3.1 Science and Technology

CA : Science and Technology

2019-05-04 01:26 :53

  • Global Go To Think Tank Index released by University of Pennsylvania. #report

  • Hog Cholera or Classical Swine Flu happens in Pigs and goats.

  • Enhanced Access and Service Excellence EASE 3.0 for tech-enabled banking features like palm banking for end to end digital delivery and Banking on the go at frequently visited spots like malls, stations etc. #scheme

  • 28 Feb is celebrated as national science day to commemorate the discovery of Raman Effect. It is a change in wavelength of light when it is deflected by molecules.

  • Ralder X bomb detection device by DRDO.

  • India has 5th largest 3.1 Coal reserves in the world.

  • Rapid tests to detect corona infections checks for specific antibodies released.

  • National Innovation Fund NIF under DST its programs are INSPIRE MANAK, Micro Venture Innovation Fund MVIF, IGNITE annual competition.

  • Antibodies : are proteins secreted by immune cells called B lymphocytes. Plasma therapy is similar to passive immunization but is temporary unlike vaccines. #important

  • Software Technology Parks of India STPI : under Meity estd in 1991 boost export #scheme

  • TriboE Mask : hold electric charge to restrict entry of germs without external power source. Triboelectric charging type of contact electrification.

  • Reverse Vaccinology ? #todo ЁЯУЕ 2023-04-15

  • R&D statistics indicators by DST : Gross expenditure tripled b/w 2008-2018, 0.7% of GDP in 2017-18., 3rd in Publishing, 9th in patent filing. #report

  • UV short wavelength than visible light, UV-C are most harmful completely absorbed by atmosphere, can kill germs aka UV germicidal radiation UVGI. UV-A has longest wavelength and UV-C shortest. #important

  • Quantum Entanglement : pair or group of particles interact in a way that each particle cannot be described independently of the state of others.

    • Tardigrades show this property.

  • RT LAMP test : COVID 19 kit components easily available.

  • LiDAR : remote sensing methods uses laser light to measure variable distances

  • Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre IN-SPACe : to provide private players use of IN space infra under Dept of Space, GOI. #important

    • To act as link b/w ISRO and private space coys. Autonomous body parallel to ISRO with its own board.

  • PC Mahalanobis : architect of IN statistical sys estd ISI, journal Sankhya, helped estd CSO, NSSO, pilot surveys, optimum survey design etc. Mahalanobis distance -> cluster analysis and classification techniques.

  • 4th Gen biofuel : uses genetically engineered crop that take high amt of carbon and are harvested and converted into fuel.

  • Raman scatter : molecule scatters incident light from a high intensity source, scattered light is at different wavelengths/colours.

  • Pressurized heavy water reactor used Deuterium Oxide D2O as its coolant and moderator and unenriched Uranium as fuel.

  • Genome sequencing can read bigger chunk of virus genome, trace evolutionary history of virus, track mutation more reliably, does not need primers and probes.

  • Chunauti : next-gen start up challenge for edu tech, agri tech, fin tech, supply chain, logistics, infra etc. #scheme

  • Global Innovation Index - IN 48th, Eastward global shift in locus of innovation towards CN, IN, PHL #report by WIPO.

    • Global Innovation Index 2021 IN 46th.

  • National Initiative for Developing and Harnessing Innovation NIDHI : program under it PRAYAS Promoting Accelerating Young and Aspiring Innovators Startup was launched. #scheme

  • World Solar Technology Summit WSTS by FICCI - by ISA.

  • Brain template Atlas : provide precise reference in individual patients, help understand illness like ADHD, Autism, substance dependence, reliable tracking for brain development.

  • Feluda : paper based test strip to detect COVID 19 uses CRISPR technology.

  • HCNG : reduces CO emission by upto 70%, 5% savings in fuel, lower NO release, engines require min modification, ideal for heavy duty vehicle, better performance.

    • Disadv : determine H2 Natural Gas ratio is difficult, new infra to make HCNG, high cost

  • Hepatitis C is a blood borne virus, no effective vaccine, Noble in 2020, 5 Hep virus A B C D E.

  • Water on Moon's Southern hemisphere Clavius crater, could be from small asteroids or sun's solar winds

  • Gyan Circle VenturesTechnology Incubation

  • Active Drug Ingredient API aka Bulk drug is key in any medicine, IN launched Bulk Drug scheme 1 time grant of 70% cost of common facilities 90% in Hill states, max 1000 cr, 1 site per state.

  • PM Wani : accelerate broadband services #scheme

  • Covaxin : Bharat Biotech, Covishield - Astrazeneca. #PrelimsPYQ

  • M sand is substitute for river sand for concrete construction, produced by crushing hard granite stone. Well graded, can be controlled easily, no organic/soluble compounds.

  • Flue gas : any gas exiting a flue/chimney; removal of SO2 is called Flue gas desulphurisation through wet scrubbing, spray dry, wet sulphuric acid, SNOX process, dry sorbent injection system.

  • Asian waterbird census by Wetlands International.

  • Einsteinium : highly radioactive, Isotope 253 has half-life 20 days, 254 is stable.

  • Stardust 1.0 first commercial space vehicle to run on biofuel by bluShift aerospace.

  • Technical Education Quality Improvement Program TEQIP #scheme - under MHRD, WB assistance, overhaul quality in Low Income States. Institution and Student based measures like accreditation of courses, governance reforms, improve quality of teaching etc.

