of Indian patriotism and solidarity as it puts forth the message of unity between the armed forces and farmers, both of whom are the backbone of the nation's growth and prosperity. The slogan has since become deeply entwined in the culture of India and is a symbol of dedication and sacrifice to the nation. It has served as an inspiration for many people to strive for the betterment of India, and for the people of India to come together to face common challenges. The slogan has now become a part of everyday life in India, and its significance has only grown with time. It is evident that the slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan" has become an important part of Indian culture, signifying the commitment of both the armed forces and farmers to the nation's growth and progress. The slogan has served as a reminder of the nation's shared responsibility to work together to bring about a brighter future for all. Discuss the contribution of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad to pre-and post-independent India. (स्तंत्रता-पूव्भ व स्तंत्रता उपरांत भारत में मौलाना अबुल कलाम आजाद के योगदानो की ं नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013 Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was an Indian nationalist, scholar and leader of India's freedom struggle. He was instrumental in the struggle to end British rule in India and was the first education minister of independent India. He was also a renowned scholar and writer, and was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1992. As a pre-independent leader, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was a prominent figure in the Indian independence movement and a key supporter of Mahatma Gandhi. He was elected INC President in 1923. He was also the leader of the Khilafat Movement in India and worked with fellow leaders such as Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Jawaharlal Nehru to achieve freedom from British rule. He was also instrumental in organising the Dandi March and Quit India Movement, which ultimately led to India's independence. In post-independent India, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad served as the nation's first education minister, and was responsible for the formation of the University Grants Commission (UGC). As the Education Minister, he was responsible for the passage of the Federal Education Act of 1951 and the All India Council for Technical Education Act of 1956. He was also a key proponent of the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) system. He was also a strong supporter of strengthening India's ties with its neighbours and worked to establish the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). Apart from his political achievements, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was also an eminent writer and scholar. He wrote numerous books and essays on Indian culture and Islam and was a recipient of the Sahitya Akademi Award. Through his writings, he sought to bridge the gaps between different cultures and religions and promote communal harmony in India. In conclusion, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was a key figure in both pre- and post-independent India. He played a pivotal role in the struggle for India’s independence and in post-independent India, he worked to promote education, strengthen India's ties with its neighbours and promote communal harmony in the country. His legacy still lives on in India and the world today. Analyze the circumstances that led to Tashkent Agreement in 1966. Discuss the highlights of the agreement. (उन पररस्स्नतयो का ं नवश्ेषण कीजजए जजनके कारण वष्भ 1966 में तािकं द समझौता हआ। समझौते की नवशिटिताओ की ं नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013 The Tashkent Agreement was signed on 10 January 1966 between India and Pakistan in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. The agreement was mediated by Soviet Union Premier Alexei Kosygin. The agreement was a result of the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War which lasted for 17 days and ended in a United Nations mandated ceasefire. The war had broken out after Pakistans Operation Gibraltar which was launched to infiltrate the Indian part of Kashmir with the intension of sparking an uprising against the Indian rule. India retaliated by launching an attack on the West Pakistani side of Kashmir. In spite of initial success in the war, India was forced to pull back due to increasing pressure from the United Nations on both countries to end the hostilities. The highlights of the Tashkent Agreement were: • A mutual agreement to withdraw to pre-war boundaries and ceasing of all military activities between the two countries. • Renunciation of the use or threat of force in the future. • Establishment of diplomatic and trade relations. • Pledging to refrain from interfering in each other’s internal affairs. • Pakistan agreed to release all Indian prisoners of war. • India and Pakistan agreed to set up a Joint Commission with India, Pakistan and the Soviet Union as members to consider and decide all unresolved issues between the two countries. • India and Pakistan agreed to work for the promotion of peace and friendship between them. The Tashkent Agreement was a short-term solution to the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War. In spite of the agreement, the tensions between the two countries have remained high due to longstanding issues such as the Kashmir conflict. The agreement, however, did set a precedent for future negotiations between India and Pakistan. Critically examine the compulsions which prompted India to play a decisive roles in the emergence of Bangladesh. ( उन पररस्स्नतयो का समालोचनात्मक परी ं क्ण कीजजए जजनके कारण भारत को बांग्ादेि के उदय में ननणा्भयक भूगमका का ननव्भहन करना पडा।) 2013 The emergence of Bangladesh as an independent nation in 1971 was the result of a complex interplay of political, social and economic compulsions that prompted India to play a decisive role. The pre-independence political landscape of Bangladesh had been marred by the oppressive rule of the West Pakistani establishment. The people of Bangladesh felt alienated from the mainstream politics of Pakistan and demanded greater autonomy. This was accompanied by the systematic oppression and discrimination perpetrated against the Bengalis in terms of unequal access to economic resources, educational opportunities and civil liberties. The economic disparity, the unceasing political oppression and the gross violation of human rights by the government of Pakistan further fuelled the Bengali independence movement. India, which had been at the forefront of the struggle for independence, viewed the situation in Bangladesh as a humanitarian issue and a threat to regional and global stability. The India-Pakistan War of 1971 further escalated the situation and India decided to intervene militarily in order to protect the Bengali population from the brutality of the Pakistani forces. India provided political, military and diplomatic assistance to the forces fighting for the independence of Bangladesh. It provided refuge to millions of Bengali refugees who were fleeing the violence in East Pakistan. India also provided material and moral support to the Mukti Bahini, the guerrilla force fighting for the liberation of Bangladesh. The Indian intervention was critical in bringing about the eventual birth of Bangladesh and its recognition as an independent nation by the international community. The Indian role was crucial in highlighting the need for self-determination of the Bengali people and in restoring dignity and freedom to them. Though India's intervention did not go down well with the international community, it was necessary in order to ensure justice and stability in the region. ]]>04-gs-1/1.-📜history/1.2-modern-indian-history-from-about-the-middle-of-the-18th-century-until-present-significant-events,-personalities,-issues.-the-freedom-struggle..html04 GS-1/1. 📜History/1.2 Modern Indian History from about the middle of the 18th century until present significant events, personalities, issues. The Freedom Struggle..mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#important Battle of Gallipoli 1915 was an unsuccessful attempt by the Allies in WWI to control the sea route from Europe to Russia, a great Ottoman victory. Iranian Revolution aka Islamic rev took place 1979. Armenian genocide by Turkey during WW I. Hutu, Tutsi tribes live in Rwanda. Herero and Nama tribes live in Namibia were colonised by Germany. 2021-10-18 19:15 “There arose a serious challenge to the Democratic State System between the two World Wars.” Evaluate the statement. "दोनों नवश् युधिो के ं नबच लोकतंत्रीय राज्य प्णाली के ललए एक गंभीर चुनौती उत्न्न हई।" इस कथिन का मूलांकन कीजजए। 2021 There was indeed a serious challenge to the Democratic State System between the two World Wars. This challenge was most notably seen in the rise of authoritarian and totalitarian regimes in Europe, such as Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, as well as in Japan and other countries around the world. These regimes sought to suppress democracy and impose their own ideals and policies, often through oppressive means. This period was marked by repression and violence, and it was a stark contrast to the democratic ideals of the period before the war. It also made it more difficult for democratic states to survive and thrive, as the authoritarian regimes sought to undermine their legitimacy. Ultimately, this challenge to the Democratic State System between the two World Wars led to its decline and the rise of authoritarianism and totalitarianism in many parts of the world. Explain how the foundations of the modern world were laid by the American and French revolution. (स्पटि कीजजए की अमरीकी एवं फांसीसी रिांनतयो ने आधुन ं नक नवश् की आधारशिलाएं हकस प्कार ननर्मत की थिी।) ं 2019 -The American and French Revolutions established the principles of democracy, self-governance, and the right to political representation; -These principles served as the basis for the modern world's systems of government and have been adopted by countries across the globe. -The revolutions also inspired a wave of independence movements and independence declarations throughout the world. -The American Revolution led to the creation of the world's first written constitution, while the French Revolution established the concept of human rights. Why indentured labour was taken by the British from India to other colonies? Have they been able to preserve their cultural identity over there? (अंग्रेज़ हकस कारण भारत से करारबधि रिगमक अन् उपननवेिो में ले ं गए थिे? क्ा वे वहां पर अपनी सांस्ृ नतक पहचान को परररशक्त रखने में सफल रहे हैं?) 2018 Indentured labour was taken by the British from India to other colonies to provide much-needed cheap labour for their plantations, mines, construction sites and other industries. This labour was supposed to fill the gap for lost slave labour following the abolition of slavery in the British colonies. Indentured labourers were promised a return passage to India and other benefits such as food, housing, and medical care. However, the reality of their working conditions was often exploitative and brutal. What problems were germane to the decolonization process of Malay Peninsula. (मलय प्ायद्ीप में उपननवेिन उन्लन ू प्रिम में सनन्नहहत क्ा-क्ा समस्ाएँ थिी ?) ं 2017 1. Conflict between the newly independent states: After World War II, the Malay Peninsula was divided between the British and the Japanese, with British Malaya becoming independent in 1957, while the Japanese-controlled territories in the north of the peninsula formed the Federation of Malaya, which was then granted independence in 1957. This partition of the peninsula caused problems between the two newly independent states, with both sides claiming ownership of the same territory. 2. Ethnic conflict: The Malay Peninsula is home to a wide variety of ethnic groups, including Malays, Chinese, Indian, and other ethnic minorities. During the decolonization process, tensions between these ethnic groups led to conflict, which in turn hindered the process of decolonization. 3. Nationalist movements: Nationalist movements in the Malay Peninsula were also a major issue during the decolonization process. These groups sought greater autonomy and independence for their respective territories, which led to disagreements and clashes between the different groups. 4. Colonial legacy: During the colonial period, the British implemented a divide and rule policy in the Malay Peninsula, which led to many socio-economic issues that remain to this day. These issues, such as income inequality, lack of economic development and access to education, have hindered the development of the region since independence. The anti-colonial struggles in West Africa were led by the new elite of Western-educated Africans. Examine. (पजचिमी अफीका में उपननवेि-नवरोधी संघषमों को पाचिात्य-शिशक्त अफीहकयो के नव संभ ं ांत वग्भ के द्ारा नेतृत्व प्दान हकया गया थिा। परीक्ण कीजजए।) 2016 The anti-colonial struggles in West Africa were led by a new elite of Western-educated Africans who sought to end the oppressive and exploitative rule of the European colonial powers. This new elite was composed of intellectuals, writers, and activists who had been exposed to the ideals of liberalism and modernity while studying abroad. They returned to their homelands with a clear purpose: to organize and lead a movement for national liberation and self-determination. The new African elite sought to create a new political order based on justice and progress while preserving traditional values and cultures. This new elite played a vital role in uniting their compatriots against the common enemy of colonialism, and their efforts often produced successful independence movements. Examples of this include the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons, the National Liberation Movement of Guinea-Bissau, the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola, and the United Party of Togo. These organizations and figures were crucial to the success of the anti-colonial struggle in West Africa, and their legacy continues to be felt today. Why did the industrial revolution first occur in England? Discuss the quality of life of the people there during the industrialization. How does it compare with that in India at present? (क्ा कारण थिा हक औद्योगगक रिांनत सव्भप्थिम इंग्ण्ड में घ ै िी थिी? औद्योगीकरण के दौरान वहाँ के लोगो की जीवन-गुणता पर च ं चा्भ कीजजये। भारत में वत्भमान में जीवन-गुणता के साथि वह हकस प्कार तुलनीय है?) 2015 1. The industrial revolution first occurred in England due to its social, economic, and legal conditions. These conditions included an abundance of natural resources and a large population with the necessary skills to work in factories. England also had a stable government and well-developed financial institutions. 2. Life during the industrialization in England was not always easy, with factory workers having to work long hours in difficult and often dangerous conditions. Wages were typically low, and many people lived in cramped and unsanitary slums. 3. Quality of life in India at present is much better than it was during the Industrial Revolution in England. The majority of people enjoy better access to education, healthcare, and housing, and workers have access to more rights and protections. To what extent can Germany be held responsible for causing the two World Wars? Discuss critically. (हकस सीमा तक जम्भनी को दो नवश् युधिो का कारण बनने का ज ं जम्ेदार ठहराया जा सकता है? समालोचनात्मक चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2015 Germany can be held responsible for causing the two World Wars, but it cannot take all the blame. Both World Wars were a result of a complex set of factors and decisions made by a variety of countries. Germany had a significant role to play in the events of both wars, but that role was by no means the only contributing factor. One of the key ways in which Germany can be held responsible for causing the two World Wars was its aggressive foreign policy in the early 20th century. The country was determined to expand its influence across Europe, and its militaristic approach to international relations stoked tensions between rival powers. Germany's annexation of Austria-Hungary in 1938 sparked the Second World War, as it left France and Britain feeling threatened and in need of a response. This was a major factor in the outbreak of the war, and Germany should be held accountable for it. At the same time, it is important to consider the other contributing factors to the two World Wars. Germany's policy of aggressive expansion was a symptom of wider geopolitical tensions between the major European powers. This had been building for decades, and was only exacerbated by the rise of nationalist ideologies such as fascism and communism. Germany was not the only country to pursue expansionist policies, and so it cannot take all the blame for sparking the wars. In conclusion, while Germany can certainly be held responsible for causing the two World Wars, it cannot take all the blame. A variety of other factors, such as the rise of nationalist ideologies, geopolitical tensions, and the decisions taken by other countries, also played a role. What were the major political, economic and social developments in the world which motivated the anti-colonial struggle in India? (नवश् में घहित कौन-सी मुख् राजनीनतक, आर्थिक और सामाजजक गनतनवधयो ने भारत में ं उपननवेि-नवरोधी सं घष्भ को प्रे रत हकया?) 2014 India's anti-colonial struggle was motivated by a variety of political, economic, and social developments around the world. These developments were influenced by the motivations of European powers that colonized India and the rest of the world, as well as the global historical context of the time. One major political development that motivated India's anti-colonial struggle was the rise of anti-colonial and nationalist movements in other parts of the world, such as in Africa and Southeast Asia. These movements sought to reclaim their sovereignty and independence from European powers, inspiring Indian nationalists to do the same. [[3](https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/precontact-and-early-colonial-era/old-and-new-worlds-collide/a/motivations-for-conquest-of-the-new-world)] Economically, the British colonial rule in India was marked by exploitative policies that led to poverty and economic hardship for many Indians. The Indian National Congress, one of the key organizations in the Indian independence movement, demanded economic reforms that would improve the lives of Indians and grant them greater economic autonomy. This included calls for greater Indian control over trade and industry, and for the end of British policies that favored British businesses over Indian ones. [[1](https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/motivations-colonization/)] Socially, the anti-colonial struggle in India was motivated by the desire to end the discriminatory policies of British colonial rule. This included calls for greater political representation for Indians, and an end to the British policy of divide and rule, which had pitted different religious and ethnic groups against each other. The Indian National Congress and other organizations also called for greater social reforms, such as the abolition of the caste system and the promotion of women's rights. [[2](https://www.britannica.com/summary/The-Progressive-Era-Key-Facts)] What were the events that led to the Suez Crisis in 1956? How did it deal a final blow to Britain's self-image as a world power? (1956 में स्ेज सं कि को पैदा करने वाली घिनाएं क्ा थिी? उसने एक नवश् िक्ति के रूप में यब्रिेन की आत्म-छनव पर हकस प्कार अंनतम प्हार हकया?) 2014 The New Economic Policy - 1921 of Lenin had influenced the policies adopted by India soon after independence. Evaluate. (लेननन की नव आर्थिक नीनत - 1921 ने स्तंत्रता के िीघ्र पचिात् भारत द्ारा अपनाई गई नीनतयो को ं प्भानवत हकया थिा। मूलांकन कीजजए।) 2014 "Latecomer" Industrial revolution in Japan involved certain factors that were markedly different from what west had experience. ("नवलम् से होने वाले जापानी औद्योगगक रिास्न् में कु छ ऐसे कारक भी थिे जो पजचिमी देिो के अनुभवो ं ं से नबकिु ल शभन्न थिे।" नवश्ेषण कीजजए।) 2013 Africa was chopped into states artificially created by accident of European competition. Analyse. ("यूरोपीय प्नतस्पधा्भ की दघ्भि ु नाओ द् ं ारा अफीका को कृ गत्रम रूप से ननर्मत छोिे-छोिे राज्यो में का ं ि हदया गया।" नवश्ेषण कीजजए।) 2013 American Revolution was an economic revolt against mercantilism. Substantiate. ( "अमरीकी रिांनत, वशणकवाद के नवरुधि एक आर्थिक नवद्रोह थिा।" इस कथिन की पुनटि कीजजए।) 2013 What policy instruments were deployed to contain the great economic depression? (आर्थिक महामं दी से ननबिने के ललए हकन नीनतगत साधनो का ं प्योग हकया गया थिा?) 2013 ]]>04-gs-1/1.-📜history/1.3-world-history-will-include-events-from-18th-century-viz-ir,-ww,-redrawal-of-national-boundaries,-colonization,-decolonisationn,-etc.html04 GS-1/1. 📜History/1.3 World History will include events from 18th century viz IR, WW, redrawal of national boundaries, colonization, decolonisationn, etc.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo ! Refer notes in Geography and Add maps to those notes
#todo other important natural resources are missing. ✅ 2023-02-08
Minerals and Power Resources : https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/hess403.pdf
Minerals and Energy Resources : https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/jess105.pdf
Mineral and Energy Resources Class 12 : https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/legy207.pdf 2020-10-22 08:19:35 ! Refer geography notes.
Industries : https://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/hess405.pdf
Sectors of the Indian Economy : https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/jess202.pdf
Manufacturing Industries : https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/jess106.pdf 2020-10-30 13:56:00Resource DistributionIndustrial Location Examine the potential of wind energy in India and explain the reasons for their limited spatial pread. (भारत में पवन ऊजा्भ की संभावना का परीक्ण कीजजए एवं उनके सीगमत क्ेत्रीय नवस्तार के कारणो को समझाइए।) ं 2022 Wind energy has significant potential in India, with an estimated total wind energy potential of 302 GW. India is among the top countries in the world in terms of wind energy generation, and wind energy accounts for a significant portion of the country's renewable energy mix. However, despite its potential, wind energy has not seen a widespread spatial spread in India. Some of the reasons for this limited spread include: 1. Lack of financial incentives: Despite the increasing demand for renewable energy in India, there are still limited financial incentives to promote the development of wind energy projects. This can make it difficult for developers to secure funding and attract investment. 2. Land acquisition issues: Wind energy projects require large areas of land, and acquiring this land can be a challenging process in India. This is due to a complex system of land ownership, with many different levels of ownership and use rights. 3. Grid connectivity issues: In order to transport wind energy from remote areas to populated areas, wind energy projects need to be connected to the power grid. This can be a complex and time-consuming process, especially in remote areas where grid infrastructure is limited. 4. Technical barriers: Wind energy projects require specialized technical skills and expertise. This can be a barrier for many communities and developers, especially in rural areas where access to these skills and resources is limited. 5. Social and cultural barriers: Wind energy projects can sometimes face opposition from local communities, who may have concerns about their impact on the environment or on their traditional way of life. Addressing these concerns and building community support for wind energy projects can be a challenge. Discuss the natural resource potentials of 'Deccan Trap'. ( 'दक्न िट्ैप' की प्ाकृ नतक संसाधन सभिावनाओ की च ं चा्भ कीजजए।) 2022 The Deccan Traps are a large volcanic plateau located in the western part of India. They are named after the Deccan Plateau, on which they are located, and the word "trap," which refers to the layer of volcanic rock that forms the plateau. The Deccan Traps were formed approximately 65 million years ago, during the Late Cretaceous period. It is believed that the volcanic activity that formed the Deccan Traps was caused by the collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate, which resulted in the creation of a large volcanic hotspot. Over a period of several million years, repeated eruptions of basaltic lava formed the Deccan Traps, which are now estimated to be over 2,000 meters thick in some areas. The Deccan Traps have a number of natural resource potentials, including: 1. Water resources: The Deccan Traps are an important source of water in western India, with many rivers and streams flowing through the plateau. These water resources are critical for agriculture and human consumption. 2. Minerals: The Deccan Traps are rich in minerals, including iron ore, manganese, and bauxite. These minerals are important for the steel and aluminum industries. 3. Agricultural land: The Deccan Traps have fertile soil and a suitable climate for agriculture. The plateau is an important agricultural region, producing crops such as rice, wheat, and sugarcane. 4. Geothermal energy: The volcanic activity that formed the Deccan Traps also created a large geothermal resource. This energy can be harnessed for power generation, heating, and other purposes. Elucidate the relationship between globalization and new technology in a world of scarce resources, with special reference to India. (अपया्भप्त संसाधनो की द ं नु नया में भूमंडलीकरण एवं नए तकनीक के ररश्े को भारत के नविेष सन्भ्भ में स्पटि करें। ) 2022 Globalization and new technology have become increasingly intertwined in a world of scarce resources. Globalization has enabled the rapid spread of new technology, which has revolutionized the way people live and work, as well as the way businesses operate. This has had a profound effect on the way resources are managed, with new technologies enabling more efficient use of existing resources and the development of new resources to meet growing global demand. In India, globalization and new technology have been instrumental in driving economic growth and development. The liberalization of the Indian economy in the early 1990s opened up new opportunities for foreign investment, which has enabled the country to develop new technologies and expand its industrial base. This has led to increased access to resources, such as energy, water, and food, which have enabled India to become a major player in the global economy. New technology has also enabled India to develop more efficient ways of using its scarce resources, such as through the use of renewable energy sources. The country has invested heavily in solar and wind energy, which has enabled it to reduce its reliance on traditional energy sources such as coal. This has had a positive effect on the environment, reducing emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants. In addition, new technology has enabled India to increase its agricultural productivity, which has been essential in helping the country meet the needs of its growing population. Through the use of modern farming techniques, such as precision farming and the use of genetically modified crops, India has been able to increase its food production while also reducing its water consumption. This has enabled the country to become more self-sufficient and reduce its reliance on imports. Finally, new technology has enabled India to become more connected to the rest of the world, which has opened up new opportunities for trade and investment. Through the use of the internet, India has been able to access new markets and increase its exports, which has been critical in helping the country to become more competitive in the global economy. Describing the distribution of rubber producing countries, indicate the major environmental issues faced by them. (रबर उत्ादक देिो के ं नवतरण का वण्भन करते हए उनके द्ारा सामना हकए जाने वाले प्मुख पया्भवरणीय मुद्ो को ं इंगगत कीजजए।) 2022 Rubber is a versatile and widely used material, with a range of applications in industries such as transportation, construction, and healthcare. The production of rubber is centered in a few key countries, which are distributed across different regions of the world. The major rubber-producing countries include: 1. Southeast Asia: Countries such as Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Malaysia are among the largest producers of rubber in the world. These countries have a tropical climate and fertile soil, which are ideal for the growth of rubber trees. 2. West Africa: Countries such as Nigeria, Ghana, and Cameroon are also major producers of rubber. The tropical climate in this region is similar to that of Southeast Asia, and the fertile soil and abundant rainfall support the growth of rubber trees. 3. South America: Brazil is the largest producer of rubber in South America and the third-largest producer in the world. The country has a favorable climate for rubber production and a large area of land suitable for rubber tree cultivation. Despite its economic importance, the production of rubber has a range of environmental impacts, including: 1. Deforestation: Large areas of forests are often cleared to make way for rubber plantations, leading to the loss of biodiversity and a reduction in the capacity of forests to absorb carbon dioxide. 2. Pesticide and herbicide use: Rubber production often involves the use of pesticides and herbicides, which can have negative impacts on the environment, including the contamination of soil and water. 3. Soil degradation: Rubber production can lead to soil degradation, as the trees extract nutrients from the soil and the use of pesticides and herbicides can reduce soil fertility. 4. Greenhouse gas emissions: Rubber production is a source of greenhouse gas emissions, as the processing of rubber releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Despite India being one of the countries of the Gondwanaland, its mining industry contributes much less to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in percentage. Discuss. गोडवानालैंड के दे ं िो में से एक होने के ं बावजूद भारत के खनन उद्योग अपने सकल घरेलु उत्ाद (जी. डी. पी.) में बहत कम प्नतित का योगदान देते हैं। नववेचना कीजजए। 2021 India is one of the countries of the Gondwanaland, which is a supercontinent that existed during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras. India is home to a vast array of minerals and resources, making it one of the most mineral-rich countries in the world. Despite this, the mining industry in India contributes a relatively small percentage to the country’s GDP. This is primarily due to the fact that the sector is largely unregulated, leading to a lack of investment and development. The Indian government has made efforts to improve the sector by introducing various reforms and initiatives, such as the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act of 1957. This act aimed to improve the regulatory framework of the industry and to promote sustainable development. However, the sector remains largely unregulated and underdeveloped, resulting in a low contribution to the GDP. Another factor that contributes to the low contribution of the mining industry to the GDP is the presence of illegal mining activities. This has led to a decrease in the quality and quantity of the minerals produced, resulting in lower profits for the sector and a lower contribution to the GDP. In addition, the sector is plagued by a lack of technological advancement. This has led to a lack of efficiency in the production process, resulting in higher costs and lower profits. This has also resulted in a decrease in the sector’s contribution to the GDP. What are the environmental implications of the reclamation of water bodies into urban land use? Explain with examples. िहरी भूगम उपयोग के ललए जल ननकायो से भू ं गम-उधिार के पया्भवणथीय प्भाव क्ा है ? उदाहरणो सह ं हत समझाइए। 2021 The reclamation of water bodies into urban land use can have a range of environmental implications, including: 1. Loss of habitat: Reclaiming water bodies into urban land use results in the loss of important habitats for plants and animals, including wetlands, marshes, and rivers. This can have a significant impact on biodiversity and ecosystem health. 2. Soil erosion: Reclaimed land is often not as stable as natural land, and is susceptible to soil erosion and land degradation. This can result in the loss of fertile soil and can also increase the risk of flooding in the surrounding areas. 3. Water quality degradation: The conversion of water bodies into urban land use can result in the degradation of water quality, as increased urbanization leads to the release of pollutants such as sewage, chemicals, and industrial waste into the water. 4. Increased flooding risk: Reclaimed water bodies can also increase the risk of flooding, as they reduce the capacity of the area to absorb and store water. This can result in increased damage to properties and infrastructure during heavy rainfall events. 5. Reduction in recreational opportunities: Water bodies that are converted into urban land use can also reduce recreational opportunities for the community, such as boating, fishing, and swimming. Example: A well-known example of the reclamation of a water body into urban land use is the Marina Bay area in Singapore. This area was once a swampy and heavily silted bay, but was reclaimed and transformed into a prime commercial and residential district. Although the reclamation provided new opportunities for development and increased land availability, it also resulted in the loss of important habitats for plants and animals, and reduced the capacity of the area to absorb and store water, increasing the risk of flooding. Discuss the multi-dimensional implications of uneven distribution of mineral oil in the world. नवश् में खननज तेल के असमान नवतरण के बहआयामी प्भावो की ं नववेचना कीजजए। 2021 The uneven distribution of mineral oil in the world can have far-reaching implications that can be felt across a variety of dimensions, including: 1. Economic: The concentration of mineral oil reserves in certain regions of the world can result in a concentration of wealth and economic power in those regions. For example, countries like Saudi Arabia, Russia, and Venezuela that have large oil reserves have significant economic influence on the global stage. On the other hand, countries that are heavily dependent on importing oil can experience economic instability and a greater risk of inflation. 2. Political: The uneven distribution of mineral oil can result in political tensions between producing and non-producing countries. For example, countries that are heavily dependent on oil exports may exert significant political influence over other countries, while countries without significant oil reserves may experience a lack of political leverage. 3. Environmental: The extraction and production of mineral oil can have significant environmental impacts, including pollution, habitat destruction, and the release of greenhouse gases. These impacts are often more pronounced in regions where there is a high concentration of oil production, and can result in long-term harm to the environment. 4. Social: The uneven distribution of mineral oil can result in unequal social outcomes, with communities in regions with large oil reserves often experiencing a higher standard of living and greater access to resources, while communities in regions without significant oil reserves may experience poverty and a lack of basic services. The interlinking of rivers can provide viable solutions to the multi-dimensional inter-related problems of droughts, floods and interrupted navigation. Critically examine. (नहदयो को आपस में जो ं डनासूखा, बाढ़ और बासधत जल-पररवहन जैसी बह-आयामी अन्स्भम्स्नत समस्ाओ का व्यवहा ं य्भ समाधान दे सकता है। आलोचनात्मक पररक्ण कीजजए।) 2020 The interlinking of rivers in India is a proposed project that seeks to connect India's major rivers to alleviate the country's multi-dimensional inter-related problems of droughts, floods, and interrupted navigation. While the concept of interlinking rivers has been discussed for many years, it has not yet been implemented on a large scale in India. Advantages: 1. Drought relief: Interlinking rivers can help to mitigate the effects of drought by diverting water from areas with surplus water to areas that are experiencing drought conditions. This can provide relief to drought-stricken areas and help to ensure a more reliable supply of water for agriculture and other purposes. 2. Flood control: Interlinking rivers can also help to reduce the risk of flooding by better managing water flows and reducing the risk of waterlogging in low-lying areas. 3. Improved navigation: Interlinking rivers can also provide benefits for navigation, as it can help to create more navigable waterways and reduce the impact of changes in water levels caused by drought or floods. Disadvantages: 1. Environmental impact: The interlinking of rivers can have significant environmental impacts, including the destruction of wildlife habitats, the displacement of local communities, and the degradation of water quality. 2. High cost: Interlinking rivers can be a very expensive project, requiring significant investments in infrastructure and equipment. The cost of interlinking rivers can be a major barrier to implementation, especially in a country like India, which has limited financial resources. 3. Technical challenges: The interlinking of rivers can also be technically challenging, as it requires the construction of large-scale infrastructure, such as dams and canals, which can be difficult to construct and maintain. India has immense potential of solar energy though there are regional variations in its development. Elaborate. (भारत में सौर ऊजा्भ की प्चुर सं भावनाएँ हैं हालाँहक इसके नवकास में क्ेनतया शभन्नताएँ हैं । नवस्तृत वण्भन कीजजए।) 2020 India has immense potential of solar energy due to its geographical location and climate. It is estimated that India receives solar energy equivalent to about 5,000 trillion kilowatt-hours (kWh) per year, which is far more than the total energy consumption of the country. However, there are regional variations in the development of solar energy in India. The southern states of India, such as Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, have the highest potential for solar energy due to their higher solar irradiance and favourable climatic conditions. These states have been leading the way in the development of solar energy in India. On the other hand, the northern states of India, such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh, have lower solar irradiance and less favourable climatic conditions. These states have lagged behind in the development of solar energy. In addition, some of the states in the eastern and western regions of India, such as West Bengal, Gujarat, and Maharashtra, have moderate potential for solar energy due to their relatively higher solar irradiance and favourable climatic conditions. These states have also seen some progress in the development of solar energy. Overall, India has immense potential of solar energy, but its development has been uneven across the country due to regional variations in solar irradiance and climatic conditions. Examine the status of forest resources of India and its resultant impact on climate change. (भारत सं साधनो की स् ं स्तसथि एवं जलवायु पररवत्भन पर उसके पररणामी प्भावो का पर ं रक्ण कीजजए।) 2020 According to data from the Forest Survey of India, the forest cover of India was estimated at 708,273 square kilometers in 2019, which is approximately 21.67% of the total geographical area of the country. However, the forest cover of India is still considered to be low in comparison to the recommended minimum forest cover of 33% for a country like India. The status of forest resources in India has a significant impact on climate change. Forests play a crucial role in regulating the Earth's climate by absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and producing oxygen. Deforestation, on the other hand, leads to the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and contributes to global warming. In India, deforestation is caused by a variety of factors, including urbanization, agriculture, and the extraction of forest resources for industrial purposes. This results in the loss of important carbon sinks, which can exacerbate the effects of climate change. Additionally, deforestation can also lead to soil erosion, reduced water quality, and the loss of wildlife habitat, all of which can further contribute to climate change. In conclusion, the status of forest resources in India has important implications for climate change. To mitigate the impacts of deforestation and to protect the country's valuable carbon sinks, it is important for India to implement policies and practices that prioritize the sustainable management of its forest resources. This can include measures to reduce deforestation, promote reforestation, and protect and restore degraded forest landscapes. Can the strategy of regional-resource based manufacturing help in promoting employment in India? (क्ा प्ादेशिक सं साधन-आधाररत नवननमा्भण की रणनीनत भारत में रोज़गार की प्ोन्ननत करने में सहायक हो सकती है ?) 2019 Regional-resource based manufacturing refers to a strategy of promoting local manufacturing activities that are based on the availability of resources within a specific region. This approach seeks to leverage the unique natural, human, and technological resources of a region to create jobs and drive economic growth. In India, the strategy of regional-resource based manufacturing can help to promote employment in several ways: 1. Creation of jobs: By focusing on local resources, regional-resource based manufacturing can help to create new job opportunities in a variety of sectors, including agriculture, forestry, mining, and manufacturing. 2. Improved competitiveness: By leveraging local resources, regional-resource based manufacturing can improve the competitiveness of local industries and help to attract new investment and jobs. 3. Stimulation of economic growth: By promoting regional-resource based manufacturing, the government can help to stimulate economic growth and create new opportunities for entrepreneurship and innovation. 4. Development of local communities: By creating jobs and driving economic growth, regional-resource based manufacturing can also help to improve the quality of life for local communities and support the development of rural areas. However, it is important to note that the success of regional-resource based manufacturing is dependent on several factors, including the availability of resources, the presence of a skilled workforce, and the availability of infrastructure and transportation. To ensure the success of this strategy, it is important for the government to invest in these areas and to provide support to local manufacturers. Why is India taking keen interest in resources of Arctic Region? (भारत आक्भ हिक प्देि के सं साधनो मे ं हकस कारण गहन रुचच ले रहा है ?) 2018 The Arctic region is of significant importance to India for several reasons: 1. Climate change: The Arctic region is one of the most sensitive regions in the world to climate change, and changes in the Arctic have global implications for weather patterns and sea levels. 2. Strategic importance: The Arctic is home to valuable natural resources, including oil, natural gas, and minerals, and is strategically important as a shipping route connecting Asia and Europe. 3. Scientific research: The Arctic region provides a unique opportunity for scientific research in areas such as geology, oceanography, and atmospheric science. 4. Biodiversity: The Arctic region is home to a rich diversity of wildlife, including polar bears, reindeer, and whales, and supports important ecosystems such as tundra and ice caps. 5. Energy security: The Arctic region holds significant reserves of oil and natural gas, which can contribute to India's energy security. 6. Food security: The Arctic region is home to valuable fish stocks, which can contribute to global food security and help to meet the growing demand for seafood. 7. Tourism: The Arctic region is a popular destination for tourism, including eco-tourism, adventure tourism, and cultural tourism, and has the potential to generate significant economic benefits for local communities. India is taking keen interest in the resources of the Arctic region due to its growing energy needs and its desire to become a major player in the global energy market. India's presence in the Arctic is also motivated by its desire to become a leader in polar science and technology, as well as its interest in the region's natural resources. India has initiated several projects in the Arctic region to explore its resources and to increase its presence in the region. These include the establishment of the International Centre for Arctic Research (ICAR), the establishment of the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC), the launch of the Indian Arctic Research Network (IARN), and the establishment of the Indian Arctic Science and Technology Centre (IASTEC). India is also involved in the International Polar Year (IPY) and has participated in several Arctic research expeditions. Additionally, India has signed an agreement with Iceland to collaborate in the field of Arctic research. The effective management of land and water resources will drastically reduce the human miseries. Explain. (भूगम एवं जल सं साधनो का ं प्भावी प्बं धन मानव नवपचत्यो को ं प्बल रूप से कम कर देगा। स्पटि कीजजए।) 2016 Effective management of land and water resources can have a significant impact in reducing human miseries in several ways: 1. Improved food security: By managing land and water resources more effectively, it is possible to increase agricultural productivity and improve food security for communities, particularly in developing countries. 2. Reduction in water scarcity: Effective water management can help to reduce water scarcity and improve access to clean drinking water, which is essential for good health and hygiene. 3. Mitigation of floods: Effective land and water management practices can help to reduce the risk of flooding, which can cause significant damage to communities and property. 4. Improved sanitation: Effective water management can also help to improve sanitation by ensuring that communities have access to safe and reliable wastewater disposal systems. 5. Enhanced economic growth: Effective management of land and water resources can also drive economic growth by creating new job opportunities and increasing the productivity of existing industries, such as agriculture and tourism. 6. Better health outcomes: By improving access to clean drinking water and improving sanitation, effective land and water management can help to reduce the incidence of waterborne diseases and improve health outcomes for communities. 7. Conservation of ecosystems: Effective management of land and water resources can also help to conserve important ecosystems, such as wetlands and forests, and preserve biodiversity. 8. Climate change adaptation: Effective land and water management can also help communities to adapt to the impacts of climate change, such as rising sea levels and changing precipitation patterns. South China Sea has assumed great geopolitical significance in the present context. Comment. (वत्भमान सं दभ्भ में दशक्णी चीन सागर का भू-राजनीनतक महत्त्व बहत बढ़ गया है। हिप्पणी कीजजए।) 2016 The South China Sea is indeed an area of great geopolitical significance in the present context, and there are several key reasons for this: 1. Strategic location: The South China Sea is located at the crossroads of some of the world's busiest shipping lanes and serves as a key gateway for global trade. 2. Natural resources: The South China Sea is believed to hold significant reserves of oil, natural gas, and minerals, making it an area of economic significance for many countries. 3. Military significance: The South China Sea is home to several key military bases and is seen as an important area for naval power projection by several countries, including China, the United States, and regional nations such as Vietnam and the Philippines. 4. Territorial disputes: Several countries have territorial disputes in the South China Sea, including disputes over the ownership of several islands and the demarcation of maritime boundaries. 5. Fishing grounds: The South China Sea is one of the world's most productive fishing grounds, supporting the livelihoods of millions of people in the region. 6. Energy security: The South China Sea is an important source of oil and natural gas for several countries in the region, including China, Vietnam, and the Philippines, making it a key area for energy security. 7. Environmental significance: The South China Sea is home to several important marine ecosystems, including coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrass beds, and is an important area for biodiversity conservation. 8. Political and diplomatic tensions: The territorial disputes in the South China Sea and the increasing military presence of various countries in the region have led to increased political and diplomatic tensions between regional nations and other major powers. Present an account of the Indus Water Treaty and examine its ecological, economic and political implications in the context of changing bilateral relations. (ससनु जल सं सध का एक नववरण प्स्तुत कीजजए तथिा बदलते हए हद्पक्ीय सं बं धो के सं द ं भ्भ में उसके पाररस्स्नतक, आर्थिक एवं राजनीनतक ननहहताथिमों का परीक्ण कीजजए।) 2016 The Indus Water Treaty (IWT) is a water-sharing treaty signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan. The treaty allocates the use of the six rivers of the Indus Basin to the two countries. The Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej rivers are shared between the two countries. The treaty establishes a mechanism for the resolution of disputes over the waters of the Indus Basin, and provides for a Permanent Indus Commission, with a commissioner from each country, to implement and manage the treaty. The IWT has had far-reaching ecological, economic and political implications for both India and Pakistan. Ecologically, the IWT has helped to prevent water scarcity in both countries. It has provided a framework for the equitable distribution of water resources between India and Pakistan, and has allowed both countries to manage their water resources more effectively. The treaty has also helped to reduce the risk of floods and droughts in the region. Economically, the IWT has allowed India and Pakistan to use the waters of the Indus Basin for irrigation and other purposes. The treaty has enabled both countries to develop agricultural and industrial sectors, and to generate electricity from the waters of the Indus Basin. The IWT has also helped to reduce the cost of water-related infrastructure projects in both countries. Politically, the IWT has been a symbol of cooperation between India and Pakistan. The treaty has created a framework for the resolution of disputes over the waters of the Indus Basin, and has allowed both countries to manage their water resources more effectively. The IWT has also helped to reduce tension between the two countries, and has been seen as a positive step towards improving bilateral relations. However, in recent years, the relationship between India and Pakistan has become increasingly strained, and the IWT has come under increasing pressure. India has been accused of violating the IWT by constructing dams and other water-related infrastructure projects on the rivers allocated to Pakistan. India has also been accused of using the IWT to increase its control over the waters of the Indus Basin. In light of these tensions, the IWT is facing increasing pressure to be updated to reflect the changing bilateral relations between India and Pakistan. It is essential that both countries work together to ensure that the IWT remains an effective mechanism for the equitable distribution of water resources between the two countries. Enumerate the problems and prospects of inland water transport in India. (भारत में अंतददेिीय जल पररवहन की समस्ाओ एवं स ं भिावनाओ को ग ं गनाइए।) 