4.1 Agriculture

Agriculture

2020-07-06 18:38:34

  • Silviculture is art of cultivating forest trees
  • Olericulture is of vegetables,
  • Viticulture of grapes,
  • Arboriculture is of individual trees, shrubs, etc.
  • Pomology is of fruit,
  • 17.2 % contribution to agriculture, 57% workforce,

Revolutions in Agriculture

Types of Crops

  • Kharif - Monsoon Crop from June to Oct/Nov - warm wet weather ex Cotton, Rice, Jowar, Bajara
  • Rabi from Oct to March - longer length of day ex Wheat, gram, sunflower
  • Zaid is Summer Crop - warm dry weather, longer weather Ex groundnuts, Watermelon, Pumpkins, Gourds
  • Cereals are cultivated grasses, Millets are types of Cereal grown in less important area where productivity and economics is less
  • Pulses are cultivated to enrich the soil and utilise the residual moisture
  • Forage crops are where entire vegetative part is used as green fodder
  • Jowar, Bajra, Mung are Rain fed crops. Chilli, sugarcane, Banana, Papaya etc are irrigated crops
  • Photoperiod is the sunlight time required for plants to flower

Millets

  • Millets are highly variable small seeded grasses aka cereal crops/grains. Can be white, green, yellow, red etc.
  • After green revolution production of Millets has drastically gone down.
  • Can be grown in harsh conditions due to its high resistance.
  • Do not get destroyed easily and provide cheap and high nutrient options Can be consumed even after 10-12 years of growing -> providing food security.
  • Has Mg, Vitamin B3 is gluten free and has high protein content.
  • Nutritionally superior to wheat and rice.
  • FAO has declared to observe International year of Millets in 2023. 2018 was national year of millets in india.
  • Ex are Ragi, Bajra, Jowar, Foxtail millet, Kodo millet etc.

Cropping Patterns

  • Cropping pattern depends upon
    • Geographical factors such as Soil, Landforms, precipitation, moisture etc.
    • Socio Cultural factors ex food habits, festivals etc.
    • Infrastructural factors ex irrigation, transport, storage etc.
    • Economic factors like financial resource base, land ownership, size and type of land etc.
    • Technological factors ie improved variety of foods.
  • Rainfed agriculture accounts for 92.8 milliion hectare or 65% of cropped area.
  • Ratoon cropping : raising a crop with regrowth coming out of roots or stocks of harvested crops. Ex Sugarcane, Banana, Sorghum, Pineapple.
  • Examples of Intercropping Maize + Cowpea , Sorghum/Groundnut + Redgram, Potato/Wheat + Mustard.
  • In mixed cropping seeds are grown without row arrangement, drylands, seeds are mixed together and then sown, done for subsistence purposes.
  • Garden land farming is supplemental irrigation by lifting water from underground sources
  • Dryland : entirely dependent on rainfall
  • Mixed farming : farming with crop production, raising livestock, poultry, fishing, bee keeping. Capital intensive.
  • Specialised farming : 50% of income of total crop production comes from single crop, where no crop gives 50% total income called general/Diversified farming
  • Crop Rotation : Leguminous crop fixes N in soil should be grown before non-leguminous ones
  • Eco farming : maintenance of soil the way nature would do if left alone, feed the soil not the plant
  • Biodynamic farming : biologically organic and ecologically sound and sustainable farming
  • Organic farming: organic manures, nonchemical weed control, biological pest and disease control, mixed farming, crop rotation, organic cycle optimisation
  • Permaculture : design system for sustainable environment ex houses, technology etc #PrelimsPYQ
  • Integrated farming : cropping system, animal husbandry, fisheries etc together
  • Macronutrients required by plants are - N,P,K, S, Ca, Mg
    • Nitrogen : constituent of protein, chlorophyll.
    • Phosphorous : enzyme to fix light energy, K for carbon assimilation and transportation of photosynthates, water regulation,
    • Sulphur : part of amino acid builds protein
    • Ca : cell division, growth and enlargement, pollen growth
  • Some Micronutrients are : Fe, Zn, Vanadium Va, Ni, Si
  • Manures : enriches nutrients, aeration of soil, inc water holding capacity
    • Farm Yard Manure : cattle dung and urine, litter, fodder etc
    • Compost manure - well rotted organic matter
    • Oil cakes mostly rich in N, edible one for cattle and non-edible
    • Bone Meal - bones of animals rich in K
    • Fish meal - NPK
    • Green Manuring - ploughing the green plants to soil, Green Leaf Manuring
    • Biofertilizers - inc micro organisms
  • Nitrogen Fixers -