  • CCEA gave approval to National Technical Textile Mission : 1st component on R&D, promotion and dev of market, export promotion, education training and skill dev.

  • Digital Green certificate for EU citizens who are vaccinated, recovered from COVID to travel freely in EU.

  • Aluminium Air Batteries : utilise oxygen in air by Al Hydroxide solution to produce electricity. Has lower cost, energy dense, offers more range on vehicles, easy to recycle, cannot be charged like Li-Ion.

  • Baikal GVD (Giga Volume Detector) : underwater neutrino detection observatory.

  • Uranium Enrichment is done to raise % level of U-235 through centrifuge refining. 90% enriched Uranium can be used for Nuclear weapons.

  • Experimental Advanced Superconduction Tokamak EAST aka 'artificial sun' in China achieved temp 7 times that of sun. Uses Nuke fusion mimic sun it is part of project International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor ITER.

  • Cyber Capabilities and National Power #report by International Institute for strategic Studies IISS. US top tier 10yrs ahead of China. IN has made moderate progress.

  • Atomic Fission of materials was achieved by focusing laser beams to a tiny spot to create a mega blast of energy. Produces little waste and no greenhouse gas.

  • National Engineers day Sept 5 along w/ Sri Lanka and Tanzania to celebrate M. Vivesvaraya's birth day.

  • Isothermal Forging Tech : Enginnering parts are formed through this, used to make aero-engines.

  • Laser Communications Relay Demonstration LCRD by NASA to test optical communication in space. Optical communication is smaller, requries less power as compared to Radio instruments.

  • Steps taken by govt to inc semiconductor production in India :

    • Fin support upto 50% to set up fabrication units.
    • Centre ans states to work to set up high tech cluster.
    • India semiconductor mission to act as nodal agency for efficient and smooth implementation of schemes
    • Chips to start up program to develope well trained engineers

  • Cryptobiosis or anabiosis is a metabolic state of life shown by an organism in response to adverse environmental conditions.

  • Xenotransplantation is grafting or transplantating of organs or tissues b/w mem of different species.

  • Quantum Communication QC way of connecting 2 places with high levels of code and quantum cryptography that cannot be decrypted or broken.

    • Quantum key distribution or QC works using photons ie particles that transmit light to transfer daya. QKD allows 2 distance users to produce 1 common random string of secret keys.

  • ABHYASHEAT (High-speed Expendable Aerial Target) DRDO used as target for other missiles etc.

  • International Centre for Automotive Technology (ICAT) : division of NATRIP Implementation Society (NATIS) under the Do Heavy Industries, India. NATRIP (National Automotive testing R&D infra project). #body

  • Technical Textiles : used for performance + functional properties Eg Medical Textiles, Agro-Textiles for crop protection, protective clothing etc, geotextiles : reinforce embankments limiting floods.

    • World market for it is $250 billion India share is $19 bil.
    • Govt plans include giving out HSN codes, National Textile Mission, 92 Technical textile items have been made mandatory for use by govt.

  • FB's new crypto currency Libra controlled by Libra association a non-profit, pegged like EU/$ to decrease volatility.

  • Superconductivity at room temp (Silver and Gold globules). Superconductor : zero resistance to electricity + diamagnetism (repulses external magnetic field).

  • IN based Neutrino Observatory (INO) for high energy nuclear physics research, funded Do Atomic Energy + DST in Theni District TN.

    • Iron Calorimeter is to be constructed for studying neutrinos. National Centre for High Energy Physics at Madurai.

  • Automatic Facial Recognition System (AFRS) to be used by Nat. Crime Record Bureau (NCRB) use neural network AI, threat to FR, need to conduct privacy impact assessment, used for not its original purpose, mass surveillance concerns. #scheme

  • Subhash Chandra #Committee (Inter Ministerial) proposes ban on Virtual currencies; fine up to 25 crore, official digital currency instead, backs blockchain in certain areas;

  • Samudrayaan Project #scheme :

    • deep ocean mission(DOM) bolster Indian Ocean exploration
    • undertaken by National Institute of Ocean Technology;
    • focus on deep sea mining (polymetallic nodules),
    • DOM have desalination plant and submersible vehicle
    • Deep Ocean Mission #scheme : focus on deep sea mining, ocean climate change, underwater vehicles and robotics. By Mo Earth Sciences.
    • Components are : Carrying 3 people upto depth of 6000 metres; integrated mining system for polymetallic nodule mining; search flora and fauna; explore hydrothermal minerals.

  • IMPRINT(IMPacting Research Innovation and Tech) initiative by IISC and IIT to research of immediate help to society mostly engineering challenges #scheme

  • Ucchatar Avishkar Yojana by MoHRD and other ministries to promote industry sponsored outcome based research that directly impacts needs of industry and improves competitive edge. #scheme

  • Railways is upgrading all Link Hoffman Busch coaches with Head on Technology.

  • High-temperature (150 C) proton exchange membrane technology fuel cell system dev by CSIR through PPP model under New Millennium Indian Technology leadership Initiative.

  • India Innovation Index #report by NITI. KTAKA most innovative TN, MAHA, TEL etc SIK DEL top in NE states and UT's.

    • 2020 report Ktaka topped.

  • Indigenous Air Independent Propulsion sys developed by DRDO for diesel-electric subs ensures operability w/o surfacing, decreases radar profile.