2016 Problems of Inland Water Transport in India: 1. Poor infrastructure: The existing infrastructure for inland water transport in India is not well developed, and requires significant investments to upgrade and modernize. 2. Inadequate network of waterways: India has a vast network of rivers and canals, but many of these waterways are not navigable, limiting the potential for inland water transport. 3. High costs: Inland water transport in India is generally more expensive than other modes of transportation, making it less competitive and less attractive to users. 4. Limited cargo handling facilities: There are limited cargo handling facilities at many of the existing inland water transport terminals, making it difficult to efficiently handle and transport large quantities of cargo. 5. Safety and security concerns: Inland water transport in India is prone to safety and security risks, including the potential for piracy, theft, and natural disasters such as floods and landslides. Prospects of Inland Water Transport in India: 1. Cost-effectiveness: Inland water transport can be cost-effective compared to other modes of transportation, particularly for heavy and bulky cargo. 2. Environmental sustainability: Inland water transport is a more environmentally sustainable mode of transportation, as it produces lower greenhouse gas emissions and has a smaller carbon footprint compared to road and rail transportation. 3. Increased connectivity: Developing the inland water transport network in India has the potential to increase connectivity between different regions and improve access to markets for goods and services. 4. Job creation: The development of the inland water transport sector has the potential to create new job opportunities, particularly in the areas of transport, logistics, and cargo handling. 5. Supporting rural development: Inland water transport can play a critical role in supporting rural development by improving access to markets for agricultural and other goods produced in rural areas. Additionally, it can help to reduce the burden on rural roads, which are often in poor condition and unable to handle heavy traffic. In what way micro-watershed Development projects help in water conservation in drought prone and semi-arid regions of India. (भारत के सूखा-प्वण एवं अधि्भिुष्क प्देिो में लघु जलसं भर ं नवकास पररयोजनाएँ हकस प्कार जल सं रक्ण में सहायक हैं?) 2016 Ways Micro-watershed Development Projects Help in Water Conservation in Drought-Prone and Semi-Arid Regions of India: 1. Soil and moisture conservation: Micro-watershed development projects help to conserve soil and moisture by improving the soil structure, reducing erosion and promoting the retention of moisture in the soil. 2. Improved water management: By promoting better water management practices, micro-watershed development projects can help to conserve water and reduce the impacts of drought in semi-arid regions. 3. Increased groundwater recharge: Micro-watershed development projects can help to increase the recharge of groundwater, providing a critical source of water in drought-prone regions. 4. Promotion of rainwater harvesting: These projects promote rainwater harvesting techniques, such as constructing check dams and percolation tanks, to conserve and store water for use during dry periods. 5. Afforestation and soil conservation measures: Projects may involve planting trees and shrubs to help conserve soil and promote the retention of moisture in the soil. 6. Implementation of soil and moisture conservation structures: Projects may involve the construction of structures such as terracing, gabion walls, and earthen bunds to prevent soil erosion and conserve moisture. 7. Supporting livelihoods: Micro-watershed development projects can help to support the livelihoods of communities in drought-prone and semi-arid regions, by improving access to water for agriculture, livestock, and other uses. 8. Improved irrigation systems: Projects may involve the development of more efficient irrigation systems to conserve water and improve crop yields in drought-prone areas. 9. Watershed management plans: Micro-watershed development projects often involve the development of watershed management plans, which outline the steps needed to conserve water and improve water management practices in the region. 10. Community involvement: Micro-watershed development projects often involve the active involvement of local communities, empowering them to take ownership of water management and conservation efforts in their area. This can help to ensure the long-term sustainability of water conservation efforts in the region. What are the economic significances of discovery of oil in Arctic Sea and its possible environmental consequences? (उत्रध्ुव सागर में तेल की खोज के क्ा आर्थिक महत्व हैं और उसके सं भव पया्भवरणीय पररणाम क्ा होगे?) ं 2015 Economic Significances of Discovery of Oil in the Arctic Sea: 1. Increased Energy Security: The discovery of oil in the Arctic Sea can increase the energy security of countries that have access to it by reducing their dependence on imported oil. 2. Job Creation: The oil industry generates jobs in exploration, production, refining, transportation and many other areas, leading to an increase in employment opportunities in the region. 3. Government Revenue: The extraction and sale of oil from the Arctic Sea can generate significant revenue for the government, which can be used for infrastructure development, social programs and other public services. 4. Increased Trade: The discovery of oil in the Arctic Sea can increase trade as countries may start importing and exporting oil, which can have a positive impact on the global economy. 5. Foreign Investment: The development of the oil industry in the Arctic Sea can attract foreign investment, which can stimulate economic growth in the region. 6. Economic Development: The discovery of oil in the Arctic Sea can lead to the development of local businesses, creating economic spin-offs and growth opportunities in the region. Possible Environmental Consequences of Discovery of Oil in the Arctic Sea: 1. Climate Change: The extraction and use of oil from the Arctic Sea can contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change, which can have devastating effects on the Arctic and the rest of the world. 2. Marine Pollution: Oil spills can have devastating consequences for marine life and can harm the delicate Arctic ecosystem. 3. Habitat Destruction: The construction of oil drilling platforms, pipelines, and other infrastructure can result in the destruction of habitats and wildlife migration routes. 4. Loss of Biodiversity: The exploration and production of oil in the Arctic Sea can result in the loss of unique and fragile species, undermining the region's biodiversity. 5. Increased Shipping Traffic: The discovery of oil in the Arctic Sea can result in increased shipping traffic, which can lead to oil spills, collisions with wildlife, and other environmental impacts. India is well endowed with fresh water resources. Critically examine why it still suffers from water scarcity. (भारत अलवणजल (फै ि वािर) सं साधनो से सुसं पन्न है। समालोचनापू ं व्भक परीक्ण कीजजये हक क्ा कारण है हक भारत इसके बावजूद जलाभाव से ग्रससत है।) 2015 India is indeed well endowed with fresh water resources, with over 18% of the world's total freshwater resources. However, despite this wealth of resources, India still suffers from water scarcity, which is due to a variety of factors, including: 1. Growing population and increasing demand: India's rapidly growing population is putting increasing pressure on its water resources, leading to a shortage of water for domestic, agricultural, and industrial uses. 2. Inefficient use of water resources: Despite India's abundance of water, much of it is wasted due to inefficient use and distribution systems. 3. Unsustainable agricultural practices: India's agricultural sector is the largest user of water, and many farming practices, such as flood irrigation, are highly wasteful and unsustainable. 4. Poor water management: India's water management systems are often inadequate and poorly maintained, leading to waste and inefficiencies in water use. 5. Climate change and variability: Climate change is causing shifts in precipitation patterns and increasing the frequency and intensity of droughts and floods, further exacerbating water scarcity in India. 6. Contamination of water resources: The contamination of India's water resources, due to industrial and agricultural pollution, is reducing the quality and availability of water for human and agricultural use. 7. Inter-state conflicts over water sharing: India's federal structure and the presence of multiple states sharing the same river systems often leads to disputes over water sharing, which can further exacerbate water scarcity. 8. Inadequate infrastructure: India's infrastructure for water storage, distribution, and treatment is often inadequate and in need of improvement, which further exacerbates water scarcity. 9. Over-extraction of groundwater: India is heavily dependent on groundwater, and over-extraction of this resource is leading to declining water levels and increased water scarcity. 10. Political and economic factors: Political and economic factors, such as corruption, red tape, and lack of investment in water management, are also contributing to water scarcity in India. Addressing these challenges will require a multi-faceted approach, including better water management, increased investment in infrastructure, and more sustainable water use practices The states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand reaching the limits of their ecological carrying capacity due to tourism. Critically evaluate. (पय्भिन की प्ोन्ननत के कारण जम्ू और काश्ीर, हहमाचल प्देि और उत्राखं ड के राज्य अपनी पाररस्स्नतक वहन क्मता की सीमाओ तक पह ं ँच रहे हैं? समालोचनात्मक मूलांकन कीजजये।) 2015 The states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand are indeed facing the challenge of balancing tourism with environmental conservation and sustainability. A critical evaluation of this issue is presented below. 1. Ecological Carrying Capacity: The ecological carrying capacity refers to the maximum number of people, animals, or activities that can be supported by an ecosystem without causing permanent damage. 2. Overcrowding: The high influx of tourists to these states has led to overcrowding, particularly in popular tourist destinations, which can result in damage to the natural environment. 3. Waste Management: The increase in tourism has resulted in a corresponding increase in waste generation, leading to a lack of proper waste management systems in many areas, causing environmental pollution. 4. Water Scarcity: The large number of tourists and the associated development of tourist infrastructure can put a strain on local water resources, leading to water scarcity. 5. Soil Erosion: The high footfall of tourists in these states can lead to soil erosion and degradation of sensitive areas such as mountain slopes and river banks. 6. Loss of Biodiversity: The expansion of tourist facilities and activities can lead to the destruction of wildlife habitats and result in the loss of biodiversity. 7. Air Pollution: The increase in tourist activities can result in increased air pollution, particularly in urban areas, due to the use of vehicles, industrial activities, and other human activities. 8. Noise Pollution: The high level of noise pollution caused by tourist activities can have adverse effects on the health of local residents and wildlife. 9. Unplanned Development: In some cases, tourism development has proceeded without proper planning, leading to environmental degradation, loss of natural resources, and cultural heritage. 10. Mitigation Measures: To address these environmental challenges, it is important to implement sustainable tourism practices and policies, such as proper waste management systems, conservation of biodiversity, and limiting the number of tourists to sustainable levels. Additionally, local communities should be engaged and empowered to participate in the decision-making process and benefit from tourism. Critically evaluate the various resources of the oceans which can be harnessed to meet the resource crisis in the world. (नवश् में सं साधन सं कि से ननपिने के ललए महासागरो के ं नवशभन्न सं साधनो, ज ं जनका उपयोग हकया जा सकता है, का आलोचनात्मक मूलांकन कीजजए।) 2014 The oceans are a vast source of resources that can play a significant role in addressing the global resource crisis. However, it is important to critically evaluate the potential of these resources to ensure that their extraction and use are sustainable and do not cause harm to the marine environment. 1. Fish and Seafood: The oceans are a rich source of fish and seafood, providing a valuable source of food for millions of people worldwide. However, overfishing and the use of destructive fishing methods can lead to the depletion of fish stocks and harm to the marine ecosystem. 2. Mineral Resources: The oceans contain vast deposits of minerals, including manganese, nickel, cobalt, and iron, which are essential for various industrial processes. However, the extraction of these minerals can cause environmental damage, including the destruction of habitats and the release of toxic chemicals. 3. Energy Resources: The oceans offer several potential sources of energy, including wave energy, tidal energy, and offshore wind energy, which can provide a cleaner alternative to fossil fuels. However, the construction of offshore energy facilities can have negative impacts on the marine environment, including the disturbance of wildlife and the destruction of habitats. 4. Biotechnology: The oceans contain a wealth of microorganisms and other life forms that can be used for biotechnology applications, including the production of medicines and biodegradable plastics. However, the extraction of these resources can have unintended consequences, such as the introduction of invasive species and the loss of biodiversity. 5. Tourism: The oceans are a major source of tourism, providing opportunities for recreation and relaxation. However, the high level of human activity associated with tourism can cause environmental degradation, including the disturbance of wildlife, pollution, and the destruction of habitats. How does India see its place in the economic space of rising natural resource rich Africa? (उभरते प्ाकृ नतक सं साधन समृधि अफीका के आर्थिक क्त्र में भारत अपना क् े ा स्ान देखता है?) 2014 1. India is increasingly recognizing the potential of Africa's natural resources and is keen to explore opportunities for collaboration and investment. 2. India is looking to invest in the African continent, particularly in the energy sector, to secure access to natural resources and boost its own economy. 3. India has signed agreements with several African countries to develop infrastructure, such as railways, ports, and power plants, in order to facilitate trade and investment. 4. India is also seeking to strengthen its presence in the continent by establishing a network of diplomatic missions and cultural centers. 5. India has established the India-Africa Forum Summit, a platform for dialogue and collaboration between India and African countries. 6. India is also providing technical assistance and capacity-building support to African countries, with a focus on the development of small and medium enterprises. 7. India has also offered to provide assistance to African countries in areas such as health, education, and agriculture. 8. India is also actively involved in the development of renewable energy projects in Africa, such as solar and wind energy. 9. India is looking to expand its trade and investment ties with African countries, particularly in the manufacturing sector. 10. India is also seeking to develop closer ties with the African Union and its member states to promote greater economic integration and cooperation. With growing scarcity of fossil fuels, the atomic energy is gaining more and more significance in India. Discuss the availability of raw material required for the generation of atomic energy in India and in the world. (जीवाश्ी ईंधन की बढ़ती हई कमी के कारण भारत में परमाणु ऊजा्भ का महत्त्व असधकासधक बढ़ रहा है। परमाणु ऊजा्भ बनाने के ललए आवश्यक कच्चे माल की भारत व सं सार में उपलधिता की नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013 Atomic energy is indeed becoming increasingly important in India and around the world as fossil fuels become scarce and concerns about climate change increase. The availability of raw materials required for the generation of atomic energy is a critical factor in its continued growth and development. 1. Uranium: Uranium is the primary fuel used in nuclear power plants and is a key raw material for atomic energy generation. India has relatively limited domestic reserves of uranium and must import a significant portion of its needs. 2. Thorium: India is one of the largest producers of thorium, a naturally occurring element that can be used as a fuel in nuclear reactors. India's vast reserves of thorium provide a significant advantage in the development of atomic energy. 3. World Uranium Reserves: The world's largest reserves of uranium are located in Kazakhstan, Canada, Australia, Russia, and Namibia. These countries play a major role in the global supply of uranium, which is critical for atomic energy generation. 4. Mining Operations: The extraction of uranium and thorium from the earth requires significant mining operations, which can have environmental consequences, including the release of radioactive materials and the disruption of wildlife habitats. 5. Nuclear Waste: The generation of atomic energy produces nuclear waste, which must be properly managed and disposed of to prevent harm to the environment and human health. 6. Enrichment Processes: The uranium used in nuclear reactors must be enriched to increase its concentration of the isotope U-235. This process can be energy-intensive and is subject to international regulations and controls. 7. Nuclear Fuel Cycle: The nuclear fuel cycle, which includes the extraction, enrichment, and use of nuclear fuels, is subject to international regulations and controls to ensure the safe and responsible use of atomic energy. 8. International Cooperation: International cooperation and collaboration are critical for the development and safe use of atomic energy, including the sharing of best practices and the transfer of technology. 9. Renewable Energy: The development of atomic energy must be balanced with the development of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydro power, to ensure a sustainable energy future. 10. Public Acceptance: The development and use of atomic energy must also be guided by public acceptance and the involvement of local communities, to ensure that the benefits of atomic energy are shared and its risks are minimized. The development of atomic energy must be guided by international regulations and cooperation, balanced with the development of renewable energy sources, and guided by public acceptance. It is said the India has substantial reserves of shale oil and gas, which can feed the needs of country for quarter century. However, tapping of the resources doesn't appear to be high on the agenda. Discuss critically the availability and issues involved. (यह कहा जाता है हक भारत में देि की 25 वष्भ की आवश्यकता-पूर्त के ललए शिला-तेल और गैस का पया्भप्त भण्डार है। तथिानप, काय्भसूची में सम्पचत् की ननकासी उच्च स्ान पर नजर नही आती। इसकी ं प्ाप्ता तथिा आवेनटित समस्ाओ की समालोचनात्मक ं नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013 India has substantial reserves of shale oil and gas, which are seen as a potential source of energy to meet the country's growing energy needs. However, tapping these resources has not been a high priority for the Indian government due to several reasons, including: 1. Technological challenges: Extracting shale oil and gas requires advanced technology, which is still in the early stages of development in India. The lack of infrastructure and technical expertise has limited the ability of the country to extract these resources. 2. Environmental concerns: Shale oil and gas extraction involves hydraulic fracturing or "fracking", which has been associated with environmental risks, including groundwater contamination and air pollution. There are concerns that these risks may be higher in India due to limited regulation and monitoring of the industry. 3. Economic considerations: The cost of extracting shale oil and gas is still relatively high, making it an unattractive option for companies and investors. Additionally, the price of natural gas, which is the primary product of shale gas extraction, has been low in recent years, reducing the incentive for companies to invest in the industry. 4. Community opposition: There are concerns from local communities about the impact of shale oil and gas extraction on their livelihoods and the environment. This has led to opposition to the development of these resources in some areas, which has further limited the ability of the government to tap these resources. 5. Competition for land and water: Shale oil and gas extraction requires large amounts of land and water, which are both in limited supply in India. The competition for these resources with other uses, such as agriculture and drinking water, has limited the ability of the government to allocate resources to shale oil and gas extraction. 6. Regulatory and policy challenges: The regulatory framework for shale oil and gas extraction in India is still in the early stages of development. The lack of clear policies and regulations has limited the ability of the government to effectively manage the industry and protect the environment. 7. Political considerations: The issue of shale oil and gas extraction is politically sensitive in India, with some groups viewing it as a threat to the country's energy security and others viewing it as a potential source of economic growth. This has limited the ability of the government to take a clear stance on the issue. 8. Lack of investment: The lack of investment in the shale oil and gas sector has limited the ability of the government to develop these resources. The lack of clear policies and regulations, as well as the high cost of extraction, has deterred investment from companies and investors. 9. Limited infrastructure: The lack of infrastructure, such as roads, pipelines, and drilling equipment, has limited the ability of the government to extract these resources and transport them to markets. 10. Limited international experience: India has limited experience in shale oil and gas extraction compared to other countries, which has limited its ability to effectively develop these resources. 11. Limited research and development: The lack of investment in research and development for shale oil and gas extraction has limited the ability of the government to improve the efficiency and reduce the environmental impact of the industry. 12. Lack of data: There is limited data available on the reserves of shale oil and gas in India, which has limited the ability of the government to effectively assess the potential of these resources. The lack of accurate data has also limited the ability of companies and investors to make informed decisions about the industry. Factors affecting Industrial Locations Account for the present location of iron and steel industries away from the source of raw material, by giving examples. (वत्भमान में लोह एवं इस्पात उद्योगो की क ं च्चे माल के स्तोत से दूर स्स्तसथि का उदाहरणो सह ं हत कारन बताइए।) 2020 1. Availability of transportation: The location of iron and steel industries away from the source of raw material can be attributed to the availability of transportation, particularly shipping, to transport raw materials and finished products. 2. Access to markets: The presence of large markets and urban centers near coastlines can make it easier for steel producers to sell their products, leading to the concentration of steel production near these markets. 3. Availability of energy: Steel production is an energy-intensive process and access to affordable energy sources such as coal and oil is often a factor in the location of steel mills. 4. Access to skilled labor: The location of iron and steel industries near large cities provides access to a skilled labor force, which is essential for the operation of these facilities. 5. Political stability: Political stability and favorable government policies can also be factors in the location of iron and steel industries, particularly in countries where the government is supportive of the industry. 6. Cost of production: The cost of production, including labor costs, energy costs, and raw material costs, also plays a role in determining the location of iron and steel industries. 7. Availability of infrastructure: The presence of infrastructure, such as ports, roads, and power grids, can make it easier to transport raw materials and finished products, and to power the production facilities. 8. Environmental regulations: Stringent environmental regulations can limit the location of iron and steel industries in some areas, causing companies to locate their facilities in areas with more lenient regulations. 9. Historical factors: Historical factors, such as the location of iron ore mines and the development of transportation networks, can also play a role in the location of iron and steel industries. 10. Competition: The presence of existing iron and steel production facilities can also influence the location of new facilities, as companies seek to take advantage of existing infrastructure and to be near existing customers. Discuss the factors for localization of agro-based food processing industries of North-West India. (उत्र-पजचिमी भारत के कृ नष-आधाररत खाद्य प्रिमण उद्योगो के स् ं ानीयकरण के कारको पर च ं चा्भ कीजजए।) 2019 The localization of agro-based food processing industries in North-West India is influenced by a number of factors, including: 1. Abundant Agricultural Production: North-West India is known for its abundant agricultural production, including crops such as wheat, rice, sugarcane, and fruits and vegetables. This provides a readily available source of raw materials for the food processing industry. 2. Favorable Climate: The favorable climate of North-West India, with its warm temperatures and abundant rainfall, supports the growth of a wide variety of crops, making it an ideal location for the agro-based food processing industry. 3. Proximity to Markets: North-West India is strategically located in close proximity to major markets, including the National Capital Region (NCR) and the northern states, making it easy to transport processed foods to consumers. 4. Skilled Labor: The region has a large pool of skilled labor, including farmers and technicians, that can be utilized by the food processing industry. 5. Government Support: The government of India has made a significant investment in the development of the agro-based food processing industry in North-West India, including the establishment of food parks and the implementation of supportive policies and incentives. 6. Infrastructure: North-West India has a well-developed transportation and communication infrastructure, including roads, railways, and ports, which facilitates the movement of raw materials and finished products. 7. Research and Development: The presence of research and development institutions, such as the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) and the Central Institute of Post-Harvest Engineering and Technology (CIPHET), provides support for the food processing industry. 8. Market Opportunities: North-West India offers significant market opportunities for the food processing industry, including the large and growing population, rising incomes, and changing consumer preferences. 9. Existing Food Processing Clusters: The region is home to existing food processing clusters, including the fruit and vegetable processing cluster in Aligarh, the rice and wheat processing cluster in Haryana, and the sugar and jaggery processing cluster in Uttar Pradesh. 10. Private Investment: Private investment in the food processing industry is being driven by the growth potential and favorable investment climate in North-West India. 11. Export Opportunities: The region offers significant export opportunities for the food processing industry, including access to markets in Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. 12. Availability of Finance: The availability of finance, including bank loans and private equity, is a key factor for the growth of the food processing industry in North-West India. Define blue revolution, explain the problems and strategies for pisciculture development in India. ('नीली रिांनत' को पररभानषत करते हए भारत में मत्स्यपालन की समस्ाओ और रणनी ं नतयो को समझाइये।) ं 2018 The "blue revolution" is a term used to describe the modernization and expansion of the global aquaculture industry, similar to the "green revolution" in agriculture. Pisciculture is the cultivation of fish for commercial purposes, which plays an important role in providing food and livelihoods for many people in India. However, there are several problems that need to be addressed in order to achieve sustainable pisciculture development in the country. Problems: 1. Over-exploitation of fish stocks and degradation of natural habitats 2. Poor quality of hatcheries and lack of proper seed supply 3. Diseases and other health issues in farmed fish 4. Inadequate infrastructure and lack of technical expertise 5. Insufficient financial support and lack of government policies 6. Competition with other water-intensive crops and industries 7. Environmental concerns such as water pollution, habitat destruction and loss of biodiversity Strategies: 1. Adoption of sustainable aquaculture practices, such as recirculating aquaculture systems and polyculture systems 2. Improving seed production and quality control measures 3. Promoting disease management and biosecurity measures 4. Encouraging private sector investment and public-private partnerships 5. Developing proper infrastructure, such as hatcheries, feed mills, and ice plants to support the growth of the industry. What is the significance of Industrial Corridors in India? Identify industrial corridors, explain their main characteristics. (भारत में औद्योगगक गललयारो का क् ं ा महत्त्व है ? औद्योगगक गललयारो को च ं चत्न्त करते हए उनके प्मुख अशभलक्णो को समझाइये।) ं 2018 Industrial corridors are large-scale, integrated industrial zones that promote industrial development and economic growth in a specific region. In India, several industrial corridors have been established with the aim of facilitating the development of new industries, attracting foreign investment, and generating employment opportunities. Significance of Industrial Corridors in India: 1. Boosting Industrial Development: The industrial corridors provide a conducive environment for the establishment of new industries, thereby promoting industrial development in the region. 2. Improving Infrastructure: The industrial corridors are planned and developed with a focus on providing world-class infrastructure, including roads, ports, airports, power, and water supply, among others. 3. Generating Employment Opportunities: The establishment of new industries in the industrial corridors is expected to create employment opportunities for the local population, thereby reducing poverty and promoting socio-economic development. 4. Attracting Foreign Investment: The development of world-class infrastructure, availability of raw materials, and favorable policies make the industrial corridors an attractive destination for foreign investment. 5. Encouraging Economic Growth: The establishment of new industries and the influx of foreign investment are expected to drive economic growth in the region and contribute to the overall economic development of the country. 6. Encouraging Technology Transfer: The presence of international companies in the industrial corridors is expected to encourage the transfer of technology and best practices from foreign companies to local companies, thereby promoting the development of the local industry. In India, the major industrial corridors include the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC), Chennai-Bengaluru Industrial Corridor (CBIC), and the Vizag-Chennai Industrial Corridor (VCIC). Petroleum refineries are not necessarily located nearer to crude oil producing areas, particularly in many of the developing countries. Explain its implications. (पेिट्ोललयम ररफाइनररयाँ आवश्यक रूप से कच्चा तेल उत्ादक क्ेत्रो के समीप अवस् ं स्त नही हैं, ं नविेषकर अनेक नवकासिील देिो में । इसके न ं नहहताथिमों को स्पटि कीजजए।) 2017 Petroleum refineries are not always located near crude oil producing areas, particularly in many developing countries, and this has significant implications for both the oil and refining industries. Here are ten possible reasons for this phenomenon: 1. Transportation Costs: The cost of transporting crude oil from the production site to the refinery can be substantial, particularly for countries with limited transportation infrastructure. 2. Market Access: Refineries located near large consumer markets have an advantage in terms of access to customers, as they can supply products to a wider range of consumers more efficiently. 3. Skilled Labor: Refineries require a large pool of skilled labor, including engineers, technicians, and operators, and some countries may not have sufficient skilled labor available in their oil-producing regions. 4. Energy Availability: Refineries require a significant amount of energy to operate, and some countries may not have sufficient energy sources available in their oil-producing regions to support the energy-intensive refining process. 5. Environmental Regulations: Refineries can have a significant impact on the environment, and some countries may have more stringent environmental regulations in their oil-producing regions, making it more difficult to build and operate refineries there. 6. Political Stability: Refineries can be expensive and long-term investments, and some countries may have more political stability and a more favorable investment climate in other regions, making it more attractive to build refineries there. 7. Infrastructure: Refineries require a substantial infrastructure, including roads, railways, ports, and pipelines, to transport crude oil, products, and waste, and some countries may have more developed infrastructure in other regions. 8. Market Concentration: The concentration of refining capacity in certain regions can lead to economies of scale, lower production costs, and improved competitiveness for refineries in those regions. 9. Historical Factors: The history of the refining industry in some countries may have played a role in the location of refineries, including the legacy of colonial-era infrastructure, the development of ports, and the growth of transportation networks. 10. Economic Factors: Economic factors, including the cost of land, labor, energy, and taxes, can influence the location of refineries, with some countries having more favorable economic conditions in certain regions. Whereas the British planters had developed tea gardens all along the Shivaliks and Lesser Himalayas from Assam to Himachal Pradesh, in effect they did not succeed beyond the Darjeeling area. Explain. (जबहक अंग्रेज बागाान-माललको ने असम से ह ं हमाचल प्देि तक शिवाललक पव्भतमाला और ननम्न हहमालय के साथि- साथि चाय बागान नवकससत हकए थिे, पररणाम में वे दार्जललग क् ं त्र से बाहर सफल नही े ं हए। स्पटि कीजजए।) 2014 The British planters faced several challenges while trying to expand tea cultivation beyond the Darjeeling area in the Shivaliks and Lesser Himalayas from Assam to Himachal Pradesh: 1. Terrain: The hilly terrain with steep slopes and narrow valleys made it difficult for the planters to establish tea gardens. 2. Altitude: Beyond Darjeeling, the altitude was too high for tea cultivation, as tea plants need a warm and humid climate to grow. 3. Soil quality: The soil quality was poor in the hilly regions, which was not conducive for tea cultivation. 4. Climate: The climate in these regions was unpredictable and prone to frequent natural calamities such as landslides, avalanches and heavy rainfall, which made tea cultivation a challenging task. 5. Transportation: The lack of proper transportation infrastructure made it difficult to transport tea leaves and other materials to and from the tea gardens. 6. Labor: The scarcity of labor was another major challenge faced by the planters in the hilly regions. 7. Capital: The capital required to set up tea gardens in the hilly regions was high, which acted as a barrier for the planters. 8. Health issues: The high altitude and cold climate of the hilly regions made it difficult for the planters and laborers to adjust and they faced several health issues. 9. Marketing: The limited market for tea in these regions made it unviable for the planters to sell their produce. 10. Pest and disease: Tea plants were susceptible to several pests and diseases, which were prevalent in the hilly regions, making tea cultivation a risky business. 11. Competition: The competition from other tea-producing regions such as Assam, which had better resources and favorable conditions for tea cultivation, made it difficult for the planters to succeed beyond Darjeeling. 12. Political unrest: Political unrest and instability in some of the hilly regions made it difficult for the planters to carry out their business operations smoothly. Therefore, despite the British planters' efforts, they were unable to succeed beyond the Darjeeling area, and tea cultivation remained limited to this region. Account for the change in the spatial pattern of the Iron and Steel industry in the world. (नवश् में लौह एवं इस्पात उद्योग के स्ाननक प्नतरूप में पररवत्भन का नववरण कीजजए।) 2014 The spatial pattern of the iron and steel industry has changed significantly in recent decades due to a combination of technological advancements, shifts in global economic power, and changes in demand. Here are ten factors that have influenced this change: 1. Technological advancements: Advances in steel production technology have made it possible to produce high-quality steel more efficiently, leading to the development of new production centers and the decline of older ones. 2. Shifts in global economic power: As countries like China and India have emerged as major economic powers, their steel production capabilities have grown rapidly, leading to a shift in the center of steel production from the traditional industrialized countries of Europe and North America. 3. Changes in demand: The growing demand for steel in emerging markets and developing countries has led to an increase in steel production in those regions, while declining demand in mature markets has resulted in a decline in steel production in those regions. 4. Access to raw materials: The availability of iron ore and coal, the primary raw materials for steel production, has influenced the location of steel production, with regions that have abundant access to these resources more likely to develop steel-producing capabilities. 5. Energy costs: Steel production is energy-intensive, and changes in energy costs have influenced the location of steel production, with regions that have access to low-cost energy more likely to develop steel-producing capabilities. 6. Environmental regulations: The impact of steel production on the environment has become an increasingly important factor in the location of steel production, with regions that have more stringent environmental regulations more likely to experience a decline in steel production. 7. Labor costs: Steel production is labor-intensive, and changes in labor costs have influenced the location of steel production, with regions that have lower labor costs more likely to develop steel-producing capabilities. 8. Infrastructure: The availability of transportation and other infrastructure, including ports, railways, and highways, has influenced the location of steel production, with regions that have better infrastructure more likely to develop steel-producing capabilities. 9. Political stability: Political stability and the investment climate can influence the location of steel production, with regions that have more stable political environments and favorable investment climates more likely to attract steel production. 10. Market access: The availability of markets for steel products has influenced the location of steel production, with regions that have access to larger and more diverse markets more likely to develop steel-producing capabilities. Why did the Green Revolution in India virtually by-pass the eastern region despite fertile soil and good availability of water? (क्ा कारण है हक भारत में हररत रिांनत प्देि में उव्भरक मृदा और जल की बहढ़या उपलधिता के बावजूद, असललयत में उससे बच कर आगे ननकल गई?) 2014 The Green Revolution in India largely bypassed the eastern region due to several reasons: 1. Lack of Awareness: The farmers in the eastern region were not aware of the modern agricultural practices, and hence they did not adopt the Green Revolution technologies. 2. Lack of Infrastructure: The eastern region lacked the necessary infrastructure, such as power, transportation, and communication, which was crucial for the success of the Green Revolution. 3. Landholding Pattern: In the eastern region, the average size of landholdings was small and fragmented, making it difficult for farmers to adopt new technologies and make large investments. 4. Lack of Extension Services: There was a lack of effective extension services and agricultural research facilities in the eastern region, which could have helped farmers adopt the new technologies. 5. Crop Pattern: The eastern region was dominated by rice cultivation, and the Green Revolution was primarily focused on the production of wheat and maize. 6. Absence of Irrigation: The eastern region had limited access to irrigation facilities, which was crucial for the success of the Green Revolution. 7. Absence of Credit Facilities: Farmers in the eastern region did not have access to credit facilities, making it difficult for them to make large investments in new technologies. 8. Socio-Economic Factors: The eastern region was dominated by tribal and marginalized communities, who had limited access to resources and information. 9. Government Policies: The government policies were not geared towards the development of the eastern region, and the region received limited attention and investment. 10. Political Instability: The eastern region was plagued by political instability and insurgency, which made it difficult to implement development projects and programs. 11. Soil and Climate: The soil and climate conditions in the eastern region were not suitable for the Green Revolution technologies, which were developed for the northwest region of India. 12. Resistance to Change: There was resistance to change among the farmers in the eastern region, and they were not open to adopting new technologies and practices. These factors combined contributed to the limited success of the Green Revolution in the eastern region of India. Do you agree that there is a growing trend of opening new sugar mills in the Southern states of India? Discuss with justification. (क्ा आप इस बात से सहमत हैं हक भारत के दशक्णी राज्यो में नई चीनी ं गमलें खोलने की प्वृचत् बढ़ रही है? न्ायसंगत नववेचन कीजजए।) 2013 Yes, there has been a growing trend of opening new sugar mills in the southern states of India in recent years. Here are ten reasons why this trend has emerged: 1. Availability of sugarcane: The southern states of India have favorable agro-climatic conditions for sugarcane cultivation, which is the primary raw material for sugar production. 2. Growing demand for sugar: The growing population and increasing prosperity in India have led to a rise in demand for sugar, which has driven the growth of the sugar industry in the country. 3. Government support: The Indian government has been supportive of the sugar industry, providing various incentives and subsidies to support the growth of the sector. 4. Access to finance: The southern states of India have a well-developed financial sector, which has made it easier for sugar mill owners to secure financing for new projects. 5. Skilled labor: The southern states of India have a large pool of skilled labor, which is critical for the efficient operation of sugar mills. 6. Good infrastructure: The southern states of India have well-developed infrastructure, including ports, roads, and railways, which make it easier to transport raw materials and finished products. 7. Favorable policy environment: The southern states of India have a favorable policy environment for the sugar industry, with supportive regulations and tax policies. 8. Presence of related industries: The southern states of India are home to a large number of related industries, such as ethanol production, which can use the by-products of sugar production as raw materials. 9. Access to export markets: The southern states of India have easy access to key export markets, which makes it easier for sugar producers to sell their products internationally. 10. Increased investment: The growing popularity of the sugar industry has attracted increased investment, both domestic and foreign, which has helped to support the growth of new sugar mills in the southern states of India. Analyze the factors for highly decentralized cotton textile industry in India. (भारत में अनत-नवके न्द्रीकृ त सूती-कपडा उद्योग की स्ापना में कारको का ं नवश्ेषण कीजजए।) 2013 The cotton textile industry in India is highly decentralized due to several factors. Here are ten points explaining these factors: 1. Historical Legacy: India has a rich history of decentralized cotton textile production, dating back to the pre-colonial era, when local weavers produced textiles for domestic consumption and regional trade. This tradition of decentralized production continued even after the arrival of British-owned mills. 2. Low Capital Requirements: The cotton textile industry does not require large amounts of capital investment, making it accessible for small and medium-sized enterprises to enter the market. 3. Abundant Labor: India has a large pool of skilled and unskilled labor, which is essential for the cotton textile industry. This has enabled the industry to spread across the country, even in areas with low capital investment. 4. Access to Raw Materials: India has a favorable climate for growing cotton and is one of the largest producers of cotton in the world. This availability of raw materials has facilitated the growth of the cotton textile industry in various regions of the country. 5. Market Demand: The cotton textile industry in India is driven by domestic demand, and there is a large market for cotton textiles in different regions of the country. This demand has fueled the growth of the industry in various parts of the country. 6. Technological Advances: The development of new spinning and weaving technologies has made it possible for smaller enterprises to enter the cotton textile industry, further contributing to its decentralization. 7. Government Support: The government has supported the growth of the cotton textile industry through various policies and initiatives, including tax incentives and subsidies for small and medium-sized enterprises. 8. Economic Factors: Decentralized cotton textile production allows for greater economic efficiency as it reduces transportation costs and increases accessibility to local markets. 9. Clustered Development: The cotton textile industry has developed in clusters in various regions of the country, where there is a concentration of cotton spinning and weaving units. This has further contributed to its decentralization. 10. Flexibility: The decentralization of the cotton textile industry allows for greater flexibility and responsiveness to changing market demands, as units can be quickly established or shut down as needed. ]]>04-gs-1/2.-🌏-geography/2.1-distribution-of-natural-resources,-factors-for-location-for-industries.html04 GS-1/2. 🌏 Geography/2.1 Distribution of Natural Resources, Factors for location for Industries.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTDaylight saving time : -Setting up of clock ahead or backwards to extend the daylight hours. This was done since it saves energy, completion of work earlier. But it has issues with increasing heart problems, spike in workplace injuries, on Agriculture and labour and productivity. Frequency of very severe storms in Arabian Sea has increased due to inc is global temp/warming. Wind shear is driving cyclones from far areas towards Western Coast. 52% inc in frequency of cyclones in Arabian Sea and 8% in BoB since 2000. Reasons : 1. Inc in surface temp -> more intensification of cyclonse due to inc convection. 2. Underlying features ex land sea boundary, bays, estuaries. Bomb Cyclone aka Bombogenesis or Nor'easter is a mid latitude cyclone that intensifies rapidly. It occurs when atmospheric pressure at the centre of the cyclone drops at least 24 milibars over 24 hrs. Cold airs and fronts are an essential feature for bomb cyclones and are associated with blizzards. It occurs in areas of northwest Atlantic, NW Pacific and sometimes the mediterranean sea from late winter to early spring. Subdued cyclones occur due to calm South China sea, weak La Nina. Madden Julian Oscillation has a -ve influence over cyclones, vertical wind shear Hurricanes are measured by the Saffir Simpson wind scale.
Cold Wave Marine heatwaves are a coherent area of extreme warm sea surface temp that happen when sea temperatures are warmer than normal for extended period of time. Ocean current cause inc in temp, weak winds does not remove heated water from ocean surface to move. Western Indian ocean has seen largest inc in these waves. Pacific Ring of Fire was formed due ot subduction of oceanic tectonic plates beneath lighter contiental plates.
Mt Sinabung Indonesia erupts, INDO has 127/400 active volcanos. Geomagnetic storms are caused due to solar flares when they interact with Earths magnetic field. Solar coronal mass ejection CME or Co-rotating interaction region CIR are constituents of the storm. G1 storms affects power grids causing weak fluctuations, minor impacts on satellite operation and northern and southern lights occur. G 5 storm causes voltage problems, blackouts, radios are hindered. Solar flares could cause the visibility of Northern lights in areas of lower latitude. Aurora caused by collision of fast moving electron w/ oxygen/nitrogen molecule of Earth's upper atm. Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO) : oceanic current located in pacific ocean duration is longer than ENSO (20-30 yrs), major effect in Alaskan weather and global temp, North East India rapidly drying due to it. Ozone hole is the smallest ever recorded this year since 1982. This was due to warm stratospheric temperatures not because of dramatic recovery.
Due to climate change : increased temp El Nino events are likely to become more frequent; the onset location has shifted from the eastern pacific to the western pacific causing frequent and extreme El Nino events La Nina this year has led to Northeast monsoon being subdued ^a 98 c 6b NE monsoon is a permanent feature occurs from October to December rains in TN, KTAKA, TEL, AP, KER is seen La Nina has a negative impact on it but a +ve on SE Monsoon. Effect of climate change on El Nino Inc CO2 will weaken future ENSO and surface temp variability. Will lose heat to atm more quickly Reduce temp difference b/w Easter and western tropical pacific -> inhibit dev of ENSO Tropical Instability waves will weaken and disrupt La Nina event. Polar vortex : low pressure whirling cone region in the stratospheric levels around the poles, strongest in winter Has caused closing of ozone layer.
