JJ Mcleon : Afghan war was most unqualified blunder committed in the whole history of British India.

- As per Alfred Lyall the stages for the application of subsidiary alliance were
**Stage 1** : offered to help a friendly Indian state with its troops to fight any war
**Stage 2** : making a common cause with the Indian state and taking the field with its own soldiers and those of the state
**Stage 3** : Indian ally was asked not for men but for money .
**Stage 4** : money or the protection fee was fixed at a high level ; when the state failed to pay the money in time, it was asked to cede certain parts of its territories.

Karl Marx : Native states vritually ceased to exist the moment they became subsidiary. Division of revenue b/w 2 gov brought the condition of permanent decay.

Henry Dundas : Bombay acquired a new degree of political importance since the FR attempt to reach India through Egypt

**Sidney J Owen** : Converted Br Empire in Indai to British Empire of India. EIC became supreme power and sole protectorate of the whole country.

**PE Roberts** : One of the greates Br rulers only Clive, WH and Dalhousie can challenge.

**Alfred Lyall** : revived and procliamed the imperial principle of political supremacy.  

**JS Mill** : Adm of Hastings was the completion of scheme of Clive. There was no international warfare and Rajputs, Marathas, Mohammedans remained at peace.

**MS Mehta** : Was milder than Wellesley, imperialistic in outlook, had no predatory mentality. Judgement was ot always reliable. 

**PE Roberts** : able administrator, hard and conscientious worker.
 

Macaulay : William Bentick Infused into Oriental Despotism the spirit of British Freedom.

**PE Roberts** : True liberal of his day, his habits were simple. He can be compared to other liberal Gov Generals like Ripon. Undoutedly the first GG to openly act on theory that welfare of subjects was main duty of British India.

**Thompson and Garratt** : WB arrival marked beginning of new era. His reign was peaceful from continuous wars.His reforms touched every side of Indian life and formed basis of paternal govt of Victorian era.

**Grenville** : Simple in habits and popular in manner whose success has been greater than his talent.

Arnold has called this neither just nor marked by strict equity in its conduct.

VA Smith : Princes knew nothing about subtle distinction of dependent and subordinate states only saw principality after principality annexed for one reason or another. He blamed D for lack of foresight says that he had not taken any precaution to protect munition stores at Delhi or secure strategic position of Allahabad.

TR Holmes : blames Commander in Chief for failure to remedy indiscipline in Army. Rebellion not due to annexation but due to harsh treatment of talukdars. He absolved Dalhousie and credits him for wise policy and constructive adm works.

Richard Temple : imperial administrator never surpassed and seldom equalled

William Wilson Hunter : Conquest, Consolidation and Development. His annexation gave map of modern India.

Lee Warner : One of the 3 commanding figures of Indian history along w/ WH and Wellesly. Expanded Indian empire across all frontiers, gave shape to adm system, education and legislative assemblies.

Ramsay Muir : Devotion to greatness of his own country. Took ddper view of problem of govt than Wellesly but lesser man than WH because he lacked his generous humanity.

The British policy of ‘Subordinate Union’ of Indian States with British India from 1858 to 1905 was an attempt to integrate the Indian states into the British Empire in India. This policy was implemented by the British government in order to consolidate their control over the Indian subcontinent and to ensure that all the Indian states were loyal to the British Raj.

The policy was implemented through a system of treaties, agreements, and conventions between the British government and the rulers of Indian states. These treaties and agreements provided for a degree of autonomy for the Indian states, allowing them to maintain their own laws and administrative systems, while at the same time being subject to the overall authority of the British Raj. The treaties also provided for the payment of a subsidy by the British government to the Indian states, in exchange for their loyalty and support.

In addition to the treaties, the British government also implemented a series of administrative reforms in the Indian states. These reforms included the introduction of a uniform system of taxation, the establishment of a unified system of civil and criminal courts, and the introduction of a uniform system of weights and measures. These reforms were designed to create a uniform system of governance throughout the Indian states, and to ensure that the rulers of the Indian states were loyal to the British Raj.

The British also sought to ensure the loyalty of the Indian states by providing them with military assistance. This included the deployment of British troops to the Indian states to ensure their loyalty, as well as the provision of arms and ammunition to the rulers of the Indian states. The British also provided financial assistance to the Indian states in order to help them maintain their armies and maintain their loyalty to the British Raj.

Finally, the British government also implemented a system of indirect rule in the Indian states. This system of indirect rule allowed the British to maintain control over the Indian states without having to directly intervene in their internal affairs. This system of indirect rule was implemented through the appointment of British-appointed administrators to the Indian states, who were responsible for ensuring that the rulers of the Indian states remained loyal to the British Raj.

The above statement is attributed to Lord Curzon, who served as the Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905. It is believed to have been spoken during a speech or address given by Lord Curzon during his tenure as Viceroy.

The statement suggests that Lord Curzon believed that the British Empire could maintain control over India as long as it maintained naval supremacy in the region. By keeping native states without political power but as "royal instruments," Lord Curzon seems to suggest that the British could use these states as a means of maintaining their control over the region.

It's worth noting that Lord Curzon was known for his imperialistic views and his belief in the superiority of British rule. His tenure as Viceroy was marked by a number of controversial policies and actions, including the partition of Bengal, which led to widespread protests and civil unrest.

This statement reflects the British imperial perspective that Native States should exist as a form of indirect rule, without any political power. This idea was based on the assumption that British naval supremacy would ensure its continued presence in India. It is important to note, however, that this view ignores the fact that India was a complex and diverse society with a long history of its own, and that the British Empire was only one of its many influences. This imperial attitude towards India was ultimately unsustainable, and its legacy has been widely criticised.