  • NAVIc Navigation w/ IN constellation #scheme

    • independent regional navigation satellite
    • has 7 sats - 3 are geostationary and 4 geosynchronous
    • JP has QZSS and Galileo of EU.

  • Problems w/ RO plants :

    • deposition of brine along shores.
    • affects flora and fauna due to hypersalinity.
    • construction requirea excess groundwater.
    • Alternatives Low temp thermal desalination LTTD technique.

  • IN CBM (natural gas) resources are in ==Gondwana sediments, Damodar, Koel valley and Son Valley=.

  • Public Health foundation of IN new #report on Antibiotic resistance. Findings :

    • IN one of the top users private sector.
    • has most prescription rate.
    • most among children.

  • Rare Earth Metals

    • 17 metallic elements includes lanthanides.
    • unique catalytic, nuclear, electrical and magnetic etc properties.
    • Used in lighter, flints, glass polishing to lasers.
    • magnets, batteries, high temp superconductivity.
    • India has given Indian Rare Earth limited IREL monopoly over primary mineral containing Rare Earth Elements. It produces very low amt.
    • Need : Open for private cos, create new Dept for REE to oversee policy formulation, Autonomous regulator to resolve disputes.

  • New prototype of one kilogram NPK 57 available in IN last yr definition was changed new def the amt of electricity needed to counteract the weight/ grav force acting on a mass.

  • National Mathematics day on Dec 22 on Srinivasa Ramanujan birth anniversary, published 1st paper in Journal of IN mathematical society in 1911 went to Eng in 1914.

  • National Green Corps 'Ecoclub' launched under by MoEFCC for hands on experience to school children about env, #scheme

  • SnowEx 5yr program by NASA address snow remote sensing through airborne campaigns and field work.

  • National Children Science Congress NCSC held in Thiruvananthpuram, for children b/w 10-17 yrs under DST.

  • Indian Science Congress ISC by ISC Association since 1914.

  • Scientific Social Responsibility SSR #scheme harness latent potential, individual scientists will be req to devote 10 person days per yr for sharing knowledge to society.

  • Li-S battery : has 5x capacity of traditional Li-ion battery is also cheaper. problem -> sulphur electrode would break after repeated charge cycles use of polymers prevent this.

  • Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) #important

    • project has 3 gravitational wave detectors 2 at Hanford Washington (one of them to come to India) and 1 at Livingston Louisiana.

  • First Gov owned waste-energy plant was commissioned in Mancheswar Odisha. Advantages :

    • Pre segregation of waste not required; drying of waste not req; waste processed and reformed in 24 hours; no biological decomposition.

  • Starship is rocket by SpaceX, is fully reusable transportation system.

  • Geospatial Energy Map of India : enables visualisation of energy installation ex conventional power plants, oil wells, petroleum refineries etc. By NITI and ISRO.

Nobel Prize

2020-01-08 11:26:57

Nobel 2019

  • Nobel Prize started in 1901 had originally 5 disciplines Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature and Peace.
  • 6th Award Economics was started in 1968 consists of a diploma and prize money.
  • Nominated by a committee comprising of univ professors, scientists, previous winners etc they cannot nominate themselves.
  • NP in Medicine Kaelin, Ratcliffe, Semenza : how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability - it plays a role in the immune system and earliest stages of dev inside the womb, can cure diseases like anaemia.
  • Peebles, Mayor, Queloz won NP in Physics : for understanding of our place in the Universe - relation b/w radiation emitted and matter created.
    • Mayor and Queloz got for discovery of exoplanet outside our solar sys know as 51 Pegasus B.
  • Chemistry : Goodenough, Whittingham, Yoshino development of lithium-ion batteries.
    • Li has the greatest electrochemical potential, provides largest energy density for weight, safe, low maintenance, high cell voltage.
    • Limitations : requires protection circuit for safety, aging and capacity deterioration after 8 year, expensive to manufacture.
  • Literature : Polish author Olga Tokarczuk and Austrian novelist Peter Handke will get 2018 and 2019 prize.
  • Peace Prize : Abiy Ahmed Ali (PM of Ethiopia) "for his efforts to achieve peace and international cooperation" w/ neighbours Eriteria.
  • Sveriges Riksbank prize in Economics to Banerjee, Duflo, Kremer "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty". Duflo has become the second woman to win prize after Elinor Ostrom (2009) of US.

Nobel 2020

2021-07-04 11:58

  • Nobel in Medicine for Hepatitis C : helped eliminate post transfusion hepatitis, Hep C causes acute and chronic, cause liver cancer, bloodborne, NO effective vaccine. A to E are types.
  • Nobel in Chemistry for CRISPR/ CAS 9 - Adv : Simple, works on all life forms, efficient, agriculture.
  • UN World Food Program : Nobel Peace Prize, World Hunger Map is being prepared by Alibaba group.

Noble 2021

  • Nobel Prize in Medicine for dicoveries of receptors for temperature and touch. Can be used to develop treatments for a wide range of disease and conditions,
  • Chemistry for development of assymetric organocatalysis. Are derived from naturally occuring chemicals, greener and cheaper, do not need purification to yield desired compound.

S&T Dev and Their Applications and Effects in Everyday Life Achievement of Indians in ST

2020-10-22 07:49:00

Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) #scheme

2020-01-08 10:55:03

  • Flagship initiative of NITI Aayog promote innovation and entrepreneurship in the country. six major initiatives
    • Atal Tinkering Labs (ATL)
      • to cultivate 1 mil children as innovators, focus on innovation, economic aid given
      • ATL marathon to choose entrep and train them in specific sector
      • Gives one time financial support to educational insitutions
    • Atal Incubation Centers
    • Atal New India Challenges
    • Mentor India Campaign
    • Atal Community Innovation Center - Program for underserved and unserved areas, PPP mode aid upto 5cr
    • ARISE : innovation and research in the MSME industry
  • Gandhian Challenge by AIM for children to ideate innovative solutions for sustainable IN of their dreams.
  • Community Innovator Fellowship launched with UNDP as partner would give fellowship to girls for SDG based solutions in their pre incubation phase.

Achievement of Indians in Science and Technology

2021-07-23 11:29

Indigenization of Technology and Developing New Tech

2020-10-22 07:49:42

Mo Electronics and IT #scheme

2020-06-11 19:22:11

  • Stree Swabhiman initiative for promoting women's menstrual health and hygiene.
  • Jeevan Pramaan : scheme under Meity is an AADHAR Biometric Authentication scheme based digital life certificates for Pensioners

Common Service Centres (CSC)

  • will provide access to affordable eco-friendly sanitary napkins. Sanitary Napkin manufacturing units will be set up at CSC operated by women entrepreneurs.

National Supercomputing Mission

  • connect academic and R&D institutions with the supercomputing grid by CDAC and DEITY
  • Supercomputers would be installed across the country over the National Knowledge Network grid.
  • NSM provides high performance computing HPC facilities access to Institutions.

Modified Special Incentive Package Scheme M-SIPS by Mo

  • Electronics and IT aims to promote large scale manufacturing in Electronics System Design and Manufacturing (ESDM) sector.
  • It is a move towards 'Net Zero imports' goal of the gov in electronics.
  • Will provide subsidy for capital expenditure upto 20% for investment in SEZ and 25% in non SEZs and providing reimbursement of duties and central taxes.
  • Incentives will be available for 5 yrs.

Digital India

  • for a digitially empowered society and knowledge economy is monitored by committee comprising of several members.
  • has 3 components : Digital infrastructure, Delivering services digitally and digital literacy.
  • It has 9 key points: comprsing of Universal access to phones, Broadband Highways, Public internet access, e-governance, e-kranti, information for all etc.
  • Common Services Centers CSC to act as access points for delivery of Government to Citizens and host of B2C services in rural and remote areas.

Cyber Shikshaa Initiative

  • focus on skilling women engineering graduates in field of Cyber Security.

It was launched by Microsoft and Data Security Council of India DSCI.

  • For underserved women from Tier 2/ Tier 3 cities
  • C-DAC will impart training.
  • 4 month interactive training course.

PM Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan PMGDISHA

  • aim to make 6 crore person in rural areas digitally literate.
  • nominated digitally illiterate from eligible rural household aged 14-60yrs
  • under the Digital India Program

India BPO Promotion Scheme

  • aims at setting up business process outsourcing (BPO) units in rural areas.
  • under the Digital India Programme
  • capital support along with special incentives up to Rs 1 lakh in the form of viability gap funding (VGF)
  • Main objective is employment generation
  • special incentives for employment to women and Divyang
  • Special provisions for Himalayan States
  • Metro cities are excluded.

North East BPO Promotion Scheme NEBPS

  • establishment of 5,000 seats in respect of BPOs in NER
  • provides up to 50% of expenditure incurred on BPO/ITES operations towards capital expenditure upto 1 lakh/seat.
  • Rs.1 Lakh/Seat for training expenditure and providing employment to Women and Persons with disability
  • 5% of eligible financial support for units set up by local entrepreneurs.
  • Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) is the implementing agency

Digi Locker

  • secure dedicated personal electronic space for storing the documents of resident Indian citizens
  • provide citizens a shareable private space on a public cloud
  • for storing personal documents like University Certificates, PAN cards, Voter ID etc
  • Also an associated facitlity of e-signing the documents.

Visvesvaraya PhD Scheme

  • objective is to enhance the number of PhDs in Electronics System Design & Manufacturing (ESDM) and IT/ITES
  • will give more fellowship amount than most of the other PhD Schemes
  • Part-time PhD candidates get onetime incentive on completion
  • Supports 200Young Faculty Research Fellowships

Mo Science and Tech

2020-06-12 13:37:22

Vigyan Gram Sankul Pariyojana

  • implement appropriate S&T interventions for sustainable development through
    cluster approach in dev of rural areas in country
  • by utilising local resources and locally available skill
  • emphasis on agriculture related industries

Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems Mission

  • aims at establishment of Innovation hubs and research parks.
  • It is a pan India mission

KISAN (Krishi Innovation Science Application Network)

  • focuses on empowering Smalland Women-Farmers with Science Implementation, it provides fellowship for training education etc.

Cattle Genomics

  • scheme aimed at selective breeding of the native livestock to improve resistance and yield.
  • Implemented by National Institute of Animal Biotechnology.

National Biopharma Mission

  • accelerating biopharmaceutical development create globally competitive industry.
  • Target to increase India's share from 2.8% to 5%.
  • implemented by Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC) - NPO set up by Do Biotech
  • Co funded by WB, Innovate in India Program launched under this
  • Ramanujan Fellowship of the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB)
  • Ramalingaswami Re-entry Fellowship of the Department of Biotechnology (DBT)
  • INSPIRE Faculty Fellowship of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) for young researchers
  • Nakshe portal contains all Topographic maps made by Survey of India

Mo Earth Science #scheme

2020-06-11 19:21:34

  • ACROSS Scheme : Atmosphere & Climate Research-Modelling Observing Systems & Services to provide a reliable weather and climate forecast including cyclones, storm surges, heat waves etc.
    • Also provide impetus to scientific and technical talents available in the country.
    • It has 9 sub schemes under it Including Doppler Weather Radars DWRs, Monsoon Mission III, Monsoon Convection, Clouds and Climate Change MC4, High Performance Computing System HPCS.
  • Sagar Vani : information dissemination system serves the fishermen community,gives out alerts and advisories to them through television and cable networks. Info is given out by INCOIS.
  • Gramin Krishi Mausam Seva in collab with ICAR issues crop and location specific weather based agro advisories.
  • Agro-meteorological Advisory Services (AAS) prepares the biweekly weather based bulletins.
  • INCOIS : gives best possible ocean info and advisory to society, industry, govt agencies.
    • Swell Surge forecast system was launched by it.

O-SMART

  • stands for Ocean Services, Technology, Observations, Resources Modelling and Science from 2017-2020
  • Aimed at stepping up ocean research and setting up early warning weather systems
  • Setting up observatories, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Plant OTEC

PYQ : Science and Tech

2020-10-30 16:56:02

Why is there so much activity in the field of biotechnology in our country? How has this activity benefitted the field of biopharma? 2018
Stem cell therapy is gaining popularity in India to treat a wide variety of medical conditions including Leukaemia, Thalassemia, damaged cornea and several burns. Describe briefly what stem cell therapy is and what advantages it has over other treatments? 2017
IndiaтАЩs Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) which has a database containing formatted information on more than 2 million medicinal formulations is proving a powerful weapon in the countryтАЩs fight against erroneous patents. Discuss the pros and cons making this database publicly available under open-source licensing 2015
What are the areas of prohibitive labour that can be sustainably managed by robots? Discuss the initiatives that can propel research in premier research institutes for substantive and gainful innovation. 2015
In a globalised world, intellectual property rights assume significance and are a source of litigation. Broadly distinguish between the termsтАУcopyrights, patents and trade secrets. 2014
What do you understand by Umpire decision review in cricket? Discuss its various components. Explain how silicon tape on the edge of a bat may fool the system? 2013
What is an FRP composite material? How are they manufactured? Discuss their applications in aviation and automobile industry 2013
Bring out the circumstances in 2005 which forced amendment to section 3(d) in the India n Patent Law, 1970. Discuss how it has been utilized by Supreme court in its judgment rejecting Novartis patent application for тАЬGlivecтАЭ. Discuss briefly the pros and cons of the decision. 2013
How does the 3D printing technology work? List out the advantages and disadvantages of the technology. 2013
What do you understand by fixed dose drug combinations (FDCs)? Discuss their merits and demerits. 2013

Answers and Analysis

  1. Each year a large amount of plant material, cellulose, is deposited on the surface of Planet
    Earth. What are the natural processes this cellulose undergoes before yielding carbon dioxide,
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  1. Launched on 25th December, 2021, James Webb Space Telescope has been much in the news
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    Telescopes? What are the key goals of this mission? What potential benefits does it hold for
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  1. What are the research in developmental achievements in applied biotechnology? How will
    these achievements help to uplift the poor sections of the society? (рдЕрдиреБрдкреНрдпреБрддрд┐ рдЬреИрд╡-рдкреНреМрджреНрдпреЛрдЧрдЧрдХреА рдореЗрдВ рд┐реЛрдз рдФрд░
    рдирд╡рдХрд╛рд╕ рд╕рдВ рдмрдиреА рдЙрдкрд▓рддреНрдзрд┐рдпрд╛рдБ рдХреНрд╛ рд╣реИ ? рдпреЗ рдЙрдкрд▓рддреНрдзрд┐рдпрд╛рдБ рд╕рдорд╛рдЬ рдХреЗ рдирдирдзреНрднрди рд╡рдЧрдореЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдЙрддреНрд╛рди рдореЗрдВ рд╣рдХрд╕ рдкреНрдХрд╛рд░ рд╕рд╣рд╛рдпрдХ рд╣реЛрдЧреА?) рдВ 2021
  1. The Nobel Prize in Physics of 2014 was jointly awarded to a Akasaki, Amano and Nakamura
    for the invention of Blue LEDs in1990s. How has this invention impacted the everyday life of
    human beings? (рд╡рд╖реНрдн 2014 рдореЗрдВ рднреМрдирддрдХ рдирд╡рдЬреНрд╛рди рдореЗрдВ рдиреЛрдмреЗрд▓ рдкреБрд░рд╕реНрд╛рд░ рд╕рдВ рдпреБрддрд┐ рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рдЖрдХрд╕рд╛рдХреА, рдЕрдорд╛рдиреЛ рддрдерд┐рд╛ рдирд╛рдХрд╛рдореБрд░рд╛ рдХреЛ 1990 рдХреЗ рджрд┐рдХ рдореЗрдВ рдиреАрд▓реА рдПрд▓. рдИ. рдбреА. рдХреЗ рдЖрдирд╡рд╖реНрдХрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рд▓рд▓рдП рдкреНрджрд╛рди рд╣рдХрдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдерд┐рд╛ред рдЗрд╕ рдЖрдирд╡рд╖реНрдХрд╛рд░ рдиреЗ рдорд╛рдирд╡-рдЬрд╛рдирдд рдХреЗ рджреИрдирдВрд╣рджрди рдЬреАрд╡рди рдХреЛ рд╣рдХрд╕ рдкреНрдХрд╛рд░ рдкреНрднрд╛рдирд╡рдд рд╣рдХрдпрд╛ рд╣реИ?) 2021
  1. What do you understand by nanotechnology and how is it helping in health sector? (рдиреИрдиреЛрд┐реЗрдХреНреЛрд▓рд╛рдЬреА
    рд╕реЗ рдЖрдк рдХреНрд╛ рд╕рдордЭрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдФрд░ рдпрд╣ рд╕реНрд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рдХреНрддреНрд░ рдореЗрдВ рдХреИ рд╕реЗ рдо реЗ рджреНрдж рдХрд░ рд░рд╣рд╛ рд╣реИ?) 2020
  1. How is science interwoven deeply with our lives? What are the striking changes in agriculture
    triggered off by the science-based technologies? (рдирд╡рдЬреНрд╛рди рд╣рдорд╛рд░реЗ рдЬреАрд╡рди рдореЗрдВ рдЧрд╣рд░рд╛рдИ рддрдХ рдХреИ рд╕реЗ рдЧреБрдерд┐рд╛ рд╣рдЖ рд╣реИ? рдирд╡рдЬреНрд╛рди-рдЖрдзрд╛рд░рд░рдд
    рдкреНреМрджреНрдпреЛрдЧрдЧрд╣рдХрдпреЛ рджреН рдВ рд╛рд░рд╛ рдХреГ рдирд╖ рдореЗрдВ рдЙрддреНрдиреНрди рд╣рдП рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрдгреНрдн рдкрд░рд░рд╡рддреНрднрди рдХреНрд╛ рд╣реИрдВ?) 2020
  1. COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented devastation worldwide. However, technological
    advancements are being availed readily to win over the crisis. Give an account of how technology
    was sought to aid management to the pandemic. (рдХреЛрдирд╡рдб-19 рдорд╣рд╛рдорд╛рд░реА рдиреЗ рдирд╡рд╢реНрднрд░ рдореЗрдВ рдЕрднреВрддрдкреВрд╡реНрдн рддрдмрд╛рд╣реА рдЙрддреНрдиреНрди рдХреА рд╣реИред
    рддрдерд┐рд╛рдирдк, рдЗрд╕ рд╕рдВрдХрд┐ рдкрд░ рдирд╡рдЬрдп рдкрд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд▓рдП рдкреНреМрджреНрдпреЛрдЧрдЧрдХреАрдп рдкреНрдЧрдирдд рдХрд╛ рд▓рд╛рдн рд╕реНрдЪреНреЗ рд╛ рд╕реЗ рд▓рд▓рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛ рд░рд╣рд╛ рд╣реИред рдЗрд╕ рдорд╣рд╛рдорд╛рд░реА рдХреЗ рдкреНрдмрдирди рдХреЗ рд╕рд╣рд╛рдпрддрд╛рдерд┐реНрдн рдкреНреМрджреНрдпреЛрдЧрдЧрдХреА рдХреА