Churchandpur Mao Fault and Mat fault in Mizoram CO2 in thermal springs are sourced from metamorphic decarbonation of rocks. Geothermal springs are major source of CO2 emission Upwelling caused by a previous storm decreases the intensity of the next one. Not all droughts caused by EL Nino, North Atlantic atmospheric disturbances also resp. Rossby waves that are waves of air current when hit Tibetan plateau suppress rainfall. Geminid meteor shower occurs form an asteroid or extinct comet not in a comet. Axis of earth drifting more than usual due to melting glaciers. North pole drifting Eastwards. Lineament : linear feature dictated by an underlying geological structure ex faults. Most Planets rotate west to east but Venus and Uranus rotate from east to west. Halo around sun appears when white light passes through ice crystals. Supermoon occurs when full moon coincides with Moon's closest approach/ Perigree. Heat Dome : traps hot air rising above. Cold air coming from poles and jet streams act as a dome which pushes the rising hot air below causing high temp. Auroras : formed when charged particles from solar winds comes in contact w/ gasses in atmosphere. Called Aurora Borealis/ Northern Lights in North Hemisphere and Aurora Australis in South. Martian Auroras are discrete/ disjointed since its magnetic field is unevenly distributed. Separation of charges in clouds where +ve charge moves upwards taken by lighter snow and -ve comes down brought by heavier hail. These -ve charges start to move downwards called stepped leader comes in contact w/ moving up +ve charge causes lightning. Earth Overshoot Day by Global Footprint Network : day when on which we have used all biological resources of earth which it can renew in a year. Day is coming early every year. We consume 1.7 earths/yr. Seismic noise : caused by persistent vibrations of ground ex earthquakes, volcanic eruptions etc. Anthropocene : new epoch in Earth's geological history has been proposed present geological time interval describe humanity's impact on env. Summer Solstice(stand still) occurs on June 21 caused by Earths tilt along axis on this day the 2020-10-22 08:20:17
#todo ✅ 2023-02-08 ! Refer Disaster Mgt Notes and CA. vastness ideal condition to create low pressure area shaped like a trough high sea surface temp more rainfall and warm air currents keep temp high constant inflow of fresh warm water lack of landmass absence of air movements Why not Arabian sea ? strong winds do not allow build up of low pressure area lack of fresh water inflow helps keep temp low Advance release of funds from SDRF (State Disaster Response Fund) to State gov AP, Odisha, TN + WB, estd under the Disaster Management Act 2005 recomm of the 13th Fin Commission, Central Gov contributes 75% to 90% fund ambit MoHA audited by CAG, additional funding is given through National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF). Seismic impact of human activities far reaching not localised eg fluid injection for petroleum extraction - instability in faults b/w rocks - trigger earthquakes, study lead to reliable models to mitigate earthquake hazard WMO/UNESCAP assigns names for cyclones in BoB and Arabian Sea 8 member countires around this area give names Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre RSMC, New Delhi is responsible for naming these storms Hurricane Hanna in Texas Typhoon Goni - Phillipines Cyclone Nivar hit Puducherry Amphan in West Bengal Tauktae cyclone in Lakshadweep Yaas in Odisha
Some Natural Phenomena : https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/hesc115.pdf
Natural Hazards and Disasters : Causes, Consequence and Mgt : https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/kegy107.pdf
Interior of the Earth/ Earth Quakes : https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/kegy203.pdf 2020-10-22 08:21:28
#todo ✅ 2023-02-08
Our Changing Earth : https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/gess203.pdf
Environmental Issues https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/lebo116.pdf 2020-10-30 13:57:27 Discuss the meaning of colour-coded weather warnings for cyclone prone areas given by India Meteorological Department. (भारतीय मौसम नवज्ान नवभाग द्ारा चरिवात प्वण क्ेत्रो के ल ं लए मौसम सम्नी चेतावननयो के ल ं लए ननधा्भररत रंग-संके त के अथि्भ की चचा्भ करें।) 2022 How do the melting of the Arctic ice and glaciers of the Antarctic differently affect the weather patterns and human activities on the Earth? Explain. (आक्भ हिक की बफ्भ और अंिार्िक के ग्ेशियरो का ं नपघलना हकस तरह अलग-अलग ढंग से पृथ्ी पर मौसम के स्रूप और मनुष्य की गनतनवसधयो पर ं प्भाव डालते हैं? स्पटि कीजजए।) 2021 The melting of the Arctic ice and glaciers of the Antarctic differently affect the weather patterns and human activities on the Earth. The melting of the Arctic ice affects weather patterns by altering the global climate. The decrease in the amount of ice in the Arctic Ocean has caused a warming of the atmosphere and ocean, which has led to changes in weather patterns across the globe. The melting of the Arctic ice has also caused sea levels to rise, which can lead to flooding in coastal areas. Furthermore, the melting of the Arctic ice has led to changes in ocean currents, which can affect the climate in other regions. The melting of the glaciers of the Antarctic has a different effect on weather patterns and human activities. The melting of the Antarctic glaciers has caused sea levels to rise, which can lead to flooding in coastal areas. Additionally, the melting of the Antarctic glaciers has caused the ocean to become more acidic, which can have a negative effect on marine life. Furthermore, the melting of the Antarctic glaciers has caused changes in ocean currents, which can have an impact on the climate in other regions. Finally, the melting of the Antarctic glaciers has caused a decrease in the amount of fresh water available for human consumption, which can lead to shortages in certain areas. How will the meeting of Himalayan glaciers have a far-reaching impact on the water resources of India? (हहमालय के हहमनदो के ं नपघलने का भारत के जल-सं साधनो पर ं हकस प्कार दूरगामी प्भाव होगा ?) 2020 The Himalayan glaciers are the main sources of fresh water for India, providing more than 60% of the country’s annual surface water supply. The retreating of these glaciers due to global warming is having a major impact on India’s water resources since it is reducing the amount of water available in the rivers. This will have immense implications for the country. It could lead to water scarcity in many parts of the region, decrease agricultural productivity, lead to an increase in conflicts over water and put an additional burden on India’s already fragile water resources. In addition, it could also lead to increased flooding and landslides which can impact the lives and livelihoods of people living in the affected regions. Therefore, the meeting of Himalayan glaciers will have a far-reaching impact on the water resources of India. Assess the impact of global warming on coral life system with examples. (वैजश्क तापन का प्वाल जीवन तंत्र पर प्भाव का, उदाहरणो के सा ं थि, आकलन कीजजए । ) 2019 How do ocean currents and water masses differ in their impacts on marine life and the coastal environment? Give suitable examples? (महासागर धाराएँ और जल राशियाँ समुद्री जीवन और तिीय पया्भवरण पर अपने प्भावों में हकस-हकस प्कार परस्पर शभन्न हैं ? उपयुति उदहारण दीजजए । ) 2019 Discuss the causes of depletion of mangroves and explain their importance in maintaining coastal ecology. (मैंग्रोवो के र ं रतिीकरण के कारणो पर च ं चा्भ कीजजए और तिीय पाररस्स्नतकी का अनुरक्ण करने में इनके महत्व को स्पटि कीजजए । ) 2019 How can the mountain ecosystem be restored from the negative impact of development initiatives and tourism? (पव्भत पाररस्स्नतकी तंत्र को नवकास पहलो और प ं य्भिन के ऋणात्मक प्भाव से हकस प्कार पूण:स्ानपत हकया जा सकता है ? ) 2019 What is water stress? How and why does it differ regionally in India? (जल प्नतबल (वािर ्टैस) का क् ट् ा मतलब है ? भारत में यह हकस प्कार और हकस कारन प्ादेशिकत: शभन्न-शभन्न है ?) 2019 What are the consequences of spreading of 'Dead Zones' on marine ecosystem? (समुद्री पाररस्स्नतकी पर 'मृतक्ेत्रो' (डैड जोन्स) के ं नवस्तार के क्ा-क्ा पररणाम होते हैं ? ) 2018 In spite of adverse environmental impact, coal mining is still inevitable for development." Discuss. (“प्नतकू ल पया्भवरणीय प्भाव के बावजूद, कोयला खनन नवकास के ललए अभी भी अपररहाय्भ है ।” नववेचना कीजजए।) 2017 Mention the advantages of the cultivation of pulse because of which the year 2016 was declared as the International Year of Pulses by the United Nations. (दलहन की कृ नष के लाभो का उल् ं ेख कीजजए जजसके कारण सं युति राटिट् के द्ारा वष्भ 2016 को अन्रा्भटिट्ीय दलहन वष्भ घोनषत हकया गया थिा।) 2017 How does the cryosphere affect global climate? (हहमांक-मं डल (रिायोस्े यर) वैजश्क जलवायु को हकस प्कार प्भानवत करता है ?) 2017 Account for variations in oceanic salinity and discuss its multi-dimensional effects. (महासागरीय लवणता में नवशभन्नताओ के कारण बताइए त ं थिा इसके बह-आयामी प्भावो की ं नववेचना कीजजए।) 2017 In what way can flood be converted into a sustainable source of irrigation and all-weather inland navigation in India? (भारत में बाढ़ो को स ं सचाई के और सभी मौसम में अ ं न्ददेिीय नौसं चालन के एक धारणीय स्ोत में हकस प्कार पररवर्तत हकया जा सकता है ?) 2017 What characteristics can be assigned to monsoon climate that succeeds in feeding more than 50 percent of the won population residing in Monsoon Asia? (मानसून एशिया में रहने वाली सं सार की 50 प्नतित से असधक जनसं ख्ा के भरण-पोषण में सफल मानसून जलवायु को क्ा अशभलक्ण समनुदेशित हकए जा सकते हैं ?) 2017 Discuss the concept of air mass and explain its role in macro-climatic changes. (वायु सं हनत की सं कपिना की नववेचना कीजजए तथिा नवस्तृत क्ेत्री जलवायवी पररवत्भनो में उसकी भू ं गमका को स्पटि कीजजए।) 2016 Explain the factors responsible for the origin of ocean currents. How do they influence regional climates, fishing and navigation? (महासागरी धाराओ की उ ं त्चत् के उत्रदायी कारको को स्प ं टि कीजजये। वे प्ादेशिक जलवायुओ,ंसमुद्री जीवन तथिा नौचालन को हकस प्कार प्भानवत करती हैं?) 2015 How far do you agree that the behavior of the Indian monsoon has been changing due to humanizing landscapes? Discuss. (आप कहाँ तक सहमत हैं हक मानवीकारी दृश्यभूगमयो के कारण भारतीय मानसून के आचरण में ंपररवत्भन होता रहा है। चचा्भ कीजजये।) 2015 The behavior of the Indian monsoon has been subject to much debate in recent years, with some experts suggesting that it has been changing due to human-induced factors such as land use change and emissions of greenhouse gases. Here are 12 points that can be considered in this discussion: 1. Land use change: Land use change, such as deforestation and urbanization, can alter the surface energy balance and change the atmospheric circulation patterns, which can impact the monsoon. 2. Greenhouse gas emissions: The emission of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, has been increasing in recent years, which can lead to global warming and climate change, leading to changes in the monsoon. 3. Changes in sea surface temperatures: Changes in sea surface temperatures, especially in the Indian Ocean, can affect the monsoon by altering the heat balance and atmospheric circulation. 4. Air pollution: Air pollution, especially in the Indo-Gangetic plains, can affect the monsoon by reducing the amount of rainfall and changing the cloud formation processes. 5. Alterations in soil moisture: Changes in soil moisture due to human activities, such as irrigation, can impact the monsoon by altering the amount of moisture available for evaporation. 6. Changes in vegetation patterns: Changes in vegetation patterns, such as deforestation and agriculture, can alter the surface energy balance and impact the monsoon. 7. Variations in ocean currents: Variations in ocean currents, such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), can affect the monsoon by altering the heat balance and atmospheric circulation. 8. Climate change: Climate change can impact the monsoon by altering the atmospheric circulation patterns and changing the amount of moisture in the atmosphere. 9. Natural variability: The monsoon is a naturally variable system and can be influenced by a number of internal and external factors, such as ENSO and volcanic eruptions, making it difficult to attribute changes solely to human activities. 10. Data availability: There is limited long-term data available on the Indian monsoon, making it difficult to determine the exact extent to which it is changing and the reasons behind these changes. 11. Regional variability: The monsoon is a regional system and its behavior can vary across different regions in India, making it difficult to make generalizations about its behavior. 12. Ongoing research: The study of the Indian monsoon is ongoing and more research is needed to better understand its behavior and the impact of human activities on it. Tropical cyclones are largely confined to South China Sea, Bay of Bengal and Gulf of Mexico.Why? (उष्णकहिबं धीय चरिवात असधकांितः दशक्णी चीन सागर, बं गाल की खाडी और मैक्सिको की खा ं डी तक ही पररसीगमत रहते हैं। ऐसा क्ो है?) 2014 Tropical cyclones are primarily confined to certain areas, such as the South China Sea, Bay of Bengal, and Gulf of Mexico, for a number of reasons: 1. Warm waters: Tropical cyclones form over warm waters, with temperatures of at least 26°C. The waters in the South China Sea, Bay of Bengal, and Gulf of Mexico are warm enough to provide the energy required to sustain these storms. 2. High humidity: High humidity is required for the formation of tropical cyclones. The South China Sea, Bay of Bengal, and Gulf of Mexico are regions with high humidity, which provides the necessary moisture for these storms to develop. 3. Weak vertical wind shear: Vertical wind shear, which refers to the change in wind direction and speed with height, can disrupt the formation of tropical cyclones. The South China Sea, Bay of Bengal, and Gulf of Mexico are regions with weak vertical wind shear, which allows these storms to form and strengthen. 4. Coriolis effect: The Coriolis effect, which is a result of the Earth's rotation, helps to steer tropical cyclones in a specific direction. The South China Sea, Bay of Bengal, and Gulf of Mexico are regions where the Coriolis effect is particularly strong, which helps to guide the formation and path of these storms. 5. Monsoon winds: Monsoon winds, which are seasonal winds that bring moist air from the ocean to the land, are also important factors in the formation of tropical cyclones in these regions. The monsoon winds can provide the necessary moisture and low-level winds for the development of these storms. 6. Availability of warm water: The South China Sea, Bay of Bengal, and Gulf of Mexico are regions that have a continuous supply of warm water, which helps to sustain the formation and development of tropical cyclones. 7. Topographical features: The topographical features in these regions, such as the mountainous terrain in the Bay of Bengal and the shallow waters in the Gulf of Mexico, can also play a role in the formation and development of these storms. 8. Sea surface temperature patterns: The patterns of sea surface temperature in the South China Sea, Bay of Bengal, and Gulf of Mexico are favorable for the formation and development of tropical cyclones. 9. Ocean currents: The ocean currents in these regions can play a role in the formation and movement of tropical cyclones. For example, the ocean currents in the Bay of Bengal can transport heat and moisture towards the land, which can contribute to the formation and intensification of these storms. 10. Atmospheric conditions: The atmospheric conditions in the South China Sea, Bay of Bengal, and Gulf of Mexico are also favorable for the formation and development of tropical cyclones. For example, the low atmospheric pressure in these regions can help to create an environment that is conducive to the formation of these storms. Most of the unusual climatic happenings are explained as an outcome of the El-Nino effect.Do you agree? (असामान् जलवायवी घिनाओ में से अ ं सधकांि एल-नीनो प्भाव के पररणाम के तौर पर स्पटि की जाती हैं। क्ा आप सहमत हैं?) 2014 Yes, I agree that many of the unusual climatic happenings can be explained as an outcome of the El-Nino effect. El-Nino is a natural climate phenomenon that occurs when the ocean temperatures in the Pacific Ocean near the equator become warmer than normal. This can cause changes in the global climate pattern, leading to unusual weather events in different parts of the world. For example, El-Nino can cause droughts in some parts of the world such as Australia and South America, while other parts may experience heavy rains and flooding. It can also lead to an increase in the number of tropical storms, hurricanes, and typhoons in the Pacific Ocean. Additionally, El-Nino can cause warmer winters in some parts of the world and cooler summers in others. El-Nino can also cause changes in the ocean currents, which can affect the distribution of nutrients and other factors that influence the health of marine life. This can lead to coral bleaching and a decrease in the number of fish in the ocean. Overall, El-Nino can cause a wide range of unusual climatic happenings around the world. Bring out the relationship between the shrinking Himalayan glaciers and the symptoms of climate change in the Indian sub-continent. (भारतीय उप-महाद्ीप में घिती हई हहमालयी हहमनहदयो और जलवायु पर ं रवत्भनके लक्णो के बीच सं बं ध उजागर कीज ं जए।) 2014 The shrinking of the Himalayan glaciers has a significant impact on the climate change in the Indian subcontinent. Here are some of the ways in which the two are related: 1. Reduced water availability: The melting of glaciers contributes to the water cycle and is an important source of water for many rivers in the region. As the glaciers shrink, the water supply to these rivers is reduced, which can lead to water scarcity for agriculture, industry, and households. 2. Increased flooding: As the glaciers shrink, there is a risk of increased flooding in the region due to the release of large volumes of water from glacial lakes. This can cause damage to infrastructure, homes, and agriculture, and can also lead to loss of life. 3. Changing weather patterns: The Himalayan glaciers play a crucial role in regulating the climate in the region, and their shrinkage can lead to changes in precipitation patterns and air temperature. This can have significant impacts on agriculture and biodiversity in the region. 4. Increased sea levels: The melting of glaciers contributes to sea level rise, which is a major symptom of climate change. This can have significant impacts on coastal communities and ecosystems, as well as on low-lying islands and delta regions. 5. Amplified warming: The shrinkage of glaciers in the Himalayas is itself a symptom of climate change, and this in turn can amplify the warming trend in the region. This can lead to further melting of the glaciers, which can create a vicious cycle of warming and shrinkage. The recent cyclone on the east coast of India was called "Phailin". How are the tropical cyclones named across the world? (भारत के पूवथी ति पर हाल ही में आए चरिवात को ‘फाइललन’ (Phailin) कहा गया। सं सार में उष्णकहिबं धीय चरिवातो को कै से नाम ं हदया जाता है? नवस्तार से बताइए।) 2013 Tropical cyclones are named to help people easily identify them, and to facilitate communication between different countries and organizations. The process of naming tropical cyclones involves several international meteorological organizations and countries in the region affected by the cyclone. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) maintains a list of names for tropical cyclones that form over the Atlantic Ocean, the Eastern North Pacific Ocean, and the Western North Pacific Ocean. Each name on the list is assigned to a specific storm, and the names are recycled every six years. In the case of the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, the practice of naming tropical cyclones was initiated by the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and the meteorological agencies of Bangladesh, Iran, Maldives, Myanmar, Oman, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Yemen. The names are selected based on a pre-determined list and alternate between names submitted by different countries in the region. 1. World Meteorological Organization (WMO): The WMO has a rotating list of names for tropical cyclones that form in the Atlantic Ocean, Eastern North Pacific Ocean, and the Western North Pacific Ocean. 2. Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers (RSMCs): RSMCs are responsible for naming tropical cyclones in their respective regions. For example, the Indian Meteorological Department names tropical cyclones that form over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. 3. National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs): NMHSs in different countries also name tropical cyclones in their region. Bring out the causes for the formation of heat islands in the urban habitat of the world. (सं सार केिहरी ननवास-स्ानो में ताप-द् ं ीपो के बनने के कारण बताइए।) ं 2013 Heat islands are areas in urban environments where temperatures are higher than the surrounding rural areas due to various human activities. Here are seven factors that contribute to the formation of heat islands: 1. Increased impervious surfaces: The increasing amount of concrete and asphalt in urban areas prevents heat from being absorbed into the ground, which leads to higher temperatures in the surrounding environment. 2. Reduced vegetation: Urbanization often leads to the removal of vegetation, which normally provides shade and helps to regulate temperatures. 3. Increased human activity: Human activities such as transportation, industry, and energy use contribute to higher temperatures in urban areas. 4. Lack of green spaces: Urban areas often have limited green spaces, such as parks and gardens, which provide shade and help to regulate temperatures. 5. Urban design: Urban design can also contribute to heat islands. For example, buildings that are tall and densely packed together can trap heat and make temperatures in urban areas higher. 6. Climate change: Climate change is leading to higher temperatures across the world, and this trend is particularly pronounced in urban areas due to the unique challenges posed by urban heat islands. 7. Building materials: The materials used in buildings, such as dark-colored roofing and paving materials, can absorb and retain heat, contributing to higher temperatures in urban areas. What do you understand by the phenomenon of temperature inversion in meteorology? How does it affect the weather and the habitants of the place? (मौसम-नवज्ान में ‘तापमान व्युत्क्रम’ की घिना से आप क्ा समझते हैं? उस स्ान के मौसम तथिा ननवाससयो को यह कै से ं प्भानवत करता है?) 2013 Temperature inversion is a meteorological phenomenon in which the normal decrease in temperature with height is reversed, leading to a layer of warm air trapping cooler air below it. This can occur in a number of ways, but is often seen in regions of high pressure, when the warm air above the surface is prevented from rising by a layer of colder air aloft. Some of the effects of temperature inversion include: 1. Poor air quality: Inversions trap pollutants close to the ground, leading to increased levels of air pollution. 2. Reduced visibility: Inversions can cause a dense layer of fog or smog to form near the ground, reducing visibility. 3. Stagnant weather: Because inversions prevent the normal mixing of the atmosphere, the weather in an inversion layer can become stagnant, with little or no wind. 4. Health effects: The increased levels of pollution can have negative health impacts, especially for those with respiratory conditions. 5. Impact on ecosystems: The buildup of pollutants can also have negative impacts on ecosystems, including soil and water pollution. 6. Pests and diseases: The calm and stagnant weather conditions can lead to an increase in pests and diseases, which can have negative impacts on crops and wildlife. 7. Effects on wildlife: The reduction in visibility can also have negative impacts on wildlife, as it can make it more difficult for them to find food and mates. ]]>04-gs-1/2.-🌏-geography/2.2-earthquakes,-tsunami-etc-(geophysical-phenomena).html04 GS-1/2. 🌏 Geography/2.2 Earthquakes, Tsunami etc (Geophysical Phenomena).mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure> Impact based crater in Moon named after Indian physicist Sisir Kumar Mitra by the Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN), largest crater on the Moon is called South Pole-Aitkin Basin;
ANDREX (Antarctic Deep Water Rates of Export) Project to assess the role of Weddell Gyre how oceans absorbs CO2; Southern Ocean/ Antarctic ocean plays a key role in influencing climatic change Mid-Monsoon lightening project : 1st ever mapping of lightning strikes across country. It is possible to predict strikes 30-40mins ahead. Odisha recorded the highest number of lightening, most deaths occurred in UP. Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation(AMOC) : large sys of oceanic current that carries warm water from the Tropic to North Atlantic helps in distributing heat and energy is weakening and warming up IN ocean. Way ahead to check floods : improve drainage, see whole city as catchment areas, executive and ecological body, risk mapping, monitor town planning, protect GW recharge Space Hurricanes : above north pole on ionosphere, caused when Solar wind and Earth's magnetic field interact, spun counter clockwise, produce auroras and made up of plasma and ionised gases. Interferes w/ sats and radio signals
Heat Wave Monsoon 2021 : 103% of LPA, Low possiblity of El Nino. 2019 and 2020 both were above avg. Leonids Meteor shower occurs every 33 years. Metor shower happens when Earth passes through the trail or debris left by comets or asteroids. 2020-10-22 08:15:51Physical geography consists of Climatology
1.3 Climate of the World Geomorphology
1.1 Earth
1.4 Oceans and Coastal Landforms
Rocks
1.2 Landforms
Coastal Landforms Biogeography study of distribution of species and ecosystem in geographic space and geological time. this distri depends on latitude, elevation isolation and habitat area. Further divided into phytogeography and Zoogeography Soil Geography
Soils
NCERT Physical Geography Class 11 Textbook : https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?kegy2=2-16
NCERT India Physical Environment Class 11 : https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?kegy1=ps-7“Physical Geography Links.canvas” is not created yet. Click to create.2020-10-30 13:55 :21 Describe the characteristics and types of primary rocks. (प्ाथिगमक चट्ानो की ं नविेषताओ एवं ं प्कारो का व ं ण्भन कीजजए।) 2022 Primary rocks are rocks that are formed from the solidification of magma or lava. They are also referred to as igneous rocks. The following are the characteristics and types of primary rocks: Characteristics of primary rocks: 1. Cooling history: The cooling history of the magma or lava plays a significant role in determining the type of primary rock that will form. The rate of cooling determines the size and arrangement of mineral grains within the rock. 2. Mineral composition: The mineral composition of primary rocks depends on the chemical composition of the magma or lava. Magma rich in silica is likely to form rocks with abundant feldspar and quartz, while magma with lower silica content is likely to form rocks with minerals such as olivine and pyroxene. 3. Texture: The texture of primary rocks refers to the size, shape, and arrangement of mineral grains within the rock. There are two main types of textures in primary rocks: phaneritic and aphanitic. Phaneritic textures have large mineral grains that can be seen with the naked eye, while aphanitic textures have small mineral grains that cannot be seen with the naked eye. Types of primary rocks: 1. Granite: Granite is a common type of primary rock that is formed from the solidification of silica-rich magma. It is composed of minerals such as quartz, feldspar, and mica and has a phaneritic texture. 2. Basalt: Basalt is a type of primary rock that is formed from the solidification of mafic magma. It is composed of minerals such as olivine, pyroxene, and plagioclase and has an aphanitic texture. 3. Diorite: Diorite is a type of primary rock that is intermediate in composition between basalt and granite. It is composed of minerals such as plagioclase, hornblende, and biotite and has a phaneritic texture. 4. Gabbro: Gabbro is a type of primary rock that is similar in composition to basalt. It is composed of minerals such as olivine, pyroxene, and plagioclase and has a phaneritic texture. 5. Peridotite: Peridotite is a type of primary rock that is composed primarily of the mineral olivine. It is formed from the solidification of ultramafic magma and has a phaneritic texture. 6. Pumice: Pumice is a type of primary rock that is formed from the solidification of explosive volcanic eruptions. It is composed of frothy, vesicular glass and has a very light, porous texture. Troposphere is a very significant atmospheric layer that determines weather processes. How? ( क्ोभमं डल वायुमं डल का एक महत्त्वपूण्भ परत है जो मौसम प्हरियाओ को न ं नधा्भररत करता है। कै से ?) 2022 Troposphere is the lowest layer of the Earth’s atmosphere and is the most important layer for weather processes. It is the layer closest to the Earth’s surface and is where most weather takes place. The troposphere is filled with a mixture of gases and dust particles and is the warmest layer of the atmosphere. The troposphere is important for weather processes because it contains the majority of the Earth’s atmospheric gases and dust particles, which interact with the sun’s energy to create clouds and precipitation. The temperature of the troposphere decreases with altitude, and this temperature gradient helps drive convectional currents which are essential for the formation of clouds and storms. The troposphere also contains the majority of the Earth’s water vapor and this is important for weather processes as it is the primary source of energy for the formation of clouds and precipitation. Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and helps to trap heat energy in the atmosphere, which helps to maintain a warmer climate. The troposphere also contains the majority of the Earth’s ozone and this is important for weather processes as it absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Ozone is also a powerful greenhouse gas and helps to trap heat energy in the atmosphere, which helps to maintain a warmer climate. Finally, the troposphere is important for weather processes as it is the layer of the atmosphere where most of the Earth’s air is found. This air is constantly moving and is important for the formation of winds and storms. The air in the troposphere is also constantly mixing, which helps to distribute heat and moisture around the world and is essential for the formation of clouds and storms. Mention the significance of straits and isthmus in international trade. (अंतरा्भटिट्ीय व्यापार में जलसं सध व स्लसं सध के महत्त्व का उल्ेख कीजजए।) 2022 Straits are narrow waterways that connect two larger bodies of water. They usually have strong tidal currents and can be dangerous for ships to navigate. An isthmus is a narrow strip of land that connects two larger landmasses, typically with water on either side. Straits and Isthmus: • Strait of Gibraltar: Connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea • Bosporus Strait: Connects the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara • Strait of Hormuz: Connects the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman • Isthmus of Panama: Connects North and South America • Isthmus of Suez: Connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea Significance of Straits and Isthmus in International Trade: • Provide access to global markets • Allow for efficient transportation of goods • Serve as a major route for international trade • Provide a shorter and safer route for vessels • Enhance the economic growth of the countries involved What are the forces that influence ocean currents? Describe their role in fishing industry of the world. (समुद्री धाराओ को ं प्भानवत करने वाली िक्तियाँ कौन सी है ? नवश् के मत्स्य उद्योग में इनके योगदान का वण्भन करें ) 2022 Oceanic currents are large, continuous and directed movements of seawater generated by a variety of forces, including the wind, the Coriolis effect, gravity, and the tides. They play a critical role in the global climate by redistributing heat around the planet, affecting the climate of the regions near them. -Winds: Blow surface waters in a particular direction and cause surface currents. -Earth's Rotation: Coriolis force causes currents to move in a clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. -Gravity: Causes water to move from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. -Tides: Cause water to move up and down the coastline in a predictable pattern. Role of Ocean Currents in Fishing Industry: -Provides nutrients to coastal waters, which can support a variety of marine life. -Enables fish to migrate to areas with more favorable conditions. -Can help fishermen find areas with more abundant fish populations. -Can affect the availability of certain species of fish. -Can help fishermen predict the movement of fish populations. Differentiate the causes of landslides in the Himalayan region and Western Ghats. (हहमालय क्ेत्र तथिा पजचिमी घािो में भू-स्खलनो ं के ं नवशभन्न कारणो का अंतर स्प ं टि कीजजए।) 2021 Landslides are a type of mass movement of rock, soil, and debris down a slope due to gravity. They can be caused by a variety of factors, such as heavy rainfall, earthquakes, and volcanic activity. Landslides can occur on any type of terrain and can range from small, slow-moving slides to large, rapid events that can cause significant destruction and loss of life. Himalayan Region: • High rainfall and snowfall • Rapid melting of snow due to global warming • Earthquakes and seismic activities • High seismic activities due to tectonic plate movement • High relief and steep slopes • Deforestation and human activities Western Ghats: • High rainfall • Rapid melting of snow due to global warming • Earthquakes and seismic activities • High relief and steep slopes • Deforestation and human activities • High amount of clay content in the soil • Groundwater extraction 1. Improve land-use planning and zoning: Land-use planning and zoning can help to identify areas that are prone to landslides and other hazards. This can help to reduce the risk of landslides by avoiding development in these areas. 2. Reduce deforestation: Deforestation can increase the risk of landslides, as fewer trees and plants can lead to soil erosion and instability. Reducing deforestation can help to reduce the risk of landslides. 3. Improve drainage systems: Poor drainage systems can increase the risk of landslides, as the water can seep into the soil and cause it to become unstable. Improving drainage systems can help to reduce the risk of landslides. 4. Plant vegetation: Planting vegetation can help to reduce the risk of landslides, as the roots of the plants and trees can help to hold the soil in place. 5. Use retaining walls: Retaining walls can help to reduce the risk of landslides by providing additional support to the soil. 6. Strengthen slopes: Strengthening slopes can help to reduce the risk of landslides, as it can help to prevent the soil from becoming unstable. 7. Monitor potential landslide areas: Monitoring potential landslide areas can help to identify potential risks and can help to prevent landslides from occurring. Mention the global occurrence of volcanic eruptions in 2021 and their impact on regional environment. (2021 में घहित ज्ालामुखी नवस्ोिो की वै ं जश्क घिनाओ का उल् ं ेख करते हए क्ेत्रीय पया्भवरण पर उनके द्ारा पडे प्भाव को बताइए।) 2021 In 2021, volcanic eruptions have occurred in various parts of the world, including Russia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Mexico, Guatemala, and Italy. These eruptions have caused a variety of environmental impacts, ranging from air quality degradation to displacement of local populations. In Russia, the eruption of the Shiveluch volcano has resulted in ashfall and toxic gas emissions, leading to the closure of nearby airports and the evacuation of nearby villages. In Indonesia, the eruption of the Merapi volcano has caused ashfall, landslides, and lahars, resulting in the displacement of thousands of people. In the Philippines, the eruption of the Taal volcano has caused ashfall, lahars, and the displacement of thousands of people. In Mexico, the eruption of the Popocatepetl volcano has caused ashfall and toxic gas emissions, leading to the closure of nearby airports and the evacuation of nearby villages. In Guatemala, the eruption of the Fuego volcano has caused ashfall and lahars, resulting in the displacement of thousands of people. In Italy, the eruption of the Etna volcano has caused ashfall, landslides, and lahars, resulting in the displacement of thousands of people. Why is India considered as a subcontinent? Elaborate your answer. (भारत को एक उपमहाद्ीप क्ो माना जाता ं है ? नवस्तारपूव्भक उत्र दीजजए।) 2021 India is considered a subcontinent because it is a large landmass that is geographically distinct from the rest of Asia. It is bordered by the Himalayas to the north, the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal to the west and south, and the Indian Ocean to the south and east. It is home to a variety of climates and landscapes, ranging from the tropical rainforests of the south to the Himalayan peaks in the north. India is home to a diverse population, with a mix of religions, languages, and cultures. India is also a major economic power, with a large and growing middle class. All of these factors combined make India a distinct subcontinent. Briefly mention the alignment of major mountain ranges of the world and explain their impact on local weather conditions, with examples. (नवश् की प्मुख पव्भत शं खलाओ के सं रेखण का सं ं शक्प्त उल्ेख कीजजए तथिा उनके स्ानीय मौसम पर पडें प्भावो का सोदाहरण व ं ण्भन कीजजए।) 2021 The major mountain ranges of the world are generally aligned in a north-south direction and have a significant impact on local weather conditions. For example, the Rocky Mountains in North America form a barrier to the eastward flow of moist air from the Pacific Ocean, resulting in a drier climate east of the range. Similarly, the Andes in South America form a barrier to the westward flow of moist air from the Atlantic Ocean, leading to a much drier climate in the western parts of the continent. The Himalayan Mountains in Asia act as a barrier to the cold, dry air from the north, resulting in a warmer and more humid climate in the south. The Alps in Europe form a barrier to the moist air from the Mediterranean Sea, leading to a cooler, wetter climate in the northern parts of the continent. The impact of these mountain ranges on local weather conditions is further enhanced by the local topography. For example, the windward sides of mountains tend to receive more rainfall due to the orographic effect, while the leeward sides tend to be much drier. This can be seen in the rain shadow effect of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California, which creates a dry climate in the Great Basin on the east side of the range. Discuss the geophysical characteristics of Circum-Pacific Zone. (परी-प्िांत क्ेत्र के भू-भौनतकीय अशभलक्णों का नववेचन कीजजए।) 2020 • The Circum-Pacific Zone is the area of Earth that lies around the Pacific Ocean. • It is also known as the Ring of Fire due to its high concentration of volcanoes, earthquakes, and other seismic activity. • The region is composed of several tectonic plates that are in constant motion and interact with each other. • This zone is characterized by frequent seismic activity, including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis. • The region is also home to many active volcanoes, with over 75% of the world’s active volcanoes located in the Circum-Pacific Zone. • The region is also home to several deep ocean trenches, such as the Mariana Trench and the Tonga Trench. • The region is also home to several large islands, including Japan, New Zealand, and Hawaii. • The region is also home to several large oceanic currents, such as the Kuroshio Current, the California Current, and the Humboldt Current. • The region has several large oceanic basins, such as the Pacific Basin and the Philippine Sea. • It has several large oceanic ridges, such as the East Pacific Rise and the West Pacific Rise. The process of desertification does not have climatic boundaries. Justify with examples. (मरुिलीकरण के प्रिम की जलवायनवक सीमाएँ नही होती है। उदाहरणो ं सह ं हत औचचत्य ससधि कीजजए।) 2020 Desertification is a process of land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas due to various factors, including climatic variations and human activities as per United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). It is a global problem, with a growing impact on the environment, ecosystems, and biodiversity. Despite its name, desertification is not limited to deserts, but can occur in any dry region, including grasslands, shrublands, and savannas. Climate change is a major factor in desertification. As temperatures rise, water resources become scarcer and arid and semi-arid areas become drier. This leads to soil erosion, vegetation loss, and land degradation, which can eventually result in desertification. In addition to climate change, human activities can also contribute to desertification. Overgrazing, deforestation, and unsustainable agricultural practices can all lead to land degradation and desertification. Overgrazing can lead to soil erosion and vegetation loss, while deforestation can cause soil erosion, loss of nutrients, and reduced water retention. Unsustainable agricultural practices, such as monocropping, can also lead to soil erosion, nutrient loss, and water depletion. Desertification can also be caused by natural disasters, such as droughts and floods. Droughts can cause soil erosion, vegetation loss, and land degradation, while floods can lead to soil erosion, nutrient loss, and waterlogging. The effects of desertification are felt around the world. In Africa, desertification has caused widespread poverty, food insecurity, and displacement of people. In the Sahel region of Africa, desertification has resulted in loss of soil fertility, decreased crop yields, and increased poverty. In the United States, desertification has caused soil erosion, vegetation loss, and decreased water availability in some areas. Why is Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) needed? How does it help in navigation? (भारतीय प्ादेशिक नौपररवहन उपग्रह प्णाली (आई. आर. एन. एस. एस.) की आवश्यकता क्ो है ? यह नौपर ं रवहन में हकस प्कार सहायक है?) 2018 • Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) is an autonomous regional satellite navigation system developed by India. • It is designed to provide accurate position information service to users in India as well as the region extending up to 1500 km from its boundary. • It is comparable to other global positioning systems such as the United States’ Global Positioning System (GPS), Russia’s GLONASS and China’s BeiDou Navigation Satellite System. • IRNSS is a constellation of seven satellites, three of which are geostationary and four are in inclined geosynchronous orbits. • The system is expected to provide a position accuracy of better than 20 m in the primary service area. • It is mainly used for terrestrial, aerial and marine navigation, vehicle tracking and fleet management, terrestrial navigation for hikers and travelers, disaster management, visual and voice navigation for drivers. • IRNSS provides two types of services, namely Standard Positioning Service (SPS) which is provided to all users and Restricted Service (RS) which is an encrypted service provided only to the authorised users. IRNSS helps in navigation by providing accurate location information and navigation services. It can be used for applications such as vehicle tracking, fleet management, navigation and guidance of aircrafts and ships, disaster management, mapping, surveying, timing and synchronization etc. It also provides an alternative to the GPS (Global Positioning System) and can be used as a backup system. Define mantle plume and explain its role in plate tectonics. ('मेंिल प्लूम' को पररभानषत कीजजए और प्लेि नववत्भननकी में इसकी भूगमका को स्पटि कीजजए।) 2018 A mantle plume is a column of hot rock rising up from the mantle, through the Earth’s crust, and sometimes even reaching the surface. Mantle plumes are thought to be driven by convection currents in the Earth’s mantle, which are caused by the release of heat from the Earth’s core. Mantle plumes are important in plate tectonics because they are thought to be responsible for the formation of hotspots, which are areas on Earth’s surface that are unusually volcanically active. Hotspots are thought to form when a mantle plume rises up and causes melting of the Earth’s crust, forming a volcano. This melting can also cause the plate above the plume to move, resulting in the formation of a new plate boundary. Hotspots are also thought to be responsible for the formation of chains of islands, such as the Hawaiian islands. How does the Juno Mission of NASA help to understand the origin and evolution of the Earth? ('नासा' का जूनो गमिन पृथ्ी की उत्चत् एवं नवकास को समझने में हकस प्कार सहायता करता है ?) 2017 The Juno mission of NASA is helping to understand the origin and evolution of the Earth by providing insight into the formation and evolution of the solar system. Launched in 2011, the Juno spacecraft is the first mission to explore the interior of Jupiter, the largest planet in the solar system. As such, it is providing scientists with unprecedented insight into the formation and evolution of the solar system and its planets, including Earth. Jupiter is believed to have formed from the same disk of gas and dust that formed the Sun and other planets. By studying the composition, structure, and dynamics of Jupiter, scientists can gain insight into the formation and evolution of the solar system. For example, the Juno mission has revealed that Jupiter’s composition is similar to that of the Sun, indicating that the two were formed from the same material. Additionally, by studying the distribution of elements within Jupiter, scientists can gain insight into the conditions that existed during the formation of the solar system. In addition to providing insight into the formation of the solar system, the Juno mission is also helping to understand the evolution of the Earth. By studying Jupiter, scientists can gain insight into the conditions that existed during the formation of the Earth and other planets. For example, the Juno mission has revealed that Jupiter has a surprisingly strong magnetic field, which may have helped to protect the Earth from harmful radiation during its formation. Additionally, by studying the composition of Jupiter’s atmosphere, scientists can gain insight into the composition of the early Earth’s atmosphere. Finally, the Juno mission is helping to understand the evolution of the Earth by providing insight into the dynamics of the solar system. By studying the gravitational interactions between Jupiter and the other planets, scientists can gain insight into the evolution of the orbits of the planets, including the Earth. Additionally, by studying the rotation of Jupiter, scientists can gain insight into the dynamics of the solar system, which can help to explain the evolution of the Earth’s climate and the formation of its oceans. "The Himalayas are highly prone to landslides." Discuss the causes and suggest suitable measures of mitigation. ("हहमालय भूस्खलनो के ं प्नत अत्यसधक प्वण हैं।" कारणो की ं नववेचना कीजजए तथिा अपिीकरण के उपयुति उपाय सुझाइए।) 2016 The Himalayas are one of the most landslide-prone regions in the world. This is due to a combination of factors, including the steep terrain, high rainfall, high seismic activity, and the presence of permafrost in the higher elevations. As a result, landslides can cause significant damage to infrastructure, disrupt transportation, and cause loss of life and property. The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) has identified a number of strategies to mitigate the risk of landslides in the Himalayas. These include: strengthening early warning systems, improving land use practices, and increasing public awareness. Additionally, UNDRR recommends the use of structural measures such as terracing, gabion walls, and retaining walls to reduce slope instability. Other mitigation strategies include: maintaining vegetation cover to reduce soil erosion and promote stability; constructing drainage systems to reduce water pressure on slopes; and ensuring that buildings and other infrastructure are constructed in accordance with local building codes and regulations. Additionally, it is important to ensure that any construction or development activities in landslide-prone areas are undertaken in a sustainable manner. Finally, it is essential to strengthen the capacity of local communities to respond to and manage landslide risks. Explain the formation of thousands of islands in Indonesian and Philippines archipelagos. (इंडोनेशियाई और हफललपीनी द्ीपसमूहो में हजारो ं द् ं ीपो के ं नवरचन की व्याख्ा कीजजए।) 2014 The Indonesian and Philippines archipelagos are two of the most geographically diverse island chains in the world. Both are located in the western Pacific Ocean and are characterized by thousands of islands, many of which are volcanic in origin. This vast network of islands is the result of a combination of geologic and tectonic processes, including plate tectonics, seafloor spreading, volcanic activity, and erosion. At the heart of the formation of these archipelagos is plate tectonics. The archipelagos are located in a region of the Pacific Ocean known as the "Ring of Fire," where the Pacific Plate is subducting beneath the Philippine and Eurasian plates. This process causes earthquakes and volcanoes, which contribute to the formation of the islands. Seafloor spreading is another factor in the formation of these archipelagos. As the Pacific Plate moves away from the Eurasian and Philippine plates, molten rock from the mantle rises up and cools, forming new seafloor. This process is known as seafloor spreading, and it is responsible for the creation of new islands in the archipelagos. Volcanic activity is also an important factor in the formation of the islands in the Indonesian and Philippines archipelagos. The Ring of Fire is home to many active volcanoes, which can erupt and spew lava, ash, and other materials into the air. This material can then settle and form new islands. Finally, erosion plays a role in the formation of the islands in the archipelagos. Over time, the islands are eroded by wind, waves, and rain, which can cause them to break apart and form new islands. Additionally, the islands can be reshaped by the action of the ocean currents, which can cause them to move and form new shapes. Why are the world's fold mountain systems located along the margins of continents? Bring out the association between the global distribution of Fold Mountains and the earthquakes and volcanoes. (क्ा कारण है हक सं सार का वललत पव्भत तंत्र उपमहाद्ीपो के सीमांतो ं के सा ं थि-साथि उपस्स्त है? वललत पव्भतो के वै ं जश्क नवतरण और भूकं पो एवं ज् ं ालामुखीयो के बीच साहच ं य्भ को उजागर कीजजए।) 2014 Fold mountain systems are located along the margins of continents because they form as a result of tectonic plate movement. When two plates collide, the edges of each plate buckle and fold, creating a mountain range. This process is known as orogeny. The global distribution of fold mountains is also associated with earthquakes and volcanoes. As tectonic plates move and collide, they cause the Earth's crust to become unstable and create seismic activity. This seismic activity can cause earthquakes and volcanoes to form. As the plates continue to move, the mountains can become taller and more rugged. This is why fold mountains are often associated with seismic activity and volcanic eruptions. What do you understand by the theory of continental drift? Discuss the prominent evidences in its support. (‘महाद्ीपीय नवस्ापन’ के ससधिान् से आप क्ा समझते हैं? इसके पक् में प्मुख साक्ो की ं नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013 The theory of continental drift is the idea that the continents have moved across the Earth’s surface over millions of years. This theory was proposed by the German geologist Alfred Wegener in 1912 and was later supported by the discovery of plate tectonics. The theory of continental drift is based on several lines of evidence. The first is the observation that the continents appear to fit together like a jigsaw puzzle. If the continents were pushed together, the edges of the continents would line up perfectly. This is especially evident in South America and Africa, which have a very similar coastline. The second line of evidence is the distribution of fossils. Fossils of the same species have been found on different continents, suggesting that the continents were once connected. For example, fossils of the Mesosaurus, a freshwater reptile, have been found in both South America and Africa. The third line of evidence is the distribution of rock types. Rocks that are found in the same locations on different continents often have similar characteristics. This suggests that the continents were once connected and the rocks were formed in the same location. Finally, the fourth line of evidence is the distribution of mountain ranges. The Appalachian Mountains in North America, the Caledonides in Europe, and the Ural Mountains in Asia all have similar characteristics, suggesting that they were once connected. The theory of continental drift is an important part of the modern understanding of plate tectonics. Plate tectonics is the theory that the Earth’s crust is made up of several large plates that move across the surface of the Earth. The movement of these plates causes the continents to drift apart. There is no formation of deltas by rivers of the Western Ghat. Why? (पजचिमी घाि की नहदयाँ डेल्ा नही बनाती। ं क्ो?) ं 2013 The Western Ghats are a range of steep, rugged mountains that are not conducive to the formation of deltas. The rivers of the Western Ghats are typically short and steep, and they lack the flat, low-lying areas needed for the development of a delta. Furthermore, the rivers of the Western Ghats are prone to rapid flooding, which can quickly erode any sediment that may have been deposited in a delta. Major hot deserts in northern hemisphere are located between 20-30 degree north and on the western side of the continents. Why? (उत्री-गोलाध्भ में मुख् गम्भ मरुभूगम 20-30 हडग्री उत्री आक्ांि पर और महाद्ीपो के ं पजचिम की ओर स्स्त है। क्ो?) ं 2013 Hot deserts in the northern hemisphere are located between 20-30 degree north and on the western side of the continents because of the presence of the subtropical high pressure belt. This pressure belt is created by the descending air from the Hadley Cell, which is a large-scale atmospheric circulation pattern in the tropics. The descending air creates an area of high pressure, which causes warm, dry air to flow towards the western side of the continents. This warm, dry air creates a desert climate with very little rainfall. The western side of the continents also tends to be more sheltered from the prevailing winds, which can bring moisture from the oceans, further contributing to the dry climate of the hot deserts. Bring out the causes for more frequent landslides in the Himalayas than in Western Ghats. (पजचिमी घाि की तुलना में हहमालय में भूस्खलन की घिनाओ के प् ं ायः होते रहने के कारण बताइए।) 2013 - ! Answered elsewhere. ]]>04-gs-1/2.-🌏-geography/2.3-world-physical-geography.html04 GS-1/2. 🌏 Geography/2.3 World Physical Geography.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#committee constituted under Article 340 Chaired by retired Justice G. Rohini - to examine the extent of inequitable distribution of benefits. Socio Economic and Caste Census done by Mo Rural Dev data is used for ID beneficiaries for programs such as MGNREGA and NFSA. Was done after the failure of Tendulkar and Rangarajan methodology of creating a poverty line failed.
