010 Human Development and Burning Socio Economic Issues

1 Human Development and Burning Socio-Economic Issues

2020-06-09 18:57:21

1.1 Poverty Concepts

  • Deprivation of basic human needs social, economic, political, geographical factors

Various types of poverty are :

  • Human Poverty
  • Income Poverty
  • Extreme Poverty
  • Relative Poverty
  • Absolute Poverty

1.1.1 Poverty line

  • Defined as per capita monetary requirement
  • Calorie intake : like the Tendulkar committee report
  • Headcount Ratio : percentage of population whose per capita income is below the poverty line.
  • Poverty Gap PG : measure of intensity, difference b/w average income among the poor and the poverty line it gives the combined measurement of incidence of poverty and depth of poverty
  • Misery Index : unemployment rate added to inflation rate
  • World Bank defines extreme poverty below $1.9/day for low income countries
  • NSSO makes the estimates of poverty in India every 5 years
  • Alagh Committee, Lakdawala committee and Suresh Tendulkar committee was set up to for poverty estimation

1.1.1.1 NC Saxena Committee 2008

  • Calculate rural BPL figures
  • Expansion of social security giving 50% Indians BPL cards
  • Chronically vulnerable groups like households suffering with leprosy etc to be given BPL cards.

1.1.1.2 SR Hashim Committee 2010

  • Identification of BPL families in urban areas
  • Through residential, occupational and social categories

1.1.1.3 Pronab Sen Committee 2010 for Slum Census

  • 2011 census says 93.06 million slum pop

Socio-Economic Caste Consensus was 1st paperless census 2011

1.1.1.4 Rangarajan Committee

  • Estimation of poverty and identification of poor
  • Defined poverty based on nourishment, house rent, conveyance, education etc.

1.1.2 Millennium Development Goal MDGs

  • Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
  • Universal primary education
  • Promote gender equality and empower women
  • Reduce child mortality
  • Improve maternal health
  • Combat HIV/ AIDS malaria etc
  • Ensure environmental sustainability
  • Develop a global partnership for development

1.1.3 SDGs

MDG SDG
Designed to take us half way there To finish the job
8 in number 17
Top down approach Bottom up
Hunger and Poverty were joined together Treated separately
Funding was to be done through aid Dev through sustained revenue
Peace building ignored Critical to success
Data monitoring ignored Emphasized
Quantity of education Quality
  • Niti Aayog presents Voluntary National Review on implementation of SDGs.

1.1.4 UBI Universal Basic Income

  • Simpler and transparent but money may not buy goods in remote areas, further there are questions about quality of goods, services and inflation.
  • Lower overall cost but once implemented cannot be switched over to previous methods
  • Potential to reduce poverty but fiscal problem
  • Assured demand
  • Freedom to spend the money, could lead to side-lining women, cause people to work less, spending on Alcohol and drugs
  • Organised by Self Employed Women's Association SEWA
  • Various dimensions of Multidimensional Poverty Index are Health (Child Mortality, Nutrition), Education (Schooling, Enrolment) and Living Standards (Water, Electricity etc).
  • Literacy leads to many fold advantages than simple monetary benefit
  • Poverty is a cognitive tax on the poor it causes health difficulties, educational failures, mental health challenges and impoverished aspirations

1.2 Economic Inequality

2020-06-25 16:11:20

Types of Inequality

  • Income inequality
  • Wealth inequality - financial assets, physical property
  • Consumption inequality

1.2.1 Measures of Inequality

  • GINI Coefficient - varies from 0 - 1 where 0 is perfect equality
  • India's GINI scores 37.8 (2011)
  • Kuznets Curve : inequality increases as economy develops but later reduces is inverted U in shape.
  • Piketty has on the contrary shown that inequality is increasing in US, UK, Japan etc also inherited wealth take a disproportionately higher importance than overall output and income.
  • Palma Ratio : used by Oxfam ratio of income share of top 10% to that of bottom 40
  • Inter Group Equality - among SCs, STs, OBCs etc.

1.2.2 Balanced Regional Development BRD and Inclusive Growth

  • Special Category States SCS
  • Green revolution in eastern region
  • PMGSY, Bharatmala, SAUBHAGYA -> PM Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana, DDY, PMAY, Aspirational Districts.
  • Income when conc in a few hands can lead to reduced demand, lower investment in education and health, damages long term economic prospects.

1.2.3 Reasons for Inequality

  • Cumulative built over the years.
  • Globalisation and greater opportunities for corporates.
  • Low investment, capital intensive growth.

1.2.4 Inclusive Growth

  • MGNREGA
  • PM Employment Guarantee Program
  • PM Rozgar Protsahan Yojana
  • DDU GKY
  • DAY NULM

Ways to improve inclusive growth

  • Promote labour intensive sectors
  • Encourage agro base industries, MSMEs, textile sector

1.2.4.1 Social Security

  • Provided through wage employment, food grain, old age pension, social insurance for diability.
  • PDS system is an example.
  • Maternity Benefit Amendment Act 2017 duration of paid leave inc from existing 12 weeks to 26 weeks.
  • PM Suraksha Bima Yojana, Atal Pension Yojana, PM Jeevan Jyoti Yojana.
  • PM Jan Arogya Yojana.
  • Empowered Action Group under Mo Health and Family Welfare to check population in 8 backward states.

legy203.pdf - Human Development | Economic Geography NCERT
legy212 1.pdf - Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems