5.2 Culture

Culture

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Persian Literature

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  • $ Ijaz I Khusravi - talks about curriculum adopted by madrasas

Minhas Us Siraj - Tabaqat I Nasiri

  • Nature and character of Muslim aristocracy, civil administration, organisation of court.
  • ~ scholar of Islam under Qubacha, Iltutmish.
  • KA Nizami has called his details of incidents truthful but is prejudiced in his causes and circumstances.
  • Book 22 has biographical sketches of courtiers, military generals, governors from 1227 - 1259.

Ziauddin Barani - Tarik I Firoz Shahi and Fatwa I Jahandari

  • Aristocrat, Turkish immigrant in Delhi under MBT, Associate of Amir Khusrau
  • ~ Book Tarik I Firoz Shahi deals with Sultanate history from 1259-1359 from where Minhas had left.
  • account of MBT unfair, biased and deliberate distortion of facts
  • account of FST is flattery
  • ~ most imp contribution is what he writes about preceding Sultans
  • Accounts are analytical and critical, biases are religious outlook, personal discomfiture, class consciousness, aristocratic complexion.
  • Fatwa I Jahandari is complementary to previous work
  • ~ Deals with powers and functions of crown, privileges of nobility, doctrine of safety of state, law and order problem, crime, religion, politics.

Amir Khusrau

  • Khazainul Futuh : Details of conquest by Allauddin Khalji
  • Tuti e Hind, rep Indo-Muslim culture
  • Hindavi/Urdu
  • ~ Wrote masnavis
  • Use of hyperbole poetry, literary compositions, does not distort facts like Barani
  • Does not follow chronology, factual mistakes
  • ~ Nuh Sipir a masnavi shows his love for India
  • Also wrote Mifthul Futuh, Dewal Rani Khizr Khani - authentic sources of Khilji dynasty
  • 1st prominent rep of Indo Muslim culture, took pride in his country
  • Turkish ancestry Settled in Etah, UP
  • ~ Contact w/ Nizamuddin Auliya gave him title of Turkallah - Turk of God
  • Hindi or Zaban I Hindi had no comparison w/ Arabic Language
  • Founding fathers of Hindi language, literature dev poems, couplets, riddles, other popular sayings
  • ~ Rekhta was mixture or hotchpotch of Persian and Hindi

Dev of Urdu Language

  • @ Most significant dev in literary field during AK reign
  • Linguistic mingling b/w H, M brought by pressures of natural laws
  • Amir Khusrau first spokesman
  • Dehlavi was earliest dialect
  • @ Urdu means horde used as derogatory epithet for Mongol troops, became popular among the soldiery, populace of Delhi.
  • Theories of Origin
    • Seeds in NW India Punjab under Ghaznavids
    • Hariyanvi, Kahri Boli in Delhi during that time influence develop of Hindavi/Dehlavi during Khusrau's days.
    • Further enriched by Brajbhasha, Rajasthani.
    • Zaban I Urdu or language of the army dev as synthesis of Persian, Arabic and various above mentioned dialects.
  • & Khusrau took initiative to use Persian script for it
  • & Hindu writers used Devanagri script
  • M scholars used Persian, Arabic vocabulary, copied syntax, similies, themes from these languages and gave it a literary form
  • Dehlavi assumed the name of Hindi later

Urdu in Deccan

  • U never patronised by sultans of Delhi
  • Reached as language of troops after penetration by Khalji's armies
  • @ Court language of Bahmanids, Bijapur and Golconda
  • Successors of Quli Qutub Shah patronised Dakhini Urdu.
  • $ Nusrati who lived during 17th century wrote a tale about Manohar and Madhu Malati called Gulshan e Ishq. During the reign of Adil Shahi rule

Hindus Undertake Study of Persian

  • Initial 200 yrs stayed away from it
  • Political exigency, to secure gainful employment was undertaken
  • Kayastha's took initiative

Literature in Regional Languages of North India

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  • Regional religious and secular literature developed in higher learning centres.
  • ~ University of Mithila - Vidyapati authored Maithili songs
  • ~ University of Nadia - Halayudha wrote Smriti Sarvasva, Nyaya Sarvasva
    • Jayadeva wrote Gita Govinda
  • Liberal patronage to Sanskrit under Zainul Abedin aka Akbar of Kashmir
  • Ratnavajra - translated 14 Sanskrit works to Tibetan
  • Hemachandra Suri in Sanskrit and Prakrit
  • Hindi, Bengali, Marathi originated during the 8th cent. Buddhists, Jains, Nath Panthi siddhas used apabhramsa.
  • Amir Khusrau notes various laguages such as Sindhi, Lahori, Kashmiri, Kubari/Dogri, Dhur Samudri/Karnataka, Tilangi/Telugu, Gujar/Gujarati, Mabari/Tamil etc. Their rise was striking feature of medieval period.
  • ~ Marathi was adm lang in Bahmani kingdom and later at Bijapur court.
  • Nusrat Shah of Bengal had Mahabharat and R translated in bengali.
  • Sufi saints like Mulla Daud wrote Chandayan in Hindi. Malik Muhammad Jaisi wrote Prithvirajraso.

Literature in Regional Languages of South India

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  • #todo
    Tamil Literature
  • Golden period ended w/ decline of Cholas.
  • & Villiputturar 13th century was an imp poet translated Mahabharata was called Bharatam. Introduced use of Sanskrit words in T poetry.
  • & Arunagirinatha was another poet. Composed Tiruppagal praising god Murugan.
  • Vaishnava scholars wrote commentaries. Other commentaries were written on works of Sangam age ex Tolkapiyam.
  • Kachiappa Sivachariar composed Kanda puranam in praise of God Subramanya

Telugu

  • @ Errapragada 14th cent was most imp poet. Popularised Champu genre of literary writing, composed Ramayana in Champu style. Also translated part of MB and Vaishnava sanskrit works like Harivamsha.
  • Srinatha 14th century translated Naishadha kavya of Sriharsha. Laid foundation of classical prabandhas in Telugu literature.
  • Potana translated Bhavata Purana.
  • @ Reached zenith under Vijayanagara king Krishnadeva Raya. KDR wrote Amukya Malyada, patronised poets like Peddanai Peddana who wrote Manu Charita in Telugu. #important
  • Influence of Sanskrit inc.

Kannada

  • Upto 12th cent was dominated by Jain writers.
  • Virasaivism started influencing after 13th cent.
  • Vachana works of Basava. Bhima Kavi composed basava Purana in 14th cent.
  • Harisvara and Raghavanka were other Virasaiva poets.
  • ~ Hoysala rulers patronised it.
  • Rudra Bhatta wrote Jagannathavija in Champu lit based on Vishnu Puran.
  • Vijayanagara kings also patronised K lit ex Kumaravyasa who composed K version of MB.

Malyalam Lit

  • Youngest South lang.
  • Separated from Tamil and acquired independent form in 14th cent.
  • New political forms introduced by foreigners contributed to its dev.
  • Earliest lit comp was Rama Charitam.
  • 16th cent onwards came under influence of Sanskrit.

Sultanate Architecture and New Structural Forms

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Features of the Indo Islamic and Indo Saracenic Architecture :

  • use of arch and domes known as 'arcuade' style and replaced 'Trabeat' style.
  • introduced the use of minars around the mosques, mausoleums
  • Mortar cementing agent
  • avoided the use of human and animal figures
  • spaciousness, massiveness and breadth
  • calligraphy as decoration
  • Arabesque method use of geometrical vegetal ornamentation with multiples splits
  • Geometrical Symmetry in designs
  • buildings had intricate jaali works, which signifies the importance of light in Islamic religion
  • Water was used in the premises in forms of courtyard pools, fountains, for ablations etc
  • introduced the Charbagh style of gardening
  • pietra-dura - inlay of precious stones and gems into stone walls
  • use of foreshortening technique in the buildings, such that the inscriptions appear to be closer than it really is

Imperial Style of Architecture during the Delhi Sultanate

Slave Dynasty
  • During the slave/ilbari dynasty Mameluke style was popular
  • ~ remodellings of the existing Hindu structures was done
  • ! Monuments like Qutub Minar and Quwat ul Islam mosque made
  • Arhai Din Ka Jhonpra in Ajmer both built by Aibak.
Khalji Dynasty
  • During the Khalji dynasty Seljuk style of arch used
  • use of Red sandstone
  • Arcuade style got prominence and use of Mortar began
  • ! Ex Alai Darwaza and Siri Fort
Tughlaq Dynasty
  • Tughlaq dynasty was crisis period
  • use of grey sandstone with emphasis on strength rather decoration
  • combined both archuate and lintel method to construct batter characterised by sloping walls.
Lodi Dynasty
  • ~ Lodi Dynasty only tombs were made, architecture was not that prominent.
  • @ One imp feature was the introduction of double domes consisted of a hollow dome inside a top dome.
  • this was done to give strength and lower the inner height of the dome.
  • Tombs were hard and bare without decoration, supported by a sloping verandah.

Painting

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Miniature Art during Delhi Sultanate

  • Persian elements merged with Indian Traditional elements.
  • Preference to illustrated manuscripts were given.
  • Ex Nimatnama a book on cookery made during the reign of Nasir Shah of Mandu.
  • Lodi Khuladar style was also popular in areas if Delhi and Jaunpur.

Evolution of Composite Culture

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  • #todo
  • Turkish rulers were not barbarians and had inherited the cultural and administrative standards set by the Abbasid caliphate.
  • They inherited IN's rich tradition in the field of architecture, literature, forms of govt or S&T.
  • Contact b/w Hinduism, Buddhist amd Islam had started before the coming of Islam to IN.
  • Difference b/w both religions made the process of rapproachment slow. Conflicts also went side by side w/ rapproachment.

    Culture

    - **Tarachand** says that social and cultural revivalism in the south was due to impact of Islamic culture.
- **YP Singh** mentions that the 1st stage was duration of Islamic rule in IN which was marked by conflict, tension, adaptation and cultural syncretism.
- Impact was both positive and Negative as suggested by HV Srinivas and SV Kamath
    • Architecture
    • Music
    • Language ex Urdu. Persian was readily adopted by Hindus who participated in the adm of M rulers.

PYQs

Culture

  1. Where, when and how did Urdu originate? [1985, 20m]
  1. "The period of Delhi Sultans witnessed the emergence of Indo-Persian culture." Discuss the statement with reference to developments m the fields of language. [1986, 60m]
  1. Write a short essay on: "Indo-Islamic architecture during the Khalji and Tughluq period."
    [1992, 20m]
  1. Write a short essay on: "Ziauddin Barani as a historian." [1994, 20m]
  1. Comment on: "Growth of regional languages and literature during the medieval period."
    [1995, 20m]
  1. Write a short essay on: "Amir Khusrau was an eminent poet not a historian." [2000, 20m]
  1. Give a critical assessment of the contributions of Amir Khusarau and Barani to Indo -Persian Literature. [2009, 30m]
  1. Critically evaluate the educational development during Sultanate period. [2013, 15m]
  1. Trace the technological and stylistic development in the architecture of the Sultanate period. [2014, 15m]
  1. Do you think that the economic measures introduced by the Sultanate rulers were beneficial to the common people as well? Illustrate with examples. [2016, 20 Marks]
  1. Evaluate the contents of the Tabaqat-i-Nasiri as a source of medieval history. [2016, 10
    Marks]
  1. Describe the new architecture features added by successive Sultans in the construction of Tombs in India. [2018, 20 Marks]