Uses parameter suggested by SR Hashim #committee. Has a list of automatic inclusion and exclusion. Last done in 2011. 49% of households or 10.69 crore are deprived. Census OTH done for calculating population under the Census Act 1948 and all its data are considered confidential not so w/ SECC. Uniform age of marriage for men and women. Right to equality and the right to live with dignity are violated, contributes to the stereotype that wives must be younger.
Project SURE #scheme : by Textiles Ministry to reduce its carbon emissions, increase resource efficiency, tackle waste.
NSO Time Use Survey #report to measure participation of men women in paid unpaid work, W spend less time on household w/ inc in age, men spend more. 38.2% of person 6 yrs of age engaged in some form of emp 57.3% Males in employment, 18.4 % females in rural areas proportion of women engaged is 19.2% compared to 16.7% in urban NCRB annual crime in IN report. inc in crimes against mem of SC ST. 2020-06-18 18:44:49 Multi ethnic, Multilingual, Multiclass, Patriarchal Unity in diversity Traditionalism and Modernity coexists together So does spiritualism and materialism Balance b/w Individualism and collectivism Individualism is belief in freedom, liberty, selfreliance Collectivism is when group/community is prioritised over others homogenous community based on occupations, rigid in terms of social mobility. Its characteristics are : Segmental division of society/ social stratification Vertical hierarchy within castes Distinction and hierarchy based on birth Civil and religious disabilities to 'lower caste' Endogamy - Untouchability Upwards trend in Inter caste marriages Changing food habits Upwards social mobility of 'lower castes' Changes in occupational patterns of caste Sanskritisation Westernisation esp in education etc Modernisation viz rationalism, universalism etc Industrialisation and Urbanisation Democratic decentralisation Caste based politics Legislative measures including animistic and naturistic elements being followed by tribal along with different variations of religions. is relatives either by blood relation(affinal) or matrimonial relations(consanguineous). North India is mostly patrilineal and patrilocal with caste endogamy and village exogamy South India is mostly patrilineal and patrilocal but certain societies are matrilineal and matrilocal. is a social institution Change from tradition of Dharma or duty to life-long companionship. Increase in divorce and desertion rates Increase in Live in relationships Basic, definite, enduring group Durable companionship of husband and wife Smaller than other social groups On Basis of marriage - polygamous or monogamous Basis of residence - patrilocal, matrilocal, bilocal(changing residence alternatively), Neolocal (settling independent of their parents) Basis of size - nuclear or joint Basis of Authority - patriarchal and matriarchal Basis of descent - patrilineal and matrilineal 2020-06-18 18:55:21 Various forms of diversity are Religious, Linguistic, Racial, Caste, Cultural and Geographic Single constitution / Constitutional identity : Const as a binding force for modern nations. Religious co-existence/tolerance and Inter religious disputes Interstate mobility Uniform law, administration etc Economic integration - freedom of trade, GST etc Various religious worship places Fairs and Festivals Sports and Cinemas Weather integration via the monsoon, also promoted extra regional integration. Diverse political leanings, political polarisation Unbalanced development/ Backwardness caused economic imbalance and diverse nature of Indian society. Geographic Isolation ex in North East, Ladakh, Leh, Desert regions Inter state conflict Regionalism Divisive politics Developmental imbalance/ socio economic inequality Ethnic differentiation and nativism Geographic isolation Inter-religious conflict Inter-state conflict External factors/influencers 2020-06-19 08:09:38 In places it leads to loss of jobs such as advent of Chinese and Korean silk led to loss of jobs for women in Bihar, big ships fishing in Indians seas led to job losses for women fish sorters, dryers etc. Economic dimensions of globalisation Economic liberalisation of 1991 Transnational Corporations TNCs Electronic economy Knowledge economy Globalisation of Finance Global Communication - internet, cell phones, landlines The labour for manufacturing moves to cheaper places constantly New career opportunities for educated youth in computers etc Political Globalisation Decline of Socialist state Inclusive and free policies of govt Increase in multilateral governmental and non-governmental organisations Globalisation and culture Glocalisation - Global + Local, seen in music industry, bollywood, food etc Gender and Culture - globalisation is often used to restrict freedom of women by calling it against their culture Culture of consumption Corporate Culture Threat to indigenous craft and literary tradition and knowledge system - through changing consumption habits, patenting traditional techniques 2020-06-19 08:09:59
#todo ✅ 2023-02-08
https://www.drishtiias.com/images/pdf/IGNOU%20Social%20Empowerment.pdf
Gender, Religion and Caste Class 9 NCERT : https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/jess404.pdf
Globalisation and Social Change NCERT.pdf
Challenges of Cultural Diversity (Communalism etc).pdf 2020-10-30 13:46:30 Given the diversities among tribal communities in India, in which specific contexts should they be considered as a single category ? (भारत के जनजातीय समुदायो की ं नवनवधताओ को देखते ं हए हकस नवशिटि सन्भ्भ के अन्ग्भत उन्ें हकसी एकल रिेणी में माना जाना चाहहए ?) 2022 The question of whether tribal communities in India should be considered as a single category is a complex and nuanced one. The Indian government has historically categorized these communities under the Scheduled Tribe (ST) label, but there are still significant differences among these groups that should not be overlooked. Here are some points to consider: - Salient features: According to one source, there are a few key features that can indicate whether a community is tribal, such as belief in superstitions, subsistence-based economies, and isolation from the broader community [[1](https://www.iasuniverse.com/model-answer-qp2022-gs1given-the-diversities-among-tribal-communities-in-india-in-which-specific-contexts-should-they-be-considered-as-a-single-category/)]. However, these traits are not necessarily universal or definitive, and many tribal communities have adapted to modern times in various ways. - Cultural diversity: It's important to recognize that there is a great deal of diversity among India's tribal communities, and not all of them share the same beliefs, customs, or languages. For example, some may follow animistic religions or worship ancestors, while others may practice Hinduism or Christianity. Some may have a rich tradition of art or music, while others may be primarily known for their agricultural practices [[2](https://samajho.com/upsc/upsc-cse-2022-mains-gs-1-paper-model-answers/)]. - Legal status: The Indian government has officially recognized certain communities as Scheduled Tribes, which gives them certain legal protections and benefits. However, this categorization is not always accurate or fair, and some communities may be excluded or misclassified. It's important to consider the historical and political context behind these labels and the potential impact they may have on the communities themselves [[3](https://www.drishtiias.com/upsc-mains-solved-papers/year/2022/gs-paper-1)]. Overall, it's clear that there is no easy answer to the question of whether tribal communities in India should be considered as a single category. While there may be some commonalities among these groups, it's important to recognize and respect their diversity and individuality. Any categorization or policy decision should be made with sensitivity and input from the affected communities themselves. Are tolerance, assimilation and pluralism the key elements in the making of an Indian form of secularism ? Justify your answer. (क्ा सहहष्णुता, सस्म्लन एवं बहलता मुख् तत्त्व हैं जो धम्भननरपेक्ता के भारतीय रूप का ननमा्भण करते हैं ? तक्भ सं= गत उत्र दें।) 2022 Analyse the salience of 'sect' in Indian society vis-a-vis caste, region and religion. (भारतीय समाज में जानत, क्त्र त े थिा धम्भ के समानांतर 'पंथि' की नविेषता की नववेचना कीजजए।) 2022 Examine the uniqueness of tribal knowledge system when compared with mainstream knowledge and cultural systems. (मुख्धारा के ज्ान और सांस्ृ नतक प्णाललयो की तुलना में आ ं हदवासी ज्ान प्णाली की नवशिटिता की जांच कीजजए।) 2021 How does Indian society maintain continuity in traditional social values? Enumerate the changes taking place in it. (भारत समाज पारम्पररक सामाजजक मूलो में न ं नरंतरता कै से बनाए रखता है ? इनमें होने वाले पररवत्भनो का ं नववरण दीजजए। 2021 Has caste lost its relevance in understanding the multi-cultural Indian Society? Elaborate your answer with illustrations. (बह-सांस्ृ नतक भारतीय समाज को समझने में क्ा जाती की प्ासं गगकता समाप्त हो गई है? उदाहरो सह ं हत नवस्तृत उत्र दीजजए।) 2020 Is diversity and pluralism in India under threat due to globalisation? Justify your answer. (क्ा भारत में नवनवधता एवं बहलवाद वैश्ीकरण के कारण सं कि में है? औचचत्यपूण्भ उत्र दीजजए।) 2020 Do you agree that regionalism in India appears to be a consequence of rising cultural assertiveness? Argue. (क्ा आप सहमत है की भारत में क्ेत्रीयता बढ़ती हई सांस्ृ नतक मुखरता का पररणाम परतीत होती है? तक्भ कीजजए।) 2020 Customs and traditions suppress reason leading to obscurantism. Do you agree? (रीती-ररवाजो एवं परम्पराओ द् ं ारा तक्भ को दबाने से प्गनतनवरोध उत्न्न हआ है। क्ा आप इससे सहमत हैं ?) 2020 What makes Indian society unique in sustaining its culture? Discuss. (क्ा बात है जो भारतीय समाज को अपनी सं स्ृ नत को जीनवत रखने में अहद्तीय बना देती है ? चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2019 What are the challenges to our cultural practices in the name of secularism. (धम्भननरपेक्ता के नाम पर हमारी सांस्ृ नतक प्थिाओ के सामने क् ं ा-क्ा चुनौनतयां हैं ?) 2019 Do we have cultural pockets of small India all over the nation? Elaborate with examples. (क्ा हमारे राटिट् में सव्भत्र लघु भारत के सांस्ृ नतक क्त्र हैं ? उदाहरणो े के सा ं थि सनवस्तार स्पटि कीजजए।) 2019 "Caste system is assuming new identities and associational forms. Hence, caste system cannot be eradicated in India." Comment. ("जानत व्यवस्ा नई-नई पहचानो और सहचारी रूपो ं को धारण कर रही है । अतः, भारत में जा ं नत व्यवस्ा का उन्लन नही ू ं हकया जा सकता है।" हिप्पणी कीजजये।) 2018 How the Indian concept of secularism is different from the western model of secularism? Discuss. (धम्भननरपेक्तावाद की भारतीय सं कपिना, धम्भननरपेक्तावाद के पाचिात्य माडल से हकन-हकन बातो में ं शभन्न है? चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2018 'Communalism arises either due to power struggle or relative deprivation. Argue by giving suitable illustrations. ('सांप्दाययकता या तो िक्ति सं घष्भ के कारण उभर कर आती है या आपेशक्क बं चन के कारण उभरती है ।' उपयुति उदाहरणो को ं प्स्तुत करते हए तक्भ दीजजए।) 2018 The spirit tolerance and love is not only an interesting feature of Indian society from very early times, but it is also playing an important part at the present. Elaborate. (सहहष्णुता एवं प्म की भावना न े के वल अनत प्ाचीन समय से ही भारतीय समाज का एक रोचक अशभलक्ण रही है, अनपतु वत्भमान में भी यह एक महत्त्वपूण्भ भूगमका ननभा रही है । सनवस्तार स्पटि कीजजए।) 2017 Distinguish between religiousness/religiosity and communalism giving one example of how the former has got transformed into the latter in independent India. (स्तंत्र भारत में धार्मकता हकस प्कार साम्प्रदाययकता में रूपांतररत हो गई, इसका एक उदाहरण प्स्तुत करते हए धार्मकता एवं साम्प्रदाययकता के मध् नवभेदन कीजजए।) 2017 In the context of diversity of India, can it be said that the regions form cultural units rather than the States? Give reasons with examples for your viewpoint. (भारत की नवनवधता के सं दभ्भ में, क्ा यह कहा जा सकता है हक राज्यो की अपेक् ं ा प्देि सांस्ृ नतक इकाइयो को रूप ं प्दान करते हैं ? अपने दृनटिकोण के ललए उदाहरणो सह ं हत कारण बताइए।) 2017 What are the two major legal initiatives by the State since Independence, addressing discrimination against Scheduled Tribes (STs)? (स्तंत्रता के बाद अनुसूचचत जनजानतयो (एस. ं िी.) के प्नत भेदभाव को दूर करने के ललए, राज्य द्ारा की गई दो मुख् नवसधक पहलें क्ा हैं ?) 2017 Has the formation of linguistic States strengthened the cause of Indian Unity? (क्ा भाषाई राज्यो के ं गठन ने भारतीय एकता के उद्ेश्य को मजबूती प्दान की है?) 2016 Why are the tribals in India referred to as the Scheduled Tribes? Indicate the major provisions enshrined in the Constitution of India for their upliftment. (क्ा कारण है हक भारत में जनजानतयो को ‘अनुसूच ं चत जनजानतयाँ' कहा जाता है? भारत के सं नवधान में प्नतष्ठानपत उनके उत्ापन के ललए प्मुख प्ावधानो को सूच ं चत कीजजए।) 2016 What is the basis of regionalism? Is it that unequal distribution of benefits of development on regional basis eventually promotes regionalism? Substantiate your answer. (प्ादेशिकता का क्ा आधार है? क्ा ऐसा प्ादेशिक स्तर पर नवकास के लाभो के असमान ं नवतरण से हआ, जजसने हक अंततः प्ादेशिकता को बढ़ावा हदया? अपने उत्र को पुटि कीजजए।) 2016 Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, despite having divergent approaches and strategies, had a common goal of amelioration of the downtrodden. Elucidate. (अपसारी उपगामो और रणनी ं नतयो के होने ं के बावजूद, महात्मा गाँधी और डॉ- बी- आर- अम्डकर का दल े लतो की बेहतरी का एक समान ल ं क् थिा। स्पटि कीजजये।) 2015 Describe any four cultural elements of diversity in India and rate their relative significance in building a national identity. (भारत में नवनवधता के हकन्ी चार सांस् ं ृ नतक तत्वो का व ं ण्भन कीजजये और एक राटिट्ीय पहचान के ननमा्भण म उनके आपेशक्क महत्व का मूल ननधा्भरण कीजजये।) 2015 Debate the issue of whether and how contemporary movements for assertion of Dalit identity work towards annihilation of caste. (इस मुद्े पर चचा्भ कीजजये हक क्ा और हकस प्कार दललत प्ाख्ान (ऐसि्भन) के समकालीन आंदोलन जानत नवनाि की हदिा में काय्भ करते हैं।) 2015 How do the Indian debates on secularism differ from the debates in the West? (धम्भननपेक्ता पर भारतीय वाद-नववाद, पजचिम में वाद-नववादो से ं हकस प्कार शभन्न है?) 2014 Growing feeling of regionalism is an important factor in the generation of demand for a separate state. Discuss. (प्ादेशिकता की बढ़ती हई भावना, पृथिक राज्य की माँग का प्मुख कारण है। नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013 ]]>04-gs-1/3-👨‍👨‍👦‍👦society/3.1-salient-featues-of-indian-society,-diversity-of-india.-effects-of-globalisation-on-indian-society,-social-empowerment..html04 GS-1/3 👨‍👨‍👦‍👦Society/3.1 Salient featues of Indian Society, Diversity of India. Effects of globalisation on Indian Society, Social Empowerment..mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#Act in 2013 According to WHO 200mil girls have suffered from Female Genital Mutilation in Saharan and Sub-saharan africa, Arabia. Istanbul convention : prevent violence against women and domestic violence. Signed by 45 countries and EU adopted by Council of Europe. Only Legally Binding agreement on Women. India is not a party of this convention. National Mission for Safety of Women NMSW aims to set up fast track special courts FTSCs for trials relating to sexual offences. SC observation on violence against women : are rampant, non-retaliation by W, absence of laws addressing W issues, ignorance of existing laws.
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence #Act 2005 recognises live in relationships. Assisted Reproductive Technology ART comprises of procedures such as in vitro fertilisation IVF, intra uterine insemination IUI, oocyte and sperm donation, cryopreservation, surrogacy etc. Surrogacy is when another woman agrees to bear the child of someone else. Foreigners are not allowed to do this in India but NRI's can. Only for married couples. It is open to married couples, live in partners, single women, foreigners etc.
#scheme #MoWCD cash benefit of Rs. 5,000 in three installments under conditions of Early registration of pregnancy, Ante-natal check-up. Registration of the birth of the child and completion of first cycle of vaccination. For the first live birth. also receive cash incentive under Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) of Rs 1000. MP was best performer for state w/ pop 1crore → AP → Haryana. monitored by Common Application Software (PMMVY-CAS) She-box or Sexual Harassment electronic Box SHe-Box to provide single window access to every women irrespective or work status.
Q. Scheme for prevention of trafficking and recuse and rehab of victims of sexual exploitation by Mo WCD? Ujjawala #scheme
Amendment in Protection of Children from Sexual Offences POSCO, 2012 #Act . Changes required: more stringent punishments including death, fines and imprisonment to curb child porn, protect children from sexual offences in times of Natural calamities.
Swadhar Greh #Scheme under Mo WCD to rehab women in difficult circumstances. Medical Termination of Pregnancy 1971 - [refer notes new changes] Indecent Representation of Women 1986 - through publications, writings, paintings, and figures or any other manners Domestic Violence Act 2005 - domestic violence in all forms is punishable Criminal Law Amendment Act 2013 - increased sentence to rape convicts, acid attackers, stalking, voyeurism.
#scheme #MoWCD address the issue of decline in CSR in 100 gender critical districts Objective is to Prevent sex selective elimination, protection and education of girl child. through mass communication and multi sectoral action
#scheme #MoWCD launched as part of Beti Bachao Beti Padhao campaign savings account can be opened at the time of birth of a girl child till 10 yr minimum of Rs. 1000 and maximum of Rs. 1.5 lakh can be deposited interest rate of 9.1 % and income tax rebate b/w 0-10 years. Account will mature in 21 years from date of opening, parital withdrawal can be done.
ILO #report 'Women in Business Mgt case for change'. Findings : 30% women rep needed, half coys surveyed had 30% women. 60% coys 30% in senior role. avg global workforce 48.5% women 75% men Asia Pacific 45%. More Women improve profit productivity inc 25% add $5.3trill golbal. Women to be inducted as Personnel Below Officer Rank (PBOR). To comprise of 20% of MP (Military Police), Earlier only Medical, Legal, Educational, Signals, Engg wing
Women, Business and the Law Index published by World Bank analyses laws and regulations that affect women's economic inclusion. India was ranked 117th, 8 economies scored a perfect 100 include Latvia, Belgium, Canada etc. #report Women will now be able to Command units in the Army, they are now at par with male counterparts at all levels. PC to W officers in Navy : motherhood and Physiological limitations reek of stereotypical mindset, against Equality, dignity.
The opportunity Index 2021 by LinkedIn : 90% women negatively impacted by Coronavirus, many miss job due to gender. #report NCW + LBSNAA launched Training program for Protection officers who inform women of their rights, file DIR etc are appointed under Domestic Violence act; at least 1 under every judicial magistrate, could be from Govt or NGO. Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana for women farmers sub component of DDU Antyodaya Yojana to adopt a sustainable climate resilient agro ecology, create skilled community, sustainable agri practices like ZBNF, Mo Rural Dev. Maternity Benefit Act 1961 - maternity benefits and paid leave for 6 months Missing policy aimed towards women education, training and access to resources like land, credit etc. Social perception as females being inferior, child bearers/rearers, home makers etc. Structural changes in the economy Division of labour based on gender Govt Programs focused more on men
BBBP (Beti Bachao Beti Padhao) #scheme aimed at gender equality and educating girls, improve child sex ratio(0-6yr) which was 911 in 2011, tri ministerial effort MoWCD, Health & Child Welfare, HRD. GER of girls have inc and is more than boys,
Global Gender Gap #report 2020 by WEF GGG index measures using 4 pillars economic opp, political empowerment, educational attainment and health and survival IN ranked 112/ 153 dec by 4, ICE NOR FIN topped largest disparity in political empowerment, will take 100 yrs for gap to close Challenges for IN : economic gender gap is deep.
SDG Gender Index by Equal measure 2030 accounts 14/17 SDGs. IN 95/129 very poor lowest score in partnership #report
Gender Social Norms #report was released by UNDP. It measures how social beliefs obstruct gender equality in various areas. Beijing +25 is related to Women Empowerment.
Global Gender Gap 2021 #report by WEF In ranked 140 decline in political Empowerment, education, women income and their labour force participation. 2020 Report
Sex ratio 2018 #report - Arunachal P has 1084, worst is Manipur 757 Challenges : insufficient resources to undertake inspection and monitoring, lack qualified staff, poor performance of advisory comm, lack awareness, Child Marriage : globally 12 mil girls married in childhood. Highest in Sub Saharan African. 2nd is South Asia. In India Child Marriage Restraint Act 1929 and Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006 deals w/ it. Convention on Elimination of All forms of Discrimination against Women CEDAW : 1st human rights treaty specific to women by UNGA. Defines discrimination. Suppression of Immoral Traffic in Women and Children Act 1956 governs sex workers in India.
Muslim Women Protection of rights on Marriage #Act 2019. Prevents triple Talaq, declaration in written/electronic form void illegal, 3yrs prison. Criticism : Divorce is civil offence criminalising is disproportionate.
Q. Encourage families to retain a girl child, educate her and prevent child marriage through cash transfers? Dhanalakshmi #Scheme Female foeticide and infanticide/ Social Violence - Lancet has reported 10 million such abortions in last 10 years. Swanchetan is one NGO working in this field accounts for 40-50% of homicides Need and Causes Liberal interpretation of IPC 304-B, accused also be given opportunity to give his side of story, avoid vague and absurd interpretations of laws Greed, Illiteracy and Lack of willingness to adhere to laws are reasons Dowry Prohibition Act 1961 - complaint can be made by welfare organisation, burden of proof to husbands family in case of death within 7 yrs Delhi Free rides to women buses metro; tackle road congestion
Kanyashree #scheme WB : conditional cash transfer received UN Public Service award
Kanya Sumangala Yojana #scheme in UP will provide Rs 15,000 for every girl child born in phased manner Nari Shakti Puraskar given by Prez on 8 March on International Women's Day announced by MoWCD. IWD theme was Generation Equality.
One Stop Centre #scheme (OSCS) aka Sakhi by MoWCD under National Mission for Empowerment of Women for women affected by violence - provide legal aid, shelter, medical support, emergency response. Self-Employed Women's Association SEWA - trade union for poor self-employed women in unorganised sector Working Women's Forum WWF - poverty reduction and socio-economic and cultural upliftment of women. Annapurna Mahila Mandal - welfare of women and girl child
#important #MoWCD for children, pregnant women and lactating mothers. Features : targets to reduce stunting, undernutrition, anemia and reduce low birth weight by 2%, 2%, 3% and 2%. 4 pillars are inter sectoral convergence, use of ICT, intensified health and nutrition services and Jan Andolan Behavior change communication is the key component Funded 50% by Central gov and 50% by WB Executive Committee is the Apex body National Council on India's nutritional challenges under chairmanship of Vice Chairman, NITI Aayog India and UNICEF have jointly signed the ―Country Programme 2018-2022
PM Poshan Shakti Nirman #Scheme - Mid day meal scheme has been renamed MDM was under MoHRD guarantees 1 meal in govt aided schools and madrasas for students upto Class VIII at least 200days a year. New scheme features : supplementary provision in aspirational districts, Nutri gardens in schools, Women SHG's and FPOs to be encouraged, Tithi Bhojan to encourage local cuisines. POSHAN Tracker aka ICDS - CAS (Integrated Child Development Services Common Application Software) to track services delivered at aganwadis. There is also a nutritional value associated with MDM. Each Child should get 450 calories with 12 grams proteing in primary schools. Upper primary be givne 700 calories with 20 grams. Along with a quantitative direction on it.
Mid Day Meal will now be called PM Poshan. Women(21+) in Saudi Arabia now allowed to travel abroad without obtaining permission from a male guardian, apply for passports, and register their marriages and divorces. Sati Prevention Act 1987 Criminal Law Amendment Act 1983 - against rape and domestic violence Special Marriage Act 1954 - inc in marriage age from 21 yrs for Males to 18 yrs for females Hindu Succession Act 1956 - equal share to daughter from property of father, similar right to widow. 2005 Amendment gives equal right to daughters in ancestral property Immoral Traffic Prevention Act ITPA 1986 - prohibits traffic of women and girls for prostitution Rape, Sexual Harassment and Abuse/ Criminal Violence - Domestic violence and dowry related deaths/ Domestic Violence Prostitution Objectification of women Illiteracy, Lack of awareness Low participation in the workforce Unpaid care work : Need to bring out more data to frame targeted policy, invest in physical infra, redistribute care work between Men and Wome Sex Ratio - 940/1000 as per census 2011, Haryana has 877/1000 Health - Literacy - 65.46 as per 2011 census, Kerala at 100% and Bihar at 46.40 Employment - Political Status - 73/74 CAA ensures 1/3rd reservation. Committee on the status of women in India CSWI set up in 1947 stressed the fact that poor are not a homogenous group and highlighted the burden of poverty among women. Draft National Plan of Action for Women - National Commission of women NCW set up as a statutory body in 1992 National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Dev NIPCCD - under Mo WCD to promote social development through training and capacity building Women Empowerment Programs/Schemes - [refer Mo WCD scheme section] Gender Budgeting like Nirbhaya Fund, All Women Bank
#scheme 2020-06-12 16:05:35
#important #MoWCD for children, pregnant women and lactating mothers. Features : targets to reduce stunting, undernutrition, anemia and reduce low birth weight by 2%, 2%, 3% and 2%. 4 pillars are inter sectoral convergence, use of ICT, intensified health and nutrition services and Jan Andolan Behavior change communication is the key component Funded 50% by Central gov and 50% by WB Executive Committee is the Apex body National Council on India's nutritional challenges under chairmanship of Vice Chairman, NITI Aayog India and UNICEF have jointly signed the ―Country Programme 2018-2022
PM Poshan Shakti Nirman #Scheme - Mid day meal scheme has been renamed MDM was under MoHRD guarantees 1 meal in govt aided schools and madrasas for students upto Class VIII at least 200days a year. New scheme features : supplementary provision in aspirational districts, Nutri gardens in schools, Women SHG's and FPOs to be encouraged, Tithi Bhojan to encourage local cuisines. POSHAN Tracker aka ICDS - CAS (Integrated Child Development Services Common Application Software) to track services delivered at aganwadis. There is also a nutritional value associated with MDM. Each Child should get 450 calories with 12 grams proteing in primary schools. Upper primary be givne 700 calories with 20 grams. Along with a quantitative direction on it.
Mid Day Meal will now be called PM Poshan.
#scheme #MoWCD cash benefit of Rs. 5,000 in three installments under conditions of Early registration of pregnancy, Ante-natal check-up. Registration of the birth of the child and completion of first cycle of vaccination. For the first live birth. also receive cash incentive under Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) of Rs 1000. MP was best performer for state w/ pop 1crore → AP → Haryana. monitored by Common Application Software (PMMVY-CAS)
#scheme #MoWCDScheme features : centrally sponsored implemented by state governments providing supplementary nutrition, immunization and pre-school education to the children Beneficiaries - Children in the age group of 0-6 years, Pregnant women and Lactating mothers services are offered at Anganwadi Centres through Anganwadi Workers (AWWs) and Anganwadi Helpers (AWHS)
#scheme #MoWCD address the issue of decline in CSR in 100 gender critical districts Objective is to Prevent sex selective elimination, protection and education of girl child. through mass communication and multi sectoral action
#scheme #MoWCD launched as part of Beti Bachao Beti Padhao campaign savings account can be opened at the time of birth of a girl child till 10 yr minimum of Rs. 1000 and maximum of Rs. 1.5 lakh can be deposited interest rate of 9.1 % and income tax rebate b/w 0-10 years. Account will mature in 21 years from date of opening, parital withdrawal can be done. Population and Associated Issues Problems and Remedies, Poverty and Development Issues Their Problems and Remedies, 2019-06-20 15:19:52
legy201.pdf - Population | Economic Geography NCERT
legy202.pdf - Migration | Economic Geography NCERT
Population : < https://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/iess106.pdf>
Demography : < https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/lesy102.pdf>
Poverty as a Challenge : < https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/iess203.pdf>
Poverty : < https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/keec104.pdf>>
UN Do Economic Social Affairs UNDESA #report 'World Pop prospects 2019'. Findings : IN to cross CN pop by 2027, World pop 2050 will be 9.7bil World pop ageing 1/6 people will be 65+ by 2050 currently 1/11 are 65+; life expectancy inc from 64.2 - 77.1
State of the World Population 2019 #report of the UN Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA) : Findings : IN in 2019 has 1.37 billion/7.71 billion grew at rate of 1.2% per year b/w 2010-19; Life Expectancy at birth is lower than the world's - 69 years to 72; Maternal Mortality ratio in 2015 was 174 deaths per 100,000 live births; Fertility Rate in 2019 is 2.3 births/woman.
State of World Pop #report UNFPA esp concern on bodily autonomy 2019 report World Inequality Report by World Inequality Lab. Inequalities within b/w countries is decreasing and within it was increasing. Malthusian theory of population : unchecked population growth would outgrow its resoueces leading to economic and environmental problems
Sample Registration System (SRS) bulletin by Registrar Gen of India (per thousand people) #report National Birth Rate 2018 at 20, Bihar 26.2 was highest, Andaman Nicobar lowest at 11.2, Death Rate is 6.2, Chhatisgarh highest, Delhi lowest Decline of 11% in birth rate from 2019 IMR at 32 MP has worst at 48 and Nagaland best at 4 Census : provides information on size, distribution, demography etc details about population. Started by Mayo in 1872. 1st Census was held in 1881. It is done by office of registrar general and Census commissioner under Mo Home Affairs. Census is conducted by the Office of Registrar, Mo Home.
UNDESA - International Migrant Stock 2019. IN has most 17.5 million/ 272 million migrants followed by MEX, RUS, CN. Most have settled in US; Women share is 48% in 2019 #report
Global #Report on Internal Displacement by Internal Displacement Monitoring CentreIndia has most displaced 5mil reason - Monsoon, tropical storms. Globally 34 mil
Time to care #report by Oxfam International focuses on alleviation of poverty. Findings : World's richest 1% hold more than 2x that of 6.9 bil people. extreme poverty rates of women are 4% higher In India richest 1% hold 4x wealth of lowest 10%.
Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rurban Mission(SPMRM) centrally sponsored #scheme. Provisions 24/7 water supply, solid + liquid waste mgt, street lights, public transport, agri tourism, skill develop, MSMEs etc.
IN Child Well-Being Index by World Vision IN and IFMR LEAD. Findings : Kerala, TN, HP and Puducherry topped; Meghalaya, Jharkhand and MP bottom. #report
IN ranks 113/176 countries on the End of Childhood Index by Save the Children NGO. #report
Global Hunger Index 2019 report by Welthungerhilfe and Concern Worldwide IN ranked 102 #report
Global Hunger Index #report by Concern Worldwide + Welthungerhilfe - IN ranked 94/107 14% of pop does not get enough calorie, Child Mortality is 3.7%, C Stunting is 35%, C Wasting is 17.3% Poor maternal health, too young mothers, poor sanitation GHI 2021 report : India was ranked 101 and level of hunger was serious. Ranked worst in child wasting. Randomised control trials allows economists to isolate the influence of certain variable on an outcome/event, samples are randomly picked.
Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation AMRUT #scheme focuses on water supply, sewerage mgt, storm water drainage, non-motorized urban transport, green parks. 500 cities selected under it Nagpur Resolution previously Shillong declaration was adopted for good governance. Blue Heart campaign by US : raise global awareness to fight human trafficking
#PrelimsPYQ Right to City - Shakur Basti case forced unannounced eviction against Right to City(RTC) Delhi HC, 1st FR sociologist Henri Lefebvre 1968 book Le droit à la ville - no exclusion of urban society from qualities and benefits of urban life. 3 pillars : just resource distribution eg public space education, full access political agency eg citizenship, Socio Cultural Diversity eg embracing gender, identity etc. RTC not new human right Vienna Declaration, IN consti Article 14+15+19+20+21, BR RSA EGY granted consti status RTC. Way Urban planning incorporate mixed land use promote hawkers night markets and improve infrastructural facilities toilet etc, improve Urban governance, more women friendly, indulgence/greater role of women, address poor sanitation, ensure migrants rights.
Swachh Survekshan 2020 #report by Mo Housing and Urban Affairs, categorisation based on population. Indore cleanest city Surat Navi Mumbai Chhattisgarh cleanest state
Swacch Iconic places(SIP) #scheme said Vaishno Devi Shrine was best. Under MoDrinking Water and Sanitation's Swacch Bharat Mission Employs PPP model in 3 phases improves sewage mgt, drainage sys, restoration etc in places. Swachh Survekshan Grameen 2021 under SBM II to support ODF+ by giving ranking on the basis of Direct observation, Feedback and Service level progress.
SBM 2nd phase and AMRUT -> cities free of garbage and enure safe water, not allow untreated seawater discharge.
Parliamentary Standing #Committee on Urban Dev reported on Swacch Bharat Mission in LS - ODF+, ODF++ and Water Plus is to be implemented by 2024 - ODF+ focuses on toilets with paper, maintenance and hygiene - ODF++ on toilets with sludge and septage mgt - Water Plus aims to sustain toilets by treating and reusing of water
Swachh Bharat Mission second phase b/w 2020-21 and 2024-25 Mission mode implementation, focus on ODF+, converge w/ MGNREGA and Jal Jeevan Mission. #scheme
Global #Report on Food Crisis by UN World Food Program says that 135 mil people in 55 countries faced acute food insecurity putting their life and livelihoods in immediate danger. UN voluntary guidelines on food systems and nutrition. Says to Focus on governance, sustainable supply chain, equitable access, nutrition knowledge, gender equality, resilient food sys India smart cities Award by Mo HUPA. UP top followed by MP and TN. Indore and Surat best for overall Dev. Freight Smart Cities by Mo Commerce : city level logistics comm be formed who would create logistics plans, include private stakeholders.
Science and Tech Indicators STI 2018 #report by National Science and Tech Management Information System NSTMIS under DST. private sector research coy employ larger proportion of women in core R&D activities IN scientists are overwhelmingly men
City Innovation Exchange CiX: by Mo HUA will connect cities to innovators, ease discovery, design etc #report
Smart Cities Mission SCM #scheme under Mo HoUA, Centrally Sponsored Scheme w/ objective to integrate city functions, utilize scarce resources more efficiently and improve quality of life. Its 4 pillars are Social, Physical, Institutional, Economic Infrastructure.
World's Fastest Growing Urban Areas by Economist Intelligence Unit EIU based on UN Populations Divisions data. Mallapuram topped the list and Kozhikode was 4th #report
Global Liveability Index by EIU ranks living conditions topped by Vienna; Delhi is at 118 and Mumbai at 119. Parameters included Health Care, Sanitation, Stability, Culture and Env etc #report
Ease of Living Index EoLI 2020: by Mo HUA Bengaluru topped 1mil+ city ad Shimla for less than 1mil #report
Municipal Performance Index by Mo HUA Indore topped for 1mil+ and New Delhi Municipal Council for 1mil less #report
National Family Health Survey NFHS 5 : TFR dec to 2.0, Female sterilisation dropped, inc in stunting, wasting etc by Mo Health and International Institute of Population Sciences IIPS as nodal agency. #report IN does not need 2 child policy, most states achieved replacement level fertility. Children Nutrition improved by at a slower pace but share of severely wasted children or overweight or anaemic children has not come down. Health Insurance coverage has increased to 41% due to PM JAY. Global Metro Monitor : 9 IN metros in top 150 metros by 2030 there will be 71 metros have pop1mil. Master Plan 2041 for Delhi : to foster sustainable, liveable and vibrant Delhi. Incentivise rented accomodation, user pays principle and minimise vehicular pollution, buffer zone near Yamuna R. 2020-10-30 13:46:25Poverty, Population and Globalisation Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in detail. (जनसं ख्ा शिक्ा के प्मुख उद्ेश्यो की ं नववेचना करते हए भारत में इन्ें प्ाप्त करने के उपायो पर ं नवस्तृत प्काि डाललए।) 2021 COVID-19 pandemic accelerated class inequalities and poverty in India. Comment. (कोनवद-19 महामारी ने भारत में वग्भ असमानताओ एवं गरीबी को ग ं नत दे दी है। हिपण्ी कीजजए।) 2020 How have digital initiatives in India contributed to the functioning of the educational system in the country? Elaborate your answer. (भारत में हडजजिल पहल ने हकस प्कार से देि की शिक्ा व्यवस्ा के सं चालन में योगदान हकया है? नवस्तृत उत्र दीजजए।) 2020 'Despite implementation of various programmes for eradication of poverty by the government in India, poverty is still existing.' Explain by giving reasons. ('भारत की सरकार द्ारा ननध्भनता उन्ूलन के नवशभन्न काय्भरिमो के ं हरियान्वयन के बावजूद, ननध्भनता अभी भी नवद्यमान है ।' कारण प्स्तुत करते हए स्पटि कीजजए।) 2018 Discuss whether formation of new states in recent times is beneficial or not for the economy of India. (चचा्भ करें हक क्ा हाल के समय में नये राज्यो का न ं नमा्भण, भारत की अथि्भव्यवस्ा के ललए लाभप्द है या नही है।) ं 2018 Mention core strategies for the transformation of aspirational districts in India and explain the nature of convergence, collaboration and competition for its success. (भारत में 'महत्त्वाकांक्ी जजलों के कायाकपि' के ललए मूल रणनीनतयो का उल् ं ेख कीजजए और इसकी सफलता के ललए, अशभसरण, सहयोग व प्नतस्पधा्भ की प्कृ नत को स्पटि कीजजए।) 2018 "An essential condition to eradicate poverty is to liberate the poor from deprivation." Substantiate this statement with suitable examples. ("गरीबी उन्ूलन की एक अननवाय्भ ित्भ गरीबो को वंच ं चतता के प्रिम से नवमुति कर देना है।" उपयुति उदाहरण प्स्तुत करते हए इस कथिन को पुटि कीजजए।) 2016 Critically examine whether growing population is the cause of poverty OR poverty is the main cause of population increase in India. (समालोचनापूव्भक परीक्ण कीजजये हक क्ा बढ़ती हई जनसं ख्ा ननध्भनता का मुख् कारण है या हक ननध्भनता जनसं ख्ा वृगधि का मुख् कारण है।) 2015 Discuss the changes in the trends of labour migration within and outside India in the last four decades. (नपछले चार दिको में, भारत के भीतर और भारत के बाहर ं रिगमक प्वसन की प्वृचत्यो में पर ं रवत्भनो पर च ं चा्भ कीजजये।) 2015 The life cycle of a joint family depends on economic factors rather than social values. Discuss. (सं युति पररवार का जीवन चरि सामाजजक मूलो के बजाय आर्थिक कारको ं पर न ं नभ्भर करता है। चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2014 Women Examine the role of ‘Gig Economy’ in the process of empowerment of women in India. (भारत में महहलाओ के स ं िक्तिकरण की प्हरिया में 'गगग इकोनॉमी' की भूगमका का पररक्ण कीजजए।) 2021 “Empowering women is the key to control population growth”. Discuss. ("महहला सिक्तिकरण जनसं ख्ा सं वृगधि को ननयंगत्रत करने की कुं जी है ।" चचा्भ कीजजए। ) 2019 What are the continued challenges for women in India against time and space? (भारत में महहलाओ के ं समक् समय और स्ान सं बं सधत ननरंतर चुनोनतयाँ क्ा-क्ा है ?) 2019 'Women's movement in India has not addressed the issues of women of lower social strata. Substantiate your view. ('भारत में महहलाओ के आंदोलन ने, न ं नम्नतर सामाजजक स्तर की महहलाओ के म ं द्ो को सं बो ं सधत नहीं हकया है। अपने नवचार को प्माशणत ससधि कीजजए।) 2018 How do you explain the statistics that show that the sex ratio in Tribes in India is more favourable to women than the sex ratio among Scheduled Castes? (आप उन आंकडो को ं हकस प्कार स्पटि करते हैं, जो दिा्भते हैं हक भारत में जनजातीय ललगानुपात, अनुसूच ं चत जानतयो के बीच ल ं लगानुपात के मुकाबले, मह ं हलाओ के अ ं सधक अनुकू ल हैं?) 2015 How does patriarchy impact the position of a middle class working woman in India? (भारत में एक मध्म-वगथीय कामकाजी महहला की अवस्स्नत को नपतृतंत्र हकस प्कार प्भावी करता है?) 2014 Discuss the various economic and socio-cultural forces that are driving increasing feminization of agriculture in India. (ऐसे नवशभन्न आर्थिक और सामाजजक-सांस्ृ नतक बलो पर च ं चा्भ कीजजए, जो भारत में कृ नष के बढ़ते हए महहलाकरण को प्रे रत कर रहे हैं।) 2014 Why do some of the most prosperous regions of India have an adverse sex ratio for women? Give your arguments. (क्ा कारण है हक भारत के कु छ अत्यसधक समृधि प्देिो में मह ं हलाओ के ल ं लए प्नतकू ल स्ती-पुरूष अनुपात है? अपने तक्भ पेि कीजजए।) 2014 Male membership needs to be encouraged in order to make women's organization free from gender bias. Comment. ("महहला सं गठनो को ल ं लग-भेद से मु ं ति करने के ललए पुरुषो की सद ं स्ता को बढ़ावा गमलना चाहहए।" हिप्पणी कीजजए।) 2013 Urbanization How is the growth of Tier 2 cities related to the rise of a new middle class with an emphasis on the culture of consumption ? (उपभोतिा संस्ृ नत के नविेष पररप्ेक् में नव मध्वग्भ के उभार से िीयर 2 िहरो का ं नवकास हकस तरह सम्स्नत है ?) 2022 What are the main socio-economic implications arising out of the development of IT industries in major cities of India? भारत के प्मुख िहरो में आई. ं िी. उद्योगो के ं नवकास से उत्पन्न होने वाले मुख्ा सामाजजक-आर्थिक प्भाव क्ा हैं? 2021 Account for the huge flooding of million cities in India including the smart ones like Hyderabad and Pune. Suggest lasting remedial measures. (भारत में दिलक्ीय नगरो ज ं जनमे हैदराबाद एवं पुणे जैसे स्ाि्भ ससिीज भी सस्म्ललत हैं, में व्यापक बाढ़ के कारन बताइए । स्ायी ननराकरण के उपाय भी सुजाइए।) 2020 How is efficient and affordable urban mass transport key to the rapid economic development of India? (दक् और हकफायती (अफोडदेबल) िहरी साव्भजननक पररवहन हकस प्कार भारत के द्रत आर्थिक ु नवकास की कुं जी है?) 2019 "The ideal solution of depleting ground water resources in India is water harvesting system." How can it be made effective in urban areas? (''भारत में अवक्यी (हडप्लीहिंग) भौम जल सं साधनो का आद ं ि्भ समाधान जल सं रक्ण प्णाली है।" िहरी क्ेत्रो में इसको ं हकस प्कार प्भावी बनाया जा सकता है ?) 2018 The growth of cities as I.T. hubs has opened up new avenues employment but has also created new problems. Substantiate this statement with examples. Urbanization (“सूचना प्ौद्योगगकी के न्द्रो के रूप में ं नगरो की सं वृ ं गधि ने रोज़गार के नए माग्भ खोल हदए हैं, परन् सा ु थि में नई समस्ाएँ भी पैदा कर दी हैं ।” उदाहरणो सह ं हत इस कथिन की पुनटि कीजजए।) 2017 With a brief background of quality of urban life in India, introduce the objectives and strategy of the 'Smart City Programme'. (भारत में नगरीय जीवन की गुणता की सं शक्प्त पृष्ठभूगम के साथि, 'स्ाि्भ नगर काय्भरिम' के उद्ेश्य और रणनीनत बताइए।) 2016 Major cities of India are becoming more vulnerable to flood conditions. Discuss. (भारत के प्मुख नगर बाढ़ दिाओ से अ ं सधक असुरशक्त होते जा रहे हैं। नववेचना कीजजए।) 2016 Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata are the three mega cities of the country but the air pollution is much more serious problem in Delhi as compared to the other two. Why is this so? (मुं बई, हदल्ी और कोलकाता देि के तीन नवराि नगर हैं, परंतु हदल्ी में वायु प्दूषण, अन् दो नगरो की तुलना में कही ं अ ं सधक गंभीर समस्ा है। इसका क्ा कारण है?) 2015 Smart cities in India cannot sustain without smart villages. Discuss this statement in the backdrop of rural urban integration. (‘भारत में स्ाि्भ नगर स्ाि्भ गाँवो के ं नबना जीनवत नही रह सकते हैं।’ ं ग्रामीण-नगरीय एकीकरण की पृष्ठभूगम में इस कथिन पर चचा्भ कीजजये।) 2015 Discussion the various social problems which originated out of the speedy process of urbanization in India. ( भारत में तीव्र िहरीकरण प्हरिया ने जजन नवशभन्न सामाजजक समस्ाओ को ज ं न् हदया, उनकी नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013 ]]>04-gs-1/3-👨‍👨‍👦‍👦society/3.2-role-of-women-and-women's-organisation,-population-and-other-associated-issues,-poverty-and-development-issues,-urbanization,-their-problems-and-remedies..html04 GS-1/3 👨‍👨‍👦‍👦Society/3.2 Role of Women and Women's organisation, population and other associated Issues, poverty and development issues, Urbanization, their problems and remedies..mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#Report (USCIRF) 2019, India put in Tier 2 in Countries of Particular Concern (CPC) category because of overall deterioration of religious freedom in India, securitisation and politicisation of religion, anti-conversion laws, cow vigilantism, mob lynching.
2020 #report - lowest ranking along with CN, DPRK, KSA, PAK. Concerns - CAA, NRC, etc. 2020-06-19 08:10:08 Communalism is an ideology where people believe that their interests (social, economic, political etc) are different and divergent from the interests of other religions and that they are incompatible to each other Partition of India 1947 Anti-Sikh riots 1984 Ethnic Cleansing of Kashmiri Pandits 1989 Babri Masjid demolition 1992 Godhra train incident followed by Gujarat Riots 2002 Assam Communal violence 2012 Muzaffarnagar violence 2013 Religious orthodoxy Sectarian politics Low economic status : rural communities have failed to adopt scientific and technological education and led to lower representation in jobs, etc. Geographical settlement of different religious groups have made integration difficult and have led to growth of different cultural ways, beliefs etc. Social causes : different customs, practices, institutions b/w religions have led to think themselves as two distinct communities External factors - interference of outside countries in internal affairs Impact of Mass media/social media Mass killings, rapes, etc. Ghettoization of communities, refugee crisis. Threat to constitutional values Religious stereotyping of minorities NHRC Nanavati-Mehta commission to enquire about Gujarat violence Sachar Committee - suggested setting up of a grievance redressal mechanism the Equal Opportunity Commission EOC against various types of discrimination Ranganath Mishra Commission - advised 10% reservation for Muslims and 5% for other minorities in centre and state govt jobs Administrative efficiency and alertness Imbibing nationalism into communism by their respective communities Discouraging religious politics Responsible media Monitoring social media rumours Better employment opportunities to youth, literacy campaigns, creating awareness etc 2020-06-19 08:10 : 13 Is sub national identity uniting around the ideology of a particular region, culture etc is called regionalism. It could be economic, ethnic, cultural, linguistic, political regionalism. Imposing a particular ideology or culture - 1950s Hindi imposition and linguistic division of states. Economic reasons - Economic favouritism towards a particular region led to backwardness of others and formed the states of Telangana, Jharkhand. Economic exploitation and loss of opportunities viz in Assam against outsiders/Bangladeshi immigrants Political reasons - Political exploitation of feelings of regionalism viz in Khalistan movement, Telangana. Aspirations of people to be politically autonomous Parochialism - narrow minded outlook of ones region, ill-treating people of other regions. Shiv Sena against South and North Indians, ULFA against Biharis. Regionalism - demand for separate statehood Secessionism - Ex movements in Nagaland, Kashmir Inter State disputes - sharing of river water, land boundaries. Helps strengthening the nation by dissolving fissures and dissent Brings balanced regional development Hampers economic growth, creates instability and erodes faith of investors Internal security challenges Increases political opportunism Increases government spending on elections, economic packages etc Establishment of Planning Commission and now NITI Aayog 5th and 6th schedule Linguistic organisation of states Inter-state council Special grants to backward classes Imbibing nationalist outlook in students through school curriculums. Interdependence among states Grass-root democracy Better utilisation of organisational machinery ex NITI Aayog Proper sharing of economic resources 2020-06-19 08:10:18 Secularism opposed all forms of inter (in between religions) and intra (within religions) religious domination. Education Separation of state from religion State should not have a formal or a legal alliance with any religion Strict separation of state and religion is a feature of most western countries. This does not allow equality to prevail within and among religions. Indian secularism deals with the inter and intra religious equality, religious minorities, state supports religious reforms. Indian secularism's engagement with religion could be positive (right to establish their own educational institution) and negative (opposing religious tyranny like abolishing untouchability) Anti-religious : disrespect to dogma, fanaticism, hatred and intervention in these by state. Secularism is a Western Import : it has a both western and non-western origin Minoritism Interventionist - it is not coercive but constructive Vote Bank politics - Impossible to attain complete secularism 2020-11-07 17:35:26 Community policing District peace comm be made by DM in consultation w/ SP also Mohalla Comm be organised in same line Separate law to deal w/ communal violence, enhance punishment for communal offences, setting up special courts for expeditious trial of cases Powers of remand to Exec Magistrate in cases of communal offences Prescription of norms of relief and rehab Composite criteria for ID backward areas including poverty, literacy, infant mortality rates U S gov should adopt formula for Block wise devolution of funds, Governance need be strengthened in backward areas System of rewarding states, achieving significant reduction in intra state disparities be introduced
National Integration and Secularism NIOS.pdf
https://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/lesy106.pdf 2020-10-30 13:46:20]]>04-gs-1/3-👨‍👨‍👦‍👦society/3.3-communalism,-regionalism,-secularism.html04 GS-1/3 👨‍👨‍👦‍👦Society/3.3 Communalism, Regionalism, Secularism.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#committee 2019 formed to examine role of speaker in cases of disqualification under 10th schedule. Recom : disq by the party and not by speaker.
Dinesh Goswami #Committee led to addition of following items to 10th schedule. 10th schedule was based on recommmendation of YB Chavan Committee. Voluntary rejection of membership not voting per party directions -> disqulaification.
Law Commission 170th #report said to exempt merger/split from disq criteria. Pre-poll electoral front under anti-defection. limit issuance of whip only when gov is in danger; decision under 10th schedule in binding on the Prez/Gov MP/MLA can be disq under Art 102/Art 191 for holding office of profit, unsound mind, undischarged insolvent, not IN citizen SC said - Permanent Tribunal headed by retired SC judge hear cases of MLA/MP disqualification, except for exceptional circumstances petitions decided by Speaker in 3 months.
Mahajan #Committee was formed to solve the Belgaum dispute b/w Karnataka and Maharashtra. Maha did not agree w/ the recom of the reports.
ISRWD #Act 1956 : Act allows centre to set up an ad hoc tribunal for adjudication of dispute b/w 2 or more states. no time limit for redressal, no common forum for discussion; Article 262 mentions redressal of disputes b/w states + union. River Boards Act 1956 provides for the std of river boards for regulation and dev of inter state river and river valleys. Estd on request of state govt concerned. Krishna water dispute : Maha, Karnataka and AP. Current dispute is AP is asking newely formed Telangana to be included in the water sharing deal as a separate entity. 1966 division Haryana, Punjab opposed sharing waters of Ravi and Beas, 1976 centre allocated 3.5 million acre feet MAF to HAR out of 7.2 MAF, Eradi tribunal inc it to 3.83 MAF Judiciaries Efforts during pandemic : e-filing and artificial intelligence enabled referencing; e-courts projects seeks to address judiciary's digital deprivation. Criminal Justice reforms : delay in disposal of cases leading to human rights violations of under trials and convicts; conviction orders are taking years to implement. Reforms req : Fast Track Courts for certain offences, digitisation of documents, construction of new offences, classification of offences must be done in manner conducive to mgt of crimes. PRS Legislative Research report says that during 15th LS 16% of its time was spent on disruptions. RS Lost 36% of its time. Need : curb disorder in Parliament through strict enforcement of code of conduct. Productivity meter be created to check no of hours wasted. Art 25 (1) ie freedom of religion is a negative liberty where state shall make sure that there is no interference or obstacle to exervising this freedom. Shirur Mutt case doctrine of essentiality -> all essential rituals and practices would constitute a religion Charles Taylor : Positive liberty is the ability to fulfill one's purposes Negative liberty is the freedom from interference by others. Uniform Civil Code UCC Article 44 for matter like marriage, divorce, adoption etc for all religious communities. Lex Loci Report 1840, BN Rau Committee 1941 recom codification of laws. Shah Bano case 1985 -> outlined a common civil code, Jordan Diengdeh v SS Chopra case -> urgency to implement UCC, Shayra Bano case 2017 -> Triple talaq declared unconstitutional, Sarla Mudgal case reiterated need for UCC. Lata Mittal Case 1985 -> Hindu daughter have equal rights in parental property -> UCC could bring gender equality Laws like Special Marriage Act, Contract Act, Civil Procedure code etc follow UCC.
Special category state recom 1st by Gadgil #committee. After the 14th Fin commission report it was removed against 42% devolution to states. Under it 90: 10. Kerala HC says access to internet is a fundamental right under Right to education Art. 21A; similar stance as UN HRC's statement in 2016. SC says it is FR under Art 19 - freedom of speech. Right to be forgotten falls under RT Privacy Art 21. RTP is governed by the Personal Data Protection bill which talks about Right to be forgotten. Cocern is that bill provides for determination of data being personal or not on Data Protection Authority not on individual.
Sedition #Act 124A of IPC : seen as restriction to Freedom of expression. KedarNath Singh Case upheld its validity but laid down certain rules; Balwant Singh vs So Punjab Case said merely shouting slogan is not sedition According to NCRB max number of sedition cases are from Assam and Jharkhand. Need : make bailable, non-cognisable, raise the burden of proof, no malicious complaints. IPC introduced in 1860 put forward by Macaulay replaced Mohammedan Criminal Law. Need - re-examine Sedition law, remove Blasphemy laws 295A, Criminal conspiracy, Section 149 on unlawful assembly, Section 377 etc
CAA amends the Citizenship #Act 1955 to grant citizenship to 6 minority communities from AFG, BAN, PAK after 6 years of stay in IN. OCI cardholders registration may be cancelled if they violate any law. Renunciation of Indian citizenship was made easier. Provision was simplified to end within 60days, Mandatory to indicate reason for renouncing New OCI card will not be required to register OCI every time new passport is issued. Impeachment of US prez House of Rep has sole power of impeachment while Senate the Upper House has sole power to try all impeachments. SL has a semi presidential system. Prez holds exec powers governs w/ a PM. Gods, Corporations, rivers, animals - Juristic person only after consecration (Yogendra Nath case). Deities can own property, pay taxes, sue and being sued, do not have fundamental/ constitutional rights. SGPC vs Somnath Das Case 2000, Dakor Temple Case 1887. Ayodhya dispute : Article 142 invoked, travellers quoted were from Tieffenthaler 18th century missionary, William finch, Montgomery Martin - civil servant. Sabarimaala Verdict. Challenges : probing essential religious practices, against article 26, permissible extent of judicial intervention in religious practices. Savmidhan Divas on 26th Nov Creamy layer principle in SC ST quota for promotion : Background : Centre and State was giving SC STs reservation in promotions, Indra Sawhney case SC said it was unconstitutional, Parliament brought the 77th amendment to reserved seats in promotion if community was not adequately represented. In M Nagaraj case SC held its constitutionality by said that 3 criteria needs to be satisfied community should be socially educationally backward, not adequately rep and the policy should not affect overall efficiency in admn. New 2018 7 judge bench is the above case. Centre asked SC in J Singh vs LN Gupta case court agreed that creamy layer applied to SC ST in order to prevent misuse of reservation, upheld M Nagaraja verdict. Art 335 recognises special needs to be adopted for considering claims of SC and ST Indra Sawhney case : criteria for group to qualify for reservation is "social and educational backwardness". 50% limit to vertical quotas to ensure efficiency in administration can be exceeded in exceptional circumstannces 50% reservation is constitutionally recognised by 91st CAA. 102nd CAA 2018 added 338B, which deals with the structure, duties and powers of NCBC, and 342A that deals with powers of Prez to notify a particular caste as SEBC and the power of Parliament to change the list. Article 366 (26C) defines SEBCs. Anglo Indian reservation in LS and SLA removed 104th CAA. Art 334 provided for reservation of seat for Anglo Indian Community. Father or any male line needs to be of European descent SC said that Reservation in promotion is not a fundamental right and cannot be claimed by an individual. Art 16 only empowers the state to make reservation in matters of appointment and promotion. Consequential seniority : means when an SC/ST is promoted on the basis of reservation he/she will remain senior to the general candidate who has not been promoted. SC said -> gov aided Minority Educational Insititutions MEIs in deciding appointment of teachers does not violate Art 30. Special Rights enjoyed by them - compensation if property taken by state RTE is a fundamental right; they are not considered for reservation, Under RTE MEIs are not required to provide 25% reservation for children (6-14); MEIs can have 50% seat reserved for minorities; can have separate admission process but it should be fair and cannot charge capitation fees. Tulu is a language spoken in Dakshin Kannada/ Mangaluru area, Udupi in KTAKA and Kasargod in Kerala. SC said that Right to Private property is a human right and state cannot tresspass into it and them claim ownership of the name of adverse possession Under Article 131 SC has original jurisdiction to deal w/ State Centre dispute. To qualify as a dispute under 131 it has to necessarily be b/w states and centre and involve question of law. Article 143 is about advisory jurisdiction
Govt of NCT 2021 Amendment #Act #important : Govt means the Lt Gov of Delhi, gives discretionary powers to LG in matters where SLA can make laws, LG be necessarily granted opportunity to give opinion before decision of Delhi Cabinet.
Delimitation Comm as per 2002 #act will have 3 mem : serving or retired judge of SC as chair, CEC or EC nominated by Election Comm and SEC as ex-officio members. Inclusion of state in 6th schedule will enable the state to own legitimate ownership rights over its natural resource help make it self-sufficient. It safeguards the rights of tribals through formation of Autonomous District Council ADC, special provisions under Art 244 and Art 275.
ADC has 30 mem, 4 are nominated by the Gov rest elected on basis of adult franchise, every autonomous region has a separate regional council. #important Conditions for Curative Petitions are : Genuine violation of natural justice, Judge bias. Specifically mention the view taken on review petition, be sent to 3 senior most judges and earlier ones, penalty if case lacks merit. Roopa Hurra vs Ashok Hurra case. Art 81 of Const defines house shall not consist of more than 550 elected mem including 20 from UT. Need for more seats : Every MP currently represents 16-18 lakh people, removing anglo IN reservation seat now only 543, seats have not been revised even after creation of states like UKD, ARUN leg assembly for DEL, PON. Art 129 says courts can initiate contempt on its own. Art 142 grants the courts power to punish for contempt and the Contempt of Courts Act 1971 was passed which defines civil and criminal contempt. Consent of Attorney General is required to initiate contempt proceedings to save time from frivolous petitions. When court itself initiates a contempt proceeding consent of AG not mandatory Constitution does not define the criteria for recognition of Schedules tribes. Art 366 only provides process to define scheduled tribes. President after consultation with Governor in case of states notifies ST/SC. 105 th CAA amends Art 342 A that allows states and UTs to prepare their own OBC/SEBC list. Centre will also maintain a list.
125th amendment bill : financial and devolution of powers to autonomous councils under 5 th schedule SC held that Co-operative banks come under SARFAESI act SC passed order that working of cooperative within a state is under State list and parliament cannot make laws on it. It upheld 97th CAA but struck down a part of it. Article 22 (1) fundamental right to be defended by a legal practitioner. Prez addresses joint sitting of Parl at start 'Motion of Thanks' give account of legislative and policy achievements of the gov. Amendments can be brought in by members, if it fails to pass gov will dissolve. Composite floor test : more than one person claims to form the govt and majority is not clear Speaker of LS can suspend MPs but he can be un-suspended only after a motion is passed by the house Excise duty of liquor is levied by states, does not come under GST, also land, electricity and petroleum products viz diesel, aviation turbine fuel.
Rule of Law index by World Justice Project, IN ranked 69 #report Aided School teachers cannot become legislators, participate in politics would affect quality of education Plenary Jurisdiction : have complete authority or absolute power to take action on a particular issue w/o limitations. Art 142 allows the enforcement of decrees and orders. Union word was 1st used offially in 1946. Speedy trial is a fundamental right : HC of Bombay said in Bhima Koregaon case. 51 A mentions respecting nat flag National Flag was adopted on July22 1947 based on Swaraj flag made by Pingali Venkayya. 51A(a) deals w/ respecting Constitutional ideals and institutions. Flag Code 2002 says should be hand spun. Externment Order prevents the movt of a person in certain cases. Can be granted to maintain law and order and also to protect interest of ST (Dhan Bahadur Ghorti Case). 2020-10-21 16:58:29 Indian Constitution adopted on Nov 26, 1949, came into effect on Jan 26, 1950. Based on the Government of India Act 1935. Constituent Assembly elected by elected members of Provincial Legislative Assemblies. Took 2 years, 11 months and 18 days to draft the Constitution. Combination of British, American, and French political systems. Unique features include Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy, and Fundamental Duties. Provides for federal structure with Union of India at the centre and states at periphery. Provides for single citizenship for all Indian citizens regardless of religion, caste, or creed. Provides for judicial review by the Supreme Court of India. Provides for separate legislatures for union territories. Provides for various Commissions for protection of rights of different communities, including Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, minorities, women, backward classes, and children. Corresponding Chapters in Laxmikanth : Chapter 1 : 1 - Historical Background Chapter 2 : 2 - Making of the Constitution Chapter 3 : 3 - Salient Features of the Constitution Chapter 4 : 4 - Preamble of the Constitution Chapter 6 : 6 - Citizenship.pdf Chapter 7 : 7 - Fundamental Rights Chapter 8 : 8 - DPSP Chapter 9 : Fundamental Duties Chapter 10 : 10 - Amendment of the Constitution Chapter 11 : 11 - Basic Structure of the Constitution 2020-10-30 14:02:37Comparison of Indian Constitution Right of movement and residence throughout the territory of India are freely available to the Indian citizens, but these rights are not absolute. Comment. ("भारत के सम्पूण्भ क्ेत्र में ननवास करने और नवचरण करने का असधकार स्तंत्र रूप से सभी भारतीय नागररको को उपल ं धि है, हकन् ये अ ु सधकार असीम नही हैं।" ं हिप्पणी कीजजए।) - 2022 According to Article 19 (1) (d) and (e) of the Indian Constitution, every citizen of India has the right to move freely throughout the territory of India and to reside and settle in any part of it. Article 19(5) of the Constitution of India allows the government to impose reasonable restrictions on the right to movement and residence for reasons such as public order, security, and morality. They are subject to reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the public interest or for the protection of any Scheduled Tribes’ interests3. For example, a person’s movement can be restricted by an externment order if he/she is found to be a threat to public order or security4. Similarly, a foreigner cannot claim these rights as they are only available to citizens of India. Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978), the Supreme Court held that the right to travel abroad is a part of the right to personal liberty guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution. Similarly, in the case of Olga Tellis v. Bombay Municipal Corporation (1985), the Supreme Court recognized the right to livelihood as a part of the right to life under Article 21, and held that the right of a person to reside in the city cannot be taken away merely because he or she is poor. Critically examine the procedures through which the Presidents of India and France are elected. (भारत और फांस के राटिट्पनत के ननवा्भचचत होने की प्हरिया का आलोचनात्मक परीक्ण कीजजए । ) - 2022 India: The President of India is elected by an Electoral College consisting of elected members of both Houses of Parliament, as well as members of Legislative Assemblies of all states and union territories. The President is elected by an indirect election, in which members of the Electoral College cast their votes. The candidate who secures more than 50% of the votes is declared the winner. Criticism: The election of the President of India is criticized for being influenced by political considerations, and for not being entirely free from the influence of the ruling party. France: The President of France is elected through a two-round direct election. All citizens over the age of 18 are eligible to vote. In the first round, all candidates are allowed to run. If no candidate secures an absolute majority of votes, the top two candidates compete in a second round of voting. The candidate who secures the highest number of votes in the second round is declared the winner. Criticism: The French Presidential election has been criticized for leading to a two-party system, with small parties having little to no representation. The first-past-the-post system used in the second round has also been criticized for leading to tactical voting. Analyze the distinguishing features of the notion of Right to Equality in the Constitutions of the USA and India. (सं युति राज्य अमेररका और भारत सं नवदानो में, समता के अ ं सधकार की धारणा की नवशिटि नविेषताओ का ं नवश्ेषण कीजजए।) 2021 The USA derived this right from the Declaration of Rights and later added it to the Bill of Rights through the 14th Amendment in 1868. India incorporated this right in its Constitution from the beginning through Article 14 to 18. The USA follows only the concept of ‘equal protection of law’, which means equal treatment under equal circumstances. India follows both ‘equality before law’ (British model) and ‘equal protection of law’ (American model), which means no one is above law and everyone is entitled to equal justice. USA: - The right to equality is enshrined in the Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution. - It prohibits the state from denying any person equal protection of the laws. - The US Constitution emphasizes on equal treatment under the law and non-discrimination. - The concept of affirmative action, or policies that aim to address historical injustices, is not explicitly recognized in the US Constitution. India: - The right to equality is enshrined in Articles 14-18 of the Indian Constitution. - The Indian Constitution emphasizes on equal treatment under the law, non-discrimination, and affirmative action. - The concept of affirmative action is explicitly recognized in the form of reservation policies that aim to address historical injustices and promote the interests of marginalized communities. - The Indian Constitution recognizes the principle of "equality before the law" and "equal protection of the laws", but also recognizes the concept of "reasonable classification" where the state can treat different classes of people differently. ‘Constitutional Morality’ is rooted in the Constitution itself and is founded on its essential facets. Explain the doctrine of ‘Constitutional Morality’ with the help of relevant judicial decisions. ('सं वैधाननक नैनतकता' की जड सं नवधान में ही ननहहत है और इसके तात्त्वक फलको पर आधार ं रत है। 'सं वैधाननक नैनतकता' के ससधदांत की प्ासं गगक न्ाययक ननण्भयो की सहायता से ं नववेचना कीजजए।) - 2021 1. "Naz Foundation v. Government of NCT of Delhi" (2009) Quote: "Constitutional morality would require tolerance of the diversity of views, values, beliefs and practices that characterize a plural society." 2. "Justice K. S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India" (2017) Quote: "Constitutional morality must not only be an animating force for the Constitution but also act as a check and balance on majoritarian impulses." 3. "Shreya Singhal v. Union of India" (2015) Quote: "Constitutional morality would necessitate protection of the freedom of speech and expression as a cardinal value that is of paramount significance under our constitutional scheme." 4. "Kashmir Times Publications and Others v. State of Jammu and Kashmir" (1988) Quote: "Constitutional morality demands that no restriction should be placed upon the freedom of the press save those that are reasonable and justified in the interests of the general public." 5. "Chandrachud J, in Union of India v. Association for Democratic Reforms" (2002) Quote: "Constitutional morality must pervade the entire fabric of the Constitution and every act of the State and its instrumentalities must conform to the highest standards of constitutional morality." (COMPARING Constitution) The judicial systems in India and UK seem to be converging as well as diverging in recent times. Highlight the key points of convergence and divergence between the two nations in terms of their judicial practices. (हाल के समय में भारत और यु. के . की न्ाययक व्यवस्ाएं अशभसरणीय एवं अपसरणीय होती प्तीत हो रही है। दोनो रा ं टिट्ो की न् ं ाययक काय्भप्णाललयो के आलोक में अ ं शभसरण तथिा अपसरण के मुख्ा नबदं ओु को आलो ं हकत कीजजए।) - 2020 The judicial systems in India and UK have some points of convergence and divergence123: Convergence: Both countries have a common law system based on precedents and statutes. Both countries have a Supreme Court as the highest court of appeal. Both countries have adopted digitization to improve access to justice and reduce backlog of cases. Both countries respect human rights and follow international conventions. Divergence: India has a written constitution that grants judicial review power to the courts, while UK has an unwritten constitution that relies on parliamentary sovereignty. India has a federal system with separate state laws, while UK has a unitary system with uniform laws. India has affirmative action policies for disadvantaged groups, while UK does not. India still retains death penalty for some crimes, while UK has abolished it. “Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution is a limited power and it cannot be enlarged into absolute power.” In the light of this statement explain whether Parliament under Article 368 of the Constitution can destroy the Basic Structure of the Constitution by expanding its amending power? ("सं नवधान का सं िोधन करने की संसद की िक्ति एक पररसीगमत िक्ति है और इसे आत्यं नतक िक्ति के रूप में नवस्तृत नहीं हकया जा सकता है ।" इस कथिन के आलोक में व्याख्ा कीजजए की क्ा संसद सं नवधान के अनुछेद 368 के अंतग्भत अपनी सं िोधन की िक्ति का नविदीकरण करके सं नवधान के मूल ढांचे को नटि कर सकती है ?) - 2019 The basic structure doctrine, first propounded by the Supreme Court in the landmark case of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973), holds that certain features of the Constitution are so fundamental that they cannot be amended by Parliament, even under Article 368. The basic structure includes features such as the supremacy of the Constitution, the separation of powers, the rule of law, and the protection of fundamental rights. 1. Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain (1975): This case is significant for two reasons. Firstly, it upheld the fundamental right to free and fair elections as a basic feature of the Constitution. Secondly, it held that the Parliament's power to amend the Constitution under Article 368 is subject to judicial review. 2. Minerva Mills Ltd. v. Union of India (1980): This case is significant because it reaffirmed the basic structure doctrine and held that Parliament cannot use its amending power to destroy the basic structure of the Constitution. It also held that the power to amend the Constitution is not an absolute power. 3. Waman Rao v. Union of India (1981): This case is significant because it held that the Parliament's power to amend the Constitution includes the power to add or delete provisions, but not to abrogate the Constitution altogether. 4. L. Chandra Kumar v. Union of India (1997): This case is significant because it held that the power of judicial review is a part of the basic structure of the Constitution and cannot be taken away by Parliament through a constitutional amendment. (COMPARING Constitution) What can France learn from the Indian Constitution’s approach to secularism?(धम्भननरपेक्ता को भारत के सं नवधान के उपागम से फांस क्ा ससख सकता है?) - 2019 - India’s secularism is based on equal respect and protection for all religions. The state does not interfere with religion, but also supports religious minorities and disadvantaged groups. The constitution grants judicial review power to the courts to uphold secular values. - France’s secularism is based on strict separation of religion and state. The state does not recognize or support any religion, but also forbids religious influence in public affairs. The constitution relies on parliamentary sovereignty to enforce secular laws. France can learn from India’s secularism that: - Secularism does not mean hostility or indifference towards religion, but rather recognition and accommodation of religious diversity. - Secularism does not mean uniformity or assimilation of religious minorities, but rather respect and protection of their rights and identities. - Secularism does not mean suppression or exclusion of religious expression, but rather promotion and education of pluralistic values. (COMPARING Constitution) India and USA are two large democracies. Examine the basic tenants on which the two political systems are based. (भारत एवं यू. एस. ए. दो नविाल लोकतंत्र है। उन आधारभूत ससधिांतो का ं परीक्ण कीजजए जजन पर बे दो राजनीनतक तंत्र आधाररत हैं।) - 2018 India: 1. Sovereignty lies with the people and the Constitution is the supreme law of the land. 2. India is a federal republic with a parliamentary system of government. 3. The Constitution guarantees fundamental rights to all citizens. 4. India is a secular country that recognizes and respects the diversity of religions and cultures. 5. The Constitution provides for affirmative action to promote social and economic equality for disadvantaged sections of society. 6. India has an independent judiciary that is responsible for upholding the Constitution and the rule of law. 7. India's political system provides for free and fair elections, with universal adult suffrage. USA: 1. Sovereignty lies with the people and the Constitution is the supreme law of the land. 2. The USA is a federal republic with a presidential system of government. 3. The Constitution guarantees fundamental rights to all citizens, including the right to freedom of speech, religion, and the press. 4. The USA is a secular country that recognizes and respects the diversity of religions and cultures. 5. The USA promotes free-market capitalism and individualism. 6. The USA has an independent judiciary that is responsible for upholding the Constitution and the rule of law. 7. The USA's political system provides for free and fair elections, with a two-party system dominating the political landscape. Under what circumstances can the Financial Emergency be proclaimed by the President of India? What consequences follow when such a declaration remains in force? (हकन पररस्स्नतयो में भारत ं के राटि पट् नत के द्ारा नवत्ीय आपातकाल की उद्ोषणा की जा सकती है? ऐसी उद्ोषणा के लागू रहने तक, इसके अनुसरण के क्ा-क्ा पररणाम होते हैं?) - 2018 a Financial Emergency can be proclaimed by the President of India under Article 360 of the Constitution State of Rajasthan v. Union of India (1977) that the power to proclaim a Financial Emergency is not absolute, and that the President must have objective material to form the satisfaction that a an Emergency including a Financial Emergency is necessary. Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in the light of the latest judgement of the Supreme Court on Right to Privacy. (ननजता के असधकार पर उच्चतम न्ायालय के नवीनतम ननण्भय के आलोक में, मौललक असधकारो के ं नवस्तार का परीक्ण कीजजए।) - 2017 The KS Puttaswamy case was a landmark judgment by the Supreme Court of India that recognized the right to privacy as a fundamental right under the Constitution of India123. The court held that privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 (right to life and personal liberty) and also covers aspects of other fundamental rights such as Article 14 (right to equality), Article 19 (right to freedom) and Article 25 (right to freedom of religion). The judgment on right to privacy has expanded the scope of fundamental rights in India by recognizing that privacy is not only a negative right against state interference but also a positive right that enables individuals to exercise their autonomy and dignity4. The court also laid down some principles for balancing privacy with other competing interests such as national security, public interest and social welfare4. The court also clarified that any law or policy that infringes on privacy must satisfy three tests: legality, necessity and proportionality Discuss each adjective attached to the word 'Republic' in the preamble. Are they defendable in the present circumstances stances? ('उद्ेशिका (प्स्तावना)' में िब 'गणराज्य के साथि जुडे प्त्येक नविेषण पर चचा्भ कीजजए । क्ा वत्भमान पररस्स्नतयो में वे ं प्नतरक्णीय हैं ?) - 2016 Mention about Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic and Republic. Discuss the possible factors that inhibit India from enacting for its citizens a uniform civil code as provided for in the Directive Principles of State Policy. (चचा्भ कीजजए हक वे कौन-से संभानवत कारक हैं जो भारत को राज्य की नीनत के ननदेिक तत्व में प्दत् के अनुसार अपने नागररको के ल ं लए समान ससनवल सं हहता को अशभननयगमत करने से रोकते हैं।) - 2015 1. Mohammad Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum (1985): This case involved the issue of whether a divorced Muslim woman was entitled to maintenance from her former husband. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the woman and ordered her ex-husband to pay her maintenance. This case sparked a debate about the need for a Uniform Civil Code in India. 2. Sarla Mudgal v. Union of India (1995): In this case, the Supreme Court observed that the lack of a Uniform Civil Code goes against the fundamental principles of the Constitution and is a hindrance to national integration. The court also directed the government to take steps towards formulating a UCC. 3. John Vallamattom v. Union of India (2003): This case involved the issue of whether a Christian husband could seek a divorce from his wife on the grounds of her adultery. The Supreme Court observed that the absence of a Uniform Civil Code is a serious issue and that the government should take steps to ensure that a UCC is put in place. 4. Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017): This case involved the issue of the constitutionality of triple talaq, a practice under Muslim personal law that allows a husband to divorce his wife by pronouncing the word "talaq" thrice. The Supreme Court declared the practice of triple talaq to be unconstitutional and observed that a Uniform Civil Code is necessary to promote gender equality and justice. Khap Panchayats have been in the news for functioning as extra-constitutional authorities, often delivering pronouncements amounting to human rights violations. Discuss critically the actions taken by the legislative, executive and the judiciary to set the things right in this regard. (खाप पंचायतें-सं नवधानेतर प्ासधकरणो के तौर पर ं प्काय्भ करने, असिर मानवासधकार उल्ंघनो की को ं हि में आने वाले ननण्भयो को देने के कारण खबरो ं में ं बनी रही हैं। इस संबंध में स्स्नत को ठीक करने के ललए नवधानमंडल, काय्भपाललका और न्ायपाललका द्ारा की गई कार्भवाइयो पर समालोचनात्मक च ं चा्भ कीजजए।) - 2015 Khap Panchayats are traditional village councils in some parts of India that exercise considerable influence over social and cultural matters, including marriage and family relationships. Legislative Actions: 1. The Haryana Panchayati Raj Act, 2016: This act lays down various qualifications and disqualifications for candidates contesting panchayat elections. It includes provisions disqualifying individuals who have been convicted of certain crimes, including offenses against women, from contesting elections. 2. The Prohibition of Unlawful Assembly (Interference with the Freedom of Matrimonial Alliances) Bill, 2011: This bill aimed to curb the activities of Khap Panchayats and prohibit unlawful interference with the freedom of matrimonial alliances. However, the bill did not get passed into law. Executive Actions: 1. Guidelines by the Union Ministry of Home Affairs: The Ministry of Home Affairs issued guidelines in 2010 to the states to prevent and control the activities of Khap Panchayats that violate the law. The guidelines call for strict enforcement of the law and the registration of cases against those who perpetrate such acts. 2. National Commission for Women (NCW): The NCW has played an active role in addressing the issue of Khap Panchayats and has recommended the formation of special cells to deal with such cases at the district and state levels. Judicial Actions: 1. Shakti Vahini v. Union of India (2018): In this case, the Supreme Court issued a series of directions to the central and state governments to prevent and control the activities of Khap Panchayats that violate the law. The court observed that the state has a duty to protect citizens from the illegal and arbitrary actions of these extra-constitutional authorities. 2. Satya Pal Singh v. State of Haryana (2010): In this case, the Punjab and Haryana High Court held that Khap Panchayats have no authority to interfere with the choice of marriage partners of consenting adults. The court also directed the state government to take steps to prevent such interference. Does the right to clean environment entail legal regulations on burning crackers during Diwali? Discuss in the light of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution and Judgement(s) of the Apex Court in this regard. (क्ा स्च् पया्भवरण के असधकार में दीवाली के दौरान पिाखे जलाने के नवसधक नवननयम भी िागमल हैं? इस पर भारतीय सं नवधान के अनुच्ेद 21 के , और इस संबंध में िीष्भ न्ायालय के ननण्भय/ननण्भयो के , ं प्काि में चचा्भ कीजजए।) - 2015 2. Arjun Gopal v. Union of India (2018): In this case, a group of children moved the Supreme Court seeking a ban on the use of firecrackers during Diwali to reduce air pollution. The court, while not imposing a complete ban, imposed certain restrictions, including limiting the use of firecrackers to a two-hour window and banning the use of firecrackers with a decibel level exceeding 125 dB(AI). 3. Noise Pollution (V) In Re (2005): In this case, the Supreme Court emphasized the need to balance the right to celebrate festivals with the right to a clean environment. The court observed that the bursting of firecrackers was not an essential part of any religion or culture and that it was possible to celebrate festivals without causing harm to the environment. What do you understand by the concept "freedom of speech and expression"? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do the films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss. (आप ‘वाक् और अशभव्यक्ति स्ातंत्रय’ सं कपिना से क्ा समझते है? क्ा इसकी पररसध में घृणा वाक् भी आता है? भारत में हफल् अ ें शभव्यक्ति के अन् रूपो से तन ं नक शभन्न स्तर पर क्ो है? च ं चा्भ कीजजए।) - 2014 - Freedom of speech and expression is a fundamental right guaranteed by the Indian Constitution under Article 19(1)(a). - It includes the right to express one's opinions, ideas, and beliefs through any medium, including words, writing, print, art, and film. - However, this right is not absolute and can be subject to reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2), such as in the interest of public order, decency, morality, security, or defamation. - Hate speech, which involves spreading messages that promote hatred or violence against individuals or groups based on their identity, is not protected under freedom of speech and expression. - The Supreme Court has held that hate speech can be restricted under the reasonable restrictions clause of Article 19(2), as it can lead to public disorder and threaten the rights and dignity of individuals and groups. - Films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression because they are a combination of various art forms, including visual, auditory, and linguistic elements, and have a wider impact on society. - The Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) regulates films in India and has the power to order cuts, modifications, or even ban a film if it violates the guidelines or laws in force, such as the Cinematograph Act or the Indian Penal Code. - However, the Supreme Court has held that the CBFC cannot act as a moral police or curtail the creative freedom of filmmakers, and its decisions must be guided by the principles of constitutional morality and the right to freedom of speech and expression. 1. Romesh Thappar v. State of Madras (1950): In this case, the Supreme Court held that freedom of speech and expression includes the right to criticize and dissent, and that any attempt to stifle this right would be unconstitutional. 2. K.A. Abbas v. Union of India (1971): The Court held that pre-censorship of films is unconstitutional as it is a restriction on the right to freedom of speech and expression. 3. S. Rangarajan v. P. Jagjivan Ram (1989): The Court held that freedom of speech and expression cannot be curtailed unless it poses a clear and present danger to public order, and that a healthy democracy depends on the free flow of diverse views, opinions, and ideas. 4. Union of India v. Association for Democratic Reforms (2002): The Court held that the right to freedom of speech and expression includes the right to receive and impart information and that the public has a right to know the criminal antecedents of candidates contesting elections. 5. Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2015): The Court struck down Section 66A of the Information Technology Act, which criminalized the sending of offensive messages through communication devices, on the grounds that it violated the right to freedom of speech and expression and was vague and overbroad. Discuss Section 66A of IT Act, with reference to its alleged violation of Article 19 of the Constitution. (सूचना प्ौद्योगगकी असधननयम की धारा 66A की इससे कसथित सं नवधान के अनुच्ेद 19 के उल्ंघन के सं दभ्भ में नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013 - Section 66A of IT Act, 2000 criminalized sending "offensive" or "menacing" messages. - It was challenged in courts for violating the fundamental right to freedom of speech and expression guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution. - In 2015, Supreme Court of India struck down Section 66A as unconstitutional in the landmark case of Shreya Singhal v. Union of India. - The court held that the provision was a disproportionate restriction on the right to free speech and expression, as it criminalized a wide range of speech, including political speech, satire, and artistic expression. - The court also noted that the provision did not contain any safeguards against abuse, such as a requirement for prior judicial authorization or a clear definition of what constitutes an offense. ]]>05-gs-2/1.-polity/1.1-indian-constitution-historical-underpinnings,-evolution,-features,-amendments,-significant-provisions-and-basic-structure,-devolution-etc.html05 GS-2/1. Polity/1.1 Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure, Devolution etc.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#Committee for Reforms in Criminal laws to overhaul IPC after suggestions from SC, HC, Bar Council of India and States, Universities, Law Institutes.