Nitrogen Fixers

  • Watershed Mgt : area of land and water bounded by drainage divide within which surface run off collects and flows through an outlet to a river
  • Terracing : reduces the length of hill slide or slope to reduce erosion and formation of gullies
  • Physical characteristics of the location where the soil is formed is called Topography
  • Components of Soil - clay, gravel, Loam(equal mixture of clay, sand, silt and humus), Sand, silt
  • Soil profile - vertical section of soil showing various layers(aka horizons)
  • Sodic soils have more Sodium, pH 8.5
    • Acidic soils ph 6.0, H+ and Al3+ predominant
    • pH 8.5 is called alkaline soil, regions with 25 inc rainfall
    • Alfisol - in forest or savanna vegetation.
    • Aridisol - found in desert
  • Podzolisation - caused due to excessive leaching of Calcium, are acidic
  • Laterisation - when dried become very hard, process removes silica
  • Gleization - sticky clay formation below the sub surface layer aka hydroorphic soils
  • Solonisation or Alkalisation is the accumulation of Sodium ions

Stages of Soil Erosion

  • Splash erosion - 1st stage, when raindrops hit bare soils
  • Sheet erosion - uniform movement of thin layer of soil
  • Rill erosion - sheet flows begin to concentrate on land surface, leaving a scouring on the surface
  • Gully erosion - it is a scoured area not crossable with tillage or grading equipment
  • Allelopathy - harmful effect of one plant over crops.
  • Heaving - injury to plants caused by lifting upwards of plant along with soil
  • Contour farming - ploughing across a slope following its elevation contour lines
  • Cover crops - grown to cover crops to reduce loss of moisture from soil due to leaching
  • Hard pan - impermeable layer formed by accumulation of materials, clay etc
  • Sciophytes - shade loving plants, Heliophytes are sun loving
  • Hidden Hunger - plants do not exhibit visual symptoms of deficiency
  • Puddling - ploughing carried out in stagnated water conditions
  • Subsidiary farming - settled farming in river banks
  • System of Rice Intensification SRI - involves changes in nursery mgt, time of transplanting, water and weed management. Synthesis of locally advantageous rice production

Mo Agriculture and Farmers Welfare - Gov Schemes

2020-06-09 19:17:10

Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN)

  • is a central sector scheme that guarantees direct income support of Rs 6,000 for all farmers :
  • Will be given in 3 installment
  • DBT will ensure transparency
  • Help them meet farm input and other costs.
  • Changes in land records after Feb 2019 will not be considered.
  • State /UT will identify beneficiaries
  • Does not include landless tenants.
  • Similar Schemes are Bhavantar Bhugtan Yojana of MP, Rythu Bandhu of Telangan and KALIA of Odisha.

PM Kisan Maan Dhan Yojana

  • Central sector scheme for farmers with less than 2 hecatres land.
  • Fixed pension of Rs 3000 after 60 yr of age.
  • Entry age b/w 18-40 yrs
  • Monthly contribution b/w Rs 55 - Rs 200 equal contribution by Central gov.
  • Managed by LIC.
  • Direct contribution from PM KISAN scheme can also be done.
  • Spouse also eligible but need separate contribution.
  • In case of death during receipt of pension spouse or heir to get 50% as family pension.

National Bamboo Mission

  • Centrally Sponsored scheme to supplement farm income, Develop value chain and link growers with markets.
  • Various objectives are to increase areas under it, improve harvers etc
  • Use of genetically superior materials, capacity building, end to end solution are the strategies adopted.

Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay Sanrakshan Abhiyan Aka PM AASHA

  • It is an umbrella scheme to secure remunerative prices to farmers for their produce .
  • It has 3 components.
    • Price Support Scheme PSS : physical procurement of pulses, oilseeds and copra by Centre, NAFED and FCI
    • Price Deficiency Payment Scheme PDPS and : centre covers all oilseed for which MSP is notified. Difference b.w MSP and actual selling price will be paid as DBT. This does not include physical procurement.
    • Private Procurement and Stockist Scheme PPSS : private players can procure at MSP they will be compensated upto 15% of MSP.

Krishi Kalyan Abhiyan

  • help farmers to improve their farming techniques and raise income.
  • Will be done in 25 villages with more than 1000 population.
  • Coordination will be done by Krishi Vigyan Kendras in villages.
    Various activities undertake would be
  • Distribution of Soil Health Cards.
  • 100% coverage of FMD in bovines PPR disease in Sheeps.
  • distribution of mini kits for pulses and oil seeds, demonstration of micro irrigation etc.

Green Revolution - Krishonnati Yojana

  • It is an umbrella scheme consists of 11 Schemes/Missions to develop agri sector in a holistic manner and increase income.
    The scheme includes/subsumes :
  • Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture
  • National Food Security
  • Mission including National Mission on Oil Seeds and Oil Palm (NMOOP)
  • National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture, Sub-Mission - Agriculture Extension,
  • Seeds and Planting Material,
  • Agricultural Mechanization
  • Plant Protection and Plant Quarantine etc

Mission Organic Value Chain Development for North East Region MOVCDNER

  • is a Central sector scheme it covers 7 NE states and Sikkim by Mo Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
  • Aims at development of Value chain production, processing, Marketing and Support agencies.

Soil Health Card Scheme

  • informs farmers about nutrients status of the soils and recommends appropriate dosage of nutrients.
  • It is issued once in every 3 years.
  • Aim is to provide SHC to 120 mil household.
  • 90:10 funding in NE and Himalayan states and 60:40 in other.
  • SHC has been given to 11.69 crore farmers.
  • It has led to decrease of 8-10% in use of Chemical fetilizers and increased productivity by 5-6%

Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana PMFBY

  • compulsory for farmers availing crop loans.
  • Premium is 1.5%, 2% and 5% for all Rabi, Kharif and Horticultural crops.
  • Enrolment to be made voluntary to be made voluntary for all farmers
  • Central Subsidy for premium rates upto 30% for irrigated areas and 25% for other.
  • Non preventable and post-2harvest losses covered.
  • NE states have utilized only 8 crore out of their 1400cr corpus. NE states not covered under it are Arunachal, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram. Also states can withdraw and Urban areas are like Delhi Chandigarh are not covered.
  • Allocation of business to insurance companies for period of 3 years.
  • Insurance companies have now spent 0.5% of total premium collected on information, education and communication IEC
  • Meri Policy Mere Hath launched to celebrate 7 years of the scheme to inc awareness in them about their policeis, land records, grievance redressal etc.
  • Performance : 30 crore people have been insured and is line with One Nation One Scheme theme with National Agriculture Insurance Scheme NAIS and Modified National Agricultural Insurance Scheme MNAIS.

PMFBY 2.0

  • Scheme is 100% voluntary
  • Central subsidy limited to 30% for unirrigated area and 25% for irrigated ones

Electronic National Agriculture Market - e-NAM :

  • electronic trading portal it is connected to mandis, promotes genuine price discovery. It is a central sector scheme.
  • It is managed by Small farmers Agribusiness Consortium SFAC and funded by Agri-Tech Infrastructure fund.
  • Dept of Agriculture Cooperation, Mo Agriculture would set it up with SFAC help.
  • Features include Liberal licensing of traders, single point levy of market fee, soil testing labs in mandis.
  • New Features Warehouse based modules to facilitate trade from there, Farmer Producer Based Module, trackable transport facility.
  • States need to make following reforms in this area :
    • Single license valid accross all states
    • Single point levy of market fee
    • Provision for electronic auction as mode for price discovery
    • Enable small and marginal farmers to directly sell produce from selected warehousing Developement and Regulatory Authority WDRA.

Small Farmer's Agriculture-Business Consortium

  • was established as a society in 1994 to facilitate agri-business ventures by catalyzing private investment.
  • It gives venture capital and Project development facility.

National Food Security Mission

  • is centrally sponsored scheme
  • to enhance the production of Rice, Wheat, Pulses, by 10, 8, 4 million tonnes respectively.
  • Funding - 50:50 by Centre and State for food crops and 100% centre funding for cash crops.
  • Would be implemented through cluster demonstration and distribution of HYV seeds.

Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana #important

  • Its objective include Har Khet ko pani i.e increase area under irrigation,
  • per drop more crop to increase water use efficiency, through micro irrigation techniques.
  • Amalgamated schemes : Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP), Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) and On-Farm Water Management (OFWM).

National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture

  • It was launched by ICAR.
    It has 4 components :
  • strategic research,
  • technology demonstration,
  • Capacity building and
  • sponsor competitive research to fill critical gap.

Krishi Vigyan Kendras

by Mo Agriculture and Farmers Welfare are agricultural extension centers created by ICAR to serve as a single window mechanism for addressing the technology needs of farmers and act as link among researcher, NGOs and farmers.

Mera Gaon - Mera Gaurav

  • by Mo Agriculture and Farmers Welfare envisages scientists from ICAR to select villages and provide information to the farmers on technical and other related aspects.

RKVY-RAFTAAR Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana

  • Remunerative Approaches for Agriculture and Allied sector Rejuvenation by Mo Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
  • Will incentivize states and achieve 4% growth in Agriculture.

Its sub schemes include :

  • Bringing Green Revolution to Eastern India (BGREI)
  • Additional Fodder Development Programme (AFDP)
  • Saffron Mission.
  • Crop Diversification Program Beekeeping, Livestock Health and Disease control/ FMD etc.
  • under RKVY agri-preneurship mentorship program launched, seed stage funding R-ABI incubates, pre stage funding

Pt Deendayal Upadhyay Unnat Krishi Shiksha Scheme

  • launched to promote agricultural education
  • 100 centres will be opened to provide value addition, capacity building etc
  • A similar scheme under ICAR is ARYA Attracting and Retaining Youth in Agriculture; will help rural youth to establish network groups and link them with different institutions and stakeholders. It is implemented via KVK's. Training given in Apiary, Mushroom, Soil Testing, Dairy etc.

e-RaKAM Or e-Rashtriya Kisan Agri Mandi

  • digital platform for farmers to sell their agri products through auction.
  • No intermediaries involved and direct transfer of payments.
  • Central Warehousing Corporation will provide logistics support.

National Programme on Use of Space Technology for Agriculture

  • integrate use of Space and Geospatial tools for mapping, monitoring and management of Agriculture.

Various programs amalgamated into this are :

  • Project FASAL (for crop forecasting),
  • Project NADAMS(for drought assessment)
  • Project CHAMAN (for horticultural assessment and development) implemented by National Crop Forecast Centre NCFC using remote sensing tech.
  • Project KISAN (for crop insurance) and
  • Crop Intensification planning

National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture NMSA

NMSA transform Indian agri to climate resilient production system.

Feature are :

  • Promotes location specific integrated/Composite Farming Systems
  • Conserve natural resources through appropriate soil and moisture conservation measures
  • Adopt comprehensive soil health management practices
  • Develop capacity of farmers & stakeholders

Its 3 major components are

  • Rainfed Area Development (RAD)
  • Soil Health Management (SHM)
  • Climate Change and Sustainable Agriculture: Monitoring, Modeling and Networking}} (CCSAMMN)

Rashtriya Gokul Mission

  • Launched in 2014 for conservation and development of indigenous breeds in a focused and scientific manner through genetic makeup.
  • It is under National Programme for Bovine Breeding and Dairy Development.
  • implemented through State Implementing Agencies SIAs, State Gauseva Aayogs, Participating agencies.
  • Set up Gokul Grams to develop indigenous breeds to be estd in native breeding tracts and near metropolitan cities.
    • Self sustaining from selling A2 organic milk; also to function as training centre for farmers, Breeders and MAITRI's.
    • Capacity of 1000 animals and to have 60:40 ratio of milch and unproductive animals.

National Dairy Plan-I from 2011-2019 is a

  • Central Sector Scheme
  • It is a multi state initiative to help increase productivity of milch animals and provide producers greater access to organised milk processing sector.
  • Funding by International Development Association IDA and GOI will focus on 18 major milk producing state.

Pashudhan Sanjivani

  • is animal wellness programme has provision of Animal Health Cards - "Nakul Swasthya Patra".
  • Also issues UID identification of animals and establishes a National Database for controlling spread of animal disease.

E-Pashudhan Haat Portal

  • under the National Mission on Bovine Productivity for connecting breeders and farmers of indigenous breeds.

Yuva Sahakar

  • Scheme by National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC)
  • a youth friendly attract them towards cooperative business ventures.
  • linked to 1000 crore Cooperative Start-up and Innovation Fund (CSIF) scheme.
  • it give 2% less interest on term loan upto 3cr and 2 yrs moratorium on principal payment.
  • Sahakar mitra develop entrepreneurial roles through cooperatives as Farmer Producer Organisms.

Mo Food Processing

2020-06-11 19:29:16

Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana is a Central Sector Scheme to supplement agriculture, modernize processing and decrease Agricultural waste.
- will be implemented in 2016-20 Following schemes will be implemented under it :
- Mega Food Parks
- Integrated Cold Chain and Value Addition Infrastructure
- Infrastructure for Agro-processing Clusters etc

Operation Greens : objective of the project is to reduce price volatility in Tomato, Potato and Onion and to ensure their availability round the year.
- Rs 500 crores to promote FPOs, Agri logistics, processing facilities etc.
- NAFED is the nodal agency

Mega Food Parks based on "Cluster" approach envisages a well-defined processing zone containing state-of-the art processing facilities.

  • In General areas - One-time capital grant of 50% of the project cost upto a max of 50cr
  • In Hilly & Difficult terrain - Capital grant of 75% of the project max 50 cr.

Mega Food Park Model: An Illustration I PPC PPC Mega Food Park CPC Grgdng pun Aseptic p•cking. lab,

Agri - Important Facts

2020-08-20 09:23:40

  • India stands first in the production of bananas, papaya, and mangoes. During FY20*, 29.64 million metric tonnes (MMT) of banana, 5.64 MMT of papaya and 21.28 MMT of mango were produced in the country.
  • During FY20*, guavas production amounted to 4.34 MMT.
  • India is the largest milk producer in the world. Milk production in the country is expected to reach 208 million tonnes (MT) in FY21 from 198 MT in FY20, growing at 10 per cent y-o-y.
  • India has the world's largest population of buffalos (108.7 million).
  • India is the largest producer of pulses globally -- it stood at 23.01 MT in FY20**.
  • Among vegetables, India ranks second in the world with 188 MMT production in FY20; it is number one in producing Okras with 6.44 MMT production in FY20
  • Export of Agri and Processed goods was US$ 38.49 billion. basmati rice (US$ 4.71 billion), buffalo meat (US$ 3.58 billion) and non-basmati rice (US$ 3.00 billion)
  • Indian agricultural/horticultural and processed foods are exported to more than 100 countries/regions, chief among them being the Middle East, Southeast Asia, SAARC countries, the EU and the US.
  • Export Most by value in 2019-2020 are Cereals Animal Products Other Processed Food Processed Fruits and Vegetables Fresh Fruits and Vegetables
  • IN 2nd largest exporter of Rice
  • Agri imports - Palm oil Soya-bean oil Sun/safflower/cotton-seed oil Dried shelled vegetables Miscellaneous nuts Cotton (uncarded, uncombed) Coconuts, Brazil nuts, cashews Synthetic rubber

Area, Production and Yield (2016-17*) Foodgrains' Rice Nilleat Jowar BAjra Pulses Gram Tur Oil Groundnut Rapeseed and Mustard Co ttonb Sugarcane Table 3 : ha) 128.0 43.2 30.6 5.1 9.9 7.5 29.5 9.6 5.4 26.2 5.3 6.0 10.8 4.4 change in area over 3.9 0.6 -15.4 12.0 18.3 14.1 36.3 0.5 15.6 4.8 -11.8 -10.9 (Million tonnes) 275.68 110.15 98.38 4.57 26.26 9.80 22.95 9.33 4.78 32.10 7.56 7.98 33.09 306.72 change in production 9.6 5.5 16.4 21.5 40.4 32.1 86.6 27.1 12.4 17.4 10.3 -12.0 (kg/ ha) 2153 2550 3216 889 2664 1311 779 973 885 1225 1424 1324 519 change in yield over 5.5 6.3 6.0 27.5 3.9 15.9 18.7 15.8 36.9 26.5 -2.8 12.0 25.0 -1.2 Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare. Note: * : Fourth Advance Estimates; : tonnes/ha, :lncludes cereals and pulses; b : Million Bales of 170 kg each.

India is largest Producer of

  • Millets, Dry Beans, Chickpea, Pulses, Ginger, Okra, Banana, Mango, Guava, Lemons and Lime, Milk, Chilli Pepper, Ginger, Jute, Bast Fibre, Wood Fuel

Chena Ladang Jhum Podu Milya Konuko Roka Milpa Sri Lanka Java and Indonesia North-eastern India Andhra Pradesh Mexico and Central America Venezuela Brazil Yucatan and Guatemala

Chief Crops and producing States :

  • Wheat - Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Madhya Pradesh
  • Rice -- West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh
  • Gram -- Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu
  • Barley -- Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan
  • Bajra -- Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan
    Cash Crops
  • Sugarcane - Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra
  • Poppy -- Uttar Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh
    Oil Seeds
  • Coconut -- Kerala and Tamil Nadu
  • Linseed -- Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Haryana
  • Groundnut -- Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu
  • Rape seed and mustard -- Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Haryana
  • Sesame -- Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan
  • Sunflower -- Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra
    Fibre Crops
  • Cotton -- Maharashtra and Gujarat
  • Jute -- West Bengal and Bihar
  • Silk -- Karnataka and Kerala
  • Hemp -- Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh
    Plantations
  • Coffee -- Karnataka and Kerala
  • Rubber -- Kerala and Karnataka
  • Tea -- Assam and Kerala
  • Tobacco -- Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh
    Spices
  • Pepper -- Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu
  • Cashewnuts -- Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh
  • Ginger -- Kerala and Uttar Pradesh
  • Turmeric -- Andhra Pradesh and Odisha

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