3.5 Climate Change Organisations

Climate Change Organisations

2020-07-06 18:43 :44

UNFCCC (Framework Convention on Climate Change)

  • Result of UN Conference on Environment and Dev. Rio de Janerio 1992
  • Limit average global temp inc

Kyoto Protocol - COP 3 1997

  • To strengthen Global response after realising the inadequacy of convention
  • It commits Industrial countries to stabilise GHG whereas Convention encouraged
  • Through binding emission reduction target, reporting and verification, flexible market based mechanism like emission trading and compliance system
  • Joint Implementation mechanism : Developed country can earn emission reduction units ERUs worth 1 tonne of CO2
  • Clean Dev mechanism CDM : provides emission offset instruments CERs which are saleable certificates equivalent to 1 tonne CO2
  • Carbon Trading : exchanging emission permits
  • Emission trading/ Cap and trade : the balance b/w the amt of Carbon to be emitted and actually emitted can be traded
  • Non-compliance leads to taking away or privileges like cap and trade, Joint implementation etc.

Bali Meet 2007

  • Bali road map included Bali action plan, ad hoc working group, adaptation fund, ToT, reduce deforestation
  • Bali Action Plan is same as above
  • Deals w/ shared vision, mitigation, adaptation, technology and financing.

COP 15 Copenhagen Accord 2009

  • Non-Binding agreement, need for deep international cuts, goal to raise $100bil by 2020

COP 16 Cancun Summit 2010

  • Officially recognise target of both Developing and Developed countries
  • Design a Green Climate fund w/ World Bank as trustee
  • Rest similar to Bali Meet

COP 17 Durban Summit 2011

  • New deal be launched by 2020, 2nd phase of Kyoto P secured, GCF launched, adaptation and transparency mechanism

DOHA Outcome COP 18 2012

  • Measurement reporting and verification framework MRV added

Warsaw Outcome COP 19

Lima Outcome COP 20 2014

  • New process called the Multilateral assessment, put climate change into school curricula
  • Curbing and cutting greenhouse gas emission through National Adaptation plan NAP
  • Lima adaptation knowledge initiative, work program on gender

Paris Climate Change Conference COP 21 2015

  • Hold increase of global avg temp below 2 C above pre industrial level
  • Effort to limit inc to 1.5 C
  • Nationally determined contributions NDCs, Paris Rulebook
  • Every 5 years assessment
  • Came into force on 4 NOV 2016, in Marrakech Morocco 1st meeting took place
  • Biennial financial reports from developed countries
  • Replaced Kyoto protocol in 2020, USA withdrew
  • IN NDC are :
    • 33-35% reuction in GDP by 2030 on 2005 level
    • 40% share on Non fossil fuel based electricity by 2030
    • Carbon sink of 2.5 bil tonnes

PARIS CLIMATE AGREEMENT Historical document that legally binds the Whole World to participate in climate change fight. Rian billion for 2020 5 Ambitious shot emissions Climato damage but 196 9utgries Adoøtod the A mcnt offic.aRy Goal Holtng the g Ice bel to limit 1.50C Role forests 2020 como into by 2020 Climate neutrality 2050 and in of Clean to up clean

Marrakech Climate Change Conference COP 22 2016

  • 2050 Pathway platform or mid-century strategies launched to help other countries their own such strategies
  • Roadmap to mobilise $100bil private finance

Bonn Climate Change Conference COP 23 2017

  • Achieve rapid phasing out of traditional coal power completely by 2050 - no commitment to end financing only restrictions
  • Outcomes
    • Gender Action plan promote equality
    • Local communities and Indigenous people participation
    • Ocean Pathway partnership
    • Talanoa dialogue : to help countries enhance their nationally determined Contribution NDCs
    • Insu Resilience Global Partnership - b/w G20 and V20 nations (49 vulnerable countries estd by Male Declaration)

COP 24 Katowice, Poland 2018

  • Paris rulebook finalised to operationalise 2015 Paris Agreement, help provide info about countries NDCs called Katowice package
  • No roadmap for mobilisation of funds

COP 25 Madrid, Spain also Called Blue COP 2019

  • Was to be held in Chile
  • Complete Rule book to the Paris Climate replace Kyoto Protocol in 2020
  • Chile-Madrid Time for action
    • Improve current pledges, help poor countries
  • No final agreement on Carbon markets, Climate finances etc
  • Article 6 deals with carbon markets
  • Art 4 with INDCs
  • Warsaw Int Mechanism for Loss and Damage associated with Climate change
  • India Pavillion - Mahatma Gandhi

COP 26 Glasgow, Scotland 2021

  • Led to Glasgow climate pact for 'Phase down' of unabated coal power.

Other Mechanisms of UNFCCC

  • Special Climate Change Fund SCCF
    • Finance ToT, Adaptation, Energy, transport etc projects
    • Global Environment Facility GEF - operates SCCF
  • Fast start Finance funding of 30bil $ by developed countries to most vulnerable countries

REDD and REDD+

  • Reducing emission from deforestation and forest degradation
  • REDD+ includes incentives for conservation, sustainable mgt etc
  • Which could be passed to local communities for their efforts

GEF

  • Created in 1991 to make a financial mechanism under UNFCCC
  • 6 focal areas of biological diversity, climate change, international waters, land degradation, ozone layer depletion, persistent organic pollutants.

Climate Smart Agriculture

  • 14 % of all global greenhouse gases is from agriculture,
  • aims to absorb/hold carbon into the soil
  • Increase yields, make yields more resilient, make farms solution to the climate change
  • Through conservation tillage, promote carbon soil capture, soil fertility management, better weather forecasting.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC

  • Estd by the UNEP and World Meteorological organisation in 1988
  • Secretariat coordinates all IPCC work HQ at Geneva
  • 195 countries are members
  • Does not conduct any research nor does it monitors climate related data
  • Scientific data is contributed voluntarily, review is done, assessment reports written for Policymakers

National Green-house Gas Inventories Program -

  • By IPCC provides methods to estimate greenhouse gas emissions

Green Economy - Sustainable dev and Poverty eradication by decarbonising, using environmental justice and equity, conserve biosphere

Ecological Footprint - measure of demand for natural resources compared to the planet's ecological capacity to regenerate them. Humanity uses 1.5x times as fast as Earth can replace them

Carbon footprint - amt of carbon being emitted by an activity or organisation 54% of ecological footprint

Global Climate Finance Architecture

  1. Strategic Climate Fund SCF
    • Administered by WB, within the Climate Investment Funds CIF, focus on mitigation - REDD
  2. Forest Investment Program
    • Adm by WB, within CIF, focus is mitigation under REDD
  3. Pilot Program for Climate Resilience
    • Adm by WB, focus on adaptation
  4. Pilot Program for Climate Resilience
  5. Biocarbon Fund
    • By WB, REDD, reduce emission thorough testing
  6. Forest Carbon Partnership Facility
    • WB, REDD
  7. Partnership for Market Readiness
    • To use market instruments to scale up mitigation efforts in middle income countries
  8. Special Climate Change Fund
    • Adm by GEF, Focus on adaptation, to address specific needs of countries under UNFCCC
  9. GEF Trust Fund - Climate Change focal area
    • Adm by GEF, Focus on Adaptation, supports implementation of multilateral agreements
  10. Least Developed Country Fund
    • Adm by GEF, focus on adaptation
  11. Green Climate Fund
  12. Adaptation Fund
    • Adm by Fund Board, Focus on Adaptation
    • Under UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol, financed with a share from Clean Development Mechanism CDM
  13. Global Climate Change Alliance
    • Adm by European Commission, Focus on Adaptation, Mitigation - REDD and General
    • Initiative of EU, for poor developing countries
  14. Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund
    • Adm by EU, Focus on General Mitigation, managed by European Investment Bank
  15. MDG Achievement Fund
    • Adm by UNDP, Adaptation and Mitigation, along with Spain,
  16. UN REDD Program
    • Adm by UNDP, Focus on Mitigation,
    • UNEP, UNDP and FAO have collaborated to form it
  17. Adaptation for smallholder agriculture program
    • Adm by International Fund for agri development
  18. Amazon Fund
    • Adm by Brazilian Dev Bank, private fund
  19. Congo Basin Forest Fund
    • Adm by African Dev Bank,

Green Climate Fund

  • GCF was set up in 2010 under UNFCCC to channel funding from developing countries towards climate change central to raise $100bil a yr by 2020 every year. It is governed by CoP.
    • GCF invests in adaptation activities in developing countries. Aims to keep average global temp below 2deg C and keep balance b/w 50:50 balance.
    • Particular attention to LDCs, SIDS (Small Island Developing States) and African States.