Nagaland formed #committee of opposition leaders to pursue peace agreement with centre. Many wards constitute a Municipal Corporation that is to govern cities w/ pop more than 1 million. Wards can have more than 1 elected corporators. 2020-10-21 17:02:25Art 245-255 in Part XI deals w/ legislative relations 4 aspects are territory - parliament can make laws for whole or any part of territory, state make in area of state, extra-terrestrial legis, exceptions - Prez making laws, Governor says that act no apply to schedule area, autonomous district of Assam distribution of subjects - parliamentary legislation in state field - RS passes a resolution by 2/3rd majority of present and voting, international agreement centre's control over state leg - reserve bill for Prez assent, Prez assent before presenting bill, during fin emergency Adm relations : 256 - 263 Part XI Distribution of executive power - matters where both Parl, state legislature have power executive authority is w/ state Obligation of state, centre - restriction on exec power of state to ensure compliance w/ Parliament laws, not impede or prejudice exec power of centre Centres direction to state - communication, railways, SC ST, Mother tongue Mutual Delegation - 2 or more state says so, Prez w/ consent of state, Parliament makes laws Coop b/w C S - Parl provide for adjudication of inter-state river water dispute, Prez form interstate council, Parl appt authority to carry out purposes of interstate trade, commerce, etc All India services Public service commission - Chair by Governor, JSPSC chair by Prez Integrated Judicial System Relation during emergency - 352, 356, 360 Other prov - 355 protect S against external aggression, Gov appt by Prez, Extra const devices - NITI, National Integration Council, Central Council of health etc Fin Relations Taxes enumerated in various lists, GST special provision on both C S, residuary powers w/ C Distribution of tax revenue - 80th CAA 10th Fin Comm 29% to S, GST subsumed Central Excise, Additional Excise, Service tax, Additional Customs, Special Additional Customs, Central Surcharges and Cesses, Octroi, Luxury, State VAT, Purchase tax Taxes levied by C Collected appropriated by State - Art 268 ex stamp duties on bills of exchanges, cheque etc Taxes Levied Collected by C but assigned to S Art 269 - on sale purchase of goods within etc Taxes levied and Collected by C but Distributed b/w C and S Art 269A - most taxes and duties in Union List Surcharge on Certain Taxes and Duties for purpose of centre Art 271 Taxes Levied collected and Retained by States enumerated in State list Distri of non-tax revenue for C - posts, railways, broadcasting etc, S - irrigation, agri, fisheries, SPSE etc Grant in Aids - Statutory Art 275 S in need, grant for SC ST Discretionary Grants 282, GST 279A council, Fin Comm, Protect States Interest - Prior Prez assent for intro tax bills related to states, changes meaning of agri income etc Borrowing by C and S - S can borrow only within IN, S cannot raise loans if part is outstanding or collateral given by V Tax immunities - Central property, Exemption of State property Corresponding Chapters in Laxmikanth
Chapter 5 : Union and its Territories
Chapter 12 : Parliamentary System
Chapter 13 : Federal System
Chapter 14 : Center State Relations
Chapter 15 : Interstate Relations
Chapter 16 : Emergency Provisions
Chapter 38 : Panchayati Raj
Chapter 39 : Municipalities 2020-10-21 17:03:22 Federalism - 2 levels of govt, independent tax base, written consti, independent judiciary, Rigid Constitution, Supremacy of Const, Bicameralism. Unitary features - Strong centre, States not indestructible, Single Constitution, Flexibility of Const, no equality of state representation, Emergency provisions, Single Citizenship, Integrated Judiciary, All India Services, Integrated auditing, Parliament's authority over state list, Appt of Governor, Integrated Election machinery, Veto over state bills Basic feature as per SR Bommai case IN federalism based on Canadian model Issues pertaining Per K Santhanam - dominance of centre in financial sphere, dependence of state for grants, emergence of central erstwhile planning commission River water disputes, regional parties, creation of new states, SC's imposition of several procedural limitation on use of Art 356 Mode of appt dismissal of Governor, Discriminatory and partisan role of Gov, Imposition of Prez rule , Deploy of central forces, Reser of state bill for consideration of Prez, Mgt of All India Service, Electronic media for political purpose, special status to states, Central Sector Schemes, National Counter Terrorism Centre, Role in international treaties 1st ARC - estd Inter-state council under Art 263, Appt of experienced non-partisan Governors Delegation of max powers to state More fin resources to state, Deploy Central armed forces on their request Rajamannar Committee by TN Govt, Anandpur Sahib Resolution, West Bengal, Permanent Interstate council, Intergov council, 356 should be sparingly used, strengthen AIS, Residuary power w/ Centre, reasons for withholding assent to state, reconstitute zonal council, C deploy armed armed forces w/o consent, consult before making law in concurrent list, Governor cannot dismiss council of ministers until majority, Governors term of 5 yrs not disturbed unless compelling, prior agreement before making laws in Concurrent list, restrained in making laws in state, concurrent list, auditing role by inter-state council, 6 months for Prez to decide on reserved bills, financial obligations become permanent for FC Guidelines for selecting Gov Eminent in some walk of life, outside the state, detached figure, not part in politics Impeachment for Gov, fixed tenure of 5 yrs, discretionary powers should not be arbitrary, Guidelines for Gov role in appt of CM Pre poll - single largest party - post electoral coalition - post electoral alliance Emergency only in last resort, zonal councils meet 2 a yr, Constitutionally defined devolution of power to local bodies Art 262 adjudication of ISWD, Art 263 Inter State Council for effective coordination by Prez, Full Faith and credit to public acts, judicial proceedings of centre and every state Inter State Trade and Commerce - Art 301 - 307 Zonal Councils Cooperative Federalism - NITI Aayog - 2020-11-07 17:13:13 Union Govt needs more proactive & decisive River Basin Authority set upt for each inter-state river Chairmen of all River Basin Organisation be made mem of National Water Resource Council NWRC and RBOs should play more positive role, council and secretariat must be more proactive National water law be enacted 2020-10-21 17:03:38PRI Balwant Rai Mehta comm - demo decentralisation, 3 tier sys Ashok Mehta C - 2 tier sys, regular social audits, rep of political parties at all level - GVK Rao C - LM Singhvi - 1st time recom constitutional provision Powers and Responsibility State govt endows ex plans for economic, social dev, agri, primary secondary education, health, Sanitation etc Panchayat at Village Level Gram Sabha - all electors, meets 2 times a year, hears statements of accounts, audits, reports etc G Panchayat - no of mem based on pop of villages, method of election determined by S, seats reserved, Functions - Compulsory - sanitation, cleaning roads, minor irrigation, vaccination, health care etc Optional - tree plantation on road sides, promote agri etc Also dev of plan, annual budget, relief in natural calamity, selection of beneficiaries after 73 CAA Source of Income - mainly depend of S Govt, power to levy tax on immovable property, commercial crops, drainage, sanitation fee, supply of water fee, lighting tax, entertainment tax, tax on animals, non-mechanical vehicles Nyaya Panchayat - tenure 3-5 yrs, petty civil criminal cases, fines upto 100rs, no lawyers Panchayat Samiti - middle tier. Strength depends on pop, some are Directly elected, 1 Sarpanch of P is ex-officio mem, Chairs indirectly elected. Functions Headed by BDO, agri, land improv, watershed dev, social and farm forestry, tech and vocational edu Implementation of specific plants w/ choice to location and Beneficiaries available to them Income sources - tax on water for drinking, irrigation, lighting, tolls for bridges, income from property like lands, public roads etc, grants from S, funds from ZP Zila Parishad some directly elected, Chair of P Samiti is ex-officio mem, Chair of ZP elected indirectly Functions - coordinates activities, supervises PS, schemes to improv agri production, exploit ground water, extend rural electrification, functions given under C or S sponsored programs Income - Taxes on business in rural areas for 6 months, on brokers, commission agents, tax on land revenue, grants, donations, may raise loans Issues w/ Finances Dependence on upper tiers - thin tax domain and own reluctance, Inflexibility of funds granted by S, S Govt not keen to devolve funds Need - explore additional rev sources ex tax on tourist vehicles restaurants theatres etc, Incentivise Better performance, Royalty from minerals, Primary authority over taxation, Issues w/ PRIs Unscientific Distribution of Fund, Incompatible relation b/w the 3 tiers - treating lowers as subordinates, Inadequate finances, lack of cordial relation b/w officials and people, Lack conceptual clarity un democratic composition of PRIs - indirect election in PS, Structural issues - political/caste factionalism corruption inefficiency motivated action power concentration Administrative Problems - lack incentives, low promotion opportunities, Bureaucratic Apath Politicization of PRIs - seen as organisational arm of political party PRI Roadmap Inc devolution, exclusive right to collect levy taxes, devolution linked w/ performance, Panchayat Empowerment Accountability Incentive Scheme PEAISformed devolution index DI, 2 stage assessment Empowerment, Accountability - GS should approve plans etc, E Governance, Decentralised Planning Problems w/ PESA (extension of schedules area) under 5th Schedule Dilutes role of Tribal Advisory councils, lack of coordination at centre, lack of operationalization - rules still not in place, ignoring the spirit of PESA, Ambiguous definition - ex water bodies, minor minerals etc Parastatals - institutions wholly or partially owned by Gov, delivery specific services ex District Rural Dev Agency DRDA, District Health Society DHS, District Water Sanitation Scheme DWSC etc Issues - undermines authorities of PRIs, 74th CAA Urban Local Bodies Functions : Deliberative - acts like legislature, discusses, debates policies Compulsory - water supply, construction maintain of roads, streets, bridges etc Discretionary Functions - construct maintain rescue homes, housing for low incomes, etc Issues Disqualification is similar to SLA, not consistent in all states Better regulate election expenses, code of conduct; restricted local autonomy, lack of Fin, local bodies can be dissolved by them often for pecuniary benefits/political dissention, migration from rural areas - slums, shifting powers from S gov to private donor entities, lack consistent urban dev policy Urban Local Finance - taxes, fees fines, earning from enterprises like land, tanks, markets, shops etc, property tax, advertisement tax, professional tax, Octroi, Issues Lack of Fin sourcestax not sufficient, staff ill-equipped, manner of assessment of property tax was opaque, Small tax base - most properties outside jurisdictional area, User charges - less than viable rates are charged Need Separate tax domains, mapping of all properties Geo tagging them, transparent flexible system of taxation - physical verification, abolish octroi tax, impact study, charges on congestion Other issues Problems w/ District Planning Comm - yet to function as designated by the consti, few states prepare such plans, funds given to P are tied to schemes, States do not provide actual amount for CSS, planning is of poor quality Way Ahead - S prepare method to provide support to institutionalise decentralised planning, prescribe time limits for implementation of plans Panchayat Devolution Index of NITI 2020-10-30 14:20:15 To what extent, in your opinion, has the decentralisation of power in India changed the governance landscape at the grassroots ? (आपकी राय में, भारत में िक्ति के नवके न्द्रीकरण ने जमीनी स्तर पर िासन-पररदृश्य को हकस सीमा तक पररवर्तत हकया है?) 2022 While the national political parties in India favour centralisation, the regional parties are in favour of State autonomy. Comment. (“भारत में राटिट्ीय राजनैनतक दल के न्द्रीयकरण के पक् में हैं, जबहक क्ेत्रीय दल राज्य स्ायत्ता के पक् में ।” हिप्पणी कीजजए।) 2022 How have the recommendations of the 14th Finance Commission of India enabled the States to improve their fiscal position? (भारत के 14वें नवत् आयोग की सं स्तुनतयो ने रा ं ज्यो को अपनी राजकोषीय स् ं स्नत सुधारने में कै से सक्म हकया है?) 2021 - 14th Finance Commission (FFC) was constituted by the President in 2013 for the period of 2015-2020 - It was tasked with recommending the distribution of net proceeds of taxes between the Centre and the States - FFC increased the States' share in the central taxes from 32% to 42% - The total devolution to States was increased from Rs. 3.48 lakh crore in 2014-15 to Rs. 7.61 lakh crore in 2019-20 - States now have greater autonomy in designing and implementing their own development programmes - The increased fiscal space has allowed the States to fund infrastructure projects, social welfare schemes, and public services - FFC has also recommended a fiscal roadmap for States, with an emphasis on debt sustainability and fiscal discipline - States are required to follow a set of fiscal rules and reporting mechanisms to ensure transparency and accountability in their financial management - The recommendations of FFC have helped in addressing the vertical fiscal imbalance and strengthening the federal structure of India. Overall, the recommendations of the 14th Finance Commission have provided the States with greater financial autonomy and flexibility to pursue their own development priorities. The jurisdiction of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) regarding lodging an FIR and conducting probe within a particular State is being questioned by various States. However, the power of the States to withhold consent to the CBI is not absolute. Explain with special reference to the federal character of India. (एक राज्य-नविेष के अन्र प्थिम सूचना ररपोि्भ दायर करने तथिा जांच करने के के न्द्रीय अन्वेषण ब्ूरो (सी. बी. आइ.) के क्ेत्रासधकार पर कई राज्य प्श्न उठा रहे हैं . हालांहक, सी. बी. आइ. जांच के ललए राज्यो द् ं ारा दी गई सहमनत को रोके रखने की िक्ति आत्यं नतक नही है। भारत संघीय ढाँचे के ं नविेष सं दभ्भ में नववेचना कीजजए।) 2021 How far do you think cooperation, competition and confrontation have shaped the nature of federation in India? Cite some recent examples to validate your answer. (आपके नवचार में सहयोग, स्पधा्भ एवं संघष्भ ने हकस प्कार से भारत में महासंघ को हकस सीमा तक आकार हदया है ? अपने उत्र को प्माशणत करने के ललए कुछ हाललया उदाहरण उधिृत कीजजए।) 2020 Indian Constitution exhibits centralising tendencies to maintain unity and integrity of the nation. Elucidate in the perspective of the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897; The Disaster Management Act, 2005 and recently passed Farm Acts. (राटिट् की एकता और अखण्डता बनाये रखने के ललये भारतीय सं नवधान के न्द्रीयकरण करने की प्वृनत प्दर्ित करता है। महामारी असधननयम, 1897; आपदा प्बं धन असधननयम, 2005 तथिा हाल में पाररत हकये गए कृ नष क्ेत्र के असधननयमो के ं पररप्ेक् में सुस्पटि कीजजए।) 2020 The strength and sustenance of local institutions in India has shifted from their formative phase of ‘Functions, Functionaries and Funds’ to the contemporary stage of ‘Functionality’. Highlight the critical challenges faced by local institutions in terms of their functionality in recent times. ('भारत में स्ानीय ननकायो की सुदृ ं ढ़ता एवं सं पोनषता 'प्काय्भ, काय्भकता्भ व कोष' की अपनी रचनात्मक प्ावस्ा से ' प्काया्भत्मकता' की समकाललक अवस्ा की ओर स्ानान्ररत हई है। हाल के समय में प्काया्भत्मकता की दृटिी से स्ानीय ननकायो द् ं ारा सामना की जा रही अहम् चुनौनतयों को आलोहकत कीजजए।) 2020 “The reservation of seats for women in the institutions of local selfgovernment has had a limited impact on the patriarchal character of the Indian Political Process.” Comment. ("स्ानीय स्िासन की सं स्ाओ में मह ं हलाओ के ल ं लए सीिो के आर ं क्ण का भारत के राजनननतक परारिम के नपतृतंत्रात्मक अशभलक्ण पर एक ससगमत प्भाव पडा है ।" हिपण्ी कीजजए।) 2019 How is the Finance Commission of India constituted? What do you about the terms of reference of the recently constituted Finance Commission? Discuss. (भारत के नवत्ीय आयोग का गठन हकस प्कार हकया जाता है? हाल में गहठत नवत्ीय आयोग के नवचाराथि्भ नवषय (िन ऑफ रेफरेंस) के बारे में आप क्ा जानते है? नववेचना कीजजए।) 2018 Assess the importance of Panchayat system in India as a part of local government. Apart from government grants, what sources the Panchayats can look out for financing developmental projects. (भारत में स्ानीय िासन के एक भाग के रूप में पंचायत प्णाली के महत्व का आकलन कीजजए। नवकास पररयोजनाओ के ं नवत्ीयन के ललए पंचायतें सरकारी अनुदानो के अलावा और ं हकन स्ोतो को खोज सकती है?) ं 2018 “The local self-government system in India has not proved to be effective instrument of governance”. Critically examine the statement and give your views to improve the situation. ("भारत में स्ानीय स्िासन पधिनत, िासन का प्भावी साधन सानबत नहीं हई है।" इस कथिन का समालोचनात्मक परीक्ण कीजजए तथिा स्स्नत में सुधार के ललए अपने नवचार प्स्तुत कीजजए।) 2017 Discuss the essentials of the 69th Constitutional Amendment Act and anomalies, if any that have led to recent reported conflicts between the elected representatives and the institution of the Lieutenant Governor in the administration of Delhi. Do you think that this will give rise to a new trend in the functioning of the Indian federal politics? (69वें सं नवधान सं िोधन असधननयम के उन अत्यावश्यक तत्त्वो और ं नवषमताओ, य ं हद कोई हो, पर च ं चा्भ कीजजए, जजन्ोने ं हदल्ी के प्िासन में ननवा्भचचत प्नतननसधयो और उप-राज्यपाल के बीच हाल में समाचारो ं ं में आए मतभेदो को पैदा कर ं हदया है । क्ा आपके नवचार में इससे भारतीय पररसं घीय राजनीनत के प्काय्भण में एक नई प्वृचत् का उदय होगा ?) 2016 To what extent is Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, bearing marginal note "Temporary provision with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir", temporary? Discuss the future prospects of this provision in the context of Indian polity. (भारतीय सं नवधान का अनुच्ेद 370, जजसके साथि हाशिया नोि “जम्-कश् ू ीर राज्य के सम्न में अस्ायी उपबन” लगा हआ है, हकस सीमा तक अस्ायी है ? भारतीय राज्य-व्यवस्ा के सं दभ्भ में इस उपबन की भावी सभिावनाओ पर च ं चा्भ कीजजए।) 2016 Did the Government of India Act, 1935 lay down a federal constitution? Discuss. (क्ा भारत सरकार असधननयम, 1935 ने एक पररसं घीय सं नवधान ननधा्भररत कर हदया थिा ? चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2016 The concept of cooperative federalism has been increasingly emphasized in recent years. Highlight the drawbacks in the existing structure and the extent to which cooperative federalism would answer the shortcomings. (हाल के वषमों में सहकारी पररसं घवाद की सं कपिना पर असधकासधक बल हदया जाता रहा है। नवद्यमान सं रचना में असुनवधाओ और सहकारी पर ं रसं घवाद हकस सीमा तक इन असुनवधाओ का हल न ं नकाल लेगा, इस पर प्काि डाललए।) 2015 In absence of a well-educated and organized local level government system, `Panchayats' and 'Samitis' have remained mainly political institutions and not effective instruments of governance. Critically discuss. (सुशिशक्त और व्यवस्स्त स्ानीय स्तर िासन-व्यवस्ा की अनुपस्स्नत में ‘पंचायतें’ और ‘सगमनतयाँ’ मुख्तः राजनीनतक सं स्ाएँ बनी रही हैं न हक िासन के प्भावी उपकरण। समालोचनापूव्भक चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2015 Though the federal principle is dominant in our Constitution and that principle is one of its basic features, but it is equally true that federalism under the Indian Constitution leans in favour of a strong Centre, a feature that militates against the concept of strong federalism. Discuss. ( यद्यनप पररसं घीय ससधिांत हमारे सं नवधान में प्बल है और वह ससधिांत सं नवधान के आधाररक अशभलक्णो में से एक है, परंतु यह भी इतना ं ही सत्य है हक भारतीय सं नवधान के अधीन पररसं घवाद सिति कें द्र के पक् में झुका हआ है। यह एक ऐसा लक्ण है जो प्बल पररसं घवाद की सं कपिना के नवरोध में है। चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2014 Recent directives from Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas are perceived by the Nagas as a threat to override the exceptional status enjoyed by the State. Discuss in light of Article 371A of the Indian Constitution.(पेिट्ोललयम एवं प्ाकृ नतक गैस मं त्रालय के हाल के ननदेिो को ‘नागाओ ं ’ द् ं ारा उनके राज्य को गमली नवशिटि स्स्नत को रद् करने के ऽतरे के रूप में देखा गया है। भारतीय सं नवधान के अनुच्ेद 371A के आलोक में इसकी नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013 Many State Governments further bifurcate geographical administrative areas like Districts and Talukas for better governance. In light of the above, can it also be justified that more number of smaller States would bring in effective governance at State level? Discuss. (अनेक राज्य सरकारें बेहतर प्िासन के ललए भौगोललक प्िासननक इकाईयो जैसे जनपद व तालुको ं को ं नवभाजजत कर देती हैं। उति के आलोक में, क्ा यह भी औचचत्यपूण्भ कहा जा सकता है हक हक असधक सं ख्ा में छोिे राज्य, राज्य स्तर पर प्भावी िासन देंगे? नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013 Constitutional mechanisms to resolve the inter-state water disputes have failed to address and solve the problems. Is the failure due to structural or process inadequacy or both? Discuss. (अन्र-राज्य जल नववादो का समाधान करने में सां ं नवधाननक प्हरियाएँ समस्ाओ को सम् ं ोसधत करने व हल करने में असफल रही है। क्ा यह असफलता सं रचनात्मक अथिवा प्हरियात्मक अपया्भप्तता अथिवा दोनो के कारण ं हई है? नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013 ]]>05-gs-2/1.-polity/1.2-functions-responsibility-of-union-and-states,-issues-with-federal-structure,-devolution-of-powers-and-finances-etc..html05 GS-2/1. Polity/1.2 Functions Responsibility of Union and States, Issues with Federal Structure, Devolution of powers and finances etc..mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT SC has had only 8 female judges / 239 Low f judges in subordinate judiciary Only 1 women collegium member so far no female CJI. Supreme Court Judge strength inc from 31 to 34, to deal with paucity of judges Increase in the SCs strength may not be enough. Require : Restraint the duration of oral arguments. Adherence to schedule of hearings.
preserve the apex court's primary role as the ultimate arbiter of constitutional questions and statutory interpretation Article 145(3). 229 th Law Commission Reoport : one Constitution Bench in Delhi, and four 'Cassation Benches these will be final appellate courts for routine litigation. Article 124 appointments are made by Prez, judge must be advocate in HC >= 10 years or have held judicial office for 10 years. keeps outside agency out, maintains independence of Judiciary and faith of people. 3 bench committee 2 HC CJs, 1 HC judge no lawyer involved similar for SC judge Recusal of mem cannot be demanded by the litigant and reason for recusal given in writing. If convicted -> Removal Jude/Impeachment FTCs are set up by State Govt in consulation with High Courts recommended by 11th finance commission. FTCs now to clear the cases under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act : 581 FTCs operational 5.9 lakh pending cases. Districts with more than 100 cases pending need to make FTCs. Issues : Decline of FTCs variation in kinds of cases handled, Lacked technological resources Inadequate staff Delay in getting reports, adjournments Over-listing of cases Needs : Identifying systemic issues and addressing the concerns, Equal attention must be paid to metropolitan and far-flung non-metropolitan areas. States will need to take stock of the issues at the ground level The primary question was the meaning of term 'in consultation' mentioned in Art 124 and 222. 1 st Judges case 1981: 7 judge bench reaffirmed that consultation does not mean concurrence that was laid down before in Sankalchand Case. And transfers must be in national interest after consulting CJI. During this time Transfers were made by the President acting on the advice of the Council of Ministers. The case thus gave Executive's decision primacy of CJI's. Supreme Court Advocates on record case aka 2 nd Judges case 1993 'Consultation Really meant concurrence' this consultary opinion of CJI was to be formed along w/ 2 senior most Judges of SC. Thus introduced Collegium system. Said CJI has not only primacy but is determinative. Views of Transfered judge should be given in writing. 3 rd Judges case 1998 Expanded collegium to 5 mem body. CJI was to consult CJ of HC and HC where judge was to be transferred whose views were to be given in writing. Judge to be transferred could put his views in front of CJI. 4 th Judges case NJAC (99 th Amendment) quashed in 2015.
255th Law Commission #Report, 2nd ARC, Justice Tarkunde #Committee recommended a Collegium system for the appointment of CEC and EC. : not in Const, given in Memorandum of Procedure MoP b/w gov and judiciary. Procedure : Law Ministry seeks recom from outgoing CJI -> CJI sends name can consult collegium -> law minister forwards to PM who advices the Prez to make appointment. Except for law min seeking name there is no say of gov, cannot send recom back. Recently divorce was given by SC exercising special powers under Art 142 for 'irretrievable breakdown of marriage' such a case has not been described under the Hindu Marriage Act 1955. Summer Vacation declared by CJI Summer bench constituted by CJI special bench, Not fully closed, only special matters to be taken Admits writ. Mullaperiyar dam issue : SC asked supervisory committee to take decision on max level that can be maintained at the dam. Kerala wants lower max level but TN wants more since it operates the dam despite the dam itself being in Kerala -> to help Madurai farmers but this make Idukki district prone to floods . Tenure of CBI director and ED Chief (amending CVC 2003 Act) was increased by 2 years upto 5 years. SC said that courts cannot interfere with day to day rituals and sevas performed in temples on basis of 'public interest' petitions. Article 32 provided RT Constitutional Remedy. In Romesh Thappar case 1950 SC said that remedy for enforcement of fundamental right is guaranteed. SS Shukla case 1976 during emergency SC said citizen loses his right to move to court under Art 32. But it is on the discretion of SC and each individual judge to decide to take on the case. National Court of Appeals suggested by AG of India to act as final court of justice dealing with appeals from HC and tribunals within their region. party candidate has to provide list of 3 symbols from EVs free symbols list at time of filing nomination papers. Out of the 3 one is allotteed to party/candidate on first come first serve basis. In case of split of political party ECI takes decision on assigning the symbol. ECI is the only authority to decide on this per Sadiq Ali vs ECI in 1971. Alloted under the Elections Symbols Order 1969. Party symbols could be either Reserved or Free. Reserved symbols are for National and State Parties, Free ones are of nearly 200 that are alloted to unrecognised regional parties. Bilkis Bano case : mob violence : Steps taken Code CrPC Section 357A state gov prepare scheme for victims and dependents for rehab Central Victim Compensation Fund. False Allegation is covered under 49A IPC 177 has 6 months jail/+ Rs 1000 penalty Article 239A which puts the supremacy of Legislature above the Administrator Supreme Court has recalled its 2018 judgement diluting SC & ST Prevention of Atrocities Act 1989 older judgment said that Public Servant could be arrested only with written permission of appointing authority and in case of Private employees w/ SSP's permission. also barred accused to get anticipatory bail -> has been diluted to be done exceptional and rare cases. SC : appointments to tribunals to be on basis of existing statutes and not under the Fin Act of 2017 by Fin Act centre could appoint. Fin Act 2017 could Remove etc mem of judicial tribunals eg NGT, NCLAT etc -> was passed as money bill which was contested successfully. Contempt of Courts Act 1971 divides it into Civil and Criminal contempt but fair criticism is not contempt Art 129 and 215 empowers SC and HC to punish for it. Article 137 review by SC only for patent errors not minor inconsequential mistakes.
Constitution has explicitly mentioned review for SC but not for HC. #PrelimsPYQ 3 grounds to seek review discovery of imp matter, error apparent on records, sufficient reason. to be filed within 30 days a curative petition is held after review. Chhattisgarh SLA to have disabled quota for disabled person 1 mem either elected or nominated.
3 laws that deal with internet suspension are IT #Act 2000, CrPC 1973 and Telegraph #Act 1885. SC ruled that the suspension of internet should be in the cases of Public emergency and in interest of public safety Separate courts for MPs and MLAs. Need : 4000 pending cases against legislators, cases of wilful disobedience, non bailable warrants not executed. Against argument - Court should not be offender centric, Courts can only be constituted by a statute. since 1993 -> for creating durable community assets ex infra fully funded by GOI, fund entitlement is 5cr. 15% to SC pop and 7.5 % to ST pop is reserved. Ceiling of 75lakh for tribal programs. MP have recommendatory role, district authority examines the eligibility of works, at least 10% of work is to be inspected.
RS MP can recom project anywhere in the state, Nominated mem anywhere in Country #important MPLADS was suspended under DM Act. Central Gov cannot label a non-political NGO/Org as political and stop its foreign funding under FCRA for using protests and dissent to aid a public cause. After the SC gives death sentence 4 petitions are there : Review petition -> Curative petition -> Mercy petition w/ President -> Petition against rejection of Mercy by Prez in SC.
Ranbir Singh #committee - Reforms in Criminal Laws. Madhav Menon #Committee 2007 and Malimath #committee 2003 formed on Criminal Justice System. Criminal Procedure (Identification) Act 2022 replaces Prisoners Identification Act 1920. Expands scope of measurements to be collected for ID of person ex Retina scans, biological samples Data could be retained upto 75 years, resistance would be an offence under IPC. Central Gov could also make rules. New rules for admn of UT of JK by MHA, Police, Public Order, All India Service and anti-corruption falls under exec function of LG. Judicial disqualification/ Recusal due to conflict of interest judge in favour of one or against interest in subject matter background, personal knowledge, rulings, comments or conduct. Lengal Entity to animals : capacity of suing and be sued, incidents of cruelty on animals inc, rights only on paper. Gods, Corporations, rivers, animals - Juristic person only after consecration (Yogendra Nath case). Deities can own property, pay taxes, sue and being sued, do not have fundamental/ constitutional rights. SGPC vs Somnath Das Case 2000, Dakor Temple Case 1887. Amicus Curiae is friend of the court/ a neutral lawyer appointed by the court to assist.
PM CARES : PM Citizen Assistance and Relief in Emergency Situations set up as public charitable trust, can get donation from foreign contribution and 100% tax exemption, PM ex-officio Chair, diff from PMNRF. To change the jurisdiction of a HC over a UT Parliament has the atuthority. Right to health is a fundamental right under Art 21. SC : Preventive detention should be used only to prevent public disorder. Mariappan case -> aim of detention is to stop crime not to punish. Increasing vacancies in court. Reasons : Systemic defects in appt process ex infrequent exams, No time frame for appt, Unclear recruitment procedure, No data on procedure. How to ensure speedy justice? Special laws, FTCs; Digitisation of court procedures/doc; better classifciation of offences; Judges should decide punishment on basis of judicial precedent. Challenges and concerns with Lack of internal elections in party. Challenges : most political families continue to retain power due to the lack of this, lack of transparency & internal democracy are reflected when they come to power.
Zero Pendency Court project by Delhi HC to check the life cycle of cases, study flow & judicial time required dispose cases #report . Observations : More judges required, more criminal cases, most time spent on final arguments Delay 'coz absence of witness, unnecessary adjournments, delay in summons Concerns : increased workload, credibility issues, increased pendency. ! Topic is scattered across Laxmikanth. 2020-10-21 17:00 :17 Preserves human liberty by avoiding conc of power. Aristotle, Cicero, John Locke, Jean Bodin, Montesquieu's Spirit of Laws Doctrine of sep includes Institutional sep, Functional sep, Sep of Personnel, Limitation of appointing powers Modern Contemporary approach is diverse and complex thus strict sep is difficult to apply advocates for mixed Govt or weak sep of power w/ checks and balances. Primary functions clearly allocated to state and checks to it Strict sep could lead to constitutional deadlock, help achieve balance of powers Doctrine of Sep in India Art 50 Art 122, 212 legislatures cannot be called for question in court Art 121, 211 Judicial conduct of judge cannot be discussed in Parliament SLA Art 53, 154 exec power w/ Prez and Governor Art 361 - Prez not answerable in any court Functional overlap Legislature can punish, exec make appt to Judiciary posts; Leg amend laws declared ultra vires by Court, Impeachment of Judge by Leg; Head of Govt from Legislature, Exec can pass ordinances; Art 118, 208 - exec exercises law making power under delegated legislation, Tribunal and other quasi-judicial bodies are part of exec Constitution expressly provides a sys of checks and balances Delhi Laws Act case - where consti has given power to one body its function should not be performed by other bodies. Keshavanand Bharati Case - what amount to an excess on extent of power of legislature to amend consti, Sep of power is basic structure Indira Gandhi vs Raj Narain - SoP is in a broad sense only, rigid sep does not apply like US, AUS Ram JawayaKapur vs So Punjab - SoP not expressly mentioned in Const IR Coelho case - 9th schedule violates the SoP doctrine and it is under Judicial review Checks and Balance - Judges appt by executive, removed only if impeached by Parl Prez appt leader of majority party Judiciary checks laws made by govt Judicial Review checks legislature SoP in USA - Rigid, it gives powers to legislature, prohibits actions for Congress, Executive power with Prez Law making power Cong checked by Prez through veto Cong can refuse to give amnesty proclaimed by Prez Prez may nullify conviction of criminal Cong can limit jurisdiction of SC SoP in England - weak SoP, exec part of legislature, SC - Art 124-147 should be judge of HC for 5 yr or advocate for 10yrs, no fixed tenure, can be removed by order of Prez after Parl passes a resolution
Judges Enquiry #Act 1968 - removal signed by 100mem in LS 50 in RS, Speaker may or may not admit, 3 mem comm to investigate, special majority in both houses Independence - appt by Prez, Security of Tenure, fixed service condition, expenses on CFI, Conduct cannot be discussed in parl, Ban on practice after retirement, freedom to appt its staff, jurisdiction cannot be curtailed, separation from exec Original J, Writ J, Appellate J, Advisory J, Court of Record, Power of Judicial Review, Const Interpretation, Other Powers
#todo ⏫ ✅ 2023-03-04
#todo ⏫ ✅ 2023-03-04 2020-10-21 17:01:22Dispute Redressal for mediation, inc accessibility to justice, improving efficiency, reducing delays
Swaran Singh #committee , 42 CAA - 323A 323B 323 A - Administrative Tribunals redressal, public services of centre Central Adm Tribunal CAT - mem of defence, servants of SC, Secretarial of Parliament not covered, natural justice, Chandra Kumar Case, Parliament only estd State Adm Tribunal - original jurisdiction, all service matters of state govt, Joint Adm tribunal 323 B - set up for taxation, foreign exchange, industrial labour, land reforms, ceiling on urban property, food stuffs, Rent and tenancy rights Advantages - Flexibility, Adequate Justice, Less Expensive, Relief to Court Disadv - limits Rule of Law, no set procedure, prob of summary trials, heads not from judicial background FTCs are set up by State Govt in consulation with High Courts recommended by 11th finance commission. FTCs now to clear the cases under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act : 581 FTCs operational 5.9 lakh pending cases. Districts with more than 100 cases pending need to make FTCs. Issues : Decline of FTCs variation in kinds of cases handled, Lacked technological resources Inadequate staff Delay in getting reports, adjournments Over-listing of cases Needs : Identifying systemic issues and addressing the concerns, Equal attention must be paid to metropolitan and far-flung non-metropolitan areas. States will need to take stock of the issues at the ground level
const under section 410 of the Companies #Act 2013 is a quasi judicial body.