    рдЦреЛрдЬ рдХреИ рд╕реЗ рдХреА рдЧрдИ, рдЙрд╕рдХрд╛ рдПрдХ рдирд╡рд╡рд░рдг рджреАрдЬрдЬрдПред) 2020
  1. Why is there so much activity in the field of biotechnology in our country? How has this activity
    benefitted the field of biopharma? (рдХреНрд╛ рдХрд╛рд░рдг рд╣реИ рд╣рдХ рд╣рдорд╛рд░реЗ рджреЗрд┐ рдореЗрдВ рдЬреИрд╡ рдкреНреМрджреНрдпреЛрдЧрдЧрдХреА рдХреЗ рдХреНреЗрддреНрд░ рдореЗрдВ рдЕрддреНрдпрд╕рдзрдХ рд╕рд╣рд░рд┐рдпрддрд╛ рд╣реИ? рдЗрд╕ рд╕рд╣рд░рд┐рдпрддрд╛
    рдиреЗ рдмрд╛рдпреЛрдлрд╛рдорд╛реНрдн рдХреЗ рдХреНрддреНрд░ рдХреЛ рдХреИ рд╕реЗ рд▓рд╛рдн рдкрд╣ реЗ рдВрдЪрд╛рдпрд╛ рд╣реИ?) 2018
  1. Stem cell therapy is gaining popularity in India to treat a wide variety of medical conditions
    including Leukaemia, Thalassemia, damaged cornea and several burns. Describe briefly what
    stem cell therapy is and what advantages it has over other treatments? (рд▓реВрдХреАрдЧрдордпрд╛, рдерд┐реИрд▓рд╛рд╕реАрдЧрдордпрд╛, рдХреНрдирддрдЧреНрд░рд╕реНрдд
    рдХреЙрд░реНрдирдпрд╛ рд╡ рдЧрдВрднреАрд░ рджрд╛рд╣ рд╕рд╣рд╣рдд рд╕реБрдирд╡рд╕реНрддреГрдд рдЪрдЪрд╣рдХрддреНреАрдп рджрд┐рд╛рдУ рдореЗрдВ рдЙрдкрдЪрд╛рд░ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓ рдВ рд▓рдП рднрд╛рд░рдд рдореЗрдВ реНрдЯреИрдо рдХреЛрд╢рд┐рдХрд╛ рдЪрдЪрд╣рдХрддреНрд╛ рд▓реЛрдХрдирдкреНрдп рд╣реЛрддреА рдЬрд╛ рд░рд╣реА рд╣реИ ред рд╕рдВ рдХреНреЗрдк рдореЗрдВ
    рд╡рдгреНрднрди рдХреАрдЬрдЬрдП рд╣рдХ реНрдЯреИрдо рдХреЛрд╢рд┐рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдЪрд╛рд░ рдХреНрд╛ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рдЕрдиреН рдЙрдкрдЪрд╛рд░реЛ рдХреА рддреБрд▓рдирд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдЙрд╕рдХреЗ рдХреН рдВ рд╛ рд▓рд╛рдн рд╣реИрдВ ?) 2017
  1. IndiaтАЩs Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) which has a database containing formatted
    information on more than 2 million medicinal formulations is proving a powerful weapon in
    the country's fight against erroneous patents. Discuss the pros and cons making this database
    publicly available under open-source licensing. (рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХреА рдкрд╛рд░рдВрдкрд░рд░рдХ рдЬреНрд╛рди рд╣рдбрдЬрдЬрд┐рд▓ рд▓рд╛рдЗрдмреНрд░реЗрд░реА (рд┐реА.рдХреЗ .рдбреА.рдПрд▓.) рдЬрдЬрд╕рдореЗрдВ 20
    рд▓рд╛рдЦ рд╕реЗ рдЬреНрдпрд╛рджрд╛ рдФрд╖рдзреАрдп рдлреЙрдореВрд▓реЗрд┐рдиреЛ рдкрд░ рд╕рдВ рд░реВ рдВ рдирдкрдд рдЬрд╛рдирдХрд╛рд░реА рд╣реИ, рддреНрд░реБрд╣рд┐рдкреВрдгреНрдн рдкреЗрд┐реЗрдВрд┐реЛ рдХреЗ рдВ рдкреНрдирдд рджреЗрд┐ рдХреА рд▓рдбрд╛рдИ рдореЗрдВ рдПрдХ рд┐рдХреНрддрд┐рд┐рд╛рд▓реА рд╣рд╕рдерд┐рдпрд╛рд░ рд╕рд╛рдирдмрдд рд╣реЛ рд░рд╣реА рд╣реИред рдореБрддрд┐-
    рд╕реНреЛрдд рд▓рд╛рдЗрд╕реЗрдВрд╕рд╕рдЧ рдХреЗ рдЕрдзреАрди рдЗрд╕ рдЖрдВрдХрдб рдВ рд╛-рд╕рдВ рдЪрдп (рдбреЗрд┐рд╛рдмреЗрд╕) рдХреЛ рд╕рд╛рд╡реНрднрдЬрдирдирдХ рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рдЙрдкрд▓рдзрд┐ рдХрд░рд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдкрдХреН рдФрд░ рдирд╡рдкрдХреН рдкрд░ рдЪрдЪрд╛реНрдн рдХреАрдЬрдЬрдПред) 2015
  1. What are the areas of prohibitive labour that can be sustainably managed by robots? Discuss
    the initiatives that can propel research in premier research institutes for substantive and
    gainful innovation. (рдирдирд╖реЗрдзрд╛рддреНрдордХ рд░рд┐рдо рдХреЗ рдХреМрди-рд╕реЗ рдХреНрддреНрд░ рд╣реИрдВ, рдЬ реЗ рдЬрдирдХрд╛ рд░реЛрдмреЛрд┐реЛ рдХреЗ рджреН рдВ рд╛рд░рд╛ рдзрд╛рд░рдгреАрдп рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рдкреНрдмрдВ рдзрди рд╣рдХрдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИ? рдРрд╕реА рдкрд╣рд▓реЛ рдкрд░ рдВ
    рдЪрдЪрд╛реНрдн рдХреАрдЬрдЬрдП, рдЬреЛ рдкреНрдореБрдЦ рдЕрдиреБрд╕рдВ рдзрд╛рди рд╕рдВ рд╕реНрд╛рдиреЛ рдореЗрдВ рдореМрд▓ рдВ рд▓рдХ рдФрд░ рд▓рд╛рднрдкреНрдж рдирд╡рд╛рдЪрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рд▓рд▓рдП рдЕрдиреБрд╕рдВ рдзрд╛рди рдХреЛ рдЖрдЧреЗ рдмрдврд╝рд╛ рд╕рдХреЗрдВ ред) 2015
  1. In a globalised world, intellectual property rights assume significance and are a source of
    litigation. Broadly distinguish between the termsтАУcopyrights, patents and trade secrets. (рд╡реИрд╢реНреАрдХреГ рдд
    рд╕рдВ рд╕рд╛рд░ рдореЗрдВ, рдмреМрдЧрдзрд┐рдХ рдЕрд╕рдзрдХрд╛рд░реЛ рдХрд╛ рдорд╣рддреНрд╡ рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рд╡реЗ рдореБрдХ рдВ рджреНрдореЗрдмрд╛рдЬреА рдХрд╛ рдПрдХ рд╕реНреЛрдд рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдХреЙрдкреАрд░рд╛рдЗрд┐, рдкреЗрд┐реЗрдВрд┐ рдФрд░ рд╡реНрдпрд╛рдкрд╛рд░ рдЧреБрддреНрдкреНрддрдпреЛ рдХреЗ рдмреАрдЪ рдореЛ рдВ рд┐реЗ рддреМрд░
    рдкрд░ рдирд╡рднреЗрджрди рдХреАрдЬрдЬрдПред) 2014
  1. What do you understand by Umpire decision review in cricket? Discuss its various components.
    Explain how silicon tape on the edge of a bat may fool the system? (рд╣рд░рд┐рдХреЗ рд┐ рдореЗрдВ тАШрдЦреЗрд▓-рдкрдВрдЪ рдирдирдгреНрднрдп рдкреБрдирд░реАрдХреНрдг
    рдкреНрдгрд╛рд▓реАтАЩ рд╕реЗ рдЖрдк рдХреНрд╛ рд╕рдордЭрддреЗ рд╣реИ? рдЙрд╕рдХреЗ рдирд╡рдирд╡рдз рдЕрд╡рдпрд╡ рдХреА рдирд╡рд╡реЗрдЪрдирд╛ рдХреАрдЬрдЬрдПред рд╕рд╕рд▓рд▓рдХреЙрди рд┐реЗрдк рдореЗрдВ рдмрд▓реНреЗ рдХрд╛ рд╣рдХрдирд╛рд░рд╛ рд╣рдХрд╕ рдкреНрдХрд╛рд░ рднрдо рдкреИрджрд╛ рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИ?
    рд╕рдордЭрд╛рдЗрдП?) 2013
  1. What is an FRP composite material? How are they manufactured? Discuss their applications
    in aviation and automobile industry. (FRP рдЧрдорд╢рд░рд┐рдд рдкрджрд╛рдерд┐реНрдн рдХреНрд╛ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ? рдЙрдирдХрд╛ рдЙрддреНрд╛рджрди рдХреИ рд╕реЗ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ? рдирд╡рдорд╛рдирди рдФрд░ рдХрд╛рд░ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдореЗрдВ
    рдЙрдирдХреЗ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреА рдирд╡рд╡реЗрдЪрдирд╛ рдХреАрдЬрдЬрдПред) 2013
  1. Bring out the circumstances in 2005 which forced amendment to section 3(d) in the Indian
    Patent Law, 1970. Discuss how it has been utilized by Supreme court in its judgment rejecting
    Novartis patent application for "Glivec". Discuss briefly the pros and cons of the decision. (рднрд╛рд░рддреАрдп
    рдПрдХрд╕реН рдЕрд╕рдзрдХрд╛рд░ рдирдирдпрдо (Patent Law) 1970 рдХреА рдзрд╛рд░рд╛ 3 (рдХ) рдореЗрдВ рд╡рд╖реНрдн 2005 рдиреЗ рдмрд▓рд╛рддреН рд╕рдВ рд┐реЛрдзрди рдХрд░рд╛рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реА рдкрд░рд░рд╕реНрд╕реНрдирддрдпреЛ рдХреЛ рд╕реНрдк рдВ рдЯрд┐ рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣рдП рдпрд╣ рдирд╡рд╡реЗрдЪрдирд╛ рдХреАрдЬрдЬрдП рд╣рдХ рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд░рдг рд╕рд╡рд╡реЛрдЪреНрдЪ рдиреНрд╛рдпрд╛рд▓рдп рдиреЗ рдирд╛рд╡рд░рд╛рд╣рд┐рд╕ рдХреА рдЧреНрд╛рдЗрд╡реЗрдХ (Glivec) рдХреЗ рдПрдХрд╕реН рдЕрд╕рдзрдХрд╛рд░ рдЖрд╡реЗрджрди рдХреЛ рд╣рдХрд╕ рдкреНрдХрд╛рд░ рдЕрд╕реНреАрдХрд╛рд░ рд╣рдХрдпрд╛ред ) 2013
  1. How does the 3D printing technology work? List out the advantages and disadvantages of the
    technology. (3-рдЖрдпрд╛рдореА (3D) рдореБрджреНрд░рдг рддрдХрдиреАрдХ рд╣рдХрд╕ рдкреНрдХрд╛рд░ рдХрд╛рдпреНрдн рдХрд░рддреА рд╣реИ? рдЗрд╕ рддрдХрдиреАрдХ рдХреА рд▓рд╛рдн-рд╣рд╛рдирдирдпрд╛рдБ рд╕реБрдЪреАрдмрдзрд┐ рдХреАрдЬрдЬрдПред) 2013
  1. What do you understand by fixed dose drug combinations (FDCs)? Discuss their merits and
    demerits. (тАШрдирдирдЬрдЪрд┐рдд рдорд╛рддреНрд░ рдФрд╖рдз рд╕рдВ рдпреЛрдЧреЛтАЩ ( рдВ FDCs) рд╕реЗ рдЖрдк рдХреНрд╛ рд╕рдордЭрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ? рдЙрдирдХреЗ рдЧреБрдг-рджреЛрд╖реЛрдВ рдирд╡рд╡реЗрдЪрдирд╛ рдХреАрдЬрдЬрдПред) 2013