Early European Settlements

2020-04-26 19:36:37

The Danish (1616 - 1845)

Danish EIC established 1616 and in 1620 a factory at Tranquebar/Tanjore
Principal settlement at Serampore near Calcutta sold to the British in 1845
known for missionary activities than for commerce

2020-04-27 12:42:29

Vasco da Gama came in 1498, trading factory at Cannanore, Cochin and Calicut - imp trading centres
voyage undertaken by Pedro Alvarez Cabral to trade for spices, establishing factory at Calicut arrived in September 1500

appointed in 1505 to consolidate position
destroy Muslim trade - seized Aden, Ormuz and Malacca.
advised to build fortresses at Anjadiva, Cochin, Cannanore and Kilwa.
Blue Water Policy aka Cartaze System started by him
Sultan of Egypt, Ruler of Gujarat and Zamorin of Calicut sent fleet to defeat Portuguese but were routed in 1509 making their navy supreme in the area.

from 1509
estd bases in East Africa, off the Red Sea, at Ormuz; in Malabar; and at Malacca later in Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Malacca.
permit system for other ships
control over major ship-building centres
acquired Goa from Sultan of Bijapur in 1510. Goa was excellent natural harbour and fort, strategically located to control Malabar trade and close to Gujarat.
Abolished sati, encouraged to take local wives
new roads and irrigation works,
new crops eg tobacco and cashew nut, or better plantation varieties of coconut

Protugues Settlements and Factories in India

head Viceroy serv 3 years, w/ secretary in later years,
assisted by council which also had a religious head
Vedor da Fazendarevenues, cargoes, dispatch fleets
Portuguese were initially tolerant towards the Hindus
Jesuit fathers, Rodolfo Aquaviva and Antonio Monserrate were sent to Akbars Court in 1580
In 1595 Fathers Jerome Xavier and Emanuel Pinheiro arrived at Akbars Court. Letters details later stages of his rule

P offended Jehangir captured ships, imprisoned Muslims, plundered cargoes
settled in Satgaon in Bengal in 1579
monopolised manufacturing salt , custom house, enforced duty on tobacco
slave trade seizing Children including 2 slave girls of Mumtaz Mahal on 1632 -> siege of Hooghly, Satgaon was base of Piracy.
defeated by Shah Jahan
Union of Spain and Portugal in 1580-81, dragged Portugal into Spain’s wars with England and Holland, badly affected P. trade

military innovation in their use of body armour, matchlock men, guns landed from the ships.
system of drilling groups of infantry, on the Spanish model,
Ship buillding using western technique started at Cochin. Multi-decked ships, use of castled prow and stern
skilled organisers created royal arsenals and dockyards and the maintained a regular system of pilots and mapping and pitting state forces against private merchant shipping.
silversmith and goldsmith flourished so did creation of sculpture.
brought the tradition of trade w/ warfare upsetting Aisan traders who wanted open trade.
some say that P estd transparency in eastern trade by setting network of factories and warehouses that made market prices more stable this is not true Asians knew spot and futures
impact on political system in Asia was small since their nos were small and territory limited
encouraged intermarriages -> new Indo Portugues Goanese society came into being but their was racial discrimination among them
opened IN way for close integration w/ growing world economy -> growth of market economy
Latin american products viz Potato, corn, pineapple entered IN rural economy

P king had dec trade in spices, drugs, dyes including indigo, copper, silver, gold etc to be royal monopolies by 1510.
No trader in Asia or Europe could trade in it.
Private traders and Royal officials were permitted to trade in them who had to obtain a permit or cartaze from P officials.
Forced all ships going from Malacca to East Africa to pass from Goa and pay tolls.
Suspected ships were sunk or captured and men and women aboard treated as slaves.
was later liberalised since it became unpopular, patrolling entire ocean was impossible.

Strucutre of Asia trade network
strength and resourcefulness of Asian merchants, Arabs, Gujaratis, Tamil etc were very experienced.
Naval and Military strength of Turkey and ruler fo north Sumatra
internal limitation of P and their Cartaze system.
P were unable to pay for the control of Indian trade.

2020-04-27 12:42:37

@ EIC of Netherlands in 1602 .
First factory in Masulipatnam (Andhra) -> 1605
Captured Nagapatam (Chennai) from P -> main stronghold
$ Eng and Dutch compromise in 1667 -> British agreed to withdraw all their claims on Indonesia, Dutch retired from India.
traded in silk, cotton , indigo , rice and opium.
! not interested in Empire building, influence decreased after losing 3rd Anglo Dutch war 1672-1674 .
Captured Pondicherry in 1693 during 9 years war. Treaty of Ryswick Sep 1697 restored France.
In the battle of Chinsurah in 1759 that happened near Hoogly BR defeated the Dutch. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chinsurah

Dutch Factories and Settlements in India