formed on recom of Eradi #committee hears appeals against orders of NCLT and against Competition Commission of India CCI. It can also an appellate tribunal for hearing appeals against orders passed by Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India. Members Consists of chairperson and other scuh no of Judicial and technical mem not exceeding 11 as Cental Govt may deem fit (1+11). Chairperson is a person who has been judge of SC or CJ of HC. Judicial members who ahs been Judge of HC or Judicial mem of tribunal for 5 years. Both the above members of Tribunal is appointed after consultation with CJI by the centre. the appointment committee consists of mem from Mo Corporate affairs, Mo Law and Mo Finance. Appts done for period of 5 yrs Appeals against NCLAT could be done in Supreme Court withing 45 days from order. Quasi-judicial, jurisdiction over Company law Board, Board for Industrial Fin Reconstruction, Appellate autho for Industrial Fin Reconstruction etc pendency, delay Adv - eliminate scope for overlapping or conflicting rulings, uniform judgements, fair play avoid judicial error Under IBC Code 2016, hears appeals of CCI also CJI/Judge of SC is the Chair of appointment comm Issues - delays, opacity of institutional framework, ensuring compliance Act 2010, natural justice, easy for proposing alternative flaws in projects, principle of Sustainable Dev, Issues limited jurisdiction to only substantial question of env, confined to community affected by activity, no provision for ecologists etc be appointed as technical mem, silent on who will pay compensation, no jurisdiction over WPA 1972 IFA 1927 ST Recognition of Forest Rights Act 2005, inc backlog expert mem lack knowledge of env as a whole For expeditious disposal of cases related to environmental protection within 6 months. 3rd country in world after Aus and NZ. Comprises of Chairman appointed by Centre w/ advise from CJI, Judicial mem and Expert mem. Term of 5 yr appt by selection committee. Jurisdiction over all civil cases related to environment, has original as well as appellate jurisdiction. Guided by principle of natural justice. Can provide relief, compensation etc -> Quasi judicial. Penalty for non-compliance, appeal against it lies in the SC. Effective and expeditious disposal of cases/ environmental disputes. 3rd country in world. Mandated to dispose cases within 6 months. Not bound by Code of Civil Procedure. Sanctioned strength of 40 mem. equality and justice are principles, pendency, participatory form of justice, inexpensive, every Panchayat, Nyayadhikari, mobile court, summary procedure Low in number, lack of staff, summary trial, favoritism/ bias by Nyayadhikari Alternate Dispute Resolution ADR, viable, economic, efficient, informal, pre-litigation disputes, matrimonial, Criminal, Land acquisition, Labour disputes, Bank recovery Adv - no court fee, flexibility, speedy trial, interact directly w/ judge, no delay as it is non-appealable Disadv - based on compromise, most petty cases go to regular courts Permanent Lok Adalat - jurisdiction wrt transport, postal, telegraph, power, light, bulb etc, upto 10 lakhs Conciliation, 59th Law Comm, Obj - expedite procedure, institute mechanism, inexpensive, flexibility Every city/town, by State Govt, matrimonial relief, divorce, restitution of conjugal rights, property of spouse, guardianship etc Social welfare agencies, simplified rule, only 1 right to appeal Suggestion - coop closely w/ women related orgs, monitoring mechanism, not change marriage councillors frequently, Omit Court fees, absence of lawyers causes clerks peons coerce, try cases of domestic violence Private settlement, judge chosen by mutual consent, types - adhoc - non institutional , institutional - prior agreement b/w parties, contractual - clause in agreement, statutory - by law
Arbitration Conciliation #Act 1996 - enforcement of foreign awards, judiciary directs parties, challenge permitted only on invalidity of agreement, time limit for awards removed
Amendment #act 2015 - relevant court by HC, State in case of international arbi, time period 12 months for awards 6months for disposal by Court Adv - privacy, liberty to choose arbitrator venue, faster, simplified Disadv - delay, arbitrators treat as litigation, more no of cases, costs could be high Arbitration and Conciliation Amendment Ordinance 2020 - parties can seek unconditional stay or arbitral awards, does away with schedule 8 that contained necessary qualification to accredit arbitrators NHRC : Govt often ignore recoms, conc more on political rights than on social ones, cannot investigate complaints 1yr, SHRC cannot call for info from National Govt, most HRC have low staffing NCW : depends on grant from C, no power to select mem, no legislative power, suggestions not binding, low Fin Assistance, unreported cases not attended NCST : by 89 CAA, Article 338A. lack of independent fin authority, handles low no of cases, lack of staff, only the educated/ socially well-off benefit, conflict of interest, pending reports since 2018. Tribal literacy rate is 59%, Per NFHS under 5 mortality rate 57.2/1000 national is 38.5, IMR is 44.4/1000 national is 32.156. 50% STs are multidimensionally poor, 40-50% are displaced due to dev projects. NCSC : elite bias, not used suo moto effectively, less active in making fundamental change, failed to bring concrete changes, lack of institutionalisation, decisions not binding, no period within which Prez report to parliament can be discussed, duplication/ multiplication of institutions NCPCR : Suggestions : inc coordination, estd multi role commission in smaller states, curb overlapping of jurisdiction, meaningful and continuous interaction Corresponding Chapters in Laxmikanth ! Separation of powers is scattered. Need own notes. ! Dispute Redressal is overallping with Judiciary Ministries etc. 2020-10-30 14:04 :49Separation of Powers The most significant achievement of modern law in India in the constitutionalization of environmental problems by the Supreme Court. Discuss this statement with the help of relevant case laws. ("भारत में आधुननक कानून की सवा्भसधक महत्वपूण्भ उपलत्धि सववोच्च न्ायालय द्ारा पया्भवरणीय समस्ाओ का सं ं नवधानीकरण है ।" सुसं गत वाद नवसधयो की सहायता से इस कवन की ं नववेचना कीजजए।) 2022 Discuss the essential conditions for exercise of the legislative powers by the Governor. Discuss the legality of re-promulgation of ordinances by the Governor without placing them before the Legislature. (राज्यपाल द्ारा नवधायी िक्तियो के ं प्योग की आवश्यक ितमों का नववेचन कीजजए । नवधाययका के समक् रखे नबना राज्यपाल द्ारा अध्ादेिो के पुनः ं प्ख्ापन की वैधता की नववेचना कीजजए । ) 2022 Discuss the desirability of greater representation to women in the higher judiciary to ensure diversity, equity and inclusiveness. (नवनवधता, समता और समावेशिता सुननजचित करने के ललए उच्चतर न्ायपाललका में महहलाओ के ं प्नतननसधत्व को बढ़ाने की वांछननयता पर चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2021 To what extent, in your view, the Parliament is able to ensure accountability of the executive in India? (आपकी दृनटि में, भारत में काय्भपाललका की जवाबदेही को ननजचित करने में सं सद कहाँ तक समथि्भ है ?) 2021 Judicial Legislation is antithetical to the doctrine of separation of powers as envisaged in the Indian Constitution. In this context justify the filing of large number of public interest petitions praying for issuing guidelines to executive authorities. (न्ाययक नवधायन, बहरतीय सं नवधान में पररकल्पित िक्ति पृथिक्रण ससधिांत का प्नतपक्ी है। इस सं दभ्भ में काय्भपालक असधकरणो को ं हदिा-ननददेि देने की प्ाथि्भना करने सम्नी, बडी सं ख्ा में दायर होने वाली, लोक हहत याचचकाओ का न् ं ाय औचचत्य ससधि कीजजये।) 2020 Do you think that constitution of India does not accept principle of strict separation of powers rather it is based on the principle of ‘checks and balance’? Explain. (क्ा आपके नवचार में भारत का सं नवधान िक्तियो के कठोर पृ ं थिक्रण के ससधदान् को स्ीकार नही करता है, बल्कि यह 'न ं नयंत्रण एवं सं तुलन' के ससधदान् पर आधाररत है ? व्याख्ा कीजजए।) 2019 From the resolution of contentious issues regarding distribution of legislative powers by the courts, ‘Principle of Federal Supremacy’ and ‘Harmonious Construction’ have emerged. Explain. (न्ायालयो के द् ं ारा नवधायी िक्तियो के ं नवतरण से सम्ं सधत मुद्ो को सुलझाने से, 'पर ं रसंघीय सववोच्चता का ससधदान्' और 'समरस अथिा्भन्वयन' उभर कर आए हैं । स्पटि कीजजए।) 2019 Whether the Supreme Court Judgement (July 2018) can settle the political tussle between the Lt. Governor and elected government of Delhi? Examine. (क्ा उच्चतम न्ायालय का ननण्भय (जुलाई 2018) हदल्ी के उप-राज्यपाल और ननवा्भचचत सरकार के बीच राजनैनतक किमकि को ननपिा सकता है? परीक्ण कीजजए।) 2018 Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India. (भारत में उच्चतर न्ायपाललका में न्ायाधीिो की न ं नयुक्ति के सं दभ्भ में 'राटिट्ीय न्ाययक ननयुक्ति आयोग असधननयम, 2014' पर सववोच्च न्ायालय के ननण्भय का समालोचनात्मक परीक्ण कीजजए।) 2017 What was held in the Coelho case? In this context, can you say that judicial review is of key importance amongst the basic features of the Constitution? (कोहहलो के स में क्ा अशभननधा्भररत हकया गया थिा ? इस सं दभ्भ में, क्ा आप कह सकते हैं हक न्ाययक पुनर्वलोकन सं नवधान के बुननयादी अशभलक्णो में ं प्मुख महत्त्व का है ?) 2016 Resorting to ordinances has always raised concern on violation of the spirit of separation of powers doctrine. While noting the rationales justifying the power to promulgate ordinances, analyze whether the decisions of the Supreme Court on the issue have further facilitated resorting to this power. Should the power to promulgate ordinances be repealed? (अध्ादेिो का ं आरिय लेने ने हमेिा ही िक्तियो के पृ ं थिक्रण ससधिांत की भावना के उल्ंघन पर चचता जागृत की है। अध् ं ादेिो को लागू करने की ं िक्ति के तका्भधार को नोि करते हए नवश्ेषण कीजजए हक क्ा इस मुद्े पर उच्चतम न्ायालय के नवननचियो ने इस ं िक्ति का आरिय लेने को और सुगम बना हदया है। क्ा अध्ादेिो को लागू करने की ं िक्ति का ननरसन कर हदया जाना चाहहए?) 2015 Starting from inventing the 'basic structure' doctrine, the judiciary has played a highly proactive role in ensuring that India develops into a thriving democracy. In light of the statement, evaluate the role played by judicial activism in achieving the ideals of democracy. (‘आधाररक सं रचना’ के ससधिांत से प्ारंभ करते हए, न्ायपाललका ने यह सुननजचित करने के ललए हक भारत एक उन्ननतिील लोकतंत्र के रूप में नवकससत करे, एक उच्चतः अग्रलक्ी भूगमका ननभाई है। इस कथिन के प्काि में, लोकतंत्र के आदिा्भे की प्ात्प्त के ललए हाल के समय में ‘न्ाययक सहरियतावाद’ द्ारा ननभाई भूगमका का मूलांकन कीजजए।) 2014 The Supreme Court of India keeps a check on arbitrary power of the Parliament in amending the Constitution. Discuss critically. (‘सं नवधान में सं िोधन करने सं सद के स्ैल्च्क असधकार पर भारत का उच्चतम न्ायालय ननयंत्रण रखता है।’ समालोचनात्मक नववेचना कीजजए।) 2013 - ! Similar Question answered in previous topic.
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36 - Subordinate Courts 2.pdf > page=14↩︎ ]]>05-gs-2/1.-polity/1.3-separation-of-power-between-various-organs,-dispute-redressal-mechanisms.-judiciary.html05 GS-2/1. Polity/1.3 Separation of Power between various organs, dispute redressal mechanisms. Judiciary.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure> Code of Conduct for MPs and MLAs : common code for legislative bodies. Recom : Prohibit MPs from misusing the power and immunities, avoid conflict between a private and a public interest ensure a minimum of 110 days of sitting for legislature having more than 100 members else 90-50 days. should direct political parties to withdraw such candidates, Stronger actions such as derecognizing political parties Election manifestos are not legally enforceable documents. ECI added election manifestos to Model Code of Conduct in 2013. Guidelines : not contain anything repugnant/against constitution, avoid promises that would unduly influence masses, not be released 48 hours before the end of poll. Legislative Council abolished in J&K created and abolished by Art 169, Art 171 mentions strength less than 1/3rd of LA members but more/equal to 40. 15 Point Reform Charter for Better Functioning of Parliament: parties need to present 50% of their legislators, review anti defection law, review whip system, set up special courts, address prob of legislators w/ criminal background, consensus on proposal of simultaneous elections, steps for effective functioning of Parliamentary committees. Reforms needed for RS : mem directly elected, equal representation for each state to avoid domination by larger states, deadlines set for responding to bills Rule 373, 374 and 378 of Rules for the conduct of business allows Speaker to maintain quorum in assemblies. If no party stakes claim to form gov an order of preference was set by Sarkaria commission. Pre-poll alliance -> invite single largest party -> invite post poll alliance as a coalition -> post poll alliance w/ coalition and outside support. Floor test is required for confidence vote its date is decided by Gov. During Prez rule there is no Council of Ministers, Vidhan Sabha is prorogued or dissolved. Gov is head requires sanctions by both houses cannot exceed 3 yrs renewed every 6 monts. Revocation does not required Parliament approval. Haryana allows Gram Sabhas to ban liquor within a Panchayat area. GS is primary body of PRI it is a permanent body, power to annul its decision w/ GS only. Art 164 says the Gov shall administer the Oath of office and of secrecy as proposed in the 3rd Schedule, the text of oath is sacrosanct if Gov gives approval to a diff oath the matter is closed. Art 105 allows certain privileges to mem of Parliament if they are breached a privilege motion is passed, Speaker/ Chair decides the privilege motion - a committee is nominated by him of 15 mem which presents its report in RS deputy chair heads the committee President addresses both the houses of the parliament in 1st session after each general elections. It was originally to be every session but was amended by the 1st Amendment. Sukhna Lake in Chandigarh has been declared as a living entity by the Punjab HC.
15th Finance Commission criteria for determining state share - #committee 45% for the income distance. 15% for the population in 2011 15% for the area 10% for forest and ecology 12.5% for demographic performance, and 2.5% for tax effort Delhi HC provide gadgets and internet access to students from EWS and Disadvantaged group to address discrimination, fin barrier Parliamentary Panel report on Covid 19 mgt : Bring comprehensive public health act, curb black marketing, hold awareness campaigns, separate wing in NDMA to deal w/, avoid social stigma Mo Cooperation for cooperative societies will provide for administrative, legal and policy framework for strengthening coops. Whips cannot direct MP/MLAs in certain cases such as Presidential elections. When state wants to amend a central law made under conurrent list it needs clearance of the centre. Budget procedure is laid down in Articles 112, 117 of constitution. Rules 204, 221 and 331 E of Rules of procedure and Conduct of Business in LS and Direction 19-B of Direction of speaker also govern it. Criminal Procedure (Identification) Act 2022 replaces Prisoners Identification Act 1920. Expands scope of measurements to be collected for ID of person ex Retina scans, biological samples Data could be retained upto 75 years, resistance would be an offence under IPC. Central Gov could also make rules. 2020-10-30 14:15:19 estd 1919, 22 = 15+7, elected 4 yr term. no minister can be mem, examines audit of CAG, submits 3 reports to Prez, examines appropriation acct and Finance acct, acc of state corporation, trading concerns, semi-autonomous bodies 30m all from LS, 1 yr term, all parties have mem, no minister as mem, Chair appt by Speaker, examine estimates in Budget, suggest economies, report improv in org, efficiency, adm reform, suggest alternative policies, examines only certain ministries, lacks expert assistance of CAG 22 15 7, 1yr term, examines reports accounts of public undertaking, report of CAG on PU, affairs of PU being managed acc w/ sound business principles, Not examines major gov policy, max examines 10-12 PU secure more accountability of exec, 31 = 21+10, minister not eligible, consider demand for grants, examine bills related to concerned ministries, annual reports, long term policy docs. Ex Commerce, Home Affairs, HRD, Industry, S&T, Transport Tourism, Health Family, Agri, IT, Defence etc Merits - no party bias, flexible, parliamentary control over exec, efficiency in public expenditure, oppor for MPs to participate, expert opinion Co Petition - matters of gen public importance Co Privileges - semi judicial, cases of breach Co Ethics - enforced code of conduct Co Govt Assurances - examines promises of ministers Co Subordinate Legislationwhether power to make regulations, rules etc are being exercise properly Co Papers laid on table, Co Welfare of SC STs Co Empowerment of Women, Joint Comm on Offices of Profit Business Advisory Comm - regulates time table Co Private Mem Bills resolution - only LS, classifies bills, allocated time for discussion on bills etc Rules Comm - considers matters of procedure and conduct Co Absence of Mem - cases for mem absent for 60 days General Purposes Comm - matter that do not fall in other comm, Speaker is Chair House Com - residential accomodation Library Comm, Joint Comm on Salaries and Allowances attached to ministries, informal discussion, dissolved after LS ends, Water Conservation, Youth, Children, Pop and Public Health, Global Warming, Dis Mgt, Artisans, MDGs. To have informal interaction, sensitise mem about key concerns, prepare a data base, max 31 mem, Indian Parliamentary Group IPG, promote personal contact, study question of public importance, arrange lectures Function - link b/w parliaments, address mem of Parliament, seminars on parliamentary subjects Adv : Conferences and seminars, publication, information, introduction, parliamentary facilities, travel facilities Corresponding Chapters in Laxmikanth
Chapter 22 : 22 - Parliament.pdf
Chapter 23 : 23 - Parliamentary Committees.pdf
Chapter 24 : 24 - Parliamentary Forums.pdf
Chapter 25 : 25 - Parliamentary Group.pdf
Chapter 33 : 33 - State Legislature.pdf Comparison of Constitutions ! Scattered in Laxmikanth. 2020-10-30 14:04:01 Discuss the procedures to decide the disputes arising out of the election of a Member of the Parliament or State Legislature under The Representation of the People Act, 1951. What are the grounds on which the election of any returned candidate may be declared void? What remedy is available to the aggrieved party against the decision? Refer to the case laws. (लोक प्नतननसधत्व असधननयम, 1951 के अन्ग्भत संसद अथिवा राज्य नवधाययका के सदस्ो के चुनाव से उभरे ं नववादो के न ं नण्भय की प्हरिया का नववेचन कीजजए। हकन आधारों पर हकसी ननवा्भचचत घोनषत प्त्यािी के ननवा्भचन को िून् घोनषत हकया जा सकता है ? इस ननण्भय के नवरुधि पीहडत पक् को कौन-सा उपचार उपलधि है ? वाद नवसधयो का स ं न्भ्भ दीजजए। ) - 2022 Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in the light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct. (आदि्भ आचार-सं हहता के उद्भव के आलोक में, भारत के ननवा्भचन आयोग की भूगमका का नववेचन कीजजए।) 2022 Explain the constitutional provisions under which Legislative Councils are established. Review the working and current status of Legislative Councils with suitable illustrations. (उन संवैधाननक प्ावधानो को समझाइए ज ं जनके अंतग्भत नवधान-पररषदें स्ानपत होती हैं। उपयुति उदाहरणो के सा ं थि नवद्ान-पररषदो के का ं य्भ और वत्भमान स्स्नत का मूलांकन कीजजए।) - 2021 Do Department-related Parliamentary Standing Committees keep the administration on its toes and inspire reverence for parliamentary control? Evaluate the working of such committees with suitable examples. (क्ा नवभागो से संबं ं सधत संसदीय स्ायी सगमनतयाँ प्िासन को अपने उँगललयो पर रखती हैं और संसदीय न ं नयंत्रण के ललए सम्ान-प्दि्भन हेतु प्रे रत करती हैं ? उपयुति उदाहरणो के सा ं थि ऐसी सगमनतयो के का ं यमों का मूलांकन कीजजए।) - 2021 ‘Once a Speaker, Always a Speaker’! Do you think this practice should be adopted to impart objectivity to the office of the Speaker of Lok Sabha? What could be its implications for the robust functioning of parliamentary business in India? ('एकदा स्पीकर, सदैव स्पीकर'! क्ा आपके नवचार अध्क् पद की ननष्पक्ता के ललए इस काय्भप्णाली को स्ीकारना चाहहए? भारत में संसदीय प्योजन की सुदृढ़ काय्भिैली के ललए इसके क्ा पररणाम हो सकते हैं?) - 2020 “There is a need for simplification of procedure for disqualification of persons found guilty of corrupt practices under the Representation of Peoples Act”. Comment. ("लोक प्नतननसधत्व असधननयम के अंतग्भत भटि आचरण के दोषी व्यक्तिओ को आयोग ठहराने की ं प्हरिया के सरलीकरण की आवश्यकता है" । हिप्पणी कीजजए।) - 2020 Rajya Sabha has been transformed from a ‘useless stepney tyre’ to the most useful supporting organ in past few decades. Highlight the factors as well as the areas in which this transformation could be visible. ('नवगत कु छ दिको में राज्य सभा एक 'उपयोगहीन ं ्टैपनी िायर' से सवा्भसधक उपयोगी सहायक अंग में रूपांतररत हआ है। उन कारको त ं थिा क्ेत्रो को आलो ं हकत कीजजये जहाँ यह रूपांतरण दृनटिगत हो सकता है।) 2020 Individual Parliamentarian’s role as the national lawmaker is on a decline, which in turn, has adversely impacted the quality of debates and their outcome. Discuss. (राटिट्ीय नवसध ननमा्भता के रूप में अके ले एक सं सद-सदस् की भूगमका अवननत की और है, जजसके फलस्रूप वादनववादो की गुणता और उनके पर ं रणामो पर ं प्नतकू ल प्भाव पड भी चूका है । चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2019 On what grounds a people’s representative can be disqualified under the Representation of People Act, 1951? Also mention the remedies available to such person against his disqualification. (हकन आधारो पर ं हकसी लोक प्नतननसध को, लोक प्नतननसधत्व असधननयम, 1951 के अधीन ननरर्हत हकया जा सकता है ? उन उपचारो का भी उल् ं ेख कीजजए जो ऐसे ननरर्हत व्यक्ति को अपनी ननरर्हता के नवरुधि उपलधि हैं।) 2019 Why do you think the committees are considered to be useful for parliamentary work? Discuss, in this context, the role or the Estimates Committee. (आप यह क्ो सोचते हैं ं हक सगमचत्यो सं सदीय का ं यमों के ललए उपयोगी मानी जाती हैं? इस सं दभ्भ में प्ाकलन सगमनत की भूगमका की नववेचना कीजजए।) 2018 In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVM), what are the challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India? (इलेट्ॉट् ननक वोहिंग मिीनो (ई ं ० वी० एम०) के इस्तेमाल संबंधी हाल के नबबाद के आलोक में, भारत में चुनावो की ं नवश्ास्ता सुननजचित करने के ललए भारत के ननवा्भचन आयोग के समक् क्ा-क्ा चुनौनतयाँ है?) 2018 ‘Simultaneous election to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies will limit the amount of time and money spent in electioneering but it will reduce the government’s accountability to the people’ Discuss. (“लोकसभा और राज्य नवधानसभाओ के एक ही समय में चुनाव, चुनाव- ं प्चार की अवसध और व्यय को तो सीगमत कर देंगे, परंतु ऐसा करने से लोगो के ं प्नत सरकार की जवाबदेही कम हो जाएगी।" चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2017 To enhance the quality of democracy in India the Election Commission of India has proposed electoral reforms in 2016. What are the suggested reforms and how far are they significant to make democracy successful? (भारत में लोकतंत्र की गुणता को बढ़ाने के ललए भारत के चुनाव आयोग ने 2016 में चुनावी सुधारो का ं प्स्ताव हदया है। सुझाए गए सुधार क्ा हैं और लोकतंत्र को सफल बनाने में वे हकस सीमा तक महत्त्वपूण्भ हैं?) 2017 The Indian Constitution has provisions for holding joint session of the two houses of the Parliament. Enumerate the occasions when this would normally happen and also the occasions when it cannot, with reasons thereof. (भारतीय सं नवधान में संसद के दोनो सदनो ं का संयु ं ति सत्र बुलाने का प्ावधान है। उन अवसरों को गगनाइए जब सामान्तः यह होता है तथिा उन अवसरो को भी जब यह नही ं ं हकया जा सकता, और इसके कारण भी बताइए।) 2017 The Indian party system is passing through a phase of transition which looks to be full of contradictions and paradoxes." Discuss. (“भारतीय राजनीनतक पािथी प्णाली पररवत्भन के ऐसे दौर से गुज़र रही है, जो अन्र्वरोधों और नवरोधाभासो से भरा ं प्तीत होता है ।” चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2016 The 'Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members' as envisaged in Article 105 of the Constitution leave room for a large number of un-codified and un-enumerated privileges to continue. Assess the reasons for the absence of legal codification of the 'parliamentary privileges'. How can this problem be addressed? (संसद और उसके सदस्ो की ं िक्तियां, नविेषासधकार और उन्ुक्तियाँ, जैसे हक वे सं नवधान की धारा 105 में पररकल्पित हैं, अनेको असं ह ं हताबधि और अ-पररगशणत नविषासधकारो के जारी रहने का स् ं ान खाली छोड देती हैं। संसदीय नविेषासधकारो के ं नवसधक सं हहताकरण की अनुपस्स्नत के कारणो का आकलन कीज ं जए। इस समस्ा का क्ा समाधान ननकाला जा सकता है? 2014 The role of individual MPs (Members of Parliament) has diminished over the years and as a result healthy constructive debates on policy issues are not usually witnessed. How far can this be attributed to the anti-defection law, which was legislated but with a different intention? (कु छ वषमों से सांसदो की व्यक्तिगत भू ं गमका में कमी आई है जजसके फलस्रूप नीनतगत मामलो में ं स्स् रचनात्मक बहस प्ायः देखने को नहीं गमलती। दल पररवत्भन नवरोधी कानून, जो शभन्न उद्ेश्य से बनाया गया थिा, को कहाँ तक इसके ललए उत्रदायी माना जा सकता है?) 2013
23 - Parliamentary Committees↩︎
24 - Parliamentary Forums↩︎
25 - Parliamentary Group↩︎ ]]>05-gs-2/1.-polity/1.4-parliament-and-state-legislatures-structure,-functioning,-conduct-of-business,-powers-&-privileges-and-issues-arising-out-of-these.-comparison-of-constitutions-etc.html05 GS-2/1. Polity/1.4 Parliament and State legislatures - Structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these. Comparison of Constitutions etc.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>#todo ⏫ ✅ 2023-03-07 Cabinet Ministries Parliament Secretaries Other MinistriesPressure Groups and formal/informal Associations and Their Role in Polity (L 77) 2020-10-22 07:37 :18
#todo ⏫ ✅ 2023-03-07
< http://insightsonindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/pressure-groups.pdf> Chapter 77 Corresponding Chapters in Laxmikanth Executive
Chapter 17 17 - President.pdf
Chapter 18 18 - Vice President.pdf
Chapter 19 19 - Prime Minister.pdf
Chapter 20 20 - Council of Ministers.pdf Chapter Attorney General of India
Chapter 21 21 - Cabinet Committees.pdf
Chapter 30 30 - Governor.pdf
Chapter 31 31 - Chief Minister.pdf
Chapter 32 32 - State Council of Ministers.pdf Chapter Advocate General of the State Judiciary
Chapter 26 26 - Supreme Court 1.pdf
Chapter 27 27 - Judicial Review 1.pdf
Chapter 28 28 - Judicial Activism 1.pdf
Chapter 29 29 - Public Interest Litigation 1.pdf
Chapter 34 34 - High Courts.pdf
Chapter 35 35 - Tribunals 1.pdf
Chapter 36 36 - Subordinate Courts 3.pdf Pressure Groups
Chapter 77 77 - Pressure Groups.pdf 2020-10-30 14:04:55The ExecutiveExecutive Discuss the role of the Vice-President of India as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. (राज्य सभा के सभापनत के रूप में भारत के उप-राटि पट् नत की भूगमका की नववेचना कीजजए।) - 2022 Instances of President's delay in commuting death sentences has come under public debate as denial of justice. Should there be a time limit specified for the President to accept/reject such petitions? Analyse. (मृत्यु दंडादेिो के लघूकरण में रा ं टिट्पनत के नवलंब के उदाहरण न्ाय प्त्याख्ान के रूप में लोक वाद-नववाद के अधीन आए हैं। क्ा राटिट्पनत द्ारा ऐसी याचचकाओ को स् ं ीकार करने/अस्ीकार करने के ललए एक समय सीमा का नविेष रूप से उल्ेख हकया जाना चाहहए? नवश्ेषण कीजजए।) - 2014 The size of the cabinet should be as big as governmental work justifies and as big as the Prime Minister can manage as a team. How far the efficacy of a government then is inversely related to the size of the cabinet? Discuss. (मं गत्रमं डल का आकार उतना होना चाहहए हक जजतना सरकारी काय्भ सही ठहराता हो और उसको उतना बडा होना चाहहए हक जजतने को प्धानमं त्री एक िीम के रूप में सं चालन कर सकता हो। उसके बाद सरकार की दक्ता हकस सीमा तक मं गत्रमं डल के आकार से प्नतलोमतः सं बं सधत है? चचा्भ कीजजए।) - 2014 ]]>05-gs-2/1.-polity/1.5-structure,-organisation-and-functioning-of-executive-and-judiciary-ministries-and-department-of-the-govt;-pressure-groups-and-formal,-informal-associations-and-their-role-in-polity.html05 GS-2/1. Polity/1.5 Structure, Organisation and functioning of Executive and Judiciary Ministries and Department of the Govt; pressure groups and formal, informal associations and their role in Polity.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTConditions Benefits. Exclusive reserved symbol in sate for state party likewise national. 1 proposer req filing nomination 2 sets of electoral roll free. Broadcast/telecast facility. Nominate 40 star campaigner their travel expenses not counted election expense. Political Parties Registration and tracking Management System is a new online tracking system, will allow real time tracking from Jan 1 2020. Expenditure limit for candidates contesting LS elections have been inc to 70-95 lakh depending on the states. For assembly elections it is 28-40 lakh. Section 77 of RPA 1951 says that candidate had to maintain all expenditure incurred and submit it to ECI within 30 days of completion of elections. Section 10A of RPA 1951 -> expenditure beyond cap can lead to disqualification for upto 3 yrs India International Institute of Democracy and Election Management : learning, research, training, collab with various gov and UN. Roles : enhance voter education, free fair election in India, develop human resource, partner w/ other countries. Established by ECI to improve its election mgt. Exit Polls ask voters who they voted. Sectn 126A no exit polls during voting. Need for NOTA : express disapproval, bring clean candidates, freedom speech, inc polling percentage. Article 101 cannot be member of both houses, resign in 14 days or disqualified both RPA 1951. Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot system(ETPBS) for Military, paramilitary, diplomats to vote; developed by C-DAC 2 tier system. The Conduct of Election Rules 1961 was amended for service members who could not cast their votes e.g. voters on duty like aviation, shipping, railways, emergency services, elderly, physically challenged, journalists covering elections. State funding of elections to ensure transparency + fairness, proposes setting National Election Fund. Need : to keep contact w/ constituency, curb corruption, transparent. Private bill : 1 month prior notice, house secretariat checks for compliance, introduced and discussed only on Fridays. Section 11 of the RPA allows annulling of disqualification of a person by ECI. Concerns could be said as unconstitutional since it provides arbitrary power to the ECI. This power seldom used as a civil disability created by electoral law and not a second punishment. removing disqualification goes against the legislative and judicial measures in place to check corruption. 10th Schedule : Speaker cannot disqualify legislatures while a notice of resolution for his removal is pending; inserted by 52nd CAA 1985 to check legislature defection. Star Campaigner recognise political party can have upto 40 and unrecognised but registered can have 20. Their expenditure is exempt from being added to the election exp -> only applies to a general campaign for the political party. If he/she campaigns for 1 candidate, eg shares the stage expenses will be added. Senior citizens over 65+ yrs can vote through postal ballots Ways to check criminalisation in politics : political parties should refuse tickets to tainted amend RPA to debar person against whom heinous cases are pending fast track courts decided case of tainted legislators transparency in campaign fin ECI should have power to audit fin accounts of pol parties Public Interest Foundation Vs Union of IN 2018 : mandatory for political parties to publish all criminal cases against candidates PUCL v. Union of India -> right of citizens to cast a negative vote Public Interest Foundation and Ors. v Union of India (2014) -> subordinate courts to decide on cases involving legislators within 1 yr. Some other efforts made by SC to curb criminalisation of politics are : In 2002 it made obligatory to disclose criminal cases, NOTA judgement was passed in 2014, Asked the Subordinate courts to dispose cases involving legislatures in 1 yr and in 2018 asked to disclose such records in newspapers/websites. Section 29A of RPA deals w/ Unrecognised political parties. Right to cast vote is neither a fundamental nor a common law right. Individuals who are under lawful custody, undertrials, prisoners cannot vote per RPA section 62. Only people under preventive detention can.
Electoral Trust #Scheme 2013 ET is an NPO for receiving contribution; scheme was notified by CBDT It distributes contributions received by it to politial parties cannot accept contribution from foreign citizens and conpanies maintains a list of person from whom contri came and to whom it was given Compulsory voting debated by B R Ambedkar, discussed again by Dinesh Goswami committee. Challenges : problem w/ disabled +old people, against fundamental rights of liberty and expression, expenditure incurred will be high One nation One election wants LS, State election, Panchayats Urban bodies simultaneously. Merits of One election sys : expenditure massive, Model Code results in policy paralysis - short term thinking, burden manpower, pressure parties elections expensive, cost mgt election ECI, checks black money, efficient governance Problem 1 election sys : achieving political consensus, voters vote for same party in state and centre -> 77% chance, Various Articles(83 85 172 174 356 RPA) need amended, restructure ECI, Local elections under States, Causes competitive populism -> mobilising resources for short term populist measures. How to improve current sys : cap on expenditure parties, state funding parties based previous year results, reduction poll duration, raise more manpower will create jobs too. National Electoral Law Purification and Authentication progam to link Aadhaar no with voter ID to remove multiple enrolments by ECI. 2020-10-21 17:08:44
#todo ⏫ ✅ 2023-03-08 Corresponding Chapters in Laxmikanth
Chapter 69 69 - Political Parties.pdf
Chapter 70 70 - Role of Regional Parties.pdf
Chapter 71 71 - Elections.pdf
Chapter 72 72 - Election Laws 1.pdf
Chapter 73 73 - Electoral Reforms.pdf
Chapter 74 74 - Voting Behavior.pdf
Chapter 75 75 - Coalition Government.pdf
Chapter 76 76 - Anti Defection Law.pdf 2019-05-06 13:55:53 900 mill voters, 10 mil polling and security staff.
Election observers, drawn from central services, appointed under Section 20B of RPA, appointees of Commission, 20B was added in 1996 to assist commission in free and fair polls, management of polls, eyes and ears of commission, grassroot/field level info provided. VVPAT(Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail), for physical verification. EVM detects election fraud, malfunction, transparent, voter confidence, speeds election, less time counting. If any of the election commissioners dissent majority view is conveyed to the party. Limit on expenditure Rs70 lakh LS and Rs 28lakh on state assembly elections, section 10A of RPA, 1951 Sale of electoral bonds 5days/Month earlier was 10 allows to pay political parties using banks as intermediaries. Resembles promissory notes, no interest paid, does not carry the name of the payee, multiples of Rs 1000 to parties who got = 1% votes election. Earlier system was of anonymous cash donation. Positives : encourages donation of clean money, elements of transparency exist eg donors declaring the bonds purchased. Controversy : some say away from transparency and accountability, influx of black money, big corporate houses **Aspects of Indian Democracy** - 2 Aspects: Procedural : political equality, free fair election, effective institution, legislative assemblies, good voter turn outs. - Issues : institutions SC ECI CBI autonomous but unable to work independently lack transparency, ideological change Hindutva, rise in populism authoritative tendencies. - Substantive aspect : socio economic equality, opinion, ruler accountability respect ruler, strong political engagement. Issues : Jobs security priority middle class, Caste/communal politics special caste based parties voting caste lines take religious divide advantage, hyper nationalism borderline jingoism attract voters favourite populist strat. - Both aspect inter related, democracy vulnerable principle of social justice political equality required protect IN democracy. Role of Returning officer performs statutory functions under RPA 1951 in a quasi judicial capacity application of recounting is decided by RO if it is denied an Election Petition is put before HC under Section 80 of RPA 1951 2020-10-30 14:16:04]]>05-gs-2/1.-polity/1.6-salient-features-of-representation-of-peoples-act-1951.html05 GS-2/1. Polity/1.6 Salient Features of Representation of Peoples Act 1951.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>CAG.
Rule 255 and Rule 256 of General Rules of Procedure of the RS the chariman can direct members to withdraw immediately for either the remainder of the day or for the entirety of session. Unlike the speaker RS Chairman cannot suspend a Member. SC : CBI is an autonomous body it has no control over it. Vineet Narain Case 1997 SC laid down several steps to secure autonomy of CBI. Case said that CBI and ED chiefs to have minimum 2 years of tenure. Recently tenure of CBI and ED chiefs were increased. Child Welfare Committees per Section 27 of Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2015 are to be constituted by State govt for every district. Committee shall have 1 Chair and 4 other mem with at least 1 woman mem. Padma awards are highest civilian honor after Bharat Ratna given in recognitionin fields where an element of public service is involved. Do not have cash reward but only a certificate. Cannot be used as prefix or suffix to their names. Can be given higher award only after 5 yrs of another award. Is given for special services. Anyone can nominate anyone including oneself with 800 word essay on work done.
Decided by Padma Awards #Committee headed by Cabinet Secretary including Home Secy, Secy to President and 4-6 eminent persons as members. PM and Prez give approvals.
Lokpal and Lokaukta #Act 2013 it is for states to decide if they want to implement it or not. Judicial safeguards against re-promulgation of ordinance : RC Cooper Case 1970 : Presidents decision to promulgate ordinance could be challenged in court. DC Wadhwa case 1987 : Ordinance should be used in exceptional circumstances and not as substitute for law making power of legislature Krishna Kumar Singh : authority to issue ordinance is not absolute entrustment but conditional upon satisfaction that circumstances exists rendering an immediate action necessary.
National Data Quality Forum by ICMR to establish protocols and good practices related to data collection. #body
Central Wakf Council estd Wakf act 1995 to manage properties donated by philanthropists to Muslim religious places, it advices the centre on such matters #body
Khadi and Village Industry Commission (KVIC) under Mo MSME statutory body made to 'plan, promote, facilitate, organise and assist'. #body
Projet Bold, PMEGP, Honey Mission, Project Replan, Kumhar Sashaktikaran Program, Project RE HAB 7th CAA 1956 says same Governor can be of 2 or more states; can be dismissed on the advice of the PM, no provision for impeachment.
Fin Min approves creation of National Recruitment Agency(NRA) to streamline various posts in the gov along w/ equivalent recruitment in PSBs through a Common Eligibility Test CET, held twice a year, score valid for 3 yrs, centres in every district, no restriction on attempts, upper age limit there, exam in 12 languages. #body Zonal Councils :
statutory #body under States Reorganisation committee Act 1956 only deliberative and advisory. there are 5 zonal councils N,E,W,S and Central, NE states+ Sikkim is not included in Zonal Councils. Home Minister is Chairman, CM of states are VC, advisors, members etc also there.
National Health Systems Resource Centre (NHSRC) was designated as a WHO Collaborating Centre for Priority Medical Devices and Health Technology Policy. NHSRC is apex body of technical assistance estd in 2006. 23 mem body chaired by MoHFW set up under National Rural Health Mission. GST council under Art 279A will make recom to State and Union on imp issues related to GST. It is joint forum headed by Fin Minister. GST council meeting : Lottery rates will have uniform 28% GST; Industrial Parks with 20% GOI ownership will be exempt from GST earlier was 50%.
Debts Recovery Tribunal DRT enforces the Recovery of Debts estd under RDBBFI #Act 1993 and SARFAESI #act 2002. Its orders can travel beyond the Civil procedure court cannot hear criminal claims. #body Mizo, Kaipeng and Malsom are tribes of Tripura whose customary laws will be codified.
All medical devices will be notified as Drugs and will come under the Drugs and Cosmetics #Act 1940 was done after amending Medical devices rule 2017. Law commission is reconstituted every 3 years since 1955. It has 1 chair and 4 other members including a secy. Executive body established by order of GOI. Head is a retired SC judge/ CJI of HC.
Cannot have more than 5 part time mem and Law secy is the ex-officio member 1st law commission was established under chairmanship of Lord Macaulay in 1834. #committee
Biodiversity Mgt #committee is constituted under Biodiversity #Act 2002 by the Local #Body. Has 1 chair and max 6 mem, 1/3rd has to be women and 18% need to be SC/STs creates Peoples Biodiversity Register. #important
Mekedatu Dam is built in Cauvery river. Cauveri Water Mgt Authority has 1 chairman, 1 secy and 8 mem. 2/8 are full time and other 2/8 from center. Rest 4 are appt by member states. #body In case of interstate rivers lower riparian states need to given permission as per ISWD Act

Central Consumer Protection Authority CCPA under CP #Act 2019, HQ in NCT Delhi. Penalty of Rs 10-50 lakh and imprisonment from 2-5 yrs.
Ban from 13 yrs could file complaints for violation before various Dispute Redressal commissions. 1+2 mem #body
National Anti-Profiteering Authority (NAPA) : constituted under GST #act 2017 to ensure that the benefit given by relaxing GST on products is passed down to the consumer by companies. #body
Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) statutory #body under MoWCD regulates both inter and intra country adoptions of Indian kids in accordance w/ the Hague convention.
Enforcement Directorate ED #body
enforces the provision of FEMA 1999 (civil law), Prevention of Money Laundering #Act PMLA 2002 (criminal law), Fugitive Economic Offender #Act 2018 and COFEPOSA Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling #Act 1974. under Do Revenue, Mo Finance. Sessions court is designated as special courts for trying PMLA cases; appeals filed in HC.
National Commission for Indian System of Medicine #Act, 2019 (NCIM) - repeals the Indian Medicine Central Council #Act 1970 and seeks to estd State Medical Councils for Indian system of medicine. Const of National commission of Indian sys of medicine with 29 mem, term of 4 yrs. will frame policies, assess requirements, etc Autonomous boards of Siddha, Unani etc to be set up NEET based entrance exam to be held. Technology Development Board TDB to promote dev and commercialisation of indigenous tech and adopt imported ones,
has estd Global Innovation & Technology Alliance GITA w/ Confederation of Indian Industry CII to implement related international agreements. #body under DST, GOI. It is constituted as a not-for-profit PPP company.
National Wildlife Board advisory statutory #body under the WPA 1972 act Fiscal Council recom by 14th Fin Comm for ex ante/forecast assessment of Budget proposals, co-ordinate with all levels of gov. Ex post done by CAG.
R Narayanswamy #committee on accounting standards set up by National Financial Reporting Authority NFRA. NFRA estd 2018 check accounting scams, Chair appt by Centre, max 15 mem under Mo Corporate Affairs. independent regulator that enforces auditing standards to ensure their quality -> enhances investor and public confidence in coys. Can probe listed coys w/ paid up capital >500cr or annual turnover of 1000cr.
Higher Education Financing Agency HEFA : registered as non-deposit taking NBFC #body under Mo Education. estd in 2017, JV b/w MHRD and Canara Bank 10:1 sharing of funds. mobilize resources from market individuals, corporates, bonds etc. Revitalising Infrastructure and Systems in Education (RISE) by 2022 under this HEFA's scope inc to 1lk crore. Naval Innovation and Indigenisation Organisation NIIO 3 tiered Naval Technology Acceleration Council (N-TAC) working group under NTAC -> Technology Development Acceleration Cell (TDAC)
Armed Forces Tribunal : based on 169th law commission #Report, adjudicates disputes wrt commission, appointments, enrolments etc. Judicial mem are retired HC judges Adm mem are retired Armed forces personnel above Major Gen rank, or Judge Advocate General JAG.
Parliamentary Panel #report on virtual courts proceedings continue even in post COVID, transfer certain petty cases, infra needs be upgraded, Mo Law should address data privacy and data security concerns. Minimum Requirement for annual MBBS admission Regulation 2020 by National Medical Council NMC : deleted quantum of land req, skills lab required, medical education unit, counselling services.
Extradition #Act 1962 provides basis for extradition; MEA is nodal authority If there is no Leader of Opposition the members of committees that require one is replaced by the leader of the single largest party as per a 2016 Amendment.
National Startup Advisory Council NSAC : under DPIIT to foster culture of innovation. Chair is Mo Commerce & Industry #body Bal Swaraj is an online tracking portal for children in need of care and protection. It is being used to find children orphaned by COVID.
Gujarat International Maritime Arbitration Centre GIMAC for dusputes in maritime and shipping sector. #body Solicitor General is appointed for 3 yrs by Appointment comm of Cabinet chaired by PM other mem is the Home Minister. Commission of enquiry can be set up by both centre and state govt for state only for subjects mentioned in state/concurrent list. it is govt ordered public inquiry either by executive notice or by making ad hoc legislation. States cannot set up parallel commission if centre has already set up not applicable vice versa. Reports are not binding but can be accepted by courts as evidence. Universal Service Obligation fund USOF is funded through 5% of cess on all Telecoms on their AGR. This is then used to fund projects such as the BharatNet. Estd in 2002 got statutory status under Indian Telegraph Amendment Act 2003 under Do Telecom. Its collections are deposited to Consolidated Fund of India. SC has upheld the new definition of Adjusted Gross Revenues AGR to include that from non-core telecom operations viz late fees, installation charge, sale proceeds of handset etc earlier it comprised revenue only from non-core telecom. AGR comprises of Spectrum usage charges 3-5% and Licensing Fees 8%. Telecommunication Consumers Education and Protection Fund (TCEPF) to deposit all unclaimed money of consumers including excess charges, failed transactions, security deposits under the TCEPF Regulation of 2007 66A of IT Act provided for punishment upto 3 years for sending offensive messages on a computer. It was struck down as being violative of the right to free speech. It was struck down in the Shreya Singhal case. Countries such as US, UK are using backdoor channels to bring legislation back to again as it is an impediment to Freedom of speech. Tribunal Reforms Act 2021 Seeks to dissolve existing judicial bodies and transfer their functions. Also provides for uniform terms and conditions of mem of Tribunals. Empowers Central govt to make rules and appt of Chair and other mem on recom of Search cum selection comm headed by CJI/ SC Judge CBI and State's tussle for consent. 2 types of consent are case specific and general for cases concerning govt employees of a state or violent crime state's consent under Section 6 of DPEA is necessary. Special Marriage Act 1954 allows marriage b/w different caste or religions w/o going through religious customs/ rituals. It requires one of the parties to give a notice of 30 days to marriage officer prior with details of them -> discourages it. 2020-10-21 17:06:58
Constitutional Bodies[1]
Non Constitutional Bodies[2]2020-06-11 11:50 :012020-01-03 08:36:06 CJI says legislation required to make the CBI efficient and impartial; under Mo Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions set in 1941; Challenges: dependent on the Mo Home for staffing, Mo Law for lawyers and consent of the State gov; called caged carrot 'coz of Politicisation and Corruption; Politically biased to the party in power, chances of getting influenced by gov; lacks functional autonomy. CBI operates under a formal, modern legal framework 2nd ARC suggested that a new law should be enacted to govern the working of the CBI Parliamentary standing committee (2007) recom that a separate act should be made in its 19th and 24th reports to strengthen the CBI in terms of legal mandate ensure financial autonomy for the outfit Centre Planning to set Centralised Technology Vertical (CTV) to facilitate real time info sharing with investigators across country; Need : with rise in internet users 'cyber manipulators' have also increased sharing fake videos etc. 2019-06-11 11:14:59--Vertical Imbalance where tax systems etc designed such that majority goes to Centre eg GST 60 40 share. Horizontal is when difference growth rate and development arises - 2 types 1 : due to inadequate provision public goods services, 2 : accelerating infra or capital deficit.4 Pillars remove this for Fiscal federalism. Finance Commission - should focus to remove vertical imbalance only avoid being instrument of growth sub national level.NITI Aayog. Ushering Decentralisation : 73 74 amendment Urban Local Body/Panchayati raj consolidated fund will curb intra state regional imbalance, equal Centre State GST share. Flawless GST : further simplification single rate gst, surcharges on sin goods, zero rating exports, reform IGST, adopt transparency evaluate w independent expertsCriticism Not performed per expectation, need assess its capabilities to become effective systems reformer and persuader of stakeholders. Now mouthpiece of gov. Need Must independently evaluate gov programs, course correction midst of a program transformational approach, speed up organisational learning of stakeholder to make + implement plans together, independent central gov/technical experts control through budgetary authority (1 or 2% GDP impetus to growth) allocated in formulaic manner discourage micro mgt programs.
#body Under Mo Corporate Affairs statutory body under Companies Act 2013, aims to administer the Investor Education and Protection Fund, objective : promoting investor education awareness + protection. Composition: Secy MoCA Chairperson, Joint Secretary CEO.
#body RBI divest 100% stake NHB NABARD to GOI NHB is All India Financial Institution (AIFl), estd 1988 through National Housing Bank Act 1987 apex body promote investment housing NABARD estd July 1982 rural upliftment agri non-farm sector On the recom of Shivaraman committee replaced the Agriculture Credit Department (ACD), Agriculture Refinance and Development Corporation (ARDC) and Rural planning and Credit Cell (RPCC).
#body ECI Article 324 of constitution. CEC, EC and Regional Commissioners appointed by Prez has a 6yr term or till 65 ECI was single body member became multi body by amendment in 1989. Other mem are not constant fixed by Prez, removed in the same manner as SC judge
#body BRO raising day 7th May 1960, under MoD, staffed from Army Works in Afg., Bhutan, Sri Lanka, important in NE areas, Leh Laddakh development Delaram-Zaranj highway AFG. , Farkhor base in Tajik made by it BRO is a divided org and needs reform.
#body Audit gov receipts expenditure and report to legislature, redactive pricing, security concerns, scrutinised only by SC, analyse fact compare price, Parliament constitutionally privileged, independent audit CAG. Supreme Audit Institute (SAI) : Compliance, Financial, Performance audit - cost degree program policy working intended objective CAG lacks expertise knowledge skill for this, detailed analysis, highlight value for money.
#body Estd on 1997 as an independent body has the task of fixation/ revision of prices of pharma products. Only the drugs mentioned in the National List of Essential Medicines can be regulated. Drugs Prices Control Order DPCO is passed by the Gov under Sec 3 of Essential Commodities Act 1955 Essential Commodities Act Price increase : constituents transport fuel, Rs depreciation, taxes, Capped cancer drug price under Schedule 1. Price Monitoring and Resource Unit PMRU helps NPPA and state drug controller to ensure availability/ accessibility, org seminars, training programs etc.
#body Statutory, Quasi Judicial Body.
Estd under Competition act 2002 statutory replaced the MRTP Act and was suggested by the Raghavan #committee to prevent adverse effect competition; promote competition in markets; protect consumer interest, freedom trade; assist gov law making, awareness, training. 2007 amendment prohibits anti-competitive agreements that are likely to cause adverse effect to competition can take suo-moto investigation; can give punishments as fines
#body NSSO + CSO : merged now under MoSPI Estd on recom of Rangarajan comm. 2000, NSC will be a non-statutory body nodal supervisor to NSSO. Merger takes away NSSO autonomy better data access MoSPI & NITI. Controversy Periodic Labour Force Survey(PLFS) NSC lose independence, NSSO budge staff shortage. Way forward : improve survey design research methods, make NSO independent outside political influence, sufficient budget staff,
#body Under Mo Health Family Welfare(MoHFW) network of PRCs give input related to health family welfare prgrm main role undertake research project (demographic family planning etc), Located in Univ/Insitis, monitored through periodicals meeting seminars
#body Constituent board of Quality Council of IN, autonomous body under Mo Commerce & Industry, To certify/inspect bodies per International standards, reduces risk for businesses and customers. signed Mutual Recognition Arrangement with Asia Pacific Accreditation Cooperation (APAC) for Personnel certification bodies. Will facilitate export of IN skill + manpower, help IN professional wout formal certification, person w ISO/IEC certi
#body Estd in 1971 to balance and coordinated develop among NE states Regional planning body benefitting = 2 states separate plan for Sikkim under Mo Develop NE Region(DoNER), MoHA ex officio chairman MoDoNER vice chair, Govs + CM NE states members
#body Est 1998 Environment ministry under EPA 1988 Obj : protect and improve quality of env and control env pollution, assist apex court in related matters Chairman + 14 mem Function : prevent control pollution, enforce Graded Response Action Plan(GRAP)
#body under Mo Consumer Affairs
statutory #body by BIS Act 1986 mem from both Cenrtre and State
BIS #Act 2016 : can take conformity assessment of products, services, processes, systems etc.
Product Certification #scheme to provide 3rd party assurance of quality, safety and reliability. Statutory Quasi Judicial body deals w/ direct taxes Under Do Legal Affairs in Mo Law and Justice. No Control by Mo Finance 2020-10-22 07:38:12
#todo ⏫ ✅ 2023-03-07 Prakash Singh case 2019 : six-month minimum residual renure introduced by SC C Dinakar case 2004 : IPS officers of senior most 4 batches will be eligible for consideration Vinnet Narain case 1998 : Director to hold post for at least 2 yrs. Transfer only with consent of high-level committee Corresponding Chapters in Laxmikanth Chapter 42 42 - Election Commission Chapter 43 43 - Union Public Service Commission Chapter 44 44 - State Public Service Commission Chapter 45 45 - Finance Commission Chapter 46 46 - Goods and Services Tax Council Chapter 47 47 - National Commission for SC Chapter 48 48 - National Commission for STs Chapter 49 49 - National Commission for BC Chapter 50 50 - Special Officer for Linguistic Minority Chapter 51 51 -Comptroller and Auditor General Chapter 52 52 - Attorney General of India Chapter 53 53 - Advocate General of the State Chapter 55 55 - National Human Rights Commission Chapter 56 56 - State Human Rights Commission Chapter 57 57 - Central Information Commission Chapter 58 58 - State Information Commission Chapter 59 59 - Central Vigilance Commission Chapter 60 60 - Central Bureau of Investigation Chapter 61 61 - Lokpal and Lokayukta Chapter 62 62 - National Investigation Agency Chapter 63 63 - National Disaster Management Authority 2020-10-30 14:21:35 Discuss the role of the National Commission for Backward Classes in the wake of its transformation from a statutory body to a constitutional body. (राटिट्ीय नपछडा वग्भ आयोग के सांनवसधक ननकाय से संवैधाननक ननकाय में रूपांतरण को ध्ान में रखते हए इसकी भूगमका की नववेचना कीजजए) 2022 Though the Human Rights Commissions have contributed immensely to the protection of human rights in India, yet they have failed to assert themselves against the mighty and powerful. Analyzing their structural and practical limitations, suggest remedial measures. (यद्यनप मानवासधकार आयोगो ने भारत में मानव अ ं सधकारो के सं र ं क्ण में काफी हद तक योगदान हदया है, हफर भी वे ताकतवर और प्भाविाललयो के ं नवरुधि असधकार जात्ाने में असफल रहे हैं। इनकी सं रचनात्मक और व्यवहाररक सीमाओ का ं नवश्ेषण करते हए सुधारात्मक उपायो के सुझाव दीज ं जए।) 2021 Which steps are required for constitutionalization of a Commission? Do you think imparting constitutionality to the National Commission for Women would ensure greater gender justice and empowerment in India? Give reasons. (एक आयोग के सांनवधाननकीकरण के ललए कौन-कौन से चरण आवश्यक हैं? क्ा आपके नवचार में राटिीट् य महहला आयोग का सांनवधाननकता प्दान करना भारत में लैंगगक न्ाय एवं सिक्तिकरण और असधक सुननजचित करेगा? कारन बताइए।) 2020 “The Central Administration Tribunal which was established for redressal of grievances and complaints by or against central government employees, nowadays is exercising its powers as an independent judicial authority.” Explain. (के न्द्रीय प्िासननक असधकरण जजसकी स्ापना के न्द्रीय सरकार के कम्भचाररयो द् ं ाराया उनके नवरुधि शिकायतो एवं पर ं रवादो के न ं नवारण हेतु की गई थिी, आजकल एक स्तंत्र न्ाययक प्ासधकरण के रूप में अपनी िक्तियो का ं प्योग कर रहा है ।" व्याख्ा कीजजए।) 2019 “The Attorney-General is the chief legal adviser and lawyer of the Government of India.” Discuss. ("महान्ायवादी भारत की सरकार का मुख् नवसध सलाहकार और वकील होता है ।" चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2019 "The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) has a very vital role to play." Explain how this is reflected in the method and terms of his appointment as well as the range of powers he can exercise. ("ननयंत्रक और महालेखापरीक्क (सी० ए० जी०) को एक अत्यावश्यक भूगमका ननभानी होती है।" व्याख्ा कीजजए हक यह हकस प्कार उसकी ननयुक्ति की नवसध और ितमों और साथि ही साथि उन असधकारो के ं नवस्तार से पररलशक्त होती है, जजनका प्योग बह कर सकता है।) 2018 How far do you agree with the view that tribunals curtail the jurisdiction of ordinary courts? In view of the above, discuss the constitutional validity and competency of the tribunals in India. (आप इस मत से कहाँ तक सहमत हैं हक असधकरण सामान् न्ायालयो की अ ं सधकाररता को कम करते हैं? उपयु्भति को दृनटिगत रखते हए भारत में असधकरणो की संवैधान ं नक वैधता तथिा सक्मता की नववेचना कीजजए।) 2018 Is the National Commission for Women able to strategize and tackle the problems that women face at both public and private spheres? Give reasons in support of your answer. (महहलाएँ जजन समस्ाओ का सा ं व्भजननक एवं ननजी दोनों स्लो पर सामना कर रही हैं, क् ं ा राटिट्ीय महहला आयोग उनका समाधान ननकालने की रणनीनत बनाने में सफल रहा है? अपने उत्र के समथि्भन में तक्भ प्स्तुत कीजजए।) 2017 Exercise of CAC's powers in relation to the accounts of the Union and the States is derived from Article 149 of the Indian Constitution. Discuss whether audit of the Government's Policy implementation could amount to overstepping its own (CAG) jurisdiction. (संघ और राज्यो के लेखाओ ं के ं सम्न में, ननयंत्रक और महालेखापरीक्क की िक्तियो का ं प्योग भारतीय सं नवधान के अनुच्ेद 149 से व्युत्न्न है । चचा्भ कीजजए हक क्ा सरकार की नीनत काया्भन्वयन की लेखापरीक्ा करना अपने स्यं (ननयंत्रक और महालेखापरीक्क) की असधकाररता का अनतरिमण करना होगा या हक नही।) ं 2016 What is a quasi-judicial body? Explain with the help of concrete examples. (अध्भ-न्ाययक (न्ाययकवत्) ननकाय से क्ा तात्य्भ है ? ठोस उदाहरणो की सहायता से स्प ं टि कीजजए।) 2016 What are the major changes brought in the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 through the recent Ordinance promulgated by the President? How far will it improve India's dispute resolution mechanism? Discuss. (राटिट्पनत द्ारा हाल में प्ख्ानपत अध्ादेि के द्ारा माध्स्म् और सुलह असधननयम, 1996 में क्ा प्मुख पररवत्भन हकए गए हैं? यह भारत के नववाद समाधान यांगत्रकत्व को हकस सीमा तक सुधारेगा? चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2015 "For achieving the desired objectives, it is necessary to ensure that the regulatory institutions remain independent and autonomous." Discuss in the light of the experiences in recent past. ("वांलछत उद्ेश्यो की प् ं ात्प्त के ललए यह सुननजचित करना आवश्यक है हक नवननयामक संस्ाएँ स्तंत्र और स्ायत् बनी रहें।" नपछले कुछ समय में हए अनुभवो के ं प्काि में चचा्भ कीजजए।) 2015 National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) in India can be most effective when its tasks are adequately supported by other mechanisms that ensure the accountability of a government. In light of the above observation assess the role of NHRC as an effective complement to the judiciary and other institutions in promoting and protecting human rights standards. (भारत में राटिट्ीय मानव असधकारी आयोग सवा्भसधक प्भावी तभी हो सकता है, जब इसके कायमों को सरकार की जवाबदेही को सुननजचित करने वाले अन् नागररको का प ं या्भप्त समथि्भन प्ाप्त हो। उपरोति हिप्पणी में प्काि में, मानव असधकार मानको को प् ं ोन्ननत करने और उनकी रक्ा करने में, न्ायपाललका और अन् सं स्ाओ के ं प्भावी पूरक के तौर पर, एन.एच.आर.सी. की भूगमका का आकलन कीजजए।) 2014 The setting up of a Rail Tariff Authority to regulate fares will subject the cash strapped Indian Railways to demand subsidy for obligation to operate non-profitable routes and services. Taking into account the experience in the power sector, discuss if the proposed reform is expected to benefit the consumers, the Indian Railways or the private container operators. (हकरायो का ं नवननयमन करने के ललए रेल प्िुकि प्ासधकरण की स्ापना आमदनी-बं धे भारती रेलवे को गैर-लाभकारी मागमों और सेवाओ को चलाने के दाय ं यत्व के ललए सहाययकी मांगने पर मजबूत कर देगी। नवद्युत क्त्रक के अनुभव को सामने रऽते े हए चचा्भ कीजजए हक क्ा प्स्तानवत सुधार से उपभोतिाओ, भारतीय रेलवे या ं हक ननजी कं िेनर प्चालको को लाभ होने की आ ं िा है।) 2014 Discuss the recommendations of the 13th Finance Commission which have been a departure from the previous commissions for strengthening the local government finances. (तेरहवें नवत् आयोग की अनुिं साओ की ं नववेचना कीजजए जो स्ानीय िासन की नवत्-व्यवस्ा को सुदृढ़ करने के ललए नपछले आयोगो से ं शभन्न है।) 2013 The product diversification of financial institutions and insurance companies, resulting in overlapping of products and services strengthens the case for the merger of the two regulatory agencies, namely SEBI and IRDA. Justify. (नवत्ीय सं स्ाओ व बीमा कम्पन ं नयो द् ं ारा की गई उत्ाद नवनवधता के फलस्रूप उत्ादों व सेवाओ में उ ं त्न्न परस्पर व्यापन ने सेबी (SEBI) व इडा्भ (IRDA) नामक दोनो न ं नयामक अशभकरणो के ं नवलय के प्करण को प्बल बनाया है। औचचत्य ससधि कीजजए।) 2013
Indian Polity Laxmikanth 6th edition.pdf > page=890↩︎
Indian Polity Laxmikanth 6th edition 1.pdf > page=970↩︎
54 - Niti Aayog↩︎ ]]>05-gs-2/1.-polity/1.7-statutory,-regulatory-and-various-quasi-judicial-bodies,-appointment-in-them.html05 GS-2/1. Polity/1.7 Statutory, Regulatory and Various Quasi Judicial Bodies, Appointment in them.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>












]]>05-gs-2/1.-polity/prelims-pyq.html05 GS-2/1. Polity/Prelims PYQ.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>1.1 Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times
1.3 World History will include events from 18th century viz IR, WW, redrawal of national boundaries, colonization, decolonisationn, etc
2.3 World Physical Geography
2.2 Earthquakes, Tsunami etc (Geophysical Phenomena)
3.1 Salient featues of Indian Society, Diversity of India. Effects of globalisation on Indian Society, Social Empowerment.
CA 2 - Role of Women, Poverty, Urbanisation - March 2020
3.2 Role of Women and Women's organisation, population and other associated Issues, poverty and development issues, Urbanization, their problems and remedies.
3.3 Communalism, Regionalism, Secularism ]]>10.-knowledge-dump/note-bin/📑-gs-1-index-and-revision-roadmap.html10. Knowledge Dump/Note Bin/📑 GS 1 Index and Revision Roadmap.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT1.1 Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure, Devolution etc
1.3 Separation of Power between various organs, dispute redressal mechanisms. Judiciary
1.4 Parliament and State legislatures - Structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these. Comparison of Constitutions etc
1.7 Statutory, Regulatory and Various Quasi Judicial Bodies, Appointment in them
1.6 Salient Features of Representation of Peoples Act 1951
2.3 Governance, Transparency, E-Governance
2.1 Govt Policies and Intervention in sectors
2.2 Development Process and Development Industries - role of NGO, SHG, various groups etc.
2.4 Role of Civil Services
3.1 Welfare Schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the centre and States and performance of these schemes, mechanisms, laws, institutions and bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of vulnerable sections.
3.2 Issues Relating to development and management of Social Sector relating to Health, Education, HR; Issues Relating to Poverty and Hunger
CA 1 - Social Sector viz Health, Education, HRD April 2019 - Jan 2020
4.1 India and its neighbourhood - relations
4.2 Bilateral, Regional, Global Grouping
4.3 International Bodies, their structure, mandate etc
4.4 Effects of Foreign Countries Policies ]]>10.-knowledge-dump/note-bin/📑-gs-2-index-and-revision-roadmap.html10. Knowledge Dump/Note Bin/📑 GS 2 Index and Revision Roadmap.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT1.1 Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilisation of resources, growth dev and employement
1.2 Inclusive Growth and Budgeting
1.3 Infrastructure, Liberalisation, Land Reforms in India
2.2 Major Crops, Irrigation
2.3 PDS, Animal Rearing Economics
3.1 Science and Technology
4.1 Environment, Pollutions, EIA and DM Feb 2020 Onwards
CA 1 - Conservation, Pollution, EIA and DM April-2019---Jan-2020
3.2 IT, Space, Computers, Robotics, Nano-Tech, Bio-Tech, IPR. Feb 2020 Onwards
CA 1 - IT, Space, Computers, Robotics, Nano-Tech, Bio-Tech, IPR April 2019 - Jan 2020
5.1 Role of external state and non state actors in creating challenges to Internal Security
Static - Border Managment, Cyber Security, Money Laundering
5.3 Various security forces and Agencies and their mandate; Linkages of Organised Crime with Terrorism
CA Organized-Crimes-link-with-Terrorism
CA 1 - Indian Economy April 2019 - Jan 2020 ]]>10.-knowledge-dump/note-bin/📑-gs-3-index-and-revision-roadmap.html10. Knowledge Dump/Note Bin/📑 GS 3 Index and Revision Roadmap.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTPrelims Facts 1 April-2019-Feb-2020
Prelims Facts 2 March 2020-March 2021
Prelims Facts 3 April 2021 onwards ]]>10.-knowledge-dump/note-bin/📑-index-and-revision-roadmap.html10. Knowledge Dump/Note Bin/📑 Index and Revision Roadmap.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT10.-knowledge-dump/note-bin/bodies-and-founders.html10. Knowledge Dump/Note Bin/Bodies-and-Founders.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTJohn Shore
Policy of Non-intervention
Charter Act of 1793
Second Rohilla War 1794
Battle of Kharda between Nizam and Marathas (1795) [4 October 1813 - 9 January 1823]{.ul}
Francis Rawdon-Hastings Ended the policy of
Non-intervention
Third Anglo-Maratha War (1816-1818)
Treaty of Sugauli (1816) Creation of
Bombay Presidency in 1818 Establishment of
Ryotwari System in Madras (1820) Establishment of
Mahalwari System in Northern India (1822)
Hindu College (now
Presidency University) at
Calcutta in 1817 The
Pindari War (1817-1818) (Complete Destruction of the
Pindari Clan of India) General Committee of Public Instruction was formed in 1823 3 May 1872 - 12 April 1876
Lord Northbrook
Jyotiba Phule launches
The Satyashodhak Samaj in
Maharashtra in 1873 against the
caste system and
Untouchability.
Dramatic Performances Act, 1876 12 April 1876 - 8 June 1880
Lord Lytton
Vernacular Press Act, 1878
Second Anglo-Afghan War, (1878--80)
1st Delhi Durbar out of 3 Queen Victoria assuming the title of 'Empress of India' 8 June 1880 - 13 December 1884
Marquess of Ripon First Factory Act (1881)
Negotiable Instruments Act (1881) Repeal of the Vernacular Press Act (1882)
Ilbert Bill (1883) Government resolution on local self-government (1882) Appointment of Education Commission under Sir William Hunter First complete Census 13 December 1884 - 10 December 1888
Earl of Dufferin
Formation of Indian National Congress (1885)
Third Anglo-Burmese War (1885) 10 December 1888 - 11 October 1894
Marquess of Lansdowne
Indian Council Act 1892
Factory Act 1891 Setting up of
Durand Commission in 1893 (India-Afghanistan) 10 December 1888 - 11 October 1894
Marquess of Lansdowne
Indian Council Act 1892
Factory Act 1891 Setting up of
Durand Commission in 1893 (India-Afghanistan) 6 January 1899 - 18 November 1905
Lord Curzon
Partition of Bengal (1905) Official Secrets Act 1904 to curb free press 2st Delhi Durbar out of 3 (1903) Appointment of Police Commission under Sir Andrew Frazer Appointment of
Raleigh University Commission (1902) Passing of Indian Universities Act 1904
2nd Swadeshi Movement (1905-1911) against
Partition of Bengal by
Lal-Bal-Pal-Aurbindo Ghosh) Establishment of
Archaeological Survey of India
Benaras Hindu Girl's School was established by
Annie Besant in 1904 He said, "India is the pivot of our Empire.... If the Empire loses any other part of its Dominion we can survive, but if we lose India, the sun of our Empire will have set." 18 November 1905 - 23 November 1910
Earl of Minto
Morley-Minto Reforms 1909 or The
Indian Councils Act 1909 Split in Congress in 1907 Seditious meetings (prohibition) Act 1907 to curb extremist movement Establishment of
Muslim League by
Aga Khan III (1906)
Indian Press Act, 1910
Jamsetji Tata established
TISCO in 1907 23 November 1910 - 4 April 1916
of PenshurstLord Hardinge Third
Delhi Durbar (1911) Transfer of capital from
Calcutta to
Delhi (1911) Partition of Bengal to form Bihar province (1912)
McMahon border line was created between India and China in 1914
Ghadar Mutiny (1915) 4 April 1916 - 2 April 1921
Lord Chelmsford Formation of
Indian Home Rule Movement (1916)
Lucknow Pact (1916)
Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919)
Government of India Act 1919
Rowlatt Act (1919)
Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre (1919)
Imperial Bank of India (now
State Bank of India established in 1921) 2 April 1921 - 3 April 1926 Rufus Isacs,
Earl of Reading
Malabar rebellion (also known as Moplah Rebellion), first Ethnic Rebellion (1921)
Non-cooperation movement (1921--22)
Rabindranath Tagore founded
Visva-Bharati University in 1921
Chauri Chaura incident (1922) 3 April 1926 - 18 April 1931
Lord Irwin
Simon Commission (1928)
Nehru Report (1928) Death of
Lala Lajpat Rai (1928)
Fourteen Points of Jinnah (1929)
Purna Swaraj declaration (1929)
Salt March (1930)
Dharasana Satyagraha (1930) First
Round Table Conferences (1930)
Allahabad Address (1930)
Chittagong armoury raid in 1930
Gandhi--Irwin Pact (1931) Execution of
Bhagat Singh,
Shivaram Rajguru, and
Sukhdev Thapar (1931) 18 April 1931 - 18 April 1936
Earl of Willingdon
Poona Pact between
Mahatma Gandhi and
B. R. Ambedkar in 1932
Pakistan Declaration (1933)
Government of India Act 1935
Reserve Bank of India established by passing
The Reserve Bank of India Act 1934. Foundation of
Congress Socialist Party in 1934 18 April 1936 - 1 October 1943
Marquess of Linlithgow
Indian provincial elections (1937)
Indian entry into World War II (1939)
Day of Deliverance (1939)
Lahore Resolution (1940)
Cripps Mission (1942) Formation of
Indian Legion (1942)
Quit India movement (1942) Formation of
Indian National Army (1942)
Bengal famine (1943) 21 February 1947 - 15 August 1947
Viscount Mountbatten of Burma
Indian Independence Act 1947 ]]>10.-knowledge-dump/note-bin/gov-generals.html10. Knowledge Dump/Note Bin/Gov-Generals.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTMoCJL Nehru - England back in 1912, Cambridge, Sinn Fein Movt Ireland, Secy Home Rule league 1919, Kisan March Pratapgarh 1920, toured Italy, Switzerland, England, Belgium, Germany and Russia 1926, Fd : Independence of India League, Autobiography in Almora Jail, 4 times Perz of CongressS Radhakrishnan - 1st VP, 2nd Prez, mem of Constituent Assemb. C Rajagopalachari - Founded Swatantra Party (1959 - 1974), against Rowlatt act, Vaikom SatyagrahRajendra PrasadMK GandhiThakkar BappaBR AmbedkarIshwarchandra Vidyasagar BM MalabariMG RanadeR TagoreSri Aurobindo GhoshBankim Chandra ChatterjeeVir SavarkarLala Lajpat Rai - Swadeshi movt, advocated education, PNB, DAV, founded IN Home rule league in NYC,KC SenVinoba BhaveDayanand SaraswatiRaja Rammohun RoySurendranath BannerjeePandita RamabaiDinbandhu MitraPremchandHV DerozioDadabhai NaorojiG Subramania AiyerRC DuttMN RoyJamnalal BajajBG TilakBhagat SinghChittaranjan DasRajguruVallabhai PatelSyed Ahmed KhanGanesh Shankar VidyarthiPattam Thanu PillaiAcharya Narendra DevSubhash BoseAcharya KriplaniJayprakash NarayanMM MalviyaGK GokhaleLala HardyalJatin DasSurya SenRam Prasad BismilVasudev PhadkeMC SetalvadBN RaoAlladi Krishnaswami AiyerTheodore BeckPherozeshah MehtaBadruddin TayyabjiKhudiram Bose - joined Anushilan Samity, assassination attempt on Kingsford along w/ P ChakiPrafulla ChakiMA JinnahAbul Kalam AzadSatyendranath TagoreShyamji KrishnavarmaBhikaji CamaAnnie BesantKalpana DuttGuru Ram SinghHasrat MohaniLaxmi SehgalBatukeshwar DuttJM SenguptaSheikh AbdullahSC MukherjeeHakim Ajmal KhanMaulana BarkatullahMaulana ObeidullahMahadev DesaiMazharul HaqueTej Bahadur SapruAshutosh MukherjeePC JoshiHK SarkarMC ChaglaIndra Narain DwivediyGauri Shankar MisraMorarji DesaiRashbehari BoseVir RaghavchariAnand Mohan BoseAN SinhaBraj Kishore PrasadNM JoshiRafi Ahmed KidwaiUsha MehtaVO Chidambram PillaiK KamarajGL ShettyDinbandhu MitraDD UpadhyayB Krishna PillaiEMS NamboodaripadCP Ramamswamy AiyerVeerasalingam PantuluAshok MehtaTS RamanujamGG MehtaShahjanand SaraswatiEVR NaickerKC Neogy]]>10.-knowledge-dump/note-bin/important-personalities-from-pyqs.html10. Knowledge Dump/Note Bin/Important-Personalities-from-PYQs.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT10.-knowledge-dump/note-bin/map-sites.html10. Knowledge Dump/Note Bin/Map Sites.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTMoC | | Diwan-i-Bandagan | Slaves | Feroz Shah Tughlaq | | | Diwan-i-Qaza-i-Mamalik | Justice | | | | Diwan-i-Khairat | Charity | Feroz Shah Tughlaq | | | Diwan-i-Riyasat(replaced Risalat) and Sahna-i-Mandi | | Alauddin Khalji | |]]>10.-knowledge-dump/note-bin/medieval-india.html10. Knowledge Dump/Note Bin/Medieval-India.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT#todo There are a list of 31 notified non metallic or industrial minerals Agate Gypsum Ball Clay Jasper Barytes Kaolin Calcarous Sand  Laterite Calcite Limekankar Chalk Mica China Clay 23. Ochre Clay(others) Pyrophyllite Corrundum Quartz Diaspore Quartzite Dolomite Sand(others) Dunite / pyroxenite Shale Felsite Silica Sand Felspar Slate and  Fireclay Steatite / Talc / Soapstone Fusch Quartzite
https://ibm.gov.in/?c=pages&m=index&id=359 Created : 2021-11-10 11:16 Iron Ore Manganese Nickel Silicon Titanium Vanadium Molybednum Chromite/Chormium Aluminium Bauxite Copper Lead Gold Zinc Lithium Produced in Australia, Argentian, China, Chile. AUS is largest supplier Found in Mandya district in Karnataka. Used in Laptop/mobiles, batteries, Ceramics, Glass, Telecommunication, Rocket propellant/Aerospace, Thermonuclear reactions. IN signed MoU with Bolivia for Lithium extraction and exploration. Bilateral Agreement with Argentina. IN - US wants to set up alternate supply chain for lithium. Silver Tin Created : 2021-11-10 11:11 17 in total . Created : 2021-11-10 11:20
1 https://geology.com/articles/rare-earth-elements/
legy207.pdf - Mineral and Energy Resources]]>10.-knowledge-dump/note-bin/metallic-and-non-metallic-minerals-in-india.html10. Knowledge Dump/Note Bin/Metallic and Non- Metallic Minerals in India.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMTMoC]]>10.-knowledge-dump/note-bin/modern.html10. Knowledge Dump/Note Bin/Modern.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT1 - Historical Background 1.pdf
2 - Making of the Constitution.pdf2020-10-21 16:59:23 Lengthiest written - now has 420 Art, Various Sources, Blend Rigidity and Flexibility, Federal Sys w/ Unitary Bias, Parliamentary Form, Synthesis of Parliamentary Sovereignty and Judicial Supremacy, Integrated and Independent Judiciary, FRs - political demo, DPSPs, FDs - 42 CAA 86 CAA, Secular State, Universal Adult Franchise, Single Citizenship, Independent Bodies - ECI CAG UPSC SPSC, Emergency Provisions, 3 tier of Govt, Co-op Societies - 97 CAA, Criticism - Borrowed, Carbon copy of 1935 Act, Anti-Indian, Un Gandhian, Elephantine Size, Paradise for lawyers


3 - Salient Features of the Constitution.pdf2020-10-21 16:59:31 Refer Anki 7 CAA - States Reorganisation Act, amended Schedules 2 and 7 25 CAA - Art 31C added gave primacy to DPSP 39b 39c over FR 14, 19 and 31 26 CAA - abolished Privy Purses 38 CAA - decl of emergency by Prez, promulgation of Ordinances as non-justiciable, P can declare national emergency on diff grounds simultaneously 51 CAA - amended Art 330 - 332 provide reservation for ST from Arunachal, Meg, Miz in LS 65 CAA - constitution of NCSC NCST consist of Chair, Vice Chair, 5 other mem 77 CAA - added 4a to Art 16 states make provision for reservation in promotion in Gov jobs for SC STs to nullify Indra Sawhney judgment on Mondal commission 85 CAA - consequential seniority in case of promotion of SC ST by reservation 89 CAA - NCSC and NCST established Diff types of Amend
10 - Amendment of the Constitution.pdf2020-10-21 16:59:41 Justice social, economic political Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship Equality of status and opportunity Fraternity assuring dignity, Unity integrity of nation Source of Authority, gives nature of IN state, tell objectives Berubari Union case - shows general purpose behind consti, are minds to makers of const, Not part K Bharti case - is part, extreme importance, const should be read in light of noble vision in Preamble, can be amended subject to basic feature doctrine LIC of India case 1995 - Preamble integral part Non justiciable, Neither a source nor prohibition of power of legislature
4 - Preamble of the Constitution.pdf
7 - Fundamental Rights.pdf
8 - DPSP.pdf Art 141 binding, Art
27 - Judicial Review.pdf
3 - Salient Features of the Constitution.pdf > page=9 Rights privileges to Citizens of India - Art 15, 16, 19, 29, 30 Citizenship act 1955 provides acquisition and loss of Citizenship : By Birth 1950-1987-2004, By Descent - 1950-1992-2004(unless birth registered within 1 yr), By Registration, By Naturalisation, incorporation of territory, Persons covered by Assam Accord - before-1966-1971-after Loss by Renunciationcan be withheld during war, Termination - voluntary acquisition during war not applies, Deprivation - obtained through fraud, disloyalty, traded w/ enemy during war Single Citizenship - Exceptions to general rule of absence of discrimination Parliament can prescribe residence condition for employment, Special benefits under Art 15 that do not cover race, religion, caste, sex and place of birth Freedom of movt subject to protection of STs LM Singhvi comm - overseas citizenship of India
6 - Citizenship.pdf 2020-10-24 09:52:04 Shankari Prasad Case 1951 - on 1st CAA power to amend const includes FR - Golaknath Case on 17th CAA cannot amend FR are transcendental and immutable - 24th CAA passed by parliament can take away FR under 368 - K Barati case 1973 - reaffirmed in Indira Nehru Gandhi Case(election of PM, Speaker out of purview of SC) 42nd CAA no limitation on the constituent power of parliament + no amendment can be questioned in any court Minnerva Mills case - parliament cannot amend itself under Art 368 to give unlimited powers, Judicial review a basic structure Waman Rao case - adhered to BS doctrine, date fixed as Arl 24 1973 Elements are Supremacy of const, Sovereign, Demo, Republican, Secular Character, Free fair election, Sep of powers, Fed char of const, Welfare state, Judicial review, principles of equality, Rule of law, Independence of Judiciary etc
11 - Basic Structure of the Constitution.pdf2020-10-21 17:04:41
]]>10.-knowledge-dump/note-bin/polity-static.html10. Knowledge Dump/Note Bin/Polity Static.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure> Gima Brahmaputra Lohit Adzon Dihang Subhansiri Kamla Dhansiri Kameng Kalang Tista ]]>10.-knowledge-dump/note-bin/rivers-water-bodies.html10. Knowledge Dump/Note Bin/Rivers--Water-bodies.mdSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>]]>attachements/0.23616900_1549019909_35-20190215-english.htmlAttachements/0.23616900_1549019909_35-20190215-english.jpgSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT<figure><img src="attachements/0.23616900_1549019909_35-20190215-english.jpg"></figure>attachements/07.-balyan-world-history-notes-ii.htmlAttachements/07. Balyan World History Notes II.pdfSat, 19 Oct 2024 21:28:44 GMT001-arrays.htmlData Structures and Algorithms/001-Arrays.mdSun, 12 Apr 2026 19:52:04 GMT010-constraints-and-alter-table.htmlSQL/Bootcamp Udemy Notes/010-Constraints and Alter Table.mdThu, 28 Aug 2025 19:18:15 GMT009-comparison-and-logical-operators.htmlSQL/Bootcamp Udemy Notes/009-Comparison and Logical Operators.mdThu, 28 Aug 2025 19:01:37 GMThttps://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.4/en/date-and-time-functions.html CREATE TABLE people ( name VARCHAR(100), birthdate DATE, birthtime TIME, birthdt DATETIME ); INSERT INTO people (name, birthdate, birthtime, birthdate) VALUES ('Elton', '2000-12-25', '11:00:00', '2000-12-25 11:00:00'); CURTIME, CURDATE & NOW : shows the current date and time. SELECT CURTIME(); SELECT CURDAYE(); SELECT NOW(); INSERT INTO people (name, birthdate, birthtime, birthdt) VALUES ('Hazel', CURDATE(), CURTIME(), NOW()); DAYOFMONTH, DAYOFWEEK, DAYOFYEAR SELECT birthdate, DAY(birthdate), DAYOFWEEK(birthdate), DAYOFYEAR(birthdate) FROM people; SELECT birthdate, MONTHNAME(birthdate), YEAR(birthdate) FROM people; Formatting birthdate : SELECT birthdate, DATE_FORMAT(birthdate, '%a %b %D') FROM people; SELECT birthdt, DATE_FORMAT(birthdt, '%H:%i') FROM people; SELECT birthdt, DATE_FORMAT(birthdt, 'BORN ON: %r') FROM people; ]]>008-data-types.htmlSQL/Bootcamp Udemy Notes/008-Data Types.mdThu, 28 Aug 2025 18:44:38 GMT005-refining-selections.htmlSQL/Bootcamp Udemy Notes/005-Refining Selections.mdSat, 23 Aug 2025 20:30:56 GMT]]>006-joins.htmlSQL/Bootcamp Udemy Notes/006-Joins.mdSat, 23 Aug 2025 18:22:47 GMT<figure><img src="."></figure>https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.4/en/string-functions.htmlmysql -u root -p source file_name.sql -- to run from a file -- -- Concat -- SELECT CONCAT(author_fname, author_lname) FROM books; SELECT SUBSTRING('Hello, World', 1,4); SELECT SUBSTR('Hello, World', 1,4); SELECT CONCAT(SUBSTR('Hello',1,4), '...') AS short_title FROM books; SELECT REPLACE('www.mysql.com', 'w', 'wW'); SELECT REVERSE('Hello, World'); SELECT REVERSE(column_1, column_2) FROM table_name; SELECT UPPER('hello, world'); SELECT LOWER('hello, world'); SELECT INSERT('Hello Bobby', 6, 0, 'there') -- insert char at position 6 with 0 characters -- SELECT LEFT('omghahalol!', 3); SELECT RIGHT('omghahalol!', 4); SELECT REPEAT('ha', 4); SELECT REPEAT('ha', 4); ]]>004-string-functions.htmlSQL/Bootcamp Udemy Notes/004-String Functions.mdSat, 23 Aug 2025 13:47:05 GMT003-crud.htmlSQL/Bootcamp Udemy Notes/003-CRUD.mdSat, 23 Aug 2025 13:24:43 GMT002-inserting-data.htmlSQL/Bootcamp Udemy Notes/002-Inserting Data.mdSat, 23 Aug 2025 09:04:20 GMT001-creating-databases-and-tables.htmlSQL/Bootcamp Udemy Notes/001-Creating Databases and Tables.mdSat, 23 Aug 2025 08:43:48